pyv'
"-If"
'.
kl""
'RANK SIMONDSGENERAL RTOEWOFTHEfTrST
fenjiyrwht. 101ft. by the New York Tribune.)
the purpose of this review Is to sum-
nBriztf briefly the main military phases
It... iMj. .Aaw iY ftia wnr Tn An iUij
ef tne in" - - .- - -- ......
uls, perhaps, simplest to accept mo unity
fta'plled by the three major campaigns,
gaje of Germany agnltvit France, of
BisSla against Austria nnd, finally, of
Vfnmny against Russia, which Is still
3ns forward. A fourth division may be
fe . tu tlM dllnmnti1 itffAPtstltrna n 4 its.
fflUnll HI .hmih ..... . ,, HI l
Slllts In tho west, bo far unsuccessful in
He larger view, at the Dardanelles, and
Blithe fields now Invaded by Italy, where
fgulrt the results are as yet without Teal
Imtanlnjf.
JJie effort will bo maue nere to show
hat was In the minds of tho high com
ttu) of tho armies mailing the several
y3j for decision, the extent of tho suc-
ij or failure, anu mo causes, or so Tar
they are yet set lonn in any oinciai
, unofficial but trustworthy comment.
gve for the battle of tho Mnrne, which
tn far, the one clearly decisive cn-
fpemcrit of tho whole war, little atten
tion will ou paiu iu individual engage
ijoftts. Tins review closes wun tne news
ontalned in tho press of Sunday, July 25.
l. GF.RMANY AGAINST FRANCE.
lie (list phaso of tho world war was
fihprehonded In a tremendous effort ot
ra'wholo Ocrman military establishment.
fjsye for perhaps 250,000 troops sent to
)SJJ dock tho first Russian columns In
east, to crusn rrcnen military power,
Ci Paris, remove tho French as a fnc-
Tor-ln tho present war, achlovo a decision
exactly similar to mat won in tne
nco-FruBslan war and obtain it in tno
KlfniB time It was of prime Importanco
tcffwln quickly, becauso there was a. per-
jict realization in uerun tnni iiusirm
llhTngary could not permanently deal with
fls Hurslan armies singie-nanuca.
since the French frontier from Luxcm-
Ifttit to Switzerland was fortllled strongly,
German military chiefs recognized that It
?ould not bo forced without delays mat
Slight make tt possible for Russia to
d1tios of Austria boforo Franco had
fcien put out. Accordingly, the Invasion
ofiiFrance by. way of Belgium was de
cided Upon, and at icubi j.uw.uw men
XlXfm nnnr In three armies through Bel
gian territory, while three more ot about
equal strength were employed through
Luxemburg, Lorralno and Alsace.
r-ln thinking of tho first campaign It Is
Iwell to remember nlwuys that tho Ger
Ifamnit had but two things In mind, to de
stroy French armies uttorly, and to do
(this within tho flrBt six weeks of, tho war.
iTlie capturo of forts, cities, the success
Iri "Incidental engagemonts, was of no real
meaning If tho great decision wns not to
be had. The German strategy aimed at
annihilation, expected to achieve It and
conducted tho operation with a disregard
for all expense of life and equipment which
fores only conceivable as the prlco of a
supremo success.
Conversely, the solo problem of the
French In this same period was to Keep
their armies in being, save Paris .and es
cape the annihilation planned by their
treat foe. To rneet thq German ava
lahcho they had a little' moro than half as
many troops, with' British support, which
wire, howevor, insignificant In numbers.
(The" French were also handicapped by the
fact that their mobilization wus based
upon the assumption that Germany would
come through Alsace-Lorraine iinu mi
through neutral Belgium, and plans of
mobilization could not be changed, after
Itihad begun. Thus It was necessary for
jranco to ojsecuto a campioio rctunra
fratlon of her armies after tho campaign
Md opened. But It Is necessary to recau
t that the slncle necessity for tho
Aench was to survlvo tho first avalanche.
This was Joffre b problem, as that ot von
Uoltke'B was to annihilate tho French.
rOn' these torms It la possible to estimate
pretty exactly tho results of this first
campaign, the greatest tho world had
ever seen In numbers, in the alzo of bat
s tleficlds nnd In tho losses that were suf
fered by all contestants.
THB BELGIAN PHASE (AUGUST 4-22).
The first shots on the Belgian frontier
were fired on August 4. Tho next day
German troops reached the forts of
Liege. Tho army was commanded by
gGencral von Emmlch and numbered
gabout 30,000 picked troops. Despite the
contemporary impression, the Belgian re
elstnnce. while heroic, waa wholly Inef
fective. Llege was occupied on August
7. For a week the Belgian commander.
ienernl Leman, held ono or two of the
forts west of the Mouse, but these were
destroyed by the first shots of the Ger
man heavy artillery on August 14 or 15,
1 In the meantime Germa'n mobilization
was completed, concentration took place
and on August 15 the German masses
were settlnz out on their dash to Paris.
All this time there had been steady sklr-
misning between the field forces of the
Belgians and the screen of German cav
alry which was preparing the way for the
cpnupg ot tne armies. These skirmisnes
were magnified Into battles by Brussels
reports, but were of no real Importance
end ended in the comnlete demoraliza
tion of the Belgian army.
pOnce the German advance was begun It
swept irresistibly forward. One force
under von Kluck moved straight on
Brussels; a second, under von Buelow,
Tossed the Mouse at Huy and advanced
upon Namur, and a third came through
the Ardennes and struck at the line of
jhe Meuso above Namur. Brussels fell
pn August 20, the Belgian army fled to
Antwerp and the German army, having
passed the canltal. started south far
Paris. The Belgian phase ended on
Eugust 22 with the abrupt fait of Namur
ispa the opening battles between the
German armies and the Anglo-French
forces of the north.
