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Br mall, foatpatd utlde of Philadelphia, escept where foreign pottac i, requires, uiilt u.nlt, TJaiit Omit on trrar. one month. twentrne cental three dollar. All mall aub erlptlons payable In advance. NartcsBubscrlbers wlshlns address chanced mut Ive old as well new address ttttiintvAtnut KEYSTONE, MAIM Io0 W Aidrttt aU communications to Evening Ledger, Independence Square, Philadelphia xtratD at int rniUDtLrnu r-osTorncs it second cum uilLMATTrn THE AVEnAOB NET PAID DAILY CIRCULA TION OF THE EVENING LEDGER FOR MAV WAS B8.0U. rniLADFLPHIA, FhlDAY, JUNE 11. 1915. No nan ever deceived jou tave he whom vou trusted. The Second Note to Berlin ffi AD documents descendants and were there) a posterity of glorious pronounce ments, the lino would leap from the Magna Charter to tho Immortal Declaration, run I nobly down td tho emancipation Proclama tion and find at length a worthy scion In tho great utterance which has gone to Berlin as the deliberate and Irrovocablo position of a people apt In tho practtco of humanity and Impregnated with tho principles of liberty. "The Government of the United States Is con tending: for something much greater than mero rights" of property or privileges of com merce, It is contending for nothing less high and sacred thnn the rights of humanity, Which every Government honors Itself In re specting and which no Government Is Justi fied In resigning In behalf of thoso under Its care and authority." "Thank God I am an American," every citizen can say this day, for ho Is part and parcel, bone and sinew, flesh and blood of this new declaration, which voices the heart of human aspirations, of civilized Ideals and an unerring alleglanco through famine and Borrow, pestilence and flood, through all vicissitudes, to those fundamental and In herent principles without which human kind must sink Into the pits of barbarism and he dark caverns of despair. HELIKS FIRST ON HUMANITY. 18 peculiarly inspiring that in this latest note the Government brushes aside the mere legal aspects of the situation They are all In our favor, the precedents, the cus toms, the accepted law, but In making its representations the United States relies first "upon the principles of humanity" and only secondarily on "the universally recognized understandings of International law." It ex presses confidence, too, In "the ancient friendship of the German nation." It has been apparent from tho beginning that the question of the legality of the methods employed In destroying the Lusi tlanla was irrelevant to the main Issue, for "the sinking of passenger ships Involves principles of humanity which throw Into the background any Bpeclal circumstances of de tail that may be thought to affect the cases, principles which lift It, as the Imperial Ger man Government will no doubt be quick to recognize and acknowledge, out of the class of ordinary subjects of diplomatic discussion or of International controversy." The princi pal fact Is that more than a thousand inno cent souls "were sent to their death in cir cumstances unparalleled In modern warfare." Men may differ, and many Americans do, so far as some of the technical elements en tering into that colossal tragedy are con cerned, but one and all, we take It, can cry "aye, aye," and stand with thrilled con science unalterably on the proposition so splendidly stated by the President. FRIENDLINESS A FEATURE OF NOTE. AN EXCELLENT feature of the note Is the friendliness everywhere evident In It. Of "Philip drunk with carnage" no Impossible demands are made. Instead, the way la left open for Germany gracefully and easily once more to put herself In line with civilization, correct her tactics and continue her former Pleasant relations with the United States. There is no note of hate In the document, no Intimation of reprisal. Rather there runs through It the thread of sorrow and regret; sorrow that the outrages were ever com mitted and regret that Berlin should b slow In rectifying, while there Is yet time, her error Grievously have we been outraged, but as becomes & patient people we bear no anger 1 our hearts and are more concerned about guaranties for our future safety than IMurt acts. 8U5TBRFUGB BRUSrfBD ASJDB. ITW United gistes Interprets the Ger- man reply