mwmmmmmmi"niruiwm!m0im,l
V
POUND'S AMBITION
OF m YEARS MAY
BEGRANTEDBYCZAR
evening ledger Philadelphia; Friday, September is, ioi.
Resuscitation of Ancient
Kingdom Would Set Up
Barrier to Pan-Germanism
1 Y.. Plae fn Rucet'n
ana w m i .
i
0ne of Iho most (sensational find fnr
wchlnif Incidents of tho great war la tho
onilso of the Czar of Ilussla to restoro
!r mngdom of Poland under nutonomoua
ternment. Should the promise he ful
Jd t will afford the realization of
polish alms of U2 years.
Tho resuscitation of the ancient hlng.
torn would sot up an effectual barrier to
run-Germanism und would certainly win
thosilpport for Ilussla In tho piesent war
cf the Poles of Austila-Hungury and
Germany. The student of history will
..-nirnlze tho tremendous Irony of this
Hawaii hy the descendant of Cnth
Stae tho Great, at tho cost of the do
.rindant of her ally In tho uiamotnbcr
5"nl o) 177S, Kredeilclt tho Oroat of
'for Itussla, lias nlwnys nrrscntcd
inch draniatlo necessities us this. Tho
Crimean War led to the emancipation of
tho serfs, and tlui Japnneio War to tho
kerlnnlns of tho establishment of parlia
mentary Institutions. It was, therefore,
i.imhln that when Ituisla lipnnu her ad
vance upon Germany and Austria that tho
Vollsh population fiom the Baltic to tho
Carpathians should receive tsomc such dra
matic Inducement to choose their destiny.
rOLAND ONCE POWERFUL.
mthe middle of the eighteenth centuty
Found was a largo and powerful King
dom, while Its beginnings go back to al
most legendary ages. From tho time of
tha reign of Mlevzstaw, bctwoen 062 and
J, history that Is accepted by modern
hlitorlans as authentic, has been wtltton
tbout Poland. Under his reign alio was
Christianized, an edict being issued In
(30 that every Polo who had not been
tiptlzed should undergo baptism.
Mleczslaw was succeeded by his son
Boleslaw, suraamed tho Grent, and after
himcamo a long line of kings, who upheld
the fortunes of Poland on an equal level
with the constantly warring peoples of
I Europe, as then constituted. Kiom the
1 very beginning, Itussla was fin enemy.
H Helatlons with the Germanic nations were
I In tho main peaceable, although there
I x,tn wars with them. Austria's namo
does nui lii.irtu un ciiw,illi:u llllu 1 U11SI1
fclstory until comparatively late, but then
Austria was as an enemy.
During tho lolgn of Bolcslaw the king
murdered with Ills own hand St. Stan
Matr, who had Interdicted all tho Polish
churches, llo was toiccd to Hep Into
Hungary, and for 200 yeais tho Popes
refused tho tltlo of Kingdom lor Poland
ts a result of tho murder.
In the reign of Cosimlr III, called the
Great, tho mateilal piospcrlty of tho
Hngdom Increased notably. Tho princi
pal townn, Dantnlc and Cracow, to In
crease their commercial Importance,
Joined tho Hanscatlc League, and tho
towns on tho Vistula grew In wealth nnd
number. At this time tho namo uf Wiir
uw began to appeal, though it was not
made tho capital of tho kingdom until
tbout 131.!.
BEATEN' UY Till: TURKS M3S91
I Shortly after US3 thn Poles, under
Kins Wladysl.iw. wore seilously beaten
ty tho Tmks nt Varna. In Bulgaria, and
the kingdom was in utiaita. even though
Bohemia mid llungaiy had been added
to the dominion In- nlfrlinn i,nrii,.
Elter Whulysluw'.i accession.
Slglsmund II (134S In lf.721 li.at II, n T..l
tinate of Polctsk to Ivm, ttm ti..ih
(ffind Livonia to tlie Swedes. In his reign
. i r ,. or f'"1"1" closely bound Poland
and Lithuania. The thione had now bo
come elCCtlVe. mill tlin Onl.lnc, 1,.l ...,
ually cncioachcd on tho power of the
"jr uio atiopilon of tho pacta con
wnta. After Siglsinund II thero was an
interregnum, nnd tho throne was publicly
', ,J$ r cIcUon by tho noble s. Tho
candidates wcie tho Archduke of Aus
tria, a Snr dish, prlnro, Ivan tho Tcnlblo
o Russa. ami Henry of Valols, brother
ipL r,,,ci h'ng.