FRENCH DISABTER (AUGUST 4-1S),
I-Whlle the Germans were coming
rough Belgium the French had at
tempted to Invade Alsace-Lorraine, had
eeil 8llr?fSRfn1 nt thA ntnrt. anil then
Ifceavlly beaten east of Met and driven
disorder into French territory aoout
ifanoy. A second French offensive across
bs uieusa into .ueigian ruxemourg nuu
with another defeat. At the mo
ot when the German forces of the
fth struck the allied armies along the
nbre and the Mouse from Mons to
vet. the French armies from Bwltzer-
id to the Belgian frontier were retreat'
: in disorder
meet the German advance through
Slum, the French and British took
ST stand In the angle between the
Die and the Eambre ItlverB. The DO-
ittoii was naturally strong, but was
feed upon the Belgian fortress of Na-
pr. to the utter amazement of tne
grid, Namur fell within a few hours.
IS British .about Mons were struck In
pt and flank by overwhelming forces
I the French were driven out of their
JUans west and south of Namur.
onenlns battles of Mons and Char-
l were between some 300.(0) allied
ops ana 7W.0W Germans, uawi pat-
were broken off before they reached
Ntecltdon, both were allied defeats and
MY opened the way t the possible de-
iicuon of the wnote awea iqroes in
north at the moment that the French
In the east were retreating alter
Ing been routed.
GREAT RETREAT (AUGUST -
SEPTEMBER. 6).
Aueuat SI the German armies were
f full pursuit of the Allies from Swltzer-
W the irtwure. Toe great jwa?oi
now whether von Kluck could qe-
the British army on the extreme
interfuse between Parte and toe
ellKd bitulefrout. eut off tne re-
atine a uitea and roll them up la such
envelopment us he4 won the war of
For tti AUlee the single effort ws
mni Btb . t.u ..A, i3it Anuth In M. Doiat
j --T- ... 'HO ... wv . w v
fti Sl.ty , . .s iini tul d hue 'u
': ' j ui. . , .r ln,tili 1W UI-CU-
.,, EVENING iCSPGBB-PHlCAD.BLPHIA, SATURDAY. TOTJT 31
fln!?P.l'i .e8,eftp.e5 ony by "treating day
jlnlht '08thvlly In men and equip
m.mhUJinn.?lly eacaPl r fighting a
armi i re?uf Unrd batlle8' Th0 F"nh
.; Sri.i.the,.r. "att' "treated will.
S-i j dllbrfton and were never In
great danger.
w hter!Jbcr th. Prcnch a"d British
in h - 5,ore ,h Ilno ,rom the Vosgcs
I0"'' wa8 of Paris, but all northern
8,.was ow ln ""'"an hands and
&?" Oerman army was assailing
tho AinJl4 WM. M0. lo.nKer PoIW for
tho Allies to rotreat without abandoning
ill. ' aMd t'loQermans, still on schedule
! A wr6 w.llh,n KlgM ot th9 oter forts
of the French capital.
BATTLE OF THE MAnNE (SEPTEM
BER 710).
At the opening of this great battle the
French held a line from Paris to Verdun,
curving deeply to the south. On this line
JofTro had been concentrating his forces
since the opening defeats. Now tho Ger
mans wero in turn threatened with en
velopment from Paris and from Verdun,
and about Paris a new French nrmy had
been collected, which energetically struck
east upon von Kluck's flank.
But the decisive point In tho Battle of
the Mama wob about La Fcro Chttropo
nolso, nnd the first heavy blow was struck
hero by General Foch. On September 9
the whola French lino, after two weeks
of steady retreat, suddenly struck back,
fleiGatpfl tllA flArmnna In n tilliin nf
rifle engagements and drove all the Gcr
....... uiuitco nuifi jjuriiiiiie io ingny uock
In a complete defeat which amounted to
a rout at certain points. At tho mo
ment when Berlin was waiting to hear of
the fall of Patls nil the German armies
were In retreat. France was not to bo
overwhelmed. In this battlo more than
n.OOO.ftflil Wra AtitrntAi3 1, ! M.y..A
not leas than 500.000 and tho battlo front
waa noany zoo miles long.
ON THE A1SNE (SEPTEMBER 13
OCTOBER 0).
In the onenlnc davs of the aeconrt utnk
In September thero was hope in Allied
oapltalB that tho Gormans might bo
driven out of France, but It proved vain.
Between tho Manic and the Alsno tho
Germans rallied. Tho fall of Mnubcuge
freed a German army which came south
nnd reinforced von Kluck. Allied advance
wns stopped nt this stream nnd ln tho
next few days tho Germans established
a line from the Olso nt Noyon to tho Ar
gonne. All Allied efforts to drlvo them
failed.
The French then made a desperate ef
fort to turn the Germans out by attack
ing tncir right nahk nnd turning it, com
ing In about St. Qucntln. But this failed,
and in a few mora dnys tho line had be
gun to mount toward Belgium, each Gen
eral Staff meeting the other's efforts with
new battalions. Meantime the Germans
directed their attention townrd making
their position In Belgium secure by be
sieging Antwerp, which fell after a to
days' slego on October 9.