relative? to the Gushing and the OnifUgbt to be m afcoawldgrnen.t of the rtght of neutral ships tj Kavigate. freely all parts ' n own . la piU t pager war zonw We refuse to accent the fjyman theory In the Falaba affair, for In that ease patants war not protected in tfc,tr a I required by the law of natie ffet a hrp rJotuar to the hJtea ctetasa of Basils stjfetiv to the t0ta if 1 wiij- n4 car, 4 in? masts s the Ttvj IJUtu, fc luUsMtfctf Stroagly that tt Jr- st viUNJosj 9fM ptantaOly tsjmfclnp, ta J EVENING that they assumed a wilful neglect on the part of this Government to fulfil Its neutral duty. In fact, "tho United States performed that duty and" enforced Its statutes with seruputous vigilance through Its regular con stituted officials." OUR RIGHTS NOT DEPENDENT ON BELLIGERENTS' AGREEMENTS THE United States expresses Its willing ness to convoy to Great Britain any sug gestion Germany may caro to offer relative to a better understanding ns to tho methods of warfaro at sea. But It wishes Germany distinctly to understand that tho vindication of American rights docs not and cannot de pend or wait In any way on agreements tho belligerents may happen to make. Wo aro tho champion of neutral rights, which nro our own rights, nnd they shall not bo sub ordinated to tho fancied necessities of any other nation or nations. OUR DEMANDS REFUSE to ndmlt tho validity of the war zono at sea, In so far as It operates In any degrco whatsoever ns nn abbrevia tion of tho rights of American ships or of American passengers on belligerent ships. We deny thnt tho lives of noncombatants can lawfully or rightfully be put In Jeopardy by the destruction of unresisting merchant men, whatever tho nationality of tho ship, and reiterate our position that there Is an obligation In all cnBes to discover tho truth about a suspected merchantman before tak ing any measures whatover against her. We demand that Germany tako tho proper means to put theso principles Into practice, and ask for nssuranccs that this will bo done. We could ask no less with any self respect; wo can accept no loss In any cir cumstances. POWER TO COMPEL RESPECT r F IT bo a threat of war to demand that a nation hitherto friendly with us observo tho laws of nations, then tho note is a threat of war. But to that opinion wo do not In cline. Indeed, If worso comes to worst, If blood bas blinded Germany, It Is not by recourse to arms that wo shall assert our power to compel respect. Wo havo a navy amply able to prevent tho recurrence of tho particular acts of which wo complain, not by carrying on wnr, but by acting as a de fending convoy. Yet our great strength lies not In arma ment, but In tho fact that wo can bring tho Kaiser to his kness without firing a shot. Let our inexhaustible resources In materials and wealth, our enormous facilities for producing the things by means of which war is carried on, bo placed unreservedly at the service of tho Allies, and there can be but ono end, and that a quick one, to the Kalscrlsm which threatens to overrun all Europe Our wealth, without risk, could leap into tho conflict. Our fac tories could determine tho outcome In Gall cla We arc, indeed, tho financial and muni tions treasury of the world. Whero our help goes, there, too, goes victory. SINCERE DESIRE TOR PEACE "7"ET so sincere nro the American people - In their desire to keep aloof from Euro pean entanglements, so loath are they to break the historic friendship which binds them to the Fatherland, so anxious aro they that thoy may be spared from any sort of active participation In tho world's great tragedy, so firmly are they set in love for peace, that throughout this entire land a secret prayer goes up that Berlin will receive the note In the spirit which dictated it, that Germany will come to her senses and not commit the fatal blunder of adding this nation to the list of her already great num ber of enemies, GREAT MISSION IN THE WORLD TUT aa for us, we have done what we -'-' could; have made what concessions wo could. We carry, as It were, tho colors of civilization and humanity; a calm, clear voice for Justice on the seas; a holy mission to see to It that the ideals It has taken nineteen centuries to establish shall not be overturned, repudiated and . stamped on. To that mission we are dedicated and to