Fi- SB mmfHKwmmmm,w Vrr, WHY ENGLAND MAY FEAR NEAR RAID OF GIANT ZEPPELINS British General Shows That Air Invasion of London is Possible Sees No Good ' Means of Defense. The peril of London from a possible bombardment by Zoppellna la the subject of tha leading nrtlclo that appears In the Ju'y lssuo ot Tlie JoUrnal ot the Ilojal United Service Institution of Great Britain, the organization of the oiriccrs tt the British army and navy. In the article a genftral omccr points out tho dangers that may hover over London In a time of war, dancers that he frankly admits are serious In extent and which might be difficult to oppose In the vent ef an airship Invasion of England. In a wireless aiepatcn irom nernn it rtf nwcrted that Germany was consider ing Invadlntr England with a fleet of new Zeppelins. iThus tho article In The Journal tt tho Hojal United Bervlco Institution la of timely Interest It begins with a recital of tho havoo that might be Wrought on navy yards, arsenals, oil reservoirs and wireless stations by pro jectiles dropped from Zoppollns and aero planes, and then goes on to recite the dangers of an air attack on the great centres of population. On this lattor point most of tho opaco Is devoted to London. "Of these London la tat us," the British general states, "tho prlmo object of con .Mutton. Destruction and panic In the largest provincial towns could cause trou ble, but need not affect our national volley. London In this respect stands 'ilone that is. It Is not only the habitat of a large fraction ot our population, bJt al6o th scat of Government, tho centre of our financial and business sys tems and the nerve centre of our military and naval forces. A serious blow aimed against London would be more effective agalast the national life than In any other capital In the world. FACING A NEW BRA. "We aro now beyond doubt face to face xvlth a new era In war. If you have granted my assumption with regard to the range of action nnd offensive power of aircraft of the immediate future those assumptions would hold good for one object as well as another. How U London affected by them? General Delacroix In an article In tho Dally Mall of September 11, 1313, wroto: " 'Even admitting that a Zeppelin Tiere to pass over the English country side It Is not easy to see what result would be effected, for oven In time of nar It would not be permissible to drop explosives Into unfortified towns.' "I have no wish to be an alarmist or to make one's flesh creep, but I am not prepared to accept this dictum even from so eminent an authority. The Idea of not bombarding unfortified towns had Its origin many years ago In tlio time ot perpetual war In Europe, and like most ot the rather artificial conventions of that time rested on mutual conveni ence. An unfortified town In those days was not of much Importance one way or the other. It was not expected to offer resistance. If It was spared bom bardment the enemy In return expected to occupy tt without any trouble and take full advantage of Its conveniences for billeting, supplies, etc. "If a Geneva convention were now sitting, and the point wero to be raised that a capital which Is easily accessible to the enemy may clnlm oxomptlon from attack on tho ground that It Is unfoi ti lled, would not the answer be 'Yes, pro vided that it is prepared to submit and not offer armed resistance to the enemy's armed forces'? And whether the armed forces take tho form of troops ready to advance or of tho non-er In ilpntmv.rn. alliance by attack from the air, the principle Is the same. Alter nil. war Is a came that Gov- rnments play to win, and we could hardly expect the most chivalrous enemy to refrain from striking Hnw n , heart of the country merely because we "&TC CllOaen tO MTU that Unny i,.n.A- tected. " "" "Can any student of international law "II us definitely that such a thing as an aerial attack on London Is outside the rules 0f war, and further that there exists an authority by which these rules can be enforced? How, if many .ile cltlzens a"e territorials, and some Tr . buu"d,nB contain warlike stores? it a night of aeroplanes passed