Just before this surrender tho British
had been taken out of their trenches
along tho Alsne nnd sent north to fill tho
gap between the French battlo lino and
tho sen. Their objective was Antwerp,
but the fall of this town ruined their
plans, and. they were again left to face
an overwhelming attack by now German
armies, supported only by the beaten
Belgian nrmy, which had escaped from
Antwerp and come south through Ostend
to the Yser River, north of Dunkirk.
BATTLES OF FLANDERS (OCTOBER
21, NOVEMBER 16).
German effort to crush Franco had
failed. There remained tho chance of
capturing tho Channel ports Calais. Bau
logne and Dunkirk; straightening the
western front and shortening It, prepar
ing tho wny for submarino and Zeppelin
campaigns against England and com
, plotlng tho conquest of Belgium.
Accordingly, vnst new rorccs were sent
into the lino between Lille and Ostend
and a general German advance ln
masses was begun against the thin lino
of British and Belgian troops on this
front. A month of desperate lighting
followed. Tho Belgians, heavily attacked,
Just managed to cling to the Yser line,
after opening tho sluices and flooding
tho region. The British held Ypres de
spite a CO per cent, loss and against
threo or four times their number. The
struggle waa over by November 15.
In sum, then, the first German offen
sive was decisively beaten at the Marne.
France was neither destroyed nor seri
ously crippled. Her losses In captured
and killed and wounded combined, prob
ably equaled those of tho Germans, who,
oh the attacking force, lost heavily. Not
less than a million men wero put out In
this opening phase. But at tho end the
Germans had won only a few thousand
square miles of territory In Franco, they
had failed to talte Paris or the Channel
ports and they could no longer afford to
neglect the Russian menace. From No
vember 16 to July 25 tho western cam
paign from the German side has been de
fensive, save for local attacks. It has
become a mere war of trenches.
II. RUSSIA AGAINST AUSTRIA.
Russian mobilization being slower than
German, Berlin had calculated that It
would be at least six weeks before Ger
many need fear any attack upon the east,
since the Austrian arrqlcs might be ex
pected to hold back the first udvanccs of
tho Russians. The Russian problem was
to dispose of Austria before Germany
could' get back from her great campaign
ln France. Thus all tho efforts of Rus
sian high command wore at first directed
against Austria. But the opening suc
cesses of Germany in Franco led to the
appeal for Russian Intervention against
Germany, which modified both German
and Russian plans and not Impossibly
contributed to the ultimate failure of
both.
In examining the Russian operations,
therefore, it Is necessary to think both of
the great movement against Austria and
the subsidiary operations against Ger
many, first offensive and later defensive,
When Germany began to help her stricken
ally.
In tho opening days of the warthe Aus
trlans sent their main forces to Gallcla
and attempted to Invade Poland from
Gallcla with one force, while holding the
Gallclan front east of ; Lemberg with
another. Their operations were handi
capped by the terrible defeat they suffered
almost at the outset of the war at the
hands of the Servians along the Jedar
and by the additional fact that some of
the beat Austrian troops and most of
their heavy artillery were borrowed by
the Germans for their operations In
France and Belgium.
TANNENBERG (SEPTEMBER 1).
While Russian and Austrian mobiliza
tion was still Incomplete the allied disas
ters In the west drove Paris and London
to ask Petrograd to Invade East Prussia
to compel Germany to recall troops from
France. Accordingly, two Russian armies,
one from Warsaw, the other from the
Nlemen, were sent into East .Prussia.
Both won Initial successes, and the Nle
nien array, havtfig defeated the Germans
at Gumblnneu, approached Koenlgsberf
But the second, having- reached Alien
stein, was enveloped by Hlndenburg In
the swamp districts, forced Into the
marshes ad praetleally annihilated. More
than 100.009 troops were put out in this
flght, and the second Russian army es
caped only by rapi4 retreat.
The disaster of Tanninberg took pttce
on September 1. H was a defeat "feed
Imr in proportions 4ny achievement of Na
Iioleon. but it unquestionably contributed
to the success of the Allies at the Marne,
sinoe the Germans were japelled to re
cairtroope frn te west and divert re
taforceweaU. In & operations East
ZUlIu devastated and the refugees
fled as far as Berlin. On the other hand.
Russia lost one of JU best armies end an
Calculable amount of artillery and mu
imoBS. It was an expensle saorince.
LBUBERO (SEPTEMBER 1)
u.,t the East PiuMl" oiwratlun was
only a mluo. Ucident The .ni Kuian
fe had itrdi eutwi aalli tiam
' Ui s l U- "4""iut ",I iltiu-
Germany Has
But Failed
AHr.1,i,i1.d luy ind routed the main
iJmi,I ", orivmg them through
Lemberg and as far na Jaroslav in utter
lmmJ? . thoua,ld f Ptlsoncrs and
w 5P. Bto0', of nmmunltlon. A slml
aLiVu0 0,vcr,t00k the army which tho
Austrlang had sent north ngalnst Lublin.
i tif' w,llle,h Germans were falling
pLv!- r Bra,u,lo,H ort for a decision In
France, the Russians were achieving
"W appeared to be a real decision
bIi" ln 0nllcla' Coupled with the
Servian victory at tho Jedar, the Lorn
berg disaster socmed to promise the
speedy disintegration of tho hetero
geneous Austrian armies. With her
trench hopes turned to ashes, Germany
had now to face east to savo her ally.