it we shall cling, be the cost what it may, for, God helping us, wo can no other. Not the-President only, but a whole peo ple have spoken. They will stand back of their representative In this crisis to the end. As to Mr. Bryan IT IS regrettable that tho American peoplo should be humiliated today by the spec tacle of the man who only a few hours ago was Secretary of State issuing, at the very moment when one of the most important diplomatic utterances ever mado by this Government Is In process of delivery, a state ment devised to deprive that utterance of Its force, to devitalize the public purpose, to em barrass the Government and to lend encour agement to defiance of our Just demands by a foreign nation. It was Mr, Bryan's privilege- to resign. He might have done It, as Burns did in Eng land, quietly and soberly, because his con. science led him Into such a course. He has chosen Instead, with a jRCtleseness unprec edented and a shameleuness unparalleled, to be guilty of as monstrous an Indiscretion as history holds any reeord of. He asks for the fair judgment of the American people, as If they have any Jnterest In Judging be tween the course their Government has de cided on and the reckless pronouncements of a man who seems to be without any oon eeptlon whatever of either deeH$r 0r goad taste to public affairs. Let I Mr. Bryan bury hlmjf iB h megalaWphater. aSBESZpSSSSSSSBBSB Germany nwd, net fsl stunk up, Great Britain will get a. $ot, too. I I illH it They aro saying la BngUnd now that a man who can work and won't must be made to fight Wfesa a HtA with Wa rib broken to aa at- U wevKtt a ruBAway team from km. fag tot of ehUdren aaka. as he lia tn tb fortudnnna, "! aay oo hwrtr' b dMn. a nwga.1 for unseHUh heroism T.TCTmTC-R.-PTTTT,ATlELPHIA, FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 1915, ARCHIMEDES, KRUPP OF CLASSIC WAR The Grent Mathematician Who Turned Inventor to Save HJa Na tive City How He Burned the Fleet of Rome With Sun's Rays. By PETER STAINFORTH THERE wero stinkpots in those days. Asphjxlatlng projectiles, chlorine cylin ders and incendiary bombs wero still await ing tho cnterpriso and scientific skill of Krupp, Kultur & Co, but even tho Chinese of pre-gunpowdcr days knew tho culcacy of evil smells In discouraging tho martial spirit of tho enemy Burning tar shared tho glory of stinkpots in the defense of many a clas sical fatherland, and many a miner and sapper fotlnd his underground trench filled with smoko Just when he was ready to drop out the underpinnings of somo walled town. But all such bits of "frlghtfulncss" were prlmltlvo expedients bcsldo the martial nrts of Archimedes of Syracuse Ho was the Krupp of classic war. A Mythical Marvel The fame of this great mathematician and Inventor Is based on n number of triumphs, ranging from tho locating of "pi," through tho Archimedean screw for ralslntr water, and his famous remark, "Eurekn!" to the part ho played In tho siege of Syracuse. There Is something Germanic In tho case with which he prolonged tho Roman attack on his native city for tlroo years and turned what wan expected to bo a short and swift conquest Into n blockade. His most famous exploit In thlB regard la probably as mythical ns a good deal of tho nowspapcr talk about new German engines of dastructlon It was the burning of Rome's battle fleet before Syracuse by con centrating the sun's rajs through mirrors Certain of tho more reliablo Journalists of 212 B C. fall to mention tho Incident, but the reports of others havo gained crcdcnco from experiments conducted by Buffon In 1747 With a GO-foot reflector mado up of 1C8 mirrors, six by eight Inches each, But. fon melted lead at 140 feet and set flro to moo J nt 160 Tho remarkable skill of Archimedes In tho devising of machinery of war Is seen en tirely In defense. And because tho town to whoso aid ho came was a seaport, his most startling Invention, asldo from tho giant burning bIibs, was a great crane and grap nel for seizing and upsottlng any ship that ventured near the walls. Nowadays we como up from the bottom of the sea and drag our enemies down with us Archimedes swooped down from tho air with a hand of iron to upset and sink tho largest galleys. Inventing the Trench In repelling nttneks from land, the Krupp of classic days faced an nrt of