over the h.IVchJllropplner a doze" Incendiary Bombs n different places, would not the ?.m moro than ,h8 flre brigade could cope with? COULD CAUSE HAVOC. "If a Zeppelin dropped a ton of gun o'ton on the Admiralty and the War "nice, as she might do If not Interfered rth, what would be the result In dis organization and discouragement? What Tould ba the effect of cutting off the atr 81,DPly of the East End. or sink ag the food ships In the Thames? These onwUl'"' lncred'l8 to us who have Mluct.r,r71 Wara on the frontiers. J am S,n' b.uL " ll '" conceded that Mrwlin pptlln or two i night of rM? m0". act,on w" '0n be pos. fcVrden h l. veri"thln8- UM ay ruer can Say? heart ,uch actlon7 "Who "If it .. .. ... Hot anil r!,... ,r?oaD'e tnat such a, toe. LPan, wuIa b8 CIlusa as to unfn ''ffiV? . to accept mi.v.. vL . " fc, wien it. nerhans. 'Wm ijgaP,PJUJ EVENING LEBgi&R-frHlLAftELPHtA WWdAY, SEPMiarBEB 15, 1014 PikaeppHWMpP- V I I I . I I I Ui J ' ' VJU1.. Z ii fill r F t i ii MMwiii ! ini i i i i nii in n i mmmm .-mm, I II nun. .1 , .1. .i , , n j lnillll III I Ulimlll nl 0 IJH' I M- " I I ' ' i n in i i I r n i ii i, I i hi fflMWm t y - '- " "" ' " X :.' Wfff'MM ' t - ix . 'i 7f m JS aH m I '. i : . .' I I KaVjiaiH I ' I r ' ',"'"' 'i,,' I turn itHKHM' WT fffl m! wL$.mJ!ml&a! .. Ml , , s t ? i liiiHisBaboOBIr fan hi ,, iUtui1.) aara aaaikf&-4SlMi 'Vatrl,. '',. ' ' hu i I SvWiafiHilm'I I Vats! S$M&' " ffiflaTSaW'fl ' WMU " fP ' '' IwaVUl I jWB CfakBHttBiaBaaBaaBBf'aVBiaaV Lrt fjZTfLaa 1 ; aaaaaWi-Bfc J&fr.aaaaaaaM f aaM , rTTW ' xt W iB I I II h WnUHmtl MSLJStdMwL iiWflfflHll '- Alt'aPBl '" -' '&'& I HI! 9B ' ft JPlSl;f MllakfWtftfi SrtflSafif fll Sl ti. J-d&&!hainiH i nBfi iff! llf 1 frlrrIIWiggi1 Ftillll il i - :ili I -llSffi 1 Ifl SI wiw l Mm 'wkw 1 r (PwHi Plteff Ml lUMllllBil w ilinllilll IBBii i ili BrJSaaaaaBEtflJiellS'SASilAYJ'mij Slumnsaainis&$!S?S BKaaBgaMffiiBBEiSiBraJSySHi'ilagHfcJ WPraEaEBBfPffl tgagJpliBawraBSjtgyiilcwMHKjfeiSs1 xSSc 5s3m&& tfjMRReanasasPalazOTai i" iilMaaaMli iiiii "'"rrniHriilaaMlini W iTi i"P" fmwiW 1 ' T 11 , ,' f m r I fFr fry t ,;,-'", &1iailaaaaafl4BBaKEj,''4BaBK'4M 1 WTTraaWiTiflH liBftf lfrii "ir1 1YFi'!sall I V 1 . h GERMAN DIRIGIBLES REPORTED INFERIOR TO FRENCH AIRSHIPS Zeppelins Not Armed for Fear of Gas Explosions and at Mercy of High Flying Aviator. The story of tho ramming of a Ger man Zeppelin airship by the famous French aviator, Roland Garros, probably nroso from tho Idea that a Zeppelin can not be attacked In any other way, owing to Its blng defended irom assault from above, by a rapid-firing gun mounted on tho gas bng. In order to make sure of his aim, a bomb thrower In an aeroplane would havo to approach within 100 feet above the Zeppelin, whero he would be within easy rnnge of tho gun supposed to be mounted on the balloon. An a matter of fact, however, only three or four of the vrry latest Zeppelins aro equipped with theso gun platforms DANZIG, THE CITY OF HOMES, THREATENED BY RUSSIANS This city, one of the most beautiful in Germany, is now reported to be invested by a Russian army. The photo graph shows one of the quiet streets, the Fradcngasse, with the Maria Church in the background. the defense of objectives or small area, such as batteries nnd stores, against aerial attack Is easy, though It will cost Rome money. The defense of those largo area"?, especially the capital, cannot bo relied on except by active offensive opera tions, "As regards London, some will say that such forms of attack as I have Indicated would bo Ineffective In any case, nnd they would point out the bombardment of Paris In 1870. I have always until re cently taken that point of view. I havo always held that bombardment, however severe, was no justification for a fortified place, but the evolution of mlBslles of war have gone a long way since 1ST0, and In the case of London hostile action ngalnst It would not havo dliect effect on our operations of war. "Another school will take mo to task for accepting such possibilities ns use of Incendiary projectllos against an unforti fied town. I may be riulte wrong. If I were responsible for tho snfety of