THE FIRST WARSAW DRIVE (OCTO
BER MO).
German nttempt to save Austria took
the shape of a sudden drlvo nt Warsaw,
through central Poland. Russia had
rnado two great efforts, tho chief en
deavor directed against Austria, which
had succeeded, tho second against l!ast
Prussia, which had failed, But In doing
this she had left Ccntrnl Poland bnre of
troops, and Gcrmnny now struck straight
through the Unguarded centre nt War
saw In an attempt to selzo this great
fortress town beforo Russia could get
back from Gallcla a sufficient force to
check tho thrust.
This drlvo began In tho first days ot
October, wns directed by Hlndenburg nnd
nlmost Bucccodcd. German troops nctti
nllv reached thn nuhurh,, nt .,.. --j
its fnll was expected. But Russian ro-
imuicoinems nrnvea in time, tlic German
flank was turned and a speedy retreat
wu ui'ccrHury. vvnnout any rpal battlo
tho Germans swiftly and succinctly flowed
back across their own frontiers.
Mnmnntnrll,. l.rtntiUr,... ...... t.. a
achieved their purpose In relieving the
Austrlnns. Tho Russians, having sent
corps to Warsaw, wero compelled to re-
tut nt tllMt s1 . ...
it cm uuiiinu mu oan. i-rzemysi, wnicn
had been besieged, was relieved, nnd for
tho moment Austria wns saved. As an
example ot daring and successful strategy
the first drive at Warsaw, although It
failed to tako the city, cannot be praised
too highly.
LODZ (NOVEMBER 19)
The pnuso In the Gallclan campaign,
however, proved only momentary. While
the Germans were retreating from War
saw, tho Russians rcnowed their of
fensive, rccrosscd tho Snn, reinvested
Przcmysl, pentrntcd to the suburbs cf
Cracow and npproached and oven passed
the Carpathian barrier, sending Cossack
raiders over Into Hungary. A new effort
to save Austria was Inevitable,
Tho second effort wns far moro con
siderable. It began In the early days of
November and was made by a great Ger
man army, many corps being recalled
from tho west, where tho battles of Flan
ders were ending and the wholo campaign
falling to trench wpr.
Russian forces, pursuing tho Germans
retreating from Warsaw, had approached
tho Posen and Slllclan frontiers and wero
across the Wartha. Hlndenburg now
gathered up his armies, which were fac
ing UIU IIUBOIUUB WC31 Ul lilO 1YUIW1U,
German Proposition to Sub
mit Questions in Contro
versy to Tribunal Not
Officially Received at
Washington.
WASHINGTON, July 3LThe United
States undoubtedly would reject a prop
osition to refer such questions -as tho
German-American controversy over the
LusltAPla to The Hague. It was said in
well-Informed elrules here today.
A press dispateh from Berlin Intimated
that such an offer might be rode. Secre
tary Lansing said not even a hint of the
kind had come from anomeaJ source.
jlo would not say how It would be re
garded If It came. Subordinate officials
said, however, tbt they already knew
sueh matters were not of the arbitral
type.
The AdilplUaUoi' response to th
Brttuili aote on the order in eouuell and
STmMe latter exBMterf early
nt wSfc-will be prow. It was stated.
OWetelTOTldefttly beUeved they knew
what the British would say. though they
wuW not discus It. s,id were uadeifrtood
Z rEvrPrepred their reply, ttaUveJy,
ev-win Wane of the oosSS note
cetary Lawsta? having stated, that
theuSted 8ttM is cnwroed only with
IL1 ovTneieWp of a WP vfeUA seeks
American regW and not wtth tfce nft
dltT of persona from who the
owners bwrow woney. the ComaMim Pe
ITrWt was eipected to graut registry
geXtely U. vessel blottrins to the
'rueac. Transatlantic- Cvmpmny. said
fa 0e WvU.d b Uruu -ni
SCENES IN THE ABANDONED CAPITAL OF POLAND
it c wnmnRWTfifT fc 1 ,
HAGUE ARBITRATION $$? & '"' tf '".C
IN LUSITANIA CASE Jt ' : 1 ' J$
. 4A.S J. :-.!- &
Jul) 1 fuUi. l.W-
Best of First Year of War
to Achieve Objectives
By FRANK H. SIMONDS
moved then, rapidly over tho strategic
railroads to the north and sent them In
upon the Russian flank In n desperate
effort to out the Russians off from War
saw, envelop them nhd either surround
them Or drlvo them south away from
the railroads.
Again the Germans almost succeeded.
At one tlmo they actually Interposed be
tween the Russians and their base, cut
ting the railroad, northeast of Lods. For
days a desperate struggle went on about
Lodz. In the end, after suffering terrific
losses, the Russians wero saved by rein
forcements brought from Warsaw, and
wero able to get back behind the Bzura
Rawka Jllvcrs west of Warsaw and thero
to repulse all German attacks. By De
cember .1 the front ln this sector hnd
becomo fixed on lines it was to hold until
July.
PRZEMY8L AND THE CARPATHIANS
(DECEMBER TO MAY).
Once moro tho Russian anrilcs ln Gall
cla had been compelled to retire ln con
sequence of a Germnn offensive In Po
land, But this tlmo they camo hack only
to Tnrnow and took up a strong posi
tion behind the DunaJecrBlahi Rivers.