ti?i rcnch . ,,,,ke was ducted and
r f ii.nnn,,!,Ctil convct- which he had
to Mention of carrying out. Ho was
SSiS;. W?,s.t charf"teia his line hud
m..p 7l8lT,a,l,!c '" tM" EUllt of tho
Skphir-. "r '""! llttl0 IOV'p "
nwnths waj y to cna",e fo1' Ave
enIhof "f. J:oIia" Generals, and
V,..,. 'k "'micra oi me .lgp. So-
title of Ml "W'J0 'i!'"7 in Wi- "'
him rtiV. """""" ui mrhs una aios
iSMla llU," army. I" they swept
'"""" "'uisary. and Ini.i sPgo to
rromMW filTrrr'; 1"old aml '" couit
iron whon, n i... " ".":', ' .,'""" " """
slMn nT.T muiju iuukcu as us pus-
hTSffr Ju'"eJ WW Iho Geriimu
m .. i mpIe,cly' t0 'ol'l- K't Pashas
o?mous." "na tl10 b00,J' calU"rc'l "3
There wnrn ..,,,. .. ,. .. . . ..
and K,,-,j ...., , m wmen franco
wnt bv f,,?i ,c,rs.l" "tngtlom was
nl nm.M c,,?nal Blrl!e u,"l anarchy
ePa XSttSJy th0 I'easantry. Then
hands rn ?aa .a ",ero l'uPr'et In
looked ;?. Confe'leratlou of Bar. It
S X6?J'S' th " threw off
PWTaiiP,!.. J :".' nul "nully busb a
railej . at,cl the hand lirokn up.
n.'FlUN MinUISD OX.
r '..""l11 agreed upon .sterptlv Lnttipnn
'Cz,?rw ai""u"m,y ,,y
pjussu .;,'," ;uis n,,t int ef-
'wired do.ii. . -Ina Bolting their
ailed ttm'.J llV, "";' n,,afl'i what as
Jon-l thp r." WUU u" l,' la"'1
Mljed to , ... .'',Pr. rh0 r'olt5' "
m5Sr bv J" '"" ,,,u 1'lunilir of their
enK n, ...T J'V ." ln Ti3. strlf.)
tr lino t ln,trrV(,"H"r1. RllM,
' Thid'drui k "S,UrrcVti0" h'okp out in..
''tea ana ,n , ,L''U,sko' but h was de
t Made L.naUo, '"'!"ncr at the uuttlo
Vi V, ;;""".. "'?' Shortly uftoi
LOST DISPATCH OF 1870, ONE
CAUSE OF FRENCH DEFEAT
Fate of Empire's Armies at Sedan Might Have Been
Avoided 'if Marshal MacMahon Had Received
Vitally Important Telegram.
rtini
Ahi
ani
It has often been said thai the destiny
of nations sometimes hangs upon a mere
thread, nnd In this cano It Is not too
much to say that tho fato of Europo
tnlght have been nintorlally changed had
a certain telegram been delivered, ns It
should liavo been, Into tho hands of
Marshal do MacMahon, the commander
of one of tho Fiench urniles during tho
Franco-ClPimnn conflict of 1870. Alwaya
spoken of by tho French ns "tho dis
patch of the 20th of August," It has been
surrounded by the deepest mystery and
has been a sourc of many accusations,
Insinuations nnd recriminations. Many
nuthors pass lightly over thU event, but
In tho Inipilry Into tho war made by a
committee of deputlos from tho French
Paillainont In tS71-72, much was made of
tho famous Integrant, and Mainhat do
MncMithon said repeatedly, on tho wit
ness stand, that had hn received It his
entlic course of action would havo been
changed and tho tcirlbto (I Is as tor of
Sedan avoided.
After tho battle of nelclishoften Iu
upper Alsace, August 6, 1870, In which
tho French wcio badly defeated, the 1st,
5th, and 7th coins of tholi army under
.Marshal Ho MacMahon fell back to
Chalons, whero they wcie reconstituted
and iclnforced by tho lstli corps, com
posed of now levies. Tho French lim
pet or, Napoleon til, had meanwhile left
tho iu my of Metr. (called by the French
"Army of the Illilnu") and Joined that of
Chalons. On August 17 a council nf wnr
of the principal generals was called by
him to dccldo what was to bo done In tho
exceedingly gravo conditions then exist
ing. Tho principal French army, 180,000
strong, was In the nclghboihood of Mctr.
commanded by Marshal Bazalnc. It was
supposed to be partially hemmed lit by
tho German army under Prlnco Fredorlck
Chailcs, but nothing dcllnlte could be
learned.
Tho question was, should the TImperor
Napoleon and tho army of Chalons movo
forward und try to unite with Mardhal
Bazaluu's army or should It fall back on
Pails, thoroughly relnforco and reconsti
tute Itself thero and offer a defensive bat
tle on the Germans drawn far away from
their bafce. 'This plan, thn only feasible
one under the circumstances, was adont-
cd unanimously by the Kmppror and all
those pieont at tho council of war. Tho
army at Mete, the largest and best
equipped in France, and composed of vet
erans, was thought capable of taking caro
of Itself alone, It not of indicting signal
defeat on tho German army opposed to
It. I'lifortunatcly at tills tlmo tho popu
lation of Pails was seething with turbu
lence und discontent, due to the first de
feat of the French army, which they,
rightly or wrongly, .ittrlbuted to tho Em
peror and his Government.
INFLUENCE OF THE EMPRESS.
AVhen the Kmpie&s Eugenie, who was
the lcgeut, owing to tho absence of tho
Emperor fiom Pails, and the Cabinet
learned uf the plan to tall back on Paris
'they tclegiaphed urgently to the Emperor
nnd Maishal do MacMahon that if this
were oairled out there would bo n rovolu
Hon and the Emporor dethioued. They
strongly In-dHtcd that tho army of Chal
ons mnko a rapid circuitous flank march
northeastward and unite with Marshal
Dazuino's nimy near Mctz. This they
thought would savo Franco nnd tho Na
poleonic dynasty. After many misgivings
and toi'ubodlugs, the Emperor and Mar
shal dp Mnc.Muhuu ugieed to carry out
tins plan. Mho only chance of success in
an operation llko this, a flank march In
fiont or an enemy, lay In celerity and vet
eiun tioops. Now tho army of Chalons,
123,000 strong, was moro than half made
up of raw levies recently called to tho
colois. At this tlmo Napoleon III was
already sufferng from the disease which
eventually caused his death. He could
lcmaln on horseback only for short
puilods and even this entailed Intense
agony, so that ho accompanied the army
only as, a "volunteer." Marshal do Mac
Mahon assumed full command and tho re
bponslbllity therefor.
At last, after many delays, caused prln.
clpally hy the commlssaiiat serlco, tho
army of Marshal do MacMahon loft Cha
lons August 21 on Its inaich northeast
ward. Several emissaries wcro sent to
Marshal Dazalno to tell him of tho ap
proach of the army on Its-way to join him,
and asking his co-operation. The messen
gers arrived safely, hut Iiazaiue made but
ono or two reeblp, half-hearted demonstra
tions, whlcn resulted in nothing. Wo
now oomo to tho lost dispatch: On Au
gust 20 Marshal llazaiuo sent two detec
thes of tho Paris polleo force, .Mies and
tlubasvp, with n dlbpatch addressed to tho
Emperor. Tin nutated freely It was us
follows.
do MarMahon should be wounded, the
chief command should fall to Do yimp
flcn. This repented change of com
manders produced Inevitable confusion,
but piobably did not Influence the final
tesillt.
Napoleon III, so 111 that ho could
SCnicely 1'pmalll on hnrsph.iek. nfter
vainly seeking death on tho bnttlcfleld,
several of his start being killed alound
him, was horrlllpd at tho useless butchery
of lily men nnd pent tho following inter
to King William:
Not being: able to die at tho head of
my troop. I r.tn onl.v resign my sword
Into the hands of your Majesty.
Tho Immediate result ot this teirlblc
catastrophe was tho bloodless revolution
In Paris of September I, 1S70, which over
throw tho Napoleonic dynasty and Inau
gurated the present icpubllc.
An for Marshal HaznltiP, us wo liavo al
ready mentloiiPd, ho did llttlo or nothing
to help Marshal do Mnc.Muhun: he failed
onthcly In Ids duty to his country, and
his conduct Ins alwax been one of the
mysteries of history. Plated nt tho betid
of tho largest nnd best French army ho
deliberately thiew nwny opportunities and
fought tiselpss and bloody battles. At tho
battle of Tlezonvllle, August IS, 1S70, ho
might easily lmc badly defeated one
wing ot tho Geimnn army which was
separated from the other by tho Moselle
Illvcr. On August IS. at the tattle ot Ht.
Prlvat, ho also had ounortunltlcs of In
flicting n severe chock to the Germans,
but It has been proved that while his
men v.cip lighting and Ids coips com
tnandcis sending for Instructions, Uazaln"
was playing bllliaidj at Ills headquai tots,,
miles away from tho battlefield, After
allowing Ids army to be shut up iu McU
he assumed a 'watchful waiting" policy.
After the ovorthiow of the empire, he
refused to iccognlzc the new republican
government, and sent emissaries to tho
Etnpiess Eugenic, then at Hastings In
England. Finally, on October 27, 1870,
his nrm was starved Into :i p.ui render
to tho Germans under Prince Ficdorlek
Charles.
IRRIGATOR FACES
MANY PROBLEMS
Essentials of Intensive Agricul
ture In Sacramento Valley Dis
cussed by Development Direc
tor Simple Things Wrongly
Done.
THE FATE OF BAZAINE.
After the war was over Bazalnc was
tried by court-martial presided over by
the Due d'Aumule, a son of the cx-KIng
Louis Phllllpc, and after a full and Im
partial trial, condemned Iu November,
IS73, to bo shot for tioasou. This sentence
was commuted to 20 Jems' Imprisonment
by the Prebldent of tho republic, then
Marshal dc MacMi.hon. Bazalnc, soon
escured from his piisou at tho Island of
St. Marguerite, near Cannes, and aftpr
wandeilng about from place to place,
shunned by every one, finally died In pov
erty at Madrid In 1SS.S.
It Is difficult to say what motive ac
tuated Marshal Ba7.ilnc in his conduct.
Tho, generally accepted theory Is that
when he realized that the war was going
against Franco ho thought that by keep
ing his army In Metz nnd virtually In
tact, w hen peace was made, ho would
become Uip ai biter of the political des
tinies of Prance whether under tho Na
poleonic icglniu or a icpubllc. It Is
known that ho Intrigued to have tho
Bonapartes restored to the throne In tho
person of the prlnco Imperial, son of Na
poleon III, Mazalno to bo made regent
during tlie prince's minority. His whole
coureo of action Is a warning to gen
erals of armies to contlno themselves
strictly to their military duties and not
play politics.
And so tho lesult of the failure of a
telegram to reach Marshal do .MacMahon
may bo said to have been the cause of
tho fiightful disaster at Sedan on Sep
tember 1. It is easy to suppose that If
the telegram had reached its proper des
tination, what a different course events
might hae taken. Even at that lato
day MacMahon'B army might havo fallen
back to Paris and. Joined to tho forces
already there, whither under the empire
or tho republic, might havo effectually
prevented the Germans from besieging
the capital.
GEOGRAPHY AND THE PRESS
and again
i extending
ilthuanU and
Oa I.lkPli in, I .1... 1
v OI I'A nn,l . .(,,1 (Vlllj.-
K,tti th. r'"10,'" au ""' King
.l.l lu ht- IVtei short- ..!,... I.
"o was bul.ippT.i -.' """ V Vaa
ut ii. i r "' cuiiunuai nu-
"'"anon .it .... ,:"" "' ""
""Kl there U3 or tne Cznr ""W
y tlis tr,.,, , ,,,
;u asaln ,,' ;, "vnna in istl thcra
srthetl Tl?ei 1,'enl "f Poland, un-
which
coustltu-
Mr 'he tern' V u7'"enl of Poland,
t to ,tu'8, ir Jhi-h h-t Portion v
tioni ..fcUla US to forn.
..."" euiiii . i i,. .. - -- vui
,; ..,:... "c -.?" " a fairly
liberal
Ubu... . """ition.
lUCI
mtit. ,i
"lllch y,
in
' Polisl
1 WO lPllllln,.a
WO and lS.ij, Ull0 at.
tr ungiKtesafu!
patiiuts, both i(
,., NE MEKCHAMT's ni-.Aivr
'nVI'1 '?" p'"t ire
WalM-M7.T?.,'??So,'ely to tho Princ
u fur tMenu,. w,a? rosorvlng their
,,-- war an.i ,.. ..-- " uup
" uaa K-t T, "'K ,ll,m ''"If wage
I '" tlin " -. ""." was
talf
iwi-x ftorh ,,, "j lo'iing hard to und tlm cjniniaud passed to Gemral it
, rcxc-rt f- .. c ?rta11 fjuld i A trut, tlf olU"st nrps commander, bat
I .. ;.'Jwb- ivi,' ''"r1 V n I'jJa in I j id liardlj a sumeu l lie direction of t'
i vu'U flB,. . - " i Arira or pallors ...-, I l..tli ulmn npnprnl rtp WitnTffn .
: b . " "at 1A
hat 1.,
J I I 4 ..
Ihlli'
tr-'"'sbt of tj ari
uuruis;
METZ, Aug. 20.
I am iu position near Metz to rest
inv men and replenish my supply of
food und ammunition. The enemy Is
constantly thickening around me.
Probably In order to Join you I shall
follow tho IIiip of noithcrn fortresses
(meaning fortified towns). I will let
ou know ot my march if I am able
to undertake it without compromising
my army.
The esticme indcflnlteness of it would
stilke nny one and Murshal do MacMahon
said that ho never would havo continued
the dangeoui'b Hank movement If Iih had
lt-ceivcd this telegram, moie especially as
his army was already in contact with tho
second Gcrniun army, who had learned of
tha proposed march through tha Indiscre
tions of Fiench newspapers, and wero In.
terposlng between tho Fiench nrmles.
The teK-gram reached MaoMahon's head
(piaitcis at t-'ourcellea very lato at night
on August V, or early In the morning of
the rw.
Colonel li.ii on Stoffel, tho former null
tarv nttacho at Ueilin. was head of tjie
liiiieau of Military Intonn.itloii of Mac
.Mahon's army. He tecelved and tecelpted
for the telegram but what became of It
after th.it is a mjstery which has nover
been sohed. At tho inquiry after tho
war, I'olonel hloirel wlien presseii with
iiiestions, said that being suddenly waked
up iu the middle of tho night, ha may
have thought tho telegram of no impor
I.Hi.o and distloyed It, for ho bellovcd at
that tlmo that thoy know wheie Ilazlne's
in my was. This explanation, of course,
ssounds improbable. The general Impres
sion is that fitoft'tl, being an ardent Uou
upartlst, was under secret instructions
from tin- Empress Eugenie to let nothing
Interfere with the forn aril march of Jlae
Mnhon's army, and so suppressed tho
telegram. This led afterward to his dis
missal from the army but it does not
seem to have affected his social standing
in France.
Not receiving the dispatch and still In
ipbiMiitly goaded by the cabinet in Paris,
MacMahon unwillingly continued his
march In slow and uncertain fashion On
August HO Ills light wing was surprised
.mil badly defeated by the Germans at
Beaumont Owing to this repulie the
wliolu Freiuh army uobsed tha Mcuso
Hltr and fell back badly demoralised, on
titdan Hero on September I ensued tho
la mous. and to the French, fatal battle
of that name. Though fighting diaper
atel) thu) were gradually hemmed in b
tho German army, loimnandcd by old
King William I and Marshal Moltke, and
foned to surrender with over too.000 men,
aftir losing JUOo killed and H.000 wounded.
Eiiriy In the aitiou Marshal de Ma. -Marion
was wounded anil uau to leave the Meld.
In
e
ho
had arrived two mys oriy before fro-i
Puils predueed an crier from the Mln-l?t-r
of uax r-iylus that In rasa Martha!
Spread of the Art of Printing1 Inde
pendant of Trade Routes.
Inasmuch as tho present European war
Is being conducted In a territory which
saw the lirst dcielopmpnt of the art of
printing. It la Interesting to note that tho
geography of the country had little to do
with the spread of tho art. Indeed, It
appears to havo been Independent of tho.
routes ot trade.
.Stinting ut Mainz, the flist Important
book from the first printing press itho
Gutcnbeig Bible) was Issued probably
,.t...... n?T .1 n. .. .... .. ..
the next nrcsscs. at Strussburg. like Mainz
on tho niilue, and at Bamberg, nearlj "00
miles as tho ciow llles across the country,
but on tho Main, a blanch of the Khlue.
Nuremberg, only a few miles from Bern
berg and op a branch of tho Main, had
no printing press, however, until J 170. and
T-elpzIg, in tho centre of Prusslu. not until
HSI. eYt far away, almost on tho borders
of then European learning, presses wcro
established at Ciaeow In 1171, in Budapest
In H73, and Eubeck on the Baltic shores
In 1475, according to a writer ln the Boston
Transcript.
Taking Mainz on the lUiiuo and going
north along tho liver, we find prebses at
Eltvil in HG7, Marienthal (close to Eltvll)
in 1171, and about 1W miles farther along
tne river, at cologne, Iu H66. Going
south from Mainz, a 'press was started at
atrassburg In 1160, but ut ripeler, halfway
between Mainz and Strussburg, not until
1471, though Speiur was one of tho mobt
important cities of Germany at that per
iod, BaslP, near the souico oi the Bhine.
had a press Iu 145?. Between Basle and
Strassburg were two Important cities.
Freiburg and Offonburg. which started
printing in 1401 and 140u, respectively. The.
Danube shows more irrcguUiitj. Two
cities on its banks, at extreme ends, Ulni
and Budapest, had each a press in HM
but tho chronological sequence seems to
go back from Budapest. Proceeding from
.. mu mi nin source oi tne Danube
we find tho following dates of tho first
pressee: Vienna. 14S2; FaBsau, 1451: Ratis
bon. 14i5; lngoldstadt, 14S7, and Eauinscii
and Ulm both In 14U. The branches of
the Danube bhow that presses started at
Munich iu 145.'. Augsburg In 1468, Eieli-
u ' '"i. unn rarinrr east. Brunn, in
USD. and Olmutz in J439. The theory of
tho press following tho trade routo of
the great rivers is not supported Iu (lie
ca,.?,5. EIbe- "amuurs had no press
until 1491, yot nearly 100 miles away
across desolate country without walkr
vuuiiiiumiuiiuii, i.uDecK na da press In
1173. The earliest date on the Elbe Itself
Is Magdeburg 14S0, and on its tributaries
proceeding to tha source of the rivers na
tlnd Meissen 14SJ, Prague HIS and Pl'lsen
"In discussing Irrigation piuctlce In
the Sacramento Vnllej," said V. H.
Guilford, director of ngrloultuie. ot the
Sacramento Valley Irrigation Company,
In n icccnt address, "I shall attempt to
cover some of tho points that scum to
mo to hae been the cause ot success
or failure both Willi new settlors who
are buying subdivision uci cage and so
called 'old-timers,' who arc abandoning
extensive gialn farming wholly or In
part for mote intensive operations under
Irrlgut on,
"SUch propositions as Iho duty of
water, cost of pumping plants, compara
tive value of plants of different klniui
and many other highly Important fnctois
lime been, or nio being worked out by
the Investigators with tlmo and nppll
anrcs for such caieful nnd scientific
studies. Many of Hip things I will touch
upon rue bo simple and xelf-evldont that
It would seem that no thinking person
would ever do them wrong, yet they are
repeatedly the cause of Inconvenience
und loss In every Irrigated section In the
United States.
CHOOSE LAND CAUEFUI.l.V.
"Tho flint consldoiatlon in connection
with a. piospectlve Initiated faun Is tho
cliolc of the land. Factors which gol
em tho value of land foi nu IiiImiIciI
faun ate; Chainctcr of soil, contour,
Irrigation facilities nnd trnnspoitntlon.
The soil should bo bclccted with rofci
ence to the crop to be grown. In al
most ever part of California wheie land
13 for salo it Is possible to find similar
land to that which It might be thought
desirable to purchase, growing profltablo
Intensive crops, If tho principal crop to
bo Blown by a piospectlvo settler Is
Piuncs, for Instance, and hi the neigh
borhood of n piece of land he has se
lected prunes are being successfully
giown iu similar land, lie can be iea
Konably sure of his cholsc as far ns crop
adaptation is concerned. In general, a
rich soil, well drained and fieo from
hatdpun and alkali, should bo chosen.
Then thcie Is tho cost ot leveling to
consider, and land with an oven slope
rrce rrom deep depressions that will
have to bo fllled-and not so level that
It has to be moved long distances In
order to make the water mil, ,can often
...vnuiur iiiigaiion lor J'.'O to TO less
ner nprn Hi,,,. u,n ...i.-.. i ,
---""- vii cuinu UUIIT IIII1U.
The kind of an irrigation system
fiom which water Is to be sccurcd
whether Irom giavlty How or pumping
Is a consldoiatlon that aftects future
pionts. If water is to come from wells
tho assurance of a supply i3 of Import
ance, also the cost of pumping and main,
tennnce. The same applies to water from
a gravity project. A stream must fur
nish water tliioughout tho season to bo
of the gicatest value.
Many of tlie pioduets from an Inigatrd
farm are luikly. and transpoi tatlon fiom
the plnce where they are grown to the
railroad or boat, and the cost of sending
them to maikct must bo llgurcd for a
term of yens. It Is possible the cost
of hauling heavy ciops to a loading point
may be a. largo percentage of the total
cost ot production.
WHAT IBHIGATION SEEKS.
"The fundamentals of Irrigation prac
tice arc based on tho object of irrigation.
"Irrigation is practiced to supply to tho
soli In the area In which roots tuke plant
food a sufllclent amount of molstuie for
the best possible development of the plant.
Many different methods of applying
water aie necessaiy to accomplish "this
icsult with the dlffeieut kinds of soil.
This Is what makes every successful Ir
rigator a student and Is the reason that
au ingenious, thinking person gets better
results than one who slmnK ii-Hi-nt...
without knowing what tho water Is doing.
"There is no better way to learn what
the condition of tho soil Is than to dig
holes Into it, before and after Irrigation,
to llud out how dry the -snll U nnri
whether or not tho moisture has pene
trated to tho proper depth.
"Ill order to bo of tho greatest pos
sible benefit to the troo or plant Irrigated,
moisture must penetrate as deeply into
the soil ns the roots can feed to advan
tage. Water penetrates open, sandy soil
icadily. nnd tho biggest problem in this
kind of land is to get It over the sui
facp without wasting too much through
the sub-.soll. Checks or furrows must bo
short and a big head of water used.
PENETRATING THE SOU
"Wheio tho land Is heavy, with n largo
per cent, of clay nnd silt, as It Is in n
gient part of tlie Sacramento alley, the
oirucuity is to get enough penetration.