this town I would say that the safeguard Is one cannot too often repeat It offensive j action. "When we consider tho effective pow ers of the dirigible balloon together with tho difficulty of warding off its attack, wo must allow that there have been few moro potent Instruments of destruction known to history. On the other hand, of all tho weapona over devised by man this Is by far the most fragile and most vul nerable. I believe that, whatever tho fu ture of the dlrflslble may bo for all tho uses of peace. In a few years no one will think of employing it for war. But for the moment it must be provided for." IN SOUTH AMERICA SOUGHT BY THE U.S. Expert, Back From Tour, Says Success of Germans Is Due to Promotion of Better Understanding With Peoples. ATTACK GRADE CROSSINGS Lower Delaware Citizens Begin Agi tation Following .Barnard Death. DOVEIt, Del,, Sept. 15. Elimination of grade crossings In towns In lower Delaware Is being agitated today as the result of tho accldont In Wyoming late estcrday arternoon In which former Stato Senator Itemsen O, Barnard, a wealthy cunner, was killed when an ex press train crashed Into an automobile lie was driving. Eleven persons have been killed In five jears at the crossing wheie Senator Bar nard met death. Friends of Senator Barnard this morn ing, as Coroner Willis Impaneled a jury for the Inquest, declared they would seek to hnvn a bill introduced Into tho General Assembly next winter to com pel the Delaware Railroad to eliminate the crossings. Hum ,??"' Fo,r. an- bjact the 'Thr. i Ps.wouW not b Incurred. th. Influent f, c,our5e' tha nuestlon of tlou ' Im , Ju London " """"da! rela Influenc. hu 1 " countrtes. ut It that !AWearTan ,Q P"Vent th &nJ0n n .5 'nt wunt the size of Mtrol coUM "" that no """n or aerial j,.,'..' C0JI4 prevent an ,.n.v v... Ps b ,LSl!'tt building n.lght per wChSI1, but f the balloon's Mr miiht LC"gQ J "Plstves the rem- . but ft ,. lt.ck on Lndon is posal My. Aeronfan l ,0 formidable nor so As for tnt,l"3Ked by our own patrols. ttttmai,;u;i,:l a"acf' I hoW think IrhU i TO COMPETE EOR ACADEMY eul(j b "s over London In the dark , - -- -- 4ii hi uuji cuutui. - ""eroua risk In nrraent PMrollnr can J ? ,thlnk any "Vtem ''" achfra,ie",lre'Sr Prevent aircraft tSntt0"' l? d0,,"J aso aWt this dane.i . r!' Th onlr Wly to u'own afr" f,r.,s to Provide enough of t ?hr0UahCy ' i" ene", a'reraft porous offensC abltt ,0 taks a VBED ARMED AEROPLANES. 'UctDnKe"U.re8 ' actual defenS8 fj i na turn, r?.e Armed roplanes SttJy hSiJh,0QI1 detroyers. and I to-hunt6 ; provided in sufficient "i'tace. nt tnelr luay out of m up, i tumk Examination Will Determine An napoliB Appointments From N. J, TRENTO.V, Sept. 15 -A competitive examination for all youth of the State will be held at the Batton High School, Elizabeth, next Saturday, beginning at 9 o'clock in the morning. The test will be for the purpose of allowing United States Senator Marline to make two selections for principals ami alternates for appointments to the Annapolis Naval Academy from New Jersey. Senator Martina made this an nouncement today. OPPOSES FREIGHT TAX Development of permanent and exten sive commercial relations with tho South American countiles must have for Its basis a closer mutual underitandlng of Intellectual and cultural conditions, ac cording to H. Erwln Bard, the director of the Pan-American Division of the American Association for International Conciliation. Mr. Bard recently returned on tho Calamares from an extensive visit to the educational centres of South America, which wns made under his leadership by a leprescntatlve body of American educators. "The Pan-American Division was cre ated by the American Association for In ternational Conciliation last January." said Mr. Bard, "and this trip Is tho first move toward establishing closer rela tions with our South American neigh bors. Wo Americans are prono to over look tho necessity of a mutual cultural and Intellectual understanding' between countries which wish to dovelop oxtenslve and permanent commercl.il relations. "From before tho crpntlon of this na tion as an Independent political and com