Henceforth their main effort was di
rected at farcing the passes of tho Car
pnthlans and breaking into tho Hunga
rian Plnln. To do this It was essential
to reduce the fortress of Przemysl, which
commands tho main railways and roads
of Gallcla. From January 1 to May 1
tho Gallclan cnmpnlgn was marked by a
slow but steady ndvnnco of the Russians
toward and through the mountains,
halted frequently by deBperato Austro
German offensives, for German troops
and officers were now sent to Btlffen the
shaken Hapsburg forces.
Austrian resistance was materially
strengthened also by tho recall ot threo
corps which had been dispatched to
Scrvla to share in tho Invasion of that
kingdom. This Invasion had passed
Belgrado and seemed about to crush Scr
vla, when tho recall of Austrian troops
made possible a now Servian offensive,
nnd tho Austrian Invading forces were
terribly beaten ln tho tlrst days of De
cember about Vallovo and driven out of
the kingdom.
Przemysl fell on Mnrch 22, and Immedi
ately thereafter Russia mndo her final
bid for a decision In tho East. The sur
render had eliminated 125,000 Austrian
troops -and freed many moro Russians.
In tho opening days of April tho wholo
Russian battlo lino along the Carpathi
ans swept forward. For four weeks tho
fighting wob terrific and tho progress
favorable to the Russians. But by May
1 they wero brought to a complete halt,
having still failed to enter tho Hungarian
Plnln., Their hopo of a decision had also
failed. They had been unabla to crush
Austria, ns Germany had failed to crush
France. It was now tlmo for a new
German effort.
To complete tho rovlow of events ln the
cost It Is ncccsary to mention tho great
German victory ln tho Mnzurlnn Lnkos
region on February 10. which terminated
a Russian countor-offenslve In East Prus
sia, designed to relievo Russian armies
In Palnnd nnd Gallcla by recalling Ger
man troops. A huso number of prisoners
JiHim UU, WIIIJIIIIl, I ag.gtWPWP-r." i i. I . u
i-- ' ' " . ,m " '
The urjner nicture sfeoWB the market place of Wawaw, which h
,inA ?yJry, L L. thfi notwlace rotronted before the on-
as s&i
papera learned tod4y frov their core
HtondenU in B"-Uo tbw the Qermexi Q4 -eminent
wishes to wibroK to the u
Tribunal the queuou of epeUoa t'-"
AuieiWWi Ue l"-t Ul. the Luaitiau.
U w reirfMWJ ou i.MBii ...lao.u,
u.t Uis Os-an Jftiiuu sjihi l l-
YEaoF THE
were claimed by tho Germans, who once
more demonstrated their complete su
periority to the Russians In the field.
1H.-GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.
All hopo of a decision in the west ended
with the repulse of the Germans In Flan
dors in November; ln fact, it had prac
tically terminated when the beaten Ger
man masses hnd . retreated from the
Mnrne. Germany had undertaken to dH
poso of Franco at one blow, nnd France
had escaped. Belgium and the Industrial
regions of northeastern Franco remained
In Gorman hands, a rich prize, protected
by the Bttong defensive lines which the
Gorman nrmlw) held from Switzerland to
the sea. But thero was no longer any
prospect llrat a now Germnn' offensive
could reach Paris or crush the Allies.
On tho other hand, It might still be pos
sible to win the wnr If Russia could bo
eliminated. If Germany, whlla holding all
of her western conquests, could dispose
of Russia ns bIio had hoped to dlsposo of
Franco, thero was still tlmo to win a
great triumph, mako peace on terms
which would bo wholly advantageous, lr
not ob favorable ns had been hoped for
In August, 1911.
While tho world was talking of a spring
drlvo of the Allies, Germany was steadily
preparing for a great offensive of the
combined Austro-Gcrman forces, which
should relievo the Itustsan menace to
Hungary, cloar Gallcla, tnko Warsaw nnd,
If possible, crush Russian military power
bo completely that Russsln would ask for
pcaco or ccobo to bo a factor for many
montls.
Tho long series of Fronch offensives In
tho west ln tho lato winter and spring
had demonstrated that tho German lines
would hold. The failure of the British
to get up Kitchener's million or to pro
vldo tho ammunition noceasary for a suc
cessful ndvance offered tho new chance.
In April Germany turned her attention to
Russia with tho same purpose and the
sama possibilities that led to the earlier
odcnslvo against France.
GALICIA (MAY AND JUNE).
At tho opening of tho great German of
fensive against Russia the armies of the
Czar ln Gallcla wero In tho Carpathians,
their flank toward Germany protected by
strong defensive works behind the Dun-njec-Blala
Rivers. V
Tho first operation was directed against
this flank, which was suddenly struck by
a hugo army under Mackcnscn provided,
with nn enormous artillery train. In a
few days tho entire front crumpled up,
uncovorlng tho rear of the armies In tho
Carpathians. Along tho Dunajeo tho Rus
sians Buffered a real disaster, losing thou
sands of prisoners. In the first stages of
their retreat moro thousands woro cap
tured, nnd tho whole Carpathian army
was threatened ln front by tho Austrian
nrmlcs coming from Hungary, In flank
and rear by tho German troops coming
east in Gallcla.
