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ADVERTISEMENT OF TM BETJJLEUEM STEEL CO.
TTFT AN E PICAS GREATEST
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Uurnirid tiir. open ItourllM
allli: plant of (! IIHM.Inm 8UI Com-
panjr t Boiith nthlrtim, r., 1
youd qurntloii tho rnont modern, comptttii
and J(-contklnd In ilUrvi, Iitrery
hound of pi Irvn mid tetl ntrd Ihtrvln I
tocallr pradtiod, Ihcrs Ulni In unceasing
optratlon for IhU pilrpoto flv 600-ton and
ono :tdlon blant furncii far Ills produc
tion of th pur Iron, with an additional
100-ton furnaca In tli cmirn of conntruo
Hon thirty-two opfn-liart)i furnaces, with
a capacity of from fifteen to (sTetity-flv
tona each, and three lleewnier conyertera.
I'reaant or requlrementa approximate nt
1.000,000 tons a year, n fleure that
promlenn to be materially Increased when
the company haa aucceaafnlly ooneuinmated
Ha plan for the anl of Ilethleheui pic In
(he open market.
The ores ueed at Hethtehem, owlnc to
abnormal condttlona, are brought from
many flelda at preent, but after tha war
the company eipecta to obtain by far' the
larger proportion of Ita orea from Chill timl
(Juba, where It haa Invaluable and what are
believed to be Inexhaustible holding!.
Mucin them to New Tork iy Ita own
fleet of iteamthlpa.
Bethlehem has a splendid system for dls-
cha'rglng (he ore, tha outstanding feaura,ot
which le thn twin ore bridges or conveyors,
which have a span of ES0 feet and a travel
ing area of a thousand times their span,
permlftlnr them to convey tha ore to any
desired point.
Mo interesting Is tha entire -method, In
deed, .that a brief unfechnlcal description
would seem to be Imperative. First, the
cars are run two at a time Into a cylin
drical device that turna over and precipi
tates ilia ore Into the pit. Here It Is picked
tip by a fourteen-ton grab bttclfat a part
ot the equipment of tha bridgeand car
ried to a designated pllo, all the ores being
kept apart. As needed It Is mechanically
loaded Into eight-foot gauge electrically
propelled cars and conveyed to the blast
fnrpsces. Here It la dumped Into hoppers,
then lotted Into the skips and carried to the
top of the furnaoe by Incline and emptied
on to tho top of the upper "tells," each of
these processes being automatic
In the old-typo furnace there was only
on "belt.' the technical designation for
Ihe oup-shaped receptacle Into which the
or, ooke and limestone are .placed, and
which, by dropplnr and revolving, empties
tha same Into the furnace, consequently
when the operation was In progress, there
oeing no oarrier against uieir esospe, ma
r IP
gases, rorcea oy oomoustion, would rt
ekyward as though Impelled by omnlpot
force.
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What a tremendous waste ot energy this
scape spelled can be readily understood
when It Is stated that there are generated
In a blast furnace 1(0,000 oublo feet of
gas to every .ton of pig Iron produced.
In the modern furnsce there are two
bells, on over the other, Ths material
Is first plaeed on the lop of the first bell,
which revolves and drops It on to the bell
below, which. Is not dropped until the first
bell has tmer) reversed Into position again,
consequently when the second belt empties
Its toad Into the furnaoe the tremendous
gas pressure, Instead of escaping, la con
fined within the furnace, Thus tpduy It Is
mltmated that moro than ntnety-rtv per
nt of the. waste gsses of ths Ilethlehem
'teel Company's furnaces are utilised In
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producing tha I.U.OOO-odd horaepower re
quired to operito thli flcnntlo plant thla
rnranlnir all of th dynamo, motor, crnnea
and other mechanical equipment, theee
baintr pasted throURh vraahera to
cleanse them of Impurities.
And this statement lends tin to dterera
for a moment to apoetrophlia on what Is
without question tha moet wonderful prl
vale power plant In America the plant
that la tha motlva force behind all tha
activities of thla extraordinary and much
diversified workshop,
Uaveloplna- approximately a hundred
thousand horsepower n. yerlr. th nine pow-
rrful Ilethlehem constructed nan ensines
drive tha huge (Jeneral Kleotrlu Company
generators that turn all the wheela of
every department of the plant.
Tha Ilethlehom gan engine la a triumph
of engineering.
Ona of thesa eaa engines has thouaanda
of parts, and virtually all ot them ara
manufactured from steel, even the cylinders,
the Bethlehem Gteel Company, by tho way,
being tha only plant In thn world to cast
a steel cylinder In a single pteca. Also It
hss built tha largest cylinder ot any kind
ever made.