offense that was marvelously dovelopod. Then, as now, It was generally admitted that, given time, no fortifications could stand against tho "engines" of attack. Theso were tho cata pult nnd balllsta, tho ram, the "tower," the "rat," tho "tortoise" nnd that oldest and newest weapon, tho trench. Tho Greeks were tho first masters of tho science of offensive war They invented tho approach trendies, which flourish In Euro pean dispatches under tho German title, "Inufgraben " They were used principally to get closo enough to tho wnlls of a town to start subterranean tunnels to undermine the walls Tho "tortoise," a rudo hut of woven branches or leather-covered planks, was a quicker, but less secure method A handful of men could hide beneath it and push their improvised roof forward till It touched the walls, but nn unkind enemy, such as Archimedes, might be lurking with a grapnel to catch its edgo and overturn it. A much safer method was the "rat." This had more length than tho tortoise It was, In fnct, n hut pushed forward at the end of a long, covered tunnel, through which con stant communication with the headquarters could bo kept up, By means of tho long tunnel, a "rat" could be used to swing a ram or heavy metal and wooden beam against the lower stones of tho wall. Tho ram was In many ways the most Important Instrument of siege; the breach It created meant the probnble fall of the city. To make itB use doubly effective, It waH often carried in the bottom story of great towers on wheels which were shoved against the walls by soldiers concenled with in. From the top, drawbridges were let down on the city wall and attacks could thus bo delivered not only through the breach caused by the ram, but on the battlements above. Throwing a Ton of Rock CAnd while such operations were going for ard, both sides depended on those other engines, the catapult and balllsta, to fling burning arrows, Greek fire, steel darts ("con siderably larger thnn those we now drop from aeroplanes) and great rocks The aver age balllsta could manage stones up to 600 pounds before Archimedes put his mind to It. For the defense of Syracuse he devised engines to throw stones weighing 1800 pounds to a distance of 600 yards on direct range and 1000 yards through a curved trajectory. As weapons of defense against the ram there were two favorites. Both of them doubtless owed much Improvement to Archi medes. One was a sort of buffer or pad, lowered down the side of the wall to fall be tween tho stones and the end of the ram, Another was that old favorite, the grapnel, so adapted that It could be thrust down to grasp and hold the swinging head There was one very modern weapon of warfare In those days, with which, however, Archimedes had nothing to do. It was the distortion of news, such as was practiced against Germany at the beginning of the war, when the Teuton nations had no means of communication with America. If the In habitants of Syracuse, after revolting against a king whom Rome hated, had not been de ceived Into thinking the Romans still threat ened their Independence the war would never have come. On the surface, Archimedes' death was worthy of any Belgian. Awarding 0 the generally accepted legend Reman soldiers who entered the elty Immediately after its fall found the mathematician In his garden absorbed In a geometrical drawing In the and. Perhaps they thought it the design of some new war weapon. Ferhap they for got the commands their general had given for Archimedes' safety At any rate, they slew him as he meditated. HALF THE WORLD More than half of the entire pe&ulatloa of the world 1 at war since Italy has Joined in the great Buropean oonnlot. according to the figures cownl by expert staUstlcUss These show MM Ottre population of the oeuatrtee engaged hooHWUi a 9W.JK.M8 Tb wmiwifti m ijm amm M eivcs et su.no,m ano he -oomblaed Teuton tm plecao at yP & 'THANK i MEN OF THE MAYORALTY CAMPAIGN William Robert Knight, Jr., Coroner of Philadelphia County. He Has Been One of the Fighting Men of Politics for Thirty Years The First of the Organization Candidates. By HERBERT T3ERE aro two ways of winning a seat In tho Inner councils 'of tho Organization One way Is to "go along" with It through thick and thin. The other way Is to fight It. William Robert Knight, Jr., Coroner of tho County of Philadelphia, chose, at a critical time In the career of the Or ganization, to fight It. He went down with tho ruins of David Martin's leadership and, Instead of paying homage to the victors, he helped to or ganize a third party which fought tho Re publicans in city and State. Tho Organization re W. It. KNIOI1T. JR spects a fighter And that is why Knight was to rise from the ranks to become Cor oner. Ho showed strength, nnd he showed that strength a second time when ho swept the wavering Republicans In his third party back to the support of tho Organization ticket In a memorable convention The first of the Organization leaders to appear In, the field this year as an avowed candidate for tho Mayoralty, he hopes to harmonize the factions of the City Organi zation In a campaign fought on strictly local Issues. He Is considered the choice of tho Vare men; unless, Indeed, Congressman Vare should decide to seek the nomination for him self. And yet Knight was for Earle against Vare In the primary campaign and election of 1911. Many persons consider him a Mc Ntchol man. Tho Coroner says for himself that he Is a Knight man. He Is on the best of terms with men of all factions In the Organization. He shares with them a hearty disapproval of tho present administration But he has behind him duly recorded historical facts when he says that ho is not against Rudolph Blankenburg on the ground that tho latter Is a reformer. For Mr. Blankenburg and Mr. Knight were classed together as reformers, as members of the protesting Union party, In the Infancy of this century. Boyhood Experiences If It Is a requisite for a Mayor that he should have been, as boy and man, one of the hard-working people of Philadelphia, Knight has that requisite. He left school at the age of 12 years to go to work In a brick yard. That meant getting UP at 3:30 In the morning tough work for a boy of 12, but calculated to give him a, strong sense of self-reliance If he stood up under it. Knight Is made of the stuff that stands up under hard work, and as an, evidence of this he holds today not a trace of regret for the ex periences of his early youth, lie must have been a husky youngster, fpr in a year's time he was making money 'at the rate of 11.96 to 11.50 a day In the brickyard. That was in spring and summer. In the winters the boy worked Iri the textile mills of Kensing ton. This strenuous work-a-day life kept up for five years, until he was 17 years old, when he was apprenticed Indentured, as they called It to Henry Dlsston & Sons, who made saws at Front and Laurel streets, where he worked 17 years He has always lived In Kensington, and the bouse where he lived as a child was only two squares from his home of to4y, 34it Frankford avenue. He is of English ancestry, his father having come to this cduntry at the age of 17 But the family soon became thoroughly Americanized, the elder Knight fighting en the Union side In the Civil War Hie son was born tn the first year of that conflict The Coroner has been la porttlce steee at taining hie majority. Hie flret recognition oafs la the mid-nlneUee, when he was ap pointed, under Sheriff Cleneat. clerk to the deputy eherUt, and b later became deputy tS GOD THAT I AM AN AMERICAN!" S. WEBER sheriff. Ho was soon to taste tho bitterness that comes to those who aro loyal to ono sldo In a factional fight. Ho fought Crow and stood up for Murtln, and was rewarded by being promptly removed from office when Crow won his contest. Those who stood with Martin In those days had to take hard blows, but Knight has never regretted his friendship for that leader. Ho fought on with Martin, as ho expresses it, when Martin and ho were the last two men fighting for their cause in tho city. Appoint ed license clerk of tho Court of Quarter Ses sions In 1897, ho held that office until 'again he was removed by tho return of tho enemies of Dave Martin to power. It was then that Knight gdvo his alle giance to the man who was considered the reform'er of his day, Peter F. Rothermel. Thero was no question about Rothermel's honesty and fitness for tho ofllco of District Attorney. He had been fearless In that office and so upright that the Quay-Durham-Ash-bridge-Lnne machine was through with him. Rothermel's opponent was John Weaver. The Union party