Efforts to stand at the Wlslok, tho San
nnd nt Grodck Lakes failed. Although
the Russian resistance steadily stiffened,
the German advance could not be
checked, Jaroslav, Przcmysl and finally
Lemberg were recaptured and tho Rus
sians wero driven north into Poland and
1 L!,1 J "1 "
' ?Vtfv-.-x&mi&& .wljfW
RuMian churcb
ready sounded the United t Gov
ernment upun tne ojMti. n4 ta be
lieved that the numerous confereaosa
fcvrlln Jfch, week betweeu Awertos A
kweudfi Crard and otflfctai uf t Qw-
(kvcl
,ii .-:tbli. Ve Ao
, 1915;
GREAT EUROPEAN WAR
east toward the Bessambian ffantlsr. All
but a thin ship of dallcla was feeo
quired, after having been occupied by
Russia since September.
Russian disaster was explained by th
lack of ammunition nnd by" the greAt
superiority of German Artillery. Prob
ably tHls explains tho rapidity of the
debacle, but the Russians were clearly
outnumbered, outgeneraled and out
fought TUB THIRD DRIVE AT WARSAW
(JULY)
Once Gallcla was cleared the full ex
tent of German purpose was revealed.
Glance at the map and It will be seen
that Russian Poland extends Into German
nnd Austrian territory, which grips It
something like ft pair of Jaws. Warsaw,
the westernmost fortress ot the Russian
defensive line, 1b outflanked by German
East Prussian territory and by Austrian
Gallclan districts.
Very shortly It became clear that the
plan of the Austro-Gcrman commanders
wns to attack Warsaw In front, along
the familiar RawkaBzura front and at
the same timo to attack the defenslvo
lines that covered the railroads from
Kiev, Moscow and Petrograd to the Pol
ish capital. If these lines In the rear fell
before Warsaw was evacuated all tho
Russians west of the closing Jaws would
bo cut off, surrounded, ultimately cap
tured: tho ffrftflter tiart: nt TtusAlAn mill
tnry strength would bo eliminated. V
If Warsaw were evacuated In time the
Russian front , would ba thrown back
from the Vistula to tho Bug, tho Austro
Germnn allies would gain n tromendously
strong defensive line, having conquered
most Of Polnnd, and they might expect
that Russia would seek peace, or at 'least
be compelled to conduct a relatively
harmless dofenstve operation far within
her own territory for many months.
The main object was, of course, to dis
pose of the Russian armies by enveloping
and capturing them. This would ln alt
probability mean a decision; but short of
this, If the Russian armies were com
pletoly routed, with Austrian and Ger
man terrltorylfrecd of Invaders, with vic
torious German armies standing ln Bel
glum, Poland and northern France, Ger
many might expoct to hear from her foes
somo proposals for peace, which would bej
baseu on tho tun recognition ot ner con--quest
nnd achievements,
These lines were written with tho fate
of Warsaw still ln doubt. The Austrian
nnd German Jaws are still closing stead
ily behind Warsaw, but the Russian re
sistance Is desperate and so far sustained.
At tho moment Oermany Is as near to a
decision, aa sho was In Franco In Sep
tember of last year. ' But If tho Russian
armies hold, as tho French did at tho
Marne, or escape, ns they did in the
great retreat, Germany will miss tho
great decision, If sho takes Warsaw.
IV. ALLIED OFFENSIVES,
Tho first campaign ln tho, west ended
with tho battles ot Flanders' on Novem
ber 15. It left the allied armies victor
ious, to the extent that they had parried
tho great German design to dlsposo of
France. It left them holding lines which
hnd endured tho shock of terrlflo attack,
but It left them shattered and to some
oxtent disorganized. Tho first British
expeditionary army had disappeared ln
casualties. France had lost at least
three-quarters of a million ot men. It
was necessary to reorganize all tho al
lied armies to attempt to overtake the
Germans, whoso preparation nnd fore
sight had almost won them tho decision.
Once this reorganization wns Achieved
and preparation began to go forward t
was necossary to attempt offensive oper
ations not nlono to get tho Germans' out
of Franco, where their hold upon the
mineral and Industrial districts was enp
nlinir tho French, but also to rellovo tho
pressure upon Russia, and thus assist
tho crcat Russian 'offensive In Gallcla,
These nttomptB strotch from January to
July nnd are, with one exception, an un
lnterniDted series of local successes, yet
wholly barren of any but tho smallest
local advantngc. Great no is tno place
they have occupied In tho news of re
cont months, tremendous as have been
tho losses to tho forces ongaged, they
havo left the battlo lines hardly changed
and require no detailed examination.
FRENCH OFFENSIVES
(JANUARY TO JULY).
Tho main effort in the west has, of
course been made by the' French. In tho
Inst six months a sustained attack haa
been made In each sector. Thus In Jan
uary the first offensive broke out north
of the Alsne' nnd east of Solsaons. Local
advances were mndo, but a flood carried
away tho Alsne bridges, and tho French
wero obliged to evacuate not only the
ground gained, but the ground held by
the British In the early days of tho gen
eral Allied advance after the battlo ot
tho Marno. This was tho one corapleto
failure. '
In February n new effort was made In
Alsace, and French troops broke out of
tho Thur Valley below Than and touched
tho Alsatian Plain. Their advance was
checked within sight of Muelhausen, and
they were crowded back to the hills. The
operation terminated with real gain to
the French, but they failed utterly to gain
a foothold on the plain.
A third effort In Champagne led to much
more severe fighting and to terrific losses
on both Bides. Not less than half a mil
lion men fought for nearly a month on
tho narrow front between Rhelms and
the Argonne, the French striving to get
hold of the railroad which- supplied the
German front west of Vouzlers. Slight
progress and actual failure to attain the
object marked this effort. A fourth ven
ture about St. Mlhlel brought back only
insignificant profits.