mercial agent, wo havo been In the closest touch with the cultural and In tellectual conditions of Europe. This ap plies especially to our mother country and to Germany, and It is a slgnlflciut rnct tnat our greatest trade relations are with those two countries Vet it never occurs to us tnat this close Intimacy Is the basis for our commorce. SHOULD 6TUDT CHARACTERISTICS. "Hence, In our attempts to dovelop our trado -nlth South America iv have been Indifferent to the need of leurnlng the characteristics peculiar to South Ameri can life and culture. Although the coun tries there have long been on Intimate relations with Europe, theie has bee but small oDportunlty for cross-currents to be established between them and us. This Is because tha Interests of South Ameilca lu Europe havo naturally cen tred In tho southern, or Latin, countries, whllo wo have developed more Intimate connections with the English and Teu tonic nations. "Tho commercial successes of Germany 4n South America havo been due to the .fact that their merchants have recognized principle or establishing cultural re Wo would only go half-way. At tho same time, I wish to emphasize tho bene fits which many of our students could get from a year or two of study In South America, "It Is more than a question of the in terchange of students, however. What wo al3o need Is nn Interchange of tho leading men. The mere fact that a man like Colonel Roosevelt wished to visit theso countries of South America was a big step In tho making of bettor relations. As far as I could learn, he also made an excellent Impression. It Is tho same way with tho visits which Robert Bacon and Secretary Root havo paid to South America in the past few years. I heard icferenccs to these trips constantly. "Between tho present war and the at tractions of the San Francisco Exposi tion, there will undoubtedly be a great imiiiuer oi ooutn Americans who will visit this country in tho next year. Ar gentina is spending a great deal of inuncy aim care on Her representation at ban Francisco. She Is also contemplating the creation of several national com missions, which will come to the United States to study various fields of activity. This coming December Chill will send a commission to study our trade schools, and Tancredo Pinochet Le-Brun, director vi inu .Miuonai xiacie Scliool of Santiago, and one of tho blggeBt educators In Chill, .L. nt the hoad ot tho commission, i ?. , South Americans are thus ready to (lo their share In tho establishment of muio uuiinuio relations with us. It is our duty, as well as to our InWests. to respond. If only the firms which already have trade connections in South America ana those who are about to establish them would choose as their represent atives men of experience and culturo who know tho language of the countries and understand their customs, not only will the trado of these particular firms be ?rea,tly ,e!Jentcd' but a lonP step for. I," ' , b made. '" the realization it the position which tho United States ?.as.in ,h8 marlets of South America. ,i,-. "m,Btt"ie mo, steps should bo ?,''e". ,, '"u!5 !: Knowledge to --., .....'"" ol meir ne ghbors on the south. I wish all could see the State aII'0.01 J. Mod?rn languages in Buenos -.,. . UCIU II1RV I.tPh halnm. In tJ. arithmetic in French, and so on. e technical trmo ,. i 1 ;ZVtrrPrV,n,-1 t"e subject is " a,uehVin f,ore,sn JMwnagB. As a re- . k. j 'V ure ooa linguists with Ilah Whero this o nm- say that Chamber of Commeice Committee Makes Vigorous Protest, A lgorous proU-st against tho Impo sition of the 3 per cent, war tat on freight bills now being considered by Congress has Utun mudu b the Freight Committee of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, of which Coleman Sellers. Jr., Is chairman A tuUgram embodying the committee's protest bus been fecnt to President Wilson. A Wide range of subjects was discussed by the committee ut Its first meeting since tho summer rvcesa. Opposition to Qovernment ownership of vessels was mud.j. while the proposed assistance to any steamship line to ply between tho United States and South America was Indorsed. The