When the soil Is thoroughly dried out
to a considerable depth, as it was last
eur, a small stream of water must be
run for a long tlmo before It penetrates
three to five feet. Two jears ago, at
tho Monroevilln orchard of the Sacra
mento Valley Irrigation Company on tho
Sacramento River near St. John In Glenn
County, the soil was thoroughly dried out
to a depth of fifteen feet and the rains
of the winter of lDlMri:i penetrated only
two or three feot nnd did not connect
the lower with the upper moisture Dur
ing the season of 1013 we were compelled
to run small streams along the three
rows for ten days iu order to get a
inree to five-foot penetration, as Indi
cated by tho steel rod when shoved Into
mo lurrow. uni irrigators were re
quired to get this penetration, and so
control the a t ren m that lery le was
wasted at the end of tho 660-foot rows.
BISMAJTBCK AS TAX ASSESSOR
Tlie fS.C0O.0M i demanded by tho Germans
of the titi of Brussels is CTiictlj the same
sum as was similar! Imposed by Bis.
maick on the city of Paris at the conclu
sion of the peace preliminaries. "Of
c?u,r,',e s?ia the Iron Chancellor at one
of his Parliamentary "beei evenings." "I
uriuaiKjiu i iiiucn as i hnew beforehand
would bo lefused me. I said to Fare 'A
oit so large and wealth) as Paris would
feel insulted if I asked anything under
a imllard On this Fairc made a u-ri
wr ran. and prepared to take his leaio
1 accompanied him out of politeness, and
tho negotiation was continued on our waj
downstairs, and on th5 last step but on'
wdjjsrnru iu iuo uui oi jw.vuu.vw francs.
ENGINEER NEEDED.
'Unless the owner of the land or the
man Who is to do tlie leveling Is very
familiar with this kind or work. It ,Ml
pay to set a reliable, experienced engl.
ncer to lay out tlie place. Bj experience.
I mean one who has had experience In
the particular locality and under similar
conditions to those prevailing on tho placo
to be improved. Iu this way it is possi
ble to benefit by the mistakes that have
been previously made In handling the
soil, water, etc, In the district in ques
tion. "E.cn if tho on ner Is rxnenennefl.
map of tho place nith tho proposed pre,
eut development and all future develop
ment should be made, showing the ap.
proximate location of drains, ditches
checks, or borders, boxes, etc.
"There seems to be a goal many places
where a prospective Irrigation farmer can
spend nioney for the counsel and advice
and sen ice of men experienced in tho
4BISIHB oi mo uusiness with the assur
ance that It he gets tho right men und
the right seivlce It will be money lery
WCll bpe.lt. Ill fact J100 snem fY.- ,.i, i-l
could easilj sae J1000 in leal abso.ute
.... in me iiurcjiasc or one place rather i
than an one of several others that mlsh'
seen c.uall desirable to a noMce-and aii
CXIH ilcneed eticinppi ..i.i , . I
big saving in development costs bj prop
erly lajing out and plaunlns the woik to
best meet the requiremuits of the partic
ular Job.
-IT'?" , "l. '""' sood land
..... a.iu larm aeeiopeia in the Sjira
menio -Valley now. and many good
themes for remoung the dirt required
in discing dralnj,, v.ontrrctins ditches.
hlt'B b.?rders ?ncl leveling tho land
between the boiders, assuming that .-
bolder tem of checking laud for al
falfa or tiees Is to b u.,i a,i ...
syste-n is a good one thu resu'ta in the
-Lonuoa U.WUC 1 an rap4r,tA tu bank3 tUat Jajn
their stability nnd a minimum of breaks
und trouble borders or checks large
enough to control tho flow of water,
but not larger than Is necessary to ac
complish this after thoy havo settled
and In land well leveled between the
borders bo that the water can bo evenly
applied, and quickly and completely
drained ort when required.
TjARGE DITCHES URGENT.
"Whatever the water delivery system,
whether open ditch or underground con
crete pipe, liavo it of ample capacity.
I know of no bettor way to determine
what this will he for the indlvldiiul need?
of any pni Menhir plnce than to visit some
plato that a syfctem similar to the one
contemplated has been Installed. An en
glneer can bo of help on the size nnd
capacity of concrete line, us lip can on
open ditch capacities but nny Irrigator
who has handled a head of water In a
ditch will tell tho Innulrci that tho ditch
must be plenty big for the head of
water have big. full banks, nnd, If pos
sible, the slope of tlio banks rhmihl b
Bjich thai they can be mowed with a
horse mower. It Is hard to find dirt
to enlnige n small ditch after a Held
Is completely needed to alfalfa.
"The woiklng out of all of the de
tails of lirlgatlou practice In the Saern
tncnto Valley Is i proposition that Is
try inui-h In Its Infancy Hip best gin
rial ndvicp that I can give to any one
Is to study the Individual problems nnd
don't be afiald to dig holes In thu
ground."
CHICAGO FIRST IN CRIME
Moie Murders There Than In New
York and London.
CHICAGO, Sept. 18.-Chlcago leads the
cities of tho world In crime, avallablo
figures Indicate. Moro murders and as
saults were committed here last year than
In New Tork nnd London.
Tho statistics were made public by
Alderman Merrlain, of a special Council
Conmilttfo on Investigation of Cilme,
Comimilson of crime In two cities Is
made Iu the following table:
Ibiiylieilcn nnd Asmiulls
.Murders to Hob. Uiiralarlei.
.. SHU mi ill M
. ... ,'I'J 78 llll'l
"But 3 per cent, of those persons ar
rested In K13 wcie .sentenced to Imprison
ment," the report states. "Out of K;,711
ni rested only 111 wcro convicted."
modern Uhlans may bo classed with the
heavy cavalry, for they rldo nt over 20
stone. London Chronicle.
Ohlr-ijo
Lo'idon
WHO THE UHLANS ARE
The Uhlans, ot whom wo hear bo mueli
Just now, may be taken ns a title descrip
tive of German c.ivrtliy In general. The
name lias stuck because of the fame
which they attained by their dash nnd
bravely during tho Fianco-derman War.
But the Uliluns, or, as It Is generally
spelled now, Finns, me o distinctive
corps. The name Is hi no means distinc
tively Geimnn. bodv of I'hlnim was
foi ined for the Fiemh aims ot Miuslial
Save. Tln weie iiitiodilcei) into the
Prussian smlcc in 1710, and 10 wars inter
tlie Austilaiis also had a cm ps of I'hlann
light e.ivaln anned with the lance. The
hours.' (Manchester Guardian.)
WHERE ENGLAND TEACHES
Wo nro always talking about the mid
dleman's profits. England Is tho great
middleman of the world, nnd has been
for moro than two centuries, though wo
began to challenge her posltlot In tho
dnys before our Civil War. Since then
our development has been chiefly along
domestic lines. England welcomes all tho
prosperity that any other country can
attain nt home, provided that England
cnrrlrs and finances Its overseas trade,
England Is a small country, Incip.iblo
of self-auppoit, and enn progress only by
reaching oul beyond tho limits of tho
Island Kingdom, asserts the Now Tork
Commercial.
When European Investors lend money
to South American licpubllcs or mu
nicipalities to build railroads, waterworks
and other public service utilities It Is
always stipulated that the supplies shall
bo bought from the country that Invests
tho mono Tho money never le ves tho
country, so It letalns the manufacturers'
profits, the wages and the cost of raw
material In addition to the Interest It
draws j par after year. Thla Is whv
Great Britain Is so ru'h today and why
Germany mado such marvelous rogrcssp
Iu Mio last I'j cars. It Is not for us
to qunricl about theso ti hiinphj of the
past, though thev have been won Inrgeir
nt our expense: It is fo,- us to leain the
lcrson and win "our place In tho sun"
while our rlal6 are in partial or total
er llpre.
Store Opens 8.30 A. M.
WANAMAKER'S
Store Closes o.dO P. M.
Grand Organ Recitals 9, 11 and 5.15
THE WANAMAKER STORE
Aomioiuunices for Tomorrow
The opeoiinig' up of a brand! new collection of distinctive
dress fiats, most of them ostrich trimmed!,
oast off oimr own millinery work
roomprices, $110 to $0
(Second Floor, Chestnut)
A little collection off very charming afternoon frocks
marked at $117.50 to $25
(First Floor, Central)
A special showing- of men's fine new fall overcoats ready
in the Clothing" Store on the First Floor
(First Floor, Market)
A little disposal off heavy Turkish bath towels, marked
"seconds," at 20 cents each
(Subway Floor, Chestnut)
The opening nap new neckwear and veilings fresh from
Paris, many very Ibeautifful things among
them showing th new fashions
(Mum Floor, Central)
A large special sale off new Autumn shirts, plaSn negligee
style, imadras and percaJe, at $1 each
(ilaiu Flour, Market)
A large special timely lot off wool-filM, sUU covered
eoimforts, doutpte feed size, specially priced
at $6, $7.50, $6 and $10
(Fifth Fluor, Market)
d mom men's Bstaacaara weather-proof eoats under
fealfeprte$5.7$, $6JB and $B7S
(Subway Floor, Marfot)
ferge mw shipment off boys' m wol winter suits
eaen with two pair of trousers, at $i.go
(Subway Flaw, Market)
smart new winter suits foi wr.mMJ ,!.
W'm4 at $9.79 to $ In the lower price tw
, JOHN WAMA
, r t '
iw
. " uunns; MislnesM I?t-r uf ar rylus tlit in case Jlarehal
MAKER
1