The most successful French advance
as made in May, north of Arras, and re-
was made in way, north or Arras, ana re-
suited In the capture of the Lorette ( Germans thpy proved Inferior troops, uc
helghts and a number of villages west of Msful only In defensive lines. The final
Lens. But once more the main objective disaster and retreat from Gallola were
was not attained. The city of Lns did flu0 j jarge part to the failure of tht'
not fall and the German lines, thinned I tUppiies or ammunition and their lao or
to reinforce the eastern armies, wero neavy artillery- But It is necessary to
not broken. In fact, tne uermans were,
apie to orania a iAiuiiic(uiii,iieive m,
win back considerable lost ground. These,
various offensives cost the French not
less than 7M.0OO In casualties and achieved
no material advantage, necessary as they
were.
BRITISH FAILURE
(NOVEMBER TO JULY).
As to the llrltlsh efforts since the bat
tles of Flanders, they may be compre
hended in the simple statement that the
British army has been unable to accom
plish any serious offensive result since the
middle of last November. The single am
bitious bid for success at Neuvs Chapelle
ln March ended In a terribly expensive
local victory, but the gain here wa off
set by loss of trenches in the second bat
tie of Ypres In April. A determined ef
fort to. support the Frenoh operations
about Arras failed completely because at
lack of ammunition.
Since March the British, now number
ing perhaps half million, have hsld
their ground with Utile but trench fight
ing, in which their losses have been
heavy. Net ls than 500.000 DrllUh have
now been klljed. wounded, or captured tn
now been killed, wounaefl or cepturea mi f iAV"' n5 tto eiirtlv souataew
th, western field. But the tallure of $5ffiJ&rffiX vS ft
Government U provide awwunltten bJIS Saaror evea ky
halted, and still beUs up.
f.R.tu. All talk of a
""'- - - -..- .,
tun Droved mere moonenin. ana (nere
remains some doubt as to whether the
British will be able U undertake any
serious offensive before next spring.
THB UARDANJSU.KB (JFMBKIMRY
WP JULY.
-Three irumtance produced tne allied
. J..l..n. In illlffl f!..l!KllHtln.UllA
""'L u rtijr.tAhttlliua. Ttlrknir'a n-
oy ivnseHt tn- -w .--- -.- - H
tiaue ! war tn November liad
closed Ru4.' Bhtok & yo Whiter
was eUK up the Aretw nd Racine
parts. Bliiii 'Or WU4C4j .L4
pTkta. This wa th ehtef drewwf
aSub. turWh troone were MbMU0
n otve ist Kypt mhleh lrftt
end British ptvr &t ih very ky,eai.
ot the IswerieJ 1 1 Flu!!,, in. fall i
i ,.at.l8ttopi aa 6tJorf W Cii-1
1 lllMW Jut"
... .. . Ml-
,iJ:
i ilriiii 11 11 i
The nrtt alterw' vM ms bf ,rt
AngtoFMm.fi rteelaftijitiiwiH Um ftw
Trie operation WwsfT a rni , a v
mftrked by lnitfiil- tf&erjiwees, atxj wp
completely cheeked try the etnWfte u"
three battleoblp? tin Mt&th "Wnt
mttnt critic had fffretotd R4 now
penedj H had ttgafft beer Am"titfctd
that a hvvai &peUnn of tht eort mm--out
the helfi At landing rart i-viin mft
uccAod. U was neeesaty to bav r
courso to a new expMluoh; thn Twite
were warned in advance at what
eomlng and Mllert prestige tn the ihrt
kan wae severely ehattefd. OH the
other hand, Italteh partieipailsn
hastened and Turkeys attack upon B)
ended.
A month later nn AngtaTrohcti 4tW
dltlonary army wa landed tin Uie 3Ul
pol peninsula, after an png&fwnwit
which brought heavy casualties Id f6
Invaders. For many week the
the land forces were unable to muk
ndvance. The support of the fleet
hindered by the operations of a German
"prjinrlne, h!o!l Scored on two mere
battleships, only in recent wk bs
there been progress by tho Allien, and
they havo not yet reached tho first per
manent position of the Turke.
Whether the Dardanelles expedition fi
wise or foolish, a point much debatl. it
is plain that It has been badly hihrtag-fi
has so for failed to make any Mrimts
progress, and that tho ultimate capture
of Constantinople Is still open to queaUon.
On the other hahd. it Is necessary to rec
ognize that the failure of aerminlfcto
take Warsaw, or even in taking WariS
to capture tho Russian armies, if foUc-wtsa
by tho faR or Constantinople, WDUltr
mean that tho Gorman attempt to dispone
of Rusxia had terminated, for once the
Dardanelles aro forced Russia win be
able to munition and equip her rn!tU0n,
who aro only waiting for arm. Iw fall
of Constantinople will necessarily ettl
the attitude ot the Balkans, certainly
bring Oreeco Into tho antl-Gormnn line,
and probably Rumania. Allied defoat, on
the contrary, will mean, If not n disaster,
an Irremediable repulse. At Ihe cloyo pt
tho first year Wnrsiw nnd Constantinople
aro tho critical points In the situation.
ITALIAN OPERATIONS (MAY 23-
JULY 23).
Italy declared war upon Austrls on
May a. Tho nature of her frontier.
hemmed In by the Auatnnrt mountains
from the Isonzo to Switzerland, hor
northern provinces open to attack from
the fortified places Cf the Austrian 5,yrol
mado It Inevitable that her efforts for
many months woula be confined to eu
tompta to clear her own frontiers at iho
Austrlans and close the gateways lead
ing to her own regions nnd held, by her
foes. Such offensives no she could Un
dertake in addition would naturally bo
directed at Trieste and the Italian-speak,
Ing districts cast ot her frontiers,
At tho close of two months of war Italy
Is still striving to penetrate Into the
Trentino about the fortress ot Trent, to
cut tho railroad lines serving tSxtt Aus
trian Tyrol by the Fustcrthal, ?o sur
round and reduce the whole Tyrolean sa
lient south of tho Brenner Pass, So far
sho has made slight and unimportant pro
gress, and Is still outside tho first tines
of Austrian defenso In tho Adlgo Valley,
along the Pusterthal and south of the
Stclvlo.
Between the Julian AIPs and the seo,
?n tho front from Tolmlno to Nabreolnaj
tallan troops have ln several planes
passed tho Isonzo, have token Montfal
cone nnd Gradlsco. and are now pressing
ln upon Gorlila. Hero Italian troops have
encountered the first line ot Austrian
defenses, and have for many days been
encaced In a. severe and cxDenslVe con
flict It Is not yet clear whether Jha-s-
Itnllrmn have made tho uroirrcsn Ibsli-UU
letlna claim; If they have, then the fnll
of .Gorlzla and th0 capture of Trieste are
at hand.
But It ,1s -well to recall hat these suc
cesses will pot have any serious effect
upon Austrian defense, nnd Iho road to
Vienna will still remain barred by many
forts and mountains, , while. Until the
Trentino salient Is reduced, Italy Will Al
ways have to fear a German offensive
from tho Brenner. As yet, then, the Ital
ian campaign has but begun, and the dif
ficulties of the territory make It tmluVly
that Italy can exorcise any great Influ
ence upon tho whole combat for mhut
weelts to come, certainly sne nnjr .no
been able to force tli Austrlans toatl
their masses from- tho Warsaw drive.
SUMMARY.
Of the four major efforts described
above, the flrat, the German attack on.
Franco, failed to dispose of France, Its
Initial successes wcj-o duo ta tho viola
tion of the Belgian frontier, nnd when
the French army had been recoocenttaf''
It outfought the German, heavily de
feated It, but in ItB- turn failed to force
the Germans out f -a, largo district of
northern France, which had heen occu
pied In the dash from Belgium.
The French achievement waa tyholly
unexpected to the Germans and remains'
an enduring monument both to' FieneJi
soldiers and to French command. In tide
campaign the British part was slight untl
the battle of Flanders, but here the Brit
ish won A remarkable triumph-' against
great qdds and saved the Channel ports
German failure was not due to bad gen
eralship or Incidental mistakes: it wet
duo to the amazing1 French rally and to
the fact that what had been attempted
was beyond the capacity even of Ger
mans. But the nearness to victory teems
to have Justified the risk taken.
The- Russian offensive failed fcecatwe t
the ability of the Germans to reinforce
their ally- Whenever the Russians had
only the Austrlans to deal with they w
j were on the point of crushing nil A
tr)gn military strength. But against i
Invarlnqly successiui, mm " yi;iu-"
us
lrin military strength. Hut against ins
i no!nt out that it was tno uermans wno
finally defeated the great RusMsn effort
to crush Austria.
Of the allied offensive In the West !ii
need bo said. The simple fact seem W b
that the Sreneh fljfhtlns ha eluwr, the
extreme difficulty of making a successful
advanoei the Germans have stmply du
thfrnselves.lntp northern Vnmrr, an are
abmip supply the men and ammuutu.n
to itnthafiy Offensive. The great neM ..i
the PrUfcJoee and the com-omtant
failure offc'Brltieb to get up tmm or
feed thejr i?M espWn failure In
this field, and there I no preeent pium.e
of a change. 0rrn defense hew h
been as brilliantly successful as tl oper
ations against Rueeie.
Of the fourth major campaign, thM
...-.at Ttuula. It ts only poesttle to av
1 that Jt V t"i 8la f0'W8Jfd. '"", u,ll!
eeaaful as was the advance on Perta be
fore the battle of the Warn. It t
chiefly noteworthy w as dewonatnuJiuf
the enormous rewnreee ot Germany in
men and rflurdttaw. toil? ta erilr
,.- ,W 1
Bees, jwmww'
VnnAt eMS M1 G?THF. S-
4Utntoyt ebility u, n.L .
i-bpVw rm Jrew dlpt--t i ft
17f3 t W ptW-i uf r' i- -seems
to h b iumfi al -. .
sUee of ny nally a.- ,. . i .
.n eMu H"'y r.i!B4wi lt.M:
dlsr n nu" modify ths (jdMnl i
,)e-iAlton thai the war -Ul -&rh t.
uoe or t yefa
JK.r.ally, ti ' ' k iMte w la1
ihe'i.iituary jp' 'iS i && s
4"1 ttUdJH -'t, --"'
nun, ikty bae ia4 in .
to IMI-nf. lsi ji-.'-I -
....1,1. h"'? Bfe - HSf Vi -
1 T-. .
tJ. J
1m. r 3
ft -- iir m
, H 1 . J.
V-s
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v. ,,ikl, mm elan.! u-
KfisT..30BSroi4 Ktf' 3 " .jf-"i'W'itf-.-. -.V '-