Pumping engines are another product ot
the power department, among tha recent,
notable Installations being tho great 17,-tOO.OOO-gallon
pumps of tha city of Hsttl
niore's new water system.
aj. u uuibiuv oruvro, u aicuiib-
hem ijteel Company Is at present construct-
Utsldes Its outside orders, tha IleUila-
Ing forty-four large-type gas engines for
us suosmiaries at Hteelton and sparrow
l'olnt, and has sufficient work on hand for
more than two year to oome,
The Uelhlehem Steel Company's power
plant Is being Increased at present by an
addition of five more gas enulnes, which
will bring tha aggregate development up to
about 115,000 horsepower. Also there Is
beng Installed, a sprinkling plant to -cool oft
the water used In the gas engines. Here
tofore about 160,009,000 gallons a month,
have been used In this operation, and It
has been found necessary In pump It from a
point In the river two rail below tho sta
tion. The water, of course, haa gone to
Immediate wasts. Under the nrrr system,
however. It will be poaalble to utilise the
same water over and over again. The
loaa through evaporation will be. It Is esti
mated, about five per cent, This means
that only 7,800,000 gallons a month as
against mora than 0,000,000 gallons a day
will bo requlrtd, and that will be elphoned
from tho river fit. tho site of the. plant
The entire Bethlehem plant use more
man s,uuu,vuu,ygo ganona a year.
One could not Justly leave the aobject
of power without at least a reference to the
splendidly appointed power plant, with 1U
green-enameled engines, with their brass-
protecting railings and nlckel-drlvlng rods,
Its red tile floor. Its oentrrJIv located awltoh.
hn.Mnill.. -ll. i.l ...
C0rt1utK " ". " mfelrt eloquent
ancomliun that ooud b adduced aa to the
surpassing effldertey of the mighty Indus-
iriai piant wnose myriad wheel t tunuj.
Dut to return to tho blast furnaces, in
(he smelting of Iron there are. three chief
agencies bealden the ore Itself, thess being
ooxa, nme ana compressed air.
More than a million and a half tons of
coke are consumed annually, the ooke bolnc
omuincu rroin uie ovens or tne I,ohIgh Coal
Company, two miles below the plant.
About seventy per cent ot the resultant
Iron Is used In a. molten state, tha remain
der being made Into pig to all the general
plant raqulremnt.
For tho most part the molten metal Is
carried In huge ladlaa to the open-beartli
furnaces, about swy per cent of It being
first passed through tha Bessemer convert
ers, which reduce the carbon content and
eliminate a large proportion of the manga
nese and millcoti, the open hearth materially
reducing the phosphorus.
Part of the charge In-the open hearth Is
pig Iron, part steel wrap, the propertlon
depending mostly on tha relative yam. of
KTja!..M P1 ,ron on V" Pn market.
With Ihe exception ot some 18,000 tons
of metal sent In a hot state to the steel
foundry, tho entire annual output of the
Ilethlehem Steel Company, amounting at
present tu more than 1.000,000 tons. Is cast
Into Ingots these Ingots, weighing any
where from 3100 to 100,409 poumk each
which are rolled Into bars, rails and struc
tural shaps, or forged Into gun parts,
presses, shaftlnr and tha countless other
product necessary to the successful con
duct of tha plant
No steel nlalit In the worM. perhaps, has
a more extensive or better equipped foun
dry than that of the Bethlehem Steel Com
Pny. Bald to b til lreest Individual foundry
In the country, It can produo any charac
ter ot casting demanded by present-day
Industry, whether of tl, Iron, copper,
brasa or bronze.
Nor does, It Place any restrictions aa to
six, having. faollllUa to make both the
smallest and largest castings used In the
jnunuiaciure of Its many
diversified product, It
hold the record of the
world for the largest
anting In both steel and
iron. Both of these wre
mode for the Carnegie
(stii Cotnpajiyj 4b Iron
.io. baiiHf a 310.000-
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THE JBETmiBjIEM STEEL, CO.
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pound cytlndar-holdar fornr-JmBa-dqnSfsmlto
preat) at Homestead, that ot atsel. 378,000
potlni platen for n, press at thft JeKees
Hooks plant, v
Tha copper, bras swd taenia casttois,
whtoh ,r mads In all forroa, mto tlsed
chiefly try tho manufacture of urdainoA.
A ha bean aUtsd; D) wotat tot tin
steel department la brwurtrt Jn is Jnojtsn
atat4lrct frorn th open-hearth. rurna,
For tha Iron departmant, hownrer, It la
hasted on tha rround, thars boinc nn
tntpoias,. tiim n capoolly eftromj 8000 to
J5p.000-DouniUf.each, top thla pttto,.thirs4
b'hc charred with .amthrailt coaf jlnd
COko. Tha OOCTHU. tvr&lrw Kntl t.?3-r4 vj.
aUo refined at handt
Tha founflry la wjaippoavwItlxvtOTr'Jarca
annealbu furnaoett ioUhirimsaVof ln
twos! strains, many electrically driven
sw and ptonera Mid a. modern oxy-acety.
lens outfit for tho riittlnsj nwar of the
alnkheada and other istperfluoua metal.
T;a Ingots for tmvroUmtfbnUla mad
speolalli for eacb product In irfler that
they conform with specification in atbon
content, manganese, sulphur ana-jrihospho-.
rua that enable thm to compJr"wlth ths
tenalla strength requirements,
Uofor belrur gent'to tha UoomroT,trilU..to
b rolledHnto billets, aiatw rort btooma, hs
Ingota go to tha aoaalrrje tlfa, yrhtn thay
ara heated'to-lha desired tttmtitiatUTvJProra
tlwro thoy ra entfvtr eIther"lthklLr otruo
tural or bar pillls.
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"n t Present. j-6U(ng from JKitfartflr-lnoh
ronuwny naa.xea. tnrttnmarrri.pe(ra.
to a six-Inch bar In reurida. annate n-.i
flat, either in atrahsht carbon at! or
alloy. Tho tonuses, ofi tlusitttlUseunounu
to about 300,09a a year,
Iteally a unit of' three in4XItdriUr
oonntotefl, vtho ray mill for tlwmailnB of
structural-thapes' 1 tha Ureeeteaad most
up-to-date, in tho eourrtrjr, ita.nroauction
,Vf.00,", 'tQtm pnwtnt,
whlch,Tvlth.a econdnnnt)iwaJharhapes
glvea f,he, company n oajiaolty of i0"0,000
tons, soonito bemuterlaHrlnareMssd.
Tile. rail mills have, rv capacity of -about
36(008 ,toiw a month.
The torirInsMltrpatronrt.'ofsptltej'41athlehem
Btoeri Company haa so counterpart on this
oootlneijt, either In matter of eejtrfpment
or In ability to undertake, tho fcigarart and
most Intricate worte, Tha husn hjdraullo
preaseq employed Jure, are ail powerful as
??K foun4 ,a to "world, to. great
16,000-ton press for. the- fortrtn of armor w
plate belnar at least 10W tona htATler than
ny Mt built. Tftero. ara thwsa other big
pressed la thla plant, theb- waiiaoUwo ton
tuigo belnir BQ0O. Q0o 'n4 tBSO, Rn4 tSbout
a doxen irmaller wli)i a tnnmtw e iaka
and Jess, not to mention a tatw ndmbr
of etuiu.lKywniebiwlth atraxWoapaattyof
from 100 Pounds to 14,000 sound,
One ,of th olBrt4 forcings tnauo by
UtaUethhtham fllael Company wssthu ahaf t
o(4ha nlfl l,VrriiiV,.i .i,,; an aka ..-2
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the, largest atraJghT forefis; iwr tnafla!
Thhi slant nlso mad tha largest crodl.
shaft over foraad In tha Vrnir, (it.,..
Propeller arid crank hafta for ahlp ara
made here In lama number, tha company
epeolaUsiog parUcuterly in tha hollow,
forged yp. IU farge ranao In liteht
Besia ii,e ordinary openJiearih atML
iruiii oivo-nounq aoeua to in extreme JsTae
eysiT charaotsr of alloy ateel 1 nlso m
vivrw in mo nmnuiaowro ot Sorgtngs,
Tha maklru? of tha. forcings la another
of the many Inleresllrts-prooeasta Tha In
gots fUr pouring 'are jiermltUaTtrj, -remain
In the open-hearth department Jost long
enough to permit their cangealtaa to a
solid slate. Tliey are' then loaded on cars
by crane una" conveyed to the forging d.
psrlm.nt, byt which, timo they have about
reached a proper forging temperalttw. Thsy
are mechanically placed tinder tha pre,
which with wonderful speed -fashion them
Into shape.
foxi the forging la annealed, then rough
rnfshjned, iter which Is euh)eat to .
rellnlng treatment, .consisting of heating
to d stated temperature aja applying io a
cooling medlnm, Beneratly oth Then It hi
agalrt heated, thU tuna to a somewhat
lower temperature, a process known as
tempering, after whleh physical testa ara
made for tensile strength, elaetlo limit,
elongation and contraction. If Ihe forglnu
passe the tut it is flnlih-machined and
civen a rigid service Inspection,
In speaklnir generally of tha treatment
of metals, It wouM not om Inappropriate
to mention briefly the unusually efficient
metallurgical department maintained by the
Bethlehem flteel Company.
Bmpleytng all told a, force of ninety men.
this department haa exceptional facilities
not only to perform satisfactorily tha reg
ular routine work, but to conduct pioneer
twit In ths field pf tfrpf!irf-tfnt.
The company I unceasing in it adeavor
to Improve the quality of Its steely and to.
thU end a force of neutral . men la con
stantly employed, their provtnge being to
keep in touch with tho products and to ex
periment in tht direction, of Improvement.
This department also analyzes all the
raw materials used. In the iflaat, including
coals, sol: 8, oils, pre-1. llmcstoiies, eta, be
Kldu making the nlys foiioweii In tht
numufacturina ft the different steels.
In tha 'Bethlehem steel mocblna shops are
thousands and thousands of lathes, tha
largest and smallest in existence, and ail
the enutpment neoassary to the suesewful
m-iasjei;, or a inoaern swpr- Aqvt
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