committee has demanded a per sonal hearing before Congress to pro test against the Clayton bill relative to exclusive agency contract!. latlons"t tho same llmo that they aro developing tlm commercial side The Ger mans who have settled down In South America as repiest'titatUes of firms In their fatherland, oi who have themselves established businesses there, are all well. educated and cultured men They hvu taken the trouble to learn the languago pf the country and to undemtaua its social and cultural stundaids Otherwise they hae not been successful and havo been forced out One of the m.iln reasons why the Germans have been quicker than we to appieclate the aluo uf knowing the coumr) Is that tho educational s)s tcm In Gorm.un lajs to much moro em phaels on Instruction in the modern lorelgn languages ns part of tho neces sary training far a business man. WANTS STUDENTS TO COME HERB. "Rut we cannot expect that tho Intro, ductlon of courses lit Spanish and Portu guese Into our commercial schools will be a panacea Wo need tha continual Inter change of ideas between tho biggest men In our count! y and Ukmo In tho nations south of us. In tha past, the general trend has been for students to go from tho big universities of Argentina. Chill, nnd bo forth, to Paris, Madrid and Ber lin for postgraduate work. Vet there aro an appreciable number who find their way to our colleges, and I feel sure that Ihta number caa be greatly lncrtge4 U out having 'devoted adS.t iol lm77o the study of languages. Our treatment of the modern languages I. notoriously of nSpannishand th'8 " art,"ttrlr .tnle BLUNDERS MADE HERB. Of course, thta Is all going to take time, .or our Ignorance and mlslnforma. tion of South America are almost Incon celvable. Take, for Instance. th m.f... of languages. Few Americans know that outside of Hrazll, where the official Ian gunge Is Portuguese, the official language of all the South American oountrles is Spanish. Tho Spanish is as near to the pure Castllian a our English l lito th of England. Our conception of South American geography Is equally tt fault I havo seen some of the letters from our firms to clients l Argentina! pm hl misinformation shown as to distances nd to the slws of the cities. I tMnH It a wonder that the firms can carry on any trade down Ihere. r .'.uiuraiiy. what arouses the rwent. ment of the South Americans more than an thing else Is the cheerful way in which )HpIUnlp,the.c.lt,zens of ,ho various coun. tries under the term South Americans anm,ra'f,m,S8 th.enl RS belng theTame' In reality, each country Is trying to de velop Its own national characterlstlca more and more, without . ':". weaken ng their International relation For this reason, I think that the work of the Pan-American Division In lead. ni Xn? uTnX , btt,er understand ing of South America cannot be over- tn,"6'' T'l.'3 Tlp ttom wh'ch I have just returned has been most encouraging .i as organized to represent the Amer lean universities, and there were such men as Prof l.nn c i..i...n ,. r. . cago. Prof Chester Llod Jonea, of Wis. consln, nnd Prof F r Luqulens. of Yale e left here on May JO. and Uslted all the big educational Institutions of Brazil Uruguay. Argentina, chill, and Peru. Everywhere we were received most cor. aially, and wera shown a keen apprecla i"L ct .ur efrrt9 to bring Uie countries or South America Into more Intimate re lations with our own country. Intellectu ally, politically and commercially." and, furthermore, It i learned on good authority that none of them Is mounted with guns, for It Is now known that If there were a leak In any of the chambers of tha (U bag near tho middle portion of the dirigible, the escaping hydrogon would find Its way out near the gun platform and would be most certain to explode when tho gun was discharged. It li now believed that the explosion several months ago or the new Zeppelin at Johnnnlsthnl, near Berlin, when tho entire orew was killed, wna caused by tho gun on top firing blank cartridges as nn experiment. It Is, therefore, comparatively a slmplo matter, in the abnenco of a gun, for nn aviator to approach quite close