had tho Instability that Is characteristic of third parties in Pennsylva nia. Knight remained a member of it. It soon became evident that the Republicans nnd Democrats, who made up Its member ship, were coming to a parting of tho ways over the nomination of a gubernatorial can didate. Pattlson, who had twice been elected Governor, wanted to break away from tho Guffey element In the Democratic party. Knight had thought well of Pattlson, but he declares that the former Governor held hlm SPlf open to the Guffey people while still working with the Union party. Pattlson took the Democratic nomination. Pennypacker won the Republican nomination. Pattlson had estranged many by his sup port of William Jennings Bryan. Judge Pcn nypackpr, personally, was" a type of Repub lican whom honest men could support. The result was that the issue was a straight fight between a Republican nnd a Democrat, which In Pennsylvania means a Republican victory on a national alignment. Would the Independent Republicans vote for Pattlson or for Pennypacker? This was the question that was hft to the Union party convention to answer, knight carried the convention for Pennypacker. On March 1, 1903, Knight was appointed by President Roosevelt United States Ship ping Commissioner of the Port 'of Philadel phia. Ho held that office until August 1. 1907. In this work he came In contact with the activities of the Seamen's Union, which, he found, was taxing Its members exorbitant sums for Its services In obtaining Jobs for them. He fought this practice and his friends declare ha sought to obtain fair labor condl- nulla tor me mucn-abused seafaring men. However, his work as Shipping Commls- "er Ld.not-" the cy Pty and the Civil Service Reform Association a i... tlgatiorf followed and H was testified by a City party detective that Knight was not In his office on the Monday before election day. His resignation was demanded on the seore of undue political activity. Acaordjng to the testimony Knight virtually refused to obey the civil service rules. Civil Service "a Fraud" "If SMtary Taft ean go through the country taking part n the dUouseJon of pah. lw." he .aid, -j , 89 ,, W !pg a humble part in the MllU f PhltadJ. Phla. The quicker the country learns that Jvll service is a fraud the better." He added tht he defied any one to Mad any fault with the conduct of his office. Mr. Kuteht. shortly aft" this, was at, potot Assistant Direct f FX la the Reyburn uOuoZ fe?S ILT::" "aB "rctor atwuw r- -,.. .mu mwatey was d )lnttri Kntaht retained hl positi rector when Reyburn removed Mackey, two hours before tho closo of his administration. Knight was Instrumental in having much of tho work of making boilers for tho city and tho repairs of streets nnd buildings owned by tho city done by the city's own em ploves directly instead of by contractors In this way tho workmen received labor union wages. Ho was a leader in tho fight against grada crossings, and whllo in Councils (where he served for 12 jcars) Introduced tho ordinance for tho elevation of tho Pennsylvania Roll road tracks at Front and Norrls streets. As Coioner ho insisted on the carrying of "jacks" by trolley cars nnd made suggestions which safeguarded tho exits and entrances on tho pny-as-you-cnter cars. Coroner Knight was born March 18, 1851. He married Miss Sarah Smith in 1884 and has two children, William Harrison Knight and Mrs William S Nlcholl, tho wife of a physician. AMUSEMENTS WILLOW GROVE PARK ARTHUR PRYOR and His AMERICAN BAND ARTHUR PRYOR, Conductor CONCERTS AFTERNOON AND EVENING RESEHVED SEATS 10c. EACH CONCERT, IN ADVANCE AT THE PARK MAIL OH PHONO TODAY Vocal and Instrumental Soloists at Each Concert 7.45 WARNER PROGRAM "Elizabeth's Prajer" from "Tannhaemer" MAE BUTTON, Soprano SPECIAL DOLLAR PLATE DINNEU at tht CASINO 25c SPECIAL REDUCED PRICES FOR THIS CITY ONLY ALL NEXT WEEK STARTINQ MONDAY MATINEE 35c Gentry Bros. Famous Shows 2:15 P.M. VI i? 8:15 P.M. MONDAY 57TH AND MARKET STS TUESDAY 20TH AND 6OMER8ET STS WEDNESDAY ORK ROAD AND LOUDEN ST. THURSDAY CHELTEN AVE AND ANDERSON bT. GERMANTOWN FRIDAY 10TH ST AND HUNTING PARK AVE. SATURDAY 30TH 6T. AND CHESTER AVE. FREEi STREET PAHADU DAILY B. F. KEITH'S THEATRE CHESTNUT AND TWELFTH STREETS Cecil Cunningham WILLARD. 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