to a Zep pelin front above, for the crow In the cars below tho gas bag, cannot hit tho aeroplane so lont' aa tho pilot keeps the envelope betwren himself and tho cars of tho Zeppelin. Tha knowledgo of thin fact probably nccounts for the absence of reports of German airships flying over France, while the German balloons havo been seen much over Belgium. Franco has a huge corps of expert aviators and aeroplanes of tho highest rfllclency, while the Belgian aviation corps Is so small that It hardly counts. While Germany has been the esptclal sponsor of the dirigible for military pur poses, that country has not overlooked thi aeroplane. While France has popu larly been supposed to 1-ml In war aero planes, Gcrmnny has as many as 1.100 of these machines, ntid perhaps tho larg the world. Those 130i) machines are all compara tively new and with all the latest lm piovements. With ono motor firm putting out 140 airo engines a month for tho last six months, one may safely put tha entire German output At ,an month, With An aoroplnne for each of these engines, (He man military .rlfttlon activity bresJt all records. The numbar of pilot to fly thM rns.. chines Is greater than tha aviation corps of any other nation because ot Germany' policy of encouraging civilian flying schools. Under this system oh aero plane firm of amy Importance hud cer tain number of soldiers, mostly officers, but soma prl rates and non-commissioned o fuoera allotted to Its school to ba trained by the firm's own pilots. The training of these military flyers was paid at a, rata that enabled tha com panies to use tha best machines and pay high wages to their pilots. Tha firms could afford to provide comfortable quar ters for their pupils and In other -ways to do things on a seal which does not oxlst In any other country In order to stimulate progress In avia tion, military aviators were encouraged to enter tho big flying competitions, and various Government departments gave handsome prizes. For this reason there ware 30 starters In the Prince Henry com petition this year, while tha big- London-to-Manchestor air racn In England about the same time brought out only six: starters. It Is now praatlcslly certain that tha Gorman and Austrian air scouts together outnumber all tho French, Russian, Brit ish, Belgian, Servian and Dutch aviatofs, so that In tha aerial end of the war Ger many Is far ahead of her enemies, l. . V Store Opens 8.80 A. M. WANAMAKER'S Store Closes S. SO P. M. iHMItJtWksMsMslijMtaMSPSNPWMikM Grand Organ Recitals 5, 11 and S.1S THE WANAMAKER STORE Aonnoiuiinices for Tomorrow The first great AMtomn sale of hosiery and underwear many thousand pair of hose and pieces of underwear in both Fall and medium weigtats at prices averaging onethird less than usual. (East Aisle and Subway Floor) A special collection of young women's Autumn suits and new afternoon dresses to sell at $113.75 each. (Second Floor, Chestnut) A showing of new imported broadcloths to be used for coat suits. These are in 1125 different shades; a collection not likely to be duplicated or equaled. (First Floor, Chestnut) Fas-sit showing off men's new itweedl halts asud! caps from Lincoln Bennett, Lomdoo. (Main Floor, Marktt) Last sho'ivairag off ttlfoe Callot gown copies Soi at II and 2.30 (First Floor, Central) ae Little Gray Salons First showing off the new Parisienne corsets for conform to the new ffashaon Sines. (Third Floor, Chestnut) Fall. These Opening up off the new marabou and ostrich boas. These pretty things include many charming novelties that every woman wili vant to see. (Main Floor, Central) A little special sale off a hundred new bed quilts at $3.75 and $9. New blankets in the same place. (Fifth Floor, Market) $2.75, Showing of complete assortment off finest new English suitings for gentlemen's wear, in the London Tailoring Shop. ' (Subuwv Gallery, Chestnut) ning up of the new Autumn silks in the Lower Price Store. A large and varied assortment, including many silks arranged in dress lengths at low prices. (Subway Floor, Chestnut) lass JOHN WAJMAMAKER ,Lu 1
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers