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,FICE-SOLITIMFAT CORNER OV CENTRE
ARE.
Vortvp.
A San 111111 l Day.
shine over the theadow lands,
Issilig the ta'llllHOlll . lOVCr,
I Ilattlltillg lII° filly raps
lid the yellow lines hang over ;
I sunshine over the hazy hills,
nd user the dimpling rlyer.
d I Wlnhitti that the Still 1.11,1 munnivr day
light shine :Ind last loreter.
walked down by the tneudow path,
he broad highway forsaking,
• the quiet of that lovely spot
el•Illed hell, for our love-mak ;
.1 I Wan Siit•ilt and she woo shy,
we walked down through the clover
t we thought It the ftWOOLvtii, Ku HMI, day
hat ever the 1,111 010111, over.
• heard till birds 111 Ilio waving Rrnnv
they twltterod to 0101 Other
Hit the 505tH 1,110 . Itad hidden away,
the cm) of call: glad hlrtl-,,other;
we thought, US twunalor
day
h rough I Ito el , .ver bloomy+ ~s m iler, • Ll, al last the world WILY In perfect (um.,
a 1110 glad, 1.,r1g111 suallacr Nveal.ll,l•.
mina lull what I meld to her
wn walked keen-deep In clover;
I I know that the robins merrily sang
helr sweetest 01 sweet songs over,
1111011 heart love's OWII bird sang
sem; that was gladder, sweeter,
d Its 1.01111 flllll.l with the world's sweet
hymn,
1111 11111.1111 t h e day completer.
we ellI111• up the, meadow path
ttr hearts .114 liver wul Over;
swum, glad day ror Idosront ;11.1 bird
lid f o r t•rery young Itrta!"
II yet I know not the words tdp• said,
r whetlar tant mpoltit at ;
t of all slt..od days, I hat mlllllllll, WO'
lent of all.
(i 01) II r.t.r TIRE
tbi help 010 SIMIII, liar nullity 11m1,
c•rtinlivil 1.141 riven:
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11...1.0 . will cmni , Nylit•ii truth shall writ
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IIII•Ir 11.1111 , s trail in thntl,
ilt.canaa analink:l.ll• 111 . 1)10•n;
:1•011.1.1.. 1111 llllterrial II(
Thoilr trarrltoT•K heads ttre lying
I 1.11.11..-11,1114 trinalt.arly lv ii,
\VIII . II I ti•Lgwy crowned Inn.;
A11!wlln 4 11:111 Icnnw 111 1. 111114 111 Y
loss hits •Eliiill,l - I , il —
it:Elkin ' . till sivelisliway,
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ftliSCCitanfolls
THE KINGS (IF WAR
iviiitam 1., or Prussia
sketch of 111% I.llo , —Hk ifn
rrer ,t 4 Soldier. 1[1,104.1. I him;
---Itrigoint.; by Divine IthOkt"
and I'io.l L..;; for Cer
ttttt .
Upon \\*iWain I, laig of Prussia anti
..•eutive I11•a.,1 of the North lioruuw
an lederation, rest the eyes ttl' the
ttriti, as one of the t \vo ventral figures
the j.. , ,rep.1 at ruggle for supremacy jura
iaugural.(:(i in Eurnpe. \‘'n therefore
resent the Following sketch a his
Ilirh Is 111 interest. pre5,a,,,..( only
personal way, but as showing the
radual prilgres:4 of I ermati unily,dur
ig the period of his reign.
111 is. Early
The son of Filltiericl: \V Whim 111 and
the Prince:4s Louise of 1\ leclilentiorg
Irelitz, lie W:l4 1)111'11 un lie '22tl et
larch, 1797, 111 a lino. \Olen the conli
ruL in lie turmoil or tho first
Being a`younger
in, lie \vit-i eiltivitteil as a soldier, pond,
;tv . ing ‘vittivAseil \\Awn
hi:, cowl! ry, his family, and
is father by the first. Napoleon, lie
iinimeticeil he military career, while
more youth, by participating, In tic
tilipai!rii Anil Isls, against
'ranee. 'lima Irmo 11'n+ earliest years
I. 1,1:14 010 Ilia:011
ow raeing hint lon Ili 1 / 1 1111(.1 of thl .
thine, :111.1 especially against tire faini
v apish again controls the tlestinles of
, 'ranee. After lho Napoleonic wars
out horn to rminate.l by the exile of
heir insligalor 1., St. ilelentt,
Villiain dial not llclire very prominent
y until Iglu, in tchieli year lie was up
minted I:overnor or vonwrallia.
'ln• 1te•%oln111111 of IS IN Sends lIIItI Into
'l'lll s post I, retained molt the out
,reak th, Rrvulutiun ~t• 18.18, WIII.11 ;
IILVIIIL41.111111L1k1L1)' alienated the I,ll)er
by his undisguised contempt
'or (lennier:wy and everything pet'taln
ug il, lie \S'LIS furred tal:e refuge Iu
L Ht. passed SL)11101110111.11M
II ELIO:M.1; and ; having 111 May Of 1110
ante 3.0111* been I.lolll`ll it member of the
'onstittient .Issoinlily, soon tile von
tired lo return to Berlin ; Itsstimlng 111 . s
vat in the Assembly on tliuStlt of June.
Il In Cann pa lipu n and et..
In .1111, or the following year Ile )V11.4
111:111,` C.,llllllll.lltiVr - ill-1 'Mot' of the Prus
sian army operating against, the revolu
tionary force in linden, and signalized
himself by a merciless and triumphant
campaign. In he NVILA appointed
M ilitary 1 iovernor of itheni,i, rrussia,
the very position now held by .Prince
I .Anthony, Ilse father of Prince
Leopold, of I lolienzollern, hut for whose
existenco the present struggle would
iniohalt(6)(„lNlltave commenced. I)uring
his residence at Ilayettee iu lisle rapac
ity, it. Is said that his arldtritry bearing
and course did aimed tmvards increasing
the disall'ection of the people of that city
towards Prussian rule. 'rho I 'rinivan
war, about this time,
found Prussia on a neutral platform,
11111(.11 to Prince William's regret and
opposition, lunging,' as he slid, to lead
an army against donee at that lilac.
e Ik Itewent in PCSS
In IS•vos Lhe miml of his elder brothe
I , retlerick \\Milani IV, gave wa
and lie was l'il•Vatl.'4l to lilt' nominal p
siLiuu of Itegcul, and actual IMSitiOII
ruler or the kin g dom, with /111 illllllel
prositt.ct or the siteeesidon
the ennvii itself, as the royal luau
was without 15510.
The Ilr,d thing lie dld iv+ Itegeni \rag
du rut luuse I•ii, Iho urkownit it party
which he had hithertu affiliated,
and b,p (he II 1110:1SIINIbly
liberal pulley hilt! the basis ,r his future
career.
uo 4 . 1 . 0111V1 iii 111,4•11 iiill/4 by V. 111/v1
ALLOW' lit 1 , 61.
VI . C111•1 • 11•IC llu• 2.1
.lanu:u•\•, int I and
II) till' Hll'4llll' :1` \Viiimaill I. Vinci
°nation tool; plat, at Ittnigsiturg,
()Itlohttr I.s following,antill nitwit punt
King plt°•wd Hot crown up
his own littatl wilh his o‘vti hands, at
despite the liberal prnkssinns so recent
ly wade, he fillOS ueeueiva omphati
rally the divine rigid of kings,
declaring that lie held his poNver, nut
l'rom the:penple ”r the I'mlvtituLinn, but.
" from l io i :done."
INN A 11 , 1011111` POI ley-- A Sitrnirwle wit
It====
The Liberal party, of course, ‘veredis
appointed, and a desperate struggle be
kveen the crown and the clitunbern was
inaugurated at the very Outset or his
reign. The King insisted imperatively
upon a reform in the army, which, he
wan sati-died by the recent Italian war,
wan unequal to maintaining the posi
tion of 1 , 1.11,t5h, n.A.meof thogreat powers
or Europe. 'Ph,-t ihiihh , with the House
of th , pkiti,, was precipitated by the
haste which he ill carrying
forw:n•d his scheme before the budget
had been delinitvly acted upon. In
Alareli, 1861, the House had by resolu
tion insisted upon a more specille bud
get, whereupon it was dissolved. 'Phu
resignation of the Cabinet enlued, fol
lowed, in Iti6`2, by the election of an
overwhelming opposition majority to
the House of Deputies.
He Cnllx Hlo,iii rek to Ills Help
The new ministry proved no stronger
than their predecessors, and the eyes of
the King were turned towards Bismarck,
then Ambassador at Paris, as the man
who could face the popular clamor at
such a crisis. lie WILY not mistaken In
the character of the man. The House
of Peers sustained the policy of the
King, but the Deputies persistently re
fused to vote the increased military
budget demanded, and Baron von der
I leydt the Prime Minister, refusing to
spend the money against this vote, re
signed.
In September following Bismarck
was called from Paris to take his place.
He made a show of conciliation and
withdrew the obnoxious budget, " be
cause," as he alleged, " the Govern
ment considered it their duty not to al
low the obstacles towards a settlement
to increase in volume."
The Polley or "Iron and Blood" An
nounced.
Then ho announced hispolicy. "It
was," said Bismarck, echoing tho sen
timents of the King, "owing to the
VOLUME 71
great obstinacy of individuals that it was
difficult to govern with the constitution
In Prussia, Bavaria, Wurtemburg, and
Baden might indulge in liberalism ; but
they are not therefore called upon to
play the part of Prussia. Prussia must
hold her power together for the favora
ble opportunity which has already been
sometimes neglected ; the frontiers of
Prussia were not favorable to a good
State constitution. The great questions
of the day were not to be decided by
speeches and majorities—this had been
the error of ISIS and ISlS—but by Iron
and blood !"
The House of Deputies having on Oc
tober 7, declared all expenditures not
Han etioneil by its unconstitutional, that
body was dissolved on the 13th, and the
theory, apparently sustained by the pe
culiar constitution of Prussia, that the
last budget voted would remain in force
until harmony was restored between the
two branches of the Legislature and a
new budget voted by the Deputies and
fully concurred in by the Upper House.
Ho the King and his new Premier pro
ceeded to 'reform" the army without
legal sanction and in defiance of popular
o Anion.
Meanwhile troubles with Austria were
arising, because of the assumption by
the King and Bismarck of the right of
Prussia to strengthen her position in
(lent - limy by forming a closer union
with States within the Confederation,
lint! Prussia avenged herself for the op
position of Austria by recognizing the
kingdom of Italy. In 1863, the enmity
of the Liberal party was still further
aroused by au alliance with 'Russia for
the suppression of the insurrection In
Poland. Another Liberal victory at the
polls encouraged the opposition In the
Deputies to bring a fresh accusation
against the King of violating the Con
stitution by governing without a budget.
The address containing this imputation
the King refused to receive in person,
Bismarck supporting him with the de
claration that "constitutional conflicts
may lie decided in other countries by a
change of ministry, but such is not the
custom in Prussia. With us," he con-
tinned, with characteristic arrogance,
" If two political bodies which cannot
go to law are unable to agree, circum
stances decide which of the two is the
strongest !"
The War Azolla..ll Denmark
a war upon I )en mark diverted the
Million of the people from their Mt-
Tilled liberties for the time, and re
iteiled them in a measure to the arbi
ary poliey of the King. The death o
rederiek VII of Denmark, November
, led to the revival of (iceman
aims upon the duellius of Schleswig
olstein. order of the l;erinan Dirt,
Federal uriuy entered Holstein' on
eeend.er :13. Prussia, however, join
hands with Austria and interfered
early in ltini, without regarding the ac
tion of the )ict, and in opposition to
its NViSiWS. A hotly-contested cam
paign ensued, the duchies were wrested
Trout Denmark, and King Christian IX
the successor of Frederick VII, was
compelled to sign, by his representative
at Vienna, on October :SO, I.tiltl, a treaty
in which lie renounced all his claims to
the sovereignty of :-.4vllleswig-1 tolstei
and Lauenburg.
The War Agallumit A eistrta—Dbotruptlott
of the tie confederation.
This accomplished, it was only neces
sary to precipitate a quarrel with Aus
tria to obtain an opportunity for seek
ing to place Prussia at the head of the
liernian States. King William, it must
be confessed, entered into the wild and
desperate i1t111,11112,1 Or Bismarck with
much reluctance at the first. But he
was gradually ',unguided to insist upon
the of the duchies wrested
from Denmark, with or without the
consent of Austria, and the unscrupu
lous liitilllarCk, prompted solely by the
grand idea of I ierman unity, with Prus
sia at the head of it, succeeded in enct
natty estranging hint from the Emperor
of Austria. The situation wns
more critical by the short-sighted policy
of the latter country. A conference 4,1'
the great powers was held at Paris, but
It failed to avert the impending struggle.
Austria then appealed to 1.1 to other States
represented in the Diet to assist her
in maintaining her rights, to which
Prussia responded by 111111011111111 g that
favorable tudion would be the signal for
war, The warning wits unheeded, and
on the Pith or June, Mil ' orders were
sent. by telegraph for the Prussian col
umns to move. 'Phu King's last scru
ples were removed, and he entered
zealously into all the schemes of his
Prime Minister, reassured by the Intense
enthusiasm with which this decisive
action was received I , y the people. The
violated constitution:mid the unauthor
ized budgets were lost night of in the
grand uprising which fopoweil the
King's appeal to his people—an uprising
equalled only by the one which the re
cent course of France on the Hohenzol
lern candidacy l o ts provoked.
The campaign which followed lasted
but live weeks. War against Austria
was formally declared en June 17, Italy
joining in the aggression by a declara
tion of war on tluiltilth. On the '2,lth was
fought the battle of Custoza, and on the
30th the King, accompanied by Bis
marck, left Berlin for the seat of war
In company they fearlessly sought the
front in every battle, and were present
on the 3d of July, when Austria was
fairly humbled in the dust on the fatal
field of Sadowa. So utterly prostrated
was Austria that she made. a mere show
of resistance thereafter, and on the 2.11 d
of August was signed the treaty of
Prague, terminating hostilities between
her and Prussia, the treaty ofiaNICU wills
Italy being signed at Vienna on Oeto-
her .1.
Formotion of the North German Co
131211210212
The result of the grand system of i
Ague conducted Wllisma'rck, and fo
owed up so successfully oil the field (
battle, was the formation of the Nort
,lerinan Confederation, practically as
now exists. Tic claims of Austria upon
Schleswig-Holstein were yielded up to
Prussia, which annexed also tile King
dom of Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse-
Cassel, the Duchy of Nll.4Sall, the Free
City of Frankfort, and portions of Bava
ria and Hesse-Darmstadt. Austria re
nounnod all connection with the Get
1111111ic Confederation, and a new confed
eration was formed, under the leader-
ship of Prussia, consisting of all the
States north of the river Main, including
the kingdom of Saxony and twenty
tither duchies, principalities, and fret!
cities, Prussia, however, comprises more
than four-tifths of the pipulation of the
confederation. In the negotiations
which followed the war and brought
about this consolidation ltismarcl: was
the master spirit, combining boldness
and energy with kiresight and prudence,
displaying moderation towards such of
his adversaries only as he had not de
cided to crush.
A Polley °EP...,
Prom that time up to the complica
tions resulting from Prince Leopold's
candidacy for the throne of Spain, the
ostensible policy of the King and his
Government has been one or peace. A
long eid tedious negotiation was neces
sary to arrange the boundaries of Prus
sia and the new Confederation of North
Germany, and great care and fore
thought were demanded in the task of
consolidating the power the former had
gained. l'he dream of a united Germany
Wll5 nearer realization than ever before,
but Its achievement has been greatly
retarded by the repressive policy adopt
ed by the King's Government. Tho
agreement made by Prussia by the treaty
of London, May 11, 1807, to dismantle
and neutral' 7.0 the stronghold of Lux
umbourg, which 11nd been severed from
Germany, threatened a conflict with
France, but this Vas averted by the
statecraft of Bismarck and an ostensible
fulfillment of the treatyobligations.
The Jeoloom! of FrttuCO
Yet the growing power of Prussia
has continued a bete noir to Napoleon,
and since the humiliation of Austria in
MA, which placed her rival in the po
sition of leadership in Germany to which
she had so long aspired, the Emperor 01
the French has been impatiently await
ing the signal fur the conflict which the
victory of Eadowa rendered a mere
question of time.
The Issue Joined with France
The Luxutnbourg imbroglio in IBG7
found neither nation prepared for the
war. The startling announcement, on
the 51.1 t of thepresent month, that Gen.
Prim had tendered the crown of Spain
to Prince Leopold, a distant member of
the royal house of Prussia, precipitated
the struggle for which neither of the an
tagonists are as fully prepared as they
would like to be. Yet, each fearing that
the other would gain greater accessions
of strength by further delay, the aban
donment by Prince Leopold of his can
, didature was insufficient to allay the
passions so long slumbering and at last
fully aroused ; and when a reasona
ble pretext :for:twar on the part
of France was removed, Napoleon
has insisted on its removal being
followed by such pledges and guaran
tees on the part of Prussia as it
was utterly impossible for her to give;
while Prussia, maintaining a dignified
stand of reserve, impressed with the be
lief that a conflict was inevitable in the
end, has calmly refused to accede to the
demands of France, and responded to
Napoleon's declaration of war by a
spontaneous and enthusiastic uprising
and a jubilant shout of "On to the
Rhine !"Phe arbitrary policy and ab
solute tendencies of King William are
as completely ignored by the whole peo
ple of North Germany now as they were
in June, 1566, when the cry of " On to
Vienna!" AVM echoed from one end of
the kingdom to the other. A striking
exhibition of the unanimity of feeling
in Prussia was shown by the grand es
cort of 100,000 people which, with
shouts and cheers and national songs,
accompanied the King from the station
to the palace, on his arrival iu Perlin
on the night of the 15th.
King . William'!‘ Pyrsonal Appearance
==l
King William, now in his seventy
fourth year, is a stalwart, deep-chested
luau, with a square, rugged face, a
heavy jaw, a bristling grey moustache,
and a cold, glittering eye-the very
beau-ideal of a veteran warrior who
deems the sword the safest arbiter Of
every point in dispute. His military
education and hereditary hatred of the
Bonaparte family have combined with
the associations and circumstances of
his stormy career to render him almost
an undisguised foe of liberal tenden
cies of all sorts, and a devout and un
affected worshipper at the shrine
of royalty. Believing that he wields
the sceptre of divine right, he
does not scruple to wield it as he
wills, and it is the accident of his posi
tion alone as the leader of the party of
lerman unity that has kept him firm
ly seated on the throne for the past nine
years. If his ambition had led In in to
a different direction, lie would doubtless
ere this have been swept away. But
the idea of German unity, which has
so firmly possessed his soul, is as deeply
rooted in the hearts of his people, and, so
twig as tho aspiration of King and sub
jects;thus coincides,he will be able to ral
ly Germany at his back whenever ho is
assailed from without. In times of
. .
peace, he is unpopular with the great
MIMS of his people, because of his arbi
trary tendencies and utter con
tempt for all the formalities of law and
constitutional guarantees which run
counter to his will or whims; in times
of war he becomes the embodiment of
a national idea, and the people rise to
his support as one man. Left to him
self, lie might do either better or worse
than he has done ; for his policy, as well
as for his success during the past eight
years, lie is immeasurably indebted to
the wily Bismarck who stands behind
his throne, and is accused, not entirely
without reason, of mouldi n g his will
and dictating his course with as much
facility as if he were a mere automaton.
lilng William's Family
On the 11th of Juno, IS'!l, the Kin ,
arried the Princess Augusta, laugh he
of Charles Frederick, the I ;rand Duke
of Weimar, by whom he has had two
children, Frederick William, the Crown
Prince burn October Is, 1531, and mar
ried January 25, I,s5S, to Victoria Ade
laide, Princess (loyal of Great liritain,
and eldest child of Queutt Victoria; and
the Princess Louise Mary, born Decem
ber 3, 1538, and married September 20,
185(1, to Frederick William, the Grand
Duke of Baden. The Crown Prince has
already live children, the eldest, Prince
Frederick 'William, born January 27,
anti the youngest, a doughtier, horn
a few weeks ago.
Napoleon 111, Emperor or the trend
Facts that are Stranger than Fiction
'I he Doubtful ••Nepnew of ii is Uncle.
and His It le Career—Forty Year.
of Exile and RO lerluW..Slinsnul dli
Attempts at Mounting the Throne--
Prince, President, Dictator. I Em
peror at Last—The N .onie Idea of
Democracy and Imperialism.
With the career of the French Empe
ror, who has at lest appealed to arms to
put some bounds to what he considers
the grasping policy: of the Prussian King,
the people of this country are more fa
miliar than with that of his antagonist.
A brief outline of the leading events of
his romantic life, however, will not be
without Interest.
Ills Questionable Parentage and Early
Lift,.
Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is
the third son of Queen I tortense, the
daughter of the Empress Josephine by
her first marriage and husband of Louis
Bonaparte, younger brother of the first
Napoleon, and at one time King of I lel
land. Presumably, also, he is the son
of the ex-King of llolland ; but grave
doubts of his claim to this distinction
have been frequently expressed. Queen
Hortense, like all the females of the
Beauharnals family, had the reputation
of being not over scrupulous in the fa
vors she extended to the gay noblemen
and soldiers by whom she was surround
ed, and the scandal of more titan half a
century has credited the paternal pa
rentage of her third son to a certain
Count Flahault, with whom she was
very intimate, and by whom site had
already had a son, the late Due de :gor
ily. 'Phis scandal has been strengthen
ed by a singular resemblance between
Count Flahault and the present Empe
ror of the French.
He was born, however, in the midst
of unquestionable surroundings, hav
ing first seen the light in the Palace
of the Tuilleries, on the 20th of April,
1808. This renders him about eleven
years younger than the hurl featured,
stern-eyed monarch who is glaring at
him front across the Rhine. The first
Napoleon had been one of his sponsors
at baptism, and received him into high
favor from the day of his birth. After
the return front Elba, he was taken by
his uncle to the Champ de Mars, and
there, at the age of seven, presefited to
the deputies of the people and tiro army.
When Napoleon embraced hint for the
last time ut Malmaison, previous to his
departure for St. Helena, both were
much affected, the child wishing to fol
low his uncle, and being pacified with
great difficulty by his mother.
An Exile Among the Alps.
Going into exile with the rest of the
Bonaparte family, Queen I fortense and
her son, after living for a time at Aug
borg, took up their abode in Switzer
land, where Louis was admitted to citi
zenship, permitted to serve in the Swiss
army, and studied gunnery at the Mili
tary Academy on the shores of Lake
Thum The elevation of Louis Philippe
to the throne by the Revolution of
July, 1830, caused him to apply, first
for permission to return to France, and
then to serve as a private soldier in the
French army, both of which requests
were refused.
A Wanderer on the Continent and In
England.
111 1831 he find his elder brother set
tled In Tuscany, and took part in the
Insurrection at Rome. Nisbrotherdied
on the 17th of March, and he escaped to
England. In a short time he retired to
the castle of Ahrenenberg, in Thurgau,
Switzerland, devoting his lease re in
1832-33 to literary labors, and publish
ing successively " Political Reveries,"
"Political and Military Considerations
on Switzerland," and a "Manual on
Artillery." In the first-mooed work he
declared his belief that France could be
regenerated only by one of Napoleon's
descendants, as they alone could recon
cile republican principles with the mil
itary aspirations of the nation.
Ile Becomes the Heir of the First Napo
leon.
Before Louis Philippe was firmly es
tablished on the throne, the Due du
Reiehstadt, the imbecile son of the first
Napoleon, was on the point of becom
ing the leader of a disaffected party in
France ; but his death and that of his
eldest cousin transferred the heirship of
the exile of St. Helena to Louis, whose
hopes of ultimately ascending to the
throne, when once aroused, never
abated.
The Attempt upon Strasburg.
In the early part of 1835 his designs
became evident, and, after maturing his
plans, he left Ahrenenberg in June, 1830,
for Baden-Baden. In August he paid a
secret visit to Strasburg, which he re
garded as the most vulnerable point for
his attempt, and after securing promis
ed co-operation from fifteen of the of
ficers of the garrison, proceeded to
Switzerland, while his adherents were
perfecting the plot. The project, how
ever, was a miserable failure, and Louis
was taken prisoner, detained at Stras
burg from October 30 till November 9,
and then conducted to Paris. His life
was spared on condition of his going to
the United States. This he did, under
protest but soon returned to Europe to
rind his mother on her deathbed In
Switzerland.
LANCASTER, PA., WEDNESDAY MORNING JULY 27. 1570
Driven from Switzerland, he Makes an
Attempt upon Boulogne.
In 1838 the French Government be
came alarmed at his presence in Swit
zerland, and demanded that he should
be driven from that country. The de
mand was backed up by the appearance
of an army on the borders, wherupon
Louis fled to England, taking up his
residence in London. In 1839 he pub
lished there his celebrated work " Des
Idees Napoleoniennes." This was fol
lowed by another attempt to secure the
crown. On the 6th of August, 1840, lie
landed near Boulogne, at the head of a
party of fifty-five adherents, including
Count Montholon and General Voison.
But one man in the garrison responded
to his summons to join hi.s standard, and
after some mauwuvring about the town,
he was captured while trying to escape
to his steamer. In October he was put
upon his trial before about 160 of the
Peers of France, many of whom were
indebted to his uncle for their ranks
and titles.
A Prisoner at Ilam.
The skilful defence made by M. Berry
er was in vain, and Louis was sentenced
to perpetual imprisonment in a fortress
in France, his companions being award
ed various terms of imprisonment. He
was immured in the Citadel of 11am,
where ho remained in confinement six
years. On the 25th of May, ISA he
made his escape from the castle, in the
disguise of a workman, crossed the fron
tier into Belgium, and for the third
time sought refuge in England, where
he continued to reside until the revolu
tion of IS-Is and the downfall of Louis
Elected Prince Presldentof the French
Republic.
lie was at once elected 'a representa
tive on the National Assembly and soon
after Prime President of the French
Itepublic by an overwhelming vote.
At this period he had a difficult game
to play. 'While embracing every oppor
tunity to revive the most agreeable and
glorious recollections of his uncle's rule
it was necessary for him to make the
most earnest protestations of devotion
to republican principles and the most
zealous disavowals of all ambitious de
signs.
The Coup d'Etat nod the Empire.
But this deception lasted scarcely
three years, and on Decem 1851,
having imprisoned every statesman in
Paris from whom he would be likely to
encounter opposition, dissolved the As
sembly, and seized the most distinguish
ed generals who were suspected of
disaffection, he proclaimed himself Dic
tator. Ile then offered himself to the
people as a candidate for the office of
President fur the term of ten years, and,
tolerating no opponent, was, of course,
triumphantly elected. A constitution
conferring upon him absolute sovereign
power was proclaimed, and under it he
ruled for one year.
Then he appealed to the people again,
and in response the Empire was restored,
with himself upon the throne, by such
a majority as made the vote practically
unanimous. The goal at last was reach
ed, and the Second Empire was pro
claimed on December 2, 1852, the anni
versary of the coup d'etat, and Charles
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ascended the
throne as " Napoleon 111, Emperor of
the French, by the grace of God and the
will of the People." The recognition of
his imperial station was gradually made
by the leading powers of Europe, Ureat
Britain taking the lead, and for nearly
eighteen years he has reigned without
interruption front within or without.
It 114 impossible to do more than glance
at the events of his reign in this eon
nection. In 1854 ho embarked in the
war against Russia, which was waged
iu alliance with England; Sardinia, and
Turkey, and terminated successfully by
the fall of Sebastopol in 1850. On Eng
land fell the hardest part of the light
ing, while France reaped the greater
share of the glory and profit resulting
front it.
On the 10th of January, 1853, he had
married Eugenie Marie de titizman,
Countess de Teba, a scion of an old noble
family of Spain. In company with her
he paid a visit to England in April, 1855,
being received with general favor by
both the court and the people, and made
a Knight of the (tarter by the queen.
On March ,„16, 1850, the Empress gave
birth to a boy, known us the Prince Im
perial, and bearing the special cogno
mens of Napoleon Eugene Louis Jean
Joseph. The birth of this " blessed
baby" was the occasion of great rejoic
ings throughout France.
Early in 1838 an attempt was made
upon the Emperor's life by one Orsini,
who had concocted his plans In Eng
land in connection with Dr. Bernard, a
Frenchman residing in London. Lord
Palmerston, therefore, attempted to
amend the English criminal code so that
it would apply effectively to such con
spiracies, and his defeat In Parliament
led to a temporary suspension of the
cordial relations between the two coun
tries. But these were soon restored,
although Dr. Bernard was acquitted by
an English jury.
In 1850-60, the Emperor espoused the
cause of Victor Emanuel against Austria,
and inperson led an army to his assist
ance, defeating the enemy on several
decisive fields, and terminating the war
by the victory of Solferino, Juno 14,
180 e. By the peace of Villa Franca,
July 11, :Austria ceded Lombardy to
Victor Emanuel, whose territory was
further increased by the annexation of
the duchies, Napoleon being recom
pensed by the cession of Savoy and some
neutral; Swiss territory to Prance. In
1551, he became a party with England
and Spain in the outrageous assault
it the Mexican republic. When his
allies discovered that he had ulterior ob
jects in view, and way intent upon some
thing more than
. the niers vindication
of the right of foreigners, they abandon
ed him ; but Napoleon caused his troops
to remain, and persisted in an effort at
setting up the Archduke Maximilian of
Austria as Emperor. The whole project
was a wretched failure, not less for
France than for Maximillian, and great
dissatisfaction was expressed at home
because of the Emporer's interference.
Finally lie abandoned Mexico, leaving
the unfortunate Archduke to his fate,!in
answer to the repeated protests of the
tiovernment of the United States, the
last detachment of the Frence troops
evacuating the country early hi 1867.
Once after his ascent of the throne
the Emperor returned to his literary
labors, publishing in 1885 the first vol
ume of an elaborate work entitled "llis
toi re de Jules Cesar." The literary and
historical merits of this work were un
questioned, as its imperial author en
joyed unusual facilities in its prepara
tion. It was printed at the Imperial
Printing Office, and the preface bore the
,late d'f March 20 1001. English and
French editions of it were soon brought
out both in this country and England.
MN General Polley,
from the outset of his reign until with
in tt year past, has been one of absolut
ism. Freedom of speech and of the press
were unknown, the Senate was a mere
instrument of his will, and the election
of delegates to the Corps Legislatif were
so manipulated as to render that body
almost equally subservient. But the
vote polled by the opposition in May,
1868, showed such an alarming increase
that Napoleon at once became alarmed,
and proclaimed, in the Senatus Consul
tum of September, certain reforms in
answer to the demands of the people . .
Still further warned by the boldness
of the Liberal party in the Corps
Legislatif, he finally professed to aban
don the system of personal govern
ment and an irresponsible ministry,
which had been inaugurated by the
coup d'clut of 1851, and on the Id of
January of the present year, M. Emile
011ivier, the leader of the more moder
ate Liberals, was called to tho head of
the ministry. But this concession did
not servo to satisfy the people, and in
the disturbance which followed, the ar
rest and imprisonment of Itochefort, the
editor of La Marsallaisc, in January
last, a formidable uprising in Paris was
only averted by the presence of a veteran
army of 100,000 men. When Rochefort
was safely disposed of for six months,
another appeal to the people was made,
and plebiscaum of May, which received
about 7,350,000 affirmative to about 1,-
550,000 negative votes,nominally ratified
the so-called reforms in the Constitution
which had been inaugurated by the
Emperor at various times. Simultane
ous with this came an alleged conspira
cy against his life, and numerous ar
rests, especially of mon connected with
the workingmen's organizations, were
made.
The Trouble with Prussia.
Before all the implicated parties could
be brought to trial, and while the ques
tion of a possible encounter with Prus
sia was being broached in the Corps
Legislatif, during the debate on the
army contingent, the candidacy of
Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern for the
throne of Spain fully aroused the great
majority of the French people, not less
than the Emperor himself. Napoleon
demanded of the King of Prussia, the
withdrawal of Prince Leopold. This
demand was acceded to, Prince Leopold
withdrawing unconditionally as soon
as the peace of Europe was threatened.
Napoleon then demanded that William
1, as King of Prussia, as well as the
head of the House of Hohenzollern,
should renounce forever all pretensions
to the throne of Spain on the part of any
member of the Hohenzollern family.—
To this demand King William in a dig
nified manner responded that he had
nothing to do with the candidature of
Prince I..ipold, and on the 14th finally
declined to hold any further eommum
cation with the French Ambassador on
the subject.
It was evident from the start that the
candidature of the Prince of Hohenzol
testi was a mere pretext ; that Napoleon,
remembering how he was outwitted in
1867 on the Luxembourg question, jeal
ous of the growing power of Prussia, and
longing for an occasion to humble King
William, and at the same time push the
boundaries of France to the Rhine, was
determined upon going to war. So, at
o'clock on the afternoon of the 11th, the
Corps Legislatif formally declared war
against Prussia, and the preparations
for the impending struggle which were
already in progress were at once pushed
forward with all possible celerity, the
French people responding to the cry of
"On to the Rhine!" With quite its much
IMAM hu ity and enthusiasm as those' of
Prussia.
Alexander IL Stephens on the Treat
went of Prisoners of War.
We present to our readers the follow
lig views of Mr. Stephens on the sub
eet of the treatment of prisoners on
,oth sides, during the late war, taken
'rout the second volume of his work :
Mr. Stephens—This whole subject of
the treatment of prisoners, which has
become so prominent a feature in con
sidering the conduct of the war on both
sides, from the turn which has been
given to it, I may us well dispose of
here, at once and finally. This Ido by
stating broadly that the charge of cru
elty and inhumanity towards prisoners,
which has been so extensively made at
the North against Mr. Davis and the
Confederate authorities, is utterly with
out foundation in fact. From the com
mencement and throughout the war,
the whole course of Mr. Davis towards
prisoners shows conclusively the per
fect recklessness of the charge. His
position on the subject, In the beginning
clearly appears from what we have seen,
and that fully sustains this statement.
The efforts which have been so indus
triously made to fix the odium of cruel
ty and barbarity upon lihn, and other
high officials under the Confederate
Government, in the matter of prisoners,
in the face of all the facts, constitute
one of the boldest and baldest attempt
ed outrages upon the truth of history,
which has ever been essayed; not less
so than the infamous attempt to fix
upon Min, and other high officials
on the Confederate side, the guilt of
Mr. Lincoln's assassination? Whatever
unnecessary privations and sufferings
prisoners on both sides were subjected
to, the responsibility of the whole rest
ed not upon Mr. Davis or the Confeder
ate authorities. It is not my purpose
to go into a full history of the subject
This would take more time than is at
all necessary. A few leading fails will
settle the matter.
Let it be borne in mind, then, that
the Confederates were ever anxious for
a speedy exchange, and that after the
interruption of Ow exeh:utge, under the
cartel first agreed mum, as t”•fore stated,
another arrangement was entered into
by the Feilerals, under pressure of pub
lic sentiment at the North; WIWI' the
excess was against them. 'Phis was,
afterwards, likewise broken. It was
broken, not by the Confederates, but by
the Federals, upon some pretext or
other. Throughout the struggle, Mr•
Davis' conduct and bearing upon this
point, not only challenges the severest
scrutiny of the fair-minded of this day,
but will command the adrairation of the
Just and generous for all time to conic.
In addition to what has been shown
heretofore, what higher evidence on this
point could he desired than that fur
nished by Ids congratulatory address to
the army of Gen. Lee, for the successes
achieved In the battles around Rich
mond when McClellan, with Ills newly
organized hosts of at least one hundred
and twenty thousand men, made the
second unsuccessful attempt to take the
Confederate Capital in Na, and when
over ten thousand Federal prisoners
had fallen into their hands. In this
hour of triumph, mark tho significant
HA well as magnanimous, and eve:
chivalrous language which came upon
taneously from his heart on that occa
_
" You are lighting for all that Is ,lear
est to men ; and though opposed by a
foe who disregards many of the usages
of civilized war, your humanity to the
wounded and to the prisoners was the lit
and crowning glory to your valor."
Prof. Norton—Yes, but how did he
act towards the same prisoners after
wards? What did he do to relieve the
horrors they suffered in Libby and on
Bello Isle, almost in the range of his
sight; to say nothing of the suffering of
those at Salisbury and Andersonville, of
which he must have been apprised?
Why was his humanity and magnani
mity so deaf to the appeals and dying
wails of these men, Which went up front
those places, so near his own doors, and
almost within his herring':
Mr. Stephens—The horrors of Libby
and Belle Island, as well as of Salisbury
and Andersonville, so pathetically set
forth by many, and great as they really
were, were not his fault, or in any way
justly chargeable upon him.
Prof. Norton.—Whose fault was It?
Was he not at the head of the Govern
ment? Did he not know of these suf
ferings, and who but himself could be
justly responsible for them'?
Mr. Stephens—lt was the fault of the
Federal authorities in not agreeing to,
and carrying out an immediate ex
change, which Mr. Davis, was, at all
times, anxious to do. The men at the
head of allkirs at Washington were
solely responsible for all these suffer
ings. Upon these officials, and upon
them only, can these sufferings be justly
charged ! Neither Libby, nor Belle Isl
and, nor Salisbury, nor Andersonville,
would have Lad a groaning prisoner of
war, but for the refusal of the Federal
authorities to comply with the earnest
desire of the Richmond Government,
for an immediate exchange, upon the
most liberal and humane principles.
Had Mr. Davis' repeated oilers been ac
cepted, no prisoner on either side would
have been retained In confinement
day. This all the facts clearl show.—
All the sufferings and loss of life, there
fore, during the entire war, growing
out of these imprisonments on both sides
and they were great on both sides (it is
not my wish to understate or underrate
them on either), are justly chargeable
to but one side, and that is the Federal
side.
Prof. Norton—l let if the Federal au
thorities did refuse to carry out an ex
change of prisoners, for any cause what
ever, this certainly did not justify the
Confederates in a regular sys
tematic policy of starving the unfortun
ate men taken by them in arms, and of
withholding proper medical remedies
and attention front the wounded and
sick, nor mitigate, in the least, the
savage cruelties which were perpetrated
upon them by such men as \Virz?
Mr. Stephens.—lt certainly did not,
or would not have justified such policy
or acts. But it is not true that there
- _
was any such thing as the systematic
policy yuu speak of, either in starving
the well, or withholding medical reme
dies and attention from the sick and
wounded. The policy of the Confeder
ates in these particulars was established
by law. By an act of Congress, passed
soon after the war was inaugurated, as I
have shown, it was provided that pris
oners of war should have the same ra
tions, in quantity and quality, as Con
federate soldiers in the field. By an act
afterwards passed, all hospitals for sick
and wounded prisoners were put upon
the same footing with hospitals for
sick and wounded Confederates.—
This policy was never changed.—
There was no discrimination in either
particular between Federal prisoners
and Confederate soldiers. What food or
fare the Con federate soldiers had, wheth
er good or bad, full or short, the Federal
prisoners shared equally with them.
Whatever medical attention the sick
and wounded Confederate soldiers had,
the Federal prisoners in like condition
also received. When the supply of the
usual standard medicines was exhausted
and could not he replenished, in conse
quence of the action of the Federal Gov
ernment in holding them to be contra-
band of War, and in preventing their in
troduction by blockade and severe pen
alties—when resort was had,to the virtue
of the healing herbs of the country us
substitutes for more efficient remedial
agents, the suffering Federals shared
these equally with like suffering Con
federates! bid the requirements of per
fect justice and right go beyond this?
Could humanity ask more?
As or particular instances of cruelty
on the part of subordinates who may
have been untrue to their trusts, that is
a very different matter. There were
unquestionably very great wrongs of
this sort on both sides. Wirz, to whom
you have alluded, may have committed
some of these. How this was was I
really do not know. He, by and by
was not one of our people. He was 3
European by birth, who obtained posi
tion in our service, through letters of
recommendation, which warranted con
fidence in his intelligence and good
character. I know nothing to his dis
credit in either of these respects, except
the allegations you refer to. Whether
they were true or false, as I have said,
I do not know. It is due to his memory
however, to recollect that his own dy •
big declarations were against the truth
of these accusations. This, moreover,
I can, and do venture to say that acts
of much greater cruelty and barbarity
than any which were proven against
him, could have been easily establish
ed, and would have been established on
his trial against numerous subordinates
on the Federal' side, If the tendered
proof had not been rejected. I have
been informed by returned Confederate
prisoners of unquestionable truth and
veracity from Camp Douglas, Hoek Is
land, Elmira and Port Lookout, on nu
merous instances which came under
their Immediate observation of much I
greater atrocity than anything alleged
against Wirz. These acts, many of
which were of the most inhuman and
barbarous character, were perpetra-
ted by, Federal subordinates hav
ing control of Confederate pris
oners at these points. There may
have been, therefore, and I do not ques
tion but that there were, great wrongs
of this sort on the part of Confederate
subordinates, as there certainly were on
the part of the Federals. But what I
maintain is,tbat such conduct never met
the approval of the Confederate authori
ties. They never, in a single instance,
danedoned, much less ordered, well de
meaning and unoffending prisoners of
war to be confined in unwholesome
dungeons, and to be manacled with cuffs
and irons as was repeatedly done by or
ders from the authorities at Washington
in utter violation of the well established
usages of modern civilized warfare ; But
apart front this marked difference be
tween the two Governments in their
highest official character in sanctioning
and ordering acts of wanton cruelty,
insist upon the Irrefutable fact that but
for the refusal of the Federals to carry
out an exchange, none of the wrongs ur
outrages you speak of, and none of the
sufferings incident to prison life on
either side could have occurred.
Prof. Norton.—lf there was no such
systematic purpose to torture and liter
ally to kill Federal prisoners, why were
thirty thousand of them huddled to
gether at Andersonville, in the sickly
region of Southwestern Georgia, where
from 0 . imalariousinfluences prevailing
uncle a burning sun, so many of them
died, as must have been necessarily ex
pected?
Mr. Stephens—Large numbers of them
were taken to Southwestern Georgia in
MI, because it was a section most re
mote and secure from the invading
Federal armies, and because, too, it was
a country of all others, then within the
Confederate limits, not thus threatened
with an invasion, most abundant with
food, and all the resources at command
for tile health and comfort of prisoners.
They were put In one stockade for the
want of men to guard more than one.—
The section of country, moreover, was
not regarded as more unhealthy, or more
subject to malarious influences than ally
in the central part of the State. The
official order for the erection of the
stockade enjoined that it should be in "a
Healthy locality, plenty of pure water, a
running stream, and, If possible, shade
trees, and In the immediate neighbor
hood of grist or saw mills." The
very selection of the locality, so far front
being as you suppose, made with cruel
designs against the prisoners, was gov
erned by the most humane considera
tions.
Your question might with much more
point, be retorted by asking, why were
Southern prisoners taken in the dead of
Winter, with their thin clothing, to
Camp Douglass, Hock Island, and John
son's Island—icy regions of the North
—where it is a notorious fact that many
of them actually froze to death?
As far as mortuary returns afford evi
dence of the general treatment of pris
oners on both sides, the figures show
nothing to the disadvantage of the Con
federates, notwithstanding the limited
supplies of all kinds, and notwithstand
ing all that has been said of the horrible
sacrifice of life at Andersonville.
It now appears that a larger numberof
Confederates died In Northern, than Of
Federals in Southern prisons, or stock
ades. The Report of Mr. Stanton, as
Secretary of War, on the 19th of July,
1869, exhibits the fact that of the Fed
eral prisoners in Confederate hands dur
ing the war, only 22,579 died ; while of
the Confederate prisoners in Federal
hands, 26,438 died. This report does
not set forth the exact number of prison
ers held by each side respectively. These
facts were given more in detail in a sub
sequent report by Surgeon-General
Barnes, of the United States Army. Ills
report I have not seen, but according to
a statement, editorially, in the National
Intelligenecr—very high authority—it
appears from the Surgeon-General's re
port, that the whole number of Federal
prisoners captured by the Confederates
and held inSouthern prisons,from first to
last during the war, was in round num
bers 270,000 ; while the whole number
of Confederates captured and held in
prisons by the Federals was, in like
round numbers, only 220,000. Front
these two reports It appears that, with
50,000 more prisoners in Southern stock
ades, or other modes of confinement, the
deaths were nearly 4,000 less! Accord
ing to - these figures, the per maim of
Federal' deaths in Southern prisons was
under nine! while the per centum of
Confederate deaths In Northern prisons
was over twelve ! These mortality sta
tistics are of no small weight In deter
mining on which side there was the
most neglect, cruelty, and humanity !
But the great question in this matter
is, upon whom rests the tremendous re
sponsibility of all this sacrifice of hu
man life, with all its indescribabfo mis
eries and sufferings ? The facts, beyond
question or doubt, show that it rests en
tirely upon the authorities at Washing
ton! It is now well understood to have
been a part of their settled policy i
conducting the war, not to exchange
prisoners. The grounds upon which
this extraordinary course was adopted
were, that it was humanity to the men
in the field, on their side, to let their
captured comrades perish In prison,
rather than to let an equal number of
Confederate soldiers be released on ex
change to meet them in battle! Upon
the Federal authorities, and upon them
only, with this policy as their excuse,
rests the whole of this responsibility.—
To avert the indignation which the open
avowal of this policy by them, at the
time, would have excited throughout
the North, and throughout the civilized
world, the false cry of cruelty towards
prisoners was raised against the Confed
erates. This was but a pretext to cover
their own violation of the usages of war
in this respect among civilized nations.
Other monstrous violations of like
usages wee not attempted to be palliated
by them, or even covered by a pretext.
These were, as you must admit, open,
avowed, and notorious! I refer not
only to the general sacking of private
houses—the pillaging of money plate,
jewels, and other light articles of value,
with the destruction of books, works of
art, paintings, pictures, private manu
scripts and family relics ; but I allude,
besides these things, especially to the
hostile acts directly against property of
all kinds, as well as outrages upon non
combatants—to:the laying wasteof whole
sections of country ; the attempted anni
hilation of the necessaries of life ; to the
wanton killing, in many Instances, of
farm stock and domestic animals ; the
burning of mills, factories, and barns,
with their contents of grain and forage,
not sparing orchards or growing crops,
or the implements of husbandry; the
mutilation of county and municipal re
cords of great value ; the extraordinary
efforts made to stir up servile Insurrec
tions, involving the wide-spread slaugh
ter of women and children ; the Impious
profanation of temples of worship, and
even the brutish desecration of the sanc
tuaries of the dead.
All these enormities of a savage char
acter against the very existence of civ
ilized society, and so revolting to the I
natural sentiments of mankind, when I
not thoroughly infuriated by the worst
passions, and in open violation of mod
ern usages in war, were perpetrated by
the Federal armies in many places
throughout the conflict, its legilimat C
ilmtns iu putting down the rebellion,
s.f-called !
Ntajor h ter—Vouu re SPV , TO agai !ISt
Iles general conduct of lime Nvar on our
side.
Mr. Stephens—Yes; these aro severe
comments, and I must ask you for a lit
tle indulgence to me in expressing my
self as I do. It is a sad thing to me to
think of these subjects, and a still sadder
thing to speak of them as I ant compell
ed to do on this occasion. Severe as
these comments are, there is, however,
nothing extravagant in anything which
I have said. It is all most lamentably
true ! All that I have stated, and much
more, too, of a like character, were
woefully realized by those who suffered
front the deeds of SLeridan's men in the
Valley of •Virginia, and by those who
came within the range of the atrocities
attending Sherman's conflagrations and
devastations in his " grand march"
through ficorgia and South Carolinas,
144 welt as by those who were subjected
to the merciless 1-11X£146...S of Wilson's and
Palmer's marauders afterwards ! Facts
which have come to my own knowledge,
established by indisputable proof, verify,
the statement in full, both to the letter
and spirit. Private houses were sucked,
pillaged and then burnt ; and alter all
family supplies were destroyed, or ren
dered until for use, helpless women and
hungry children were left destitute alike
of shelter and food. I knew men—old
nun, non-combatants, men who hail
nothing to do with the war, further than
to indulge in that sympathy which na
ture prompted—who were seized by a
licensed soldiery and put to brutal tor
ture, to compel them to disclose and to
deliver up treasure that it was supposed
they possessed. They were ill many
instances hung by the neck until life
was nearly extinguished. and then cut
down with the promise to desist if their
demands were complied with, anti
threats of repeating the operation to
death If theylwere not! Judge Hiram
Warner, one of the most upright and
unoffeuding, as well as one of the most
- - .
distinguished citizens of this State,
was the victim of an outrage of this
sort. He had had nothing to do with
the war ; but it was supposed he had
money, and that was what these "tru
ly loyal " " Union Restorers," so-called
were most eager to secure. Specifica
tions, however, are unnecessary. In
stances of a similar character are nu
merous and notorious. In some eases,
where parties resisted, their livesas well
as their purses, watches and other arti
cles of value were taken !
Major Heisler.—As to the burnings
and conflagrations, and the destruction
of private property, if they are to be set
down as evidences of savage warfare,
these outrages were certainly not perpe
trated exclusively by the Federals, or
confined to their side. The Confeder
ates did a good deal of this kind of work
themselves in Maryland and Pennsyl
vania, to say nothing of other places.
Mr. Stephens.—That to a limited ex
tent, is, also, most lamentably true!—
But these acts of the Confederates, were,
as is well known, committed upon the
avowed principle of retaliation. To this
savage practice, if you please, and upon
this principle only, they were most re
luctantly compelled ultimately to resort.
The " icr talioniz" is recognized in such
cases by the most civilized nations,
though it be savage in its character.
The truth is, gentivmen, wars in their
most mitigated form—viewed In soy
light whatever—haven great deal of the
savage character about them. They are
most horrible scourges. They always
spring from huge crimes against hu
manity, On one silo or the other. They
often, I admit, call forth the exercise of
the highest faculties of the human In
tellect, mid sometimes exhibit the
noblest qualities of the hunnalwart in
the display of fortitude, endurance, he
roism, and the divine virtue of self
sacrifice for the good of others ; but they
are ever, upon the whole, even when
most Justifiable waged and humanely
conducted, exceedingly demoralising In
their general tendencies and effects.—
They arouse and put Into *talon the
mi. fiendish (dements of coin
)(mud nature. Their almost universal
endeney Is to make demons of men.—
ley are, the last Instrumentalities that
any people devoted to Constitutional
berty, or the prinelplemof ltepreseuta-
Ive Government, should ever resort to
or the purpose of maintaining and se-
curing their objects. They sometimes,
as I said In the speech from which I
read, necessary evils, looking to these
ends. This was the character of the
war on the Confederate side. No re
sistance by arms, in my opinion could
bo more just than this was on their
part. But the great objects aimed at In
all such eases are much oftener lost than
attained by such resorts, even under
such circumstances. This Is my delib
erate judgment. It was my judgment
before the States were involved in this
war, about which we can now neither
speak nor think without the most mel
ancholy reflections. Everything at
tending It, the long series of antecedents
leading to it, it.s well as its general mil
duct on both sides, with its results up to
this time, without considering . the pros
pect of the future, all tend greatly to
confirm me in that judgment. Ido
most earnestly hope, you may be as
sured that the country may never be
cursed with another. If the present
and future generations in all the States
will but profit, as they should, by the
experience of the last eight years,
they certainly never will be again so
cursed. The only way, however, in
which this experience can be rendered
profitable to those who now live, as well
as those who shall come after us, Is by
fully and clearly understanding and
studying the facts and truths which
marked and characterized these most ,
pregnant events from the beginning to
the end, and by rigidly practicing the
lessons which they Inculcate. Many
questions ignored and principles reject
ed by the leading public men in the
Federal Councils of this day, must be
considered and reconsidered. The Gov
ernment, under dlftbrent counsels, must
be brought back to the principles upon
which It was established, if a repetition
of this great scourge is to be hereafter
averted. This is also my deliberate
judgment. The only way In which
wars are to be avoided in this country,
is fur rulers to abstain from usurpations
of power. Magna Charta was trampled
under foot for centuries in England
but its principles died . not—they lived
on, and though at the cost of the terri
ble scourge of many sanguinary con
flicts, ultimately triumphed. So It may
expected to be with the everliving, im
perishable principles of American free
Institutions!
But what I had In mind to say a mo
ment ago In this connection, and in con
clusion, on the point now under our im
mediate consideration, is that, however
horrible wars naturally and necessarily
are in themselves; yet, in modern times,
under the tempering and redeeming in
fluences of the Christian religion, civil
ized nations have by common consent,
agreed upon certain customs and usages
to which they conform in this resort,
savage as it is at best . These are the
usages of civilized nations to which I al
luded, and which were so wantonly vio
lated by the Federate, not only in their
course upon the subject of prisoners, but
In the other acts I mentioned.
Now, what I affirm is, that in no in
stance that I am aware of throughout
the late war did the Confederate author
ities countenance, much less sanction
or order a violation of a single one of
these recognized Christian and humane
usages, not oven in the retaliatory burn-
Ings In Maryland and Pennsylvania,
and elsewhere. A comparison between
the acts of the two governments:in these
particulars during the whole conduct of
the war, will forever exhibit on which
side in the contest was the higher stand
ard of " moral Ideas " and with it the
higher typo of civilization, if you will
excuse me for saying it, at this period
in the common history of the people or
the United States, so far as these were
indicated by those who controlled the
conduct of public affairs on the the re
spective sides.
However disastrous the results were to
the Confederates ; however extensive the
misfortunes, losses, sufferings and sacri
fices which attended and befell them in
this second bloody conflict for the sove
reign rights of local self-government, on
the part of the people of the several
States of this Fedemi Republic, whether
composed of thirteen, thirty-three, oran y
other number ; however utterly they fail
ed to maintain this important principle,
to which all that it is truly great in the
NUMBER 30
former history of the States Is mainly
attributable, and on which alone all sure
hopes for general peace, prosperity, and
happiness, with good government for
the whole in future, must be placed ;
however fruitless their eflbrts and blast
ed were their fondest anticipations in
their highest objects of patriotic Min ;
however deplorable their present condi
tion is, bereft of their estates and out
lawed by the Government ; and how•
ever worse the e,mdition still to come
may be lor them, yet, notwithstanding
all this, they have left to them that
which is inestimable in value, far above
riches, wealth or power, and of which
no oppression or tyranny can deprive
them, and that is a public character,
which, after having passed the severest
ordeal that can "try men's :soul's"
stands forth with that moral grandeur
which is ever Imparted to the reputa
tion of States as of individuals, by
wiglitness iu eilitthiet, integrity
purpose truthfulness in Nvffills, and
" crowning glory " of unsullied lion-
or.
Whatever other errors, faults. fail
ings, or shortcomings they may have
had, no act of treachery, of perlidity, of
hypocrisy or deceit, or breach or faith,
or of turpitude -nothing of a low, mean
sordid or unmanly nature, can ever be
Justly laid to their charge in their State
or Confederate organizations, either he
fore or during the war; neither in the
antecedents which led to it, nor In all
the fury which marked its progreKs.
Their whole public course:shows them
to have been a people as sure, as brave,
as generous, as frank, as refilled, as
magnanimous,as !floral, as rtdigious, and
with all as honorable and patriotic in the
highest and noblest sense of theseyords,
as ever struggled against odds, and thus
struggling, fell in battling l'or the right.
So the truth of history stands and will
continue to stand forever:' fliese are
facts which lime will never obliterateor
destroy. This record of their past is no
small heritage, if they have nothing
else left for them to trausmit to their
claildrem and to their chililren's chil
dren, or generations to conic!
About Canning Fruit
So much has been said about preserv
ing fruit in air-tight cans er jars, that
we are surprised that the inquiries still
come for descriptions of the pnwess.—
As our circle of readers widens, It each
year includes new ones who& not seem
to have practised this admirable house
hold economy. Only a short time ago
a letter came, front Africa, saying that
the writer had seen peaches front Amer
ica put up in a thin liquid, and asking
if we could find out how it was done.
In our families the canning of fruit is a
matter of course, and we advise all who
have never tried it to do soot once;
they will be sure to keep up the prac
tice afterwards.
The principle should be understood,
order to work intelligently. The
. .
fruit is preserved by phn ing it in a ves
sel from which the external air is en-
tirely excluded. This is ellieted by
surrounding the fruit with liquid, and
by the use of heat to rarity and expel
the air that may be entangled in the
fruit or lodged in its pores. The pre
servation does not dopend upon sugar,
though enough of this is used in the
lit uid which covers the fruit to make It
adatable. 'the heat answers another
mrpose ' • It destroys the ferment which
ruits naturally contain, and as long as
hey are kept from contact with the ex
ernal air they do not decompose.
The vessels in which fruits are pre
erved are tin, glass, and earthenware.
Phis is used in factories where large
. .
quantities are put up for commerce, but
is seldom used in families, as more skill
in soldering is required than most per
sons possess. ltesides, the tins are not
generally safe to use inure than once.—
Glass is the preferable material, and it
is readily cleaned and allows the inte
rior to be frequently Inspected. Any
kind of little or jar that has a mouth
wide enough to admit the fruit and t h at
can be securely stopped, positively air
tight—which is much closer tllllll water
tight,—will answer. Jars of various
patterns anti patents are made for this
purpose, and are sold id the crockery
and grocery stores. Tin... have wide
mouths, and a glass or metallic cap
which is made to lit very tightly by MI
Indian-rubber ring between the metal
and the glass. 'rite devices for these
caps are numerous, and much ingenui
ty is displayed inventing them. We
have used many patterns without much
difference hi success, but have found
there was suite difference in the facili
ty with which the jars could be opened
and closed. The best are those in which
atinospheric pressure helps the sealing,
and where the sole dependence is not
upon screws and clamps. To test a jar,
light a slip of paper and hold It within
it. The lwat tit' the flames will expand
the air and drive out a portion of it.—
Now put on the cap ; when the jar be
comes cool, the air within will contract
and the pressure of the external air
should hold the cover on so firmly that
It cannot be pulled oil' without lint let
ting the air in by pressing aside the
rubber or by such other means as Is
provided in the construction of the jar.
When regular fruit jars are not used,
good corks anti cement must be pro
vided.
Cement, I. ii by melting 1.1 oz. of
tallow with 1 lb. of rosin. Thu
of the cement may be governed by the
use of more or less tallow. After the
jar is corked, tie a piece of stout drilling
over the mouth. Dip the cloth en the
mouth of the jar Into the melted ce
ment, press on the cloth with a stick to '
break up the bubbles, and leave a loose
covering.
Everything should be In readiness,
the jars clean, the covers well fitted, the
fruit picked over and otherwise prepar
ed, and cement and corks, if they are
used, in hand. As the bottles or jars
are to receive a very hot liquid, they
must be gradually warmed beforehand,
by placing warm water in them, to
which boiling water is slowly added.—
Commence by making 11 syrup in the
proportion of a pound of white sugar to
a pint of water, using less sugar if this
quantity will make the fruit to() sweat.
When the syrup boils, add as much fruit
as it will cover, let the fruit heat In the
syrup gradually, and when it comes to a
boil ladle it into the jars or bottles
which have been warmed as above di
rected. Put in UM much fruit as possi
ble, and then add the syrup to till up all
the interstices among the fruit; then
put on the cover or insert the stopper
as soon as possible. Have a cloth at
hand dampened in hot water to wipe
the necks of the jars. When one lot has
been bottled, proceed with noire, ad
ding more sugar and water If more syr
up is required. Juicy fruits will di mi 11-
ish the syrup much less than others.
When the bottles are cold, put them
away in a cool, dry, and dark place,
Do not tamper with the covers In any
way. The bottles should be inspected
every day for a week or so, in order to
discover if any are imperfect. If fer
mentation has commenced, bubbles will
be seen in the syrup and the covers will
be loosened. If taken at once, the con
tents may be saved by thoroughly re
heating. Another way Is to prepare a
syrup and allow it to cool. Place the
fruit in the bottles, cover with the syr
up, and then set the bottles nearly up to
their rims in a boiler of cold water.
Some wooden slats should be placed at
the bottom of the boiler to keep the
bottles from contact with it. ;The
water in the boiler is then heated and
kept boiling until the fruit In the
bottles is thoroughly heated through,
when the covers are put 011, and the
bottles allowed to cool. It is claimed
that the flavor of the fruit is better pro
served In this way than any other.
All the fruits that are used lit their
fresh state for pies, etc.,
and Rhubarb
or Pie-plant, and Tonnitoes, Green Peas
and Corn cannot be readily preserved In
families, as they require special appar
atus. Strawberries.—Hard fleshed sour
varieties, such as the Wilson, are better
than the more delicate kinds. Direc
tions for these, as well tui for Raspber
ries will be found In a Basket item.
Currants need more sugar than the
foregoing. Blackberries and Huckle
berries arc both very satisfactorily pre
served, and make capital pies. Cherries
and plums need only picking over.—
Peaches need peeling and quartering.
The skin luny be removed from ripe
peaches by scalding them in water or
weak lye for a few seconds, and then
transferring them to cold water.—
Some obtain a strong peach flavor
by boiling a few peach meats in
the syrup. We have had peaches
keep three years, and were then
better than those sold at the stores.—
Pears are peared and halved, or quarter
ed, and the core removed. The best
high-flavored and melting varieties only
should be used. Coarse baking pear
are unsatisfactory. Apples. Very few
put up these. Try some high-flavored
ILLTE. O.6..&DVERAISING
BUSS:MSS ADYFUTI9EMP:NII4, 412 a year per
nquro of ton Ilnea; fa per year for each mill•
tional Square.
REAL ESTATE AAYEETTUIPIO, 10 rents n line 0,,
um neat, and 5 cents for ellen subsequent
Insertion.
GENERAL ADVERTISING. 7 contr.; ri lino fo
Intoo
tirut, owl 4 001110 for each nalbsogilent r-
SPEd AI. NCYTICIN 1110:LT1(Y! in r.orm
15 yenta lair 1111,
SPECIAL Nortev. preeull I uwvringey nut
deaths, IU eunty per UM) for first insert In 0,
and 5 amts for usury subsequent Insertion.
LEGAL AND aritult :`.7 , Yricus— .
Exocutors' DOLICes 2 Ili
Administrators' notice 2 [4l
AVAtiDleile notices 2 sti
Auditors' notices . 2 utl
Other " Notices," um lines, or less,
throe times ~.., I 50
ones, and you will be pleased with t hem
Quinces. There is a great contrast be
tween quinces preserved in this way
and thoso done up in the old way of
pound for pound. They do out become
hard, and they remain of a line light
color. Tomatoes require cooking 11,11gt•r
than the fruits proper. .Any intelligent
pen:on who understands the principle
111 , 011 vhl h fruit is preserved iu this
wily, \rill srnat liurl the mechanical part
easy or ex,,vutioi, nnrl the
factory.
The Philosophy of linking . Ila 3
'rho ehoieest quality of hay consists of
green grass simply dried. 'lto
Parnicr says— tund truthfully that
making hay, clientivally speaking, is rt
distillatory or evaporative process. It
Is doing with succulent vegetable
stances, what the saltinaker does with
his saline Waters, or the stigarinaker
with his saccharine juices. The objetd
is to driveotr surplus waters, which hold
the valuable principles in solution; to gut
rid of worthless and interfering substan
ces, and retain all the deAlintile ones.
The sugarniaker may apply t,,0 inteme
heat, or direct tlainelo his evaporating
pans, and burn or spoil hi, products;
so the farmer may teal his hay 100
much in the blazing rays of the sun,
and greatly injure the rich nutrient
prrhciples upon whieh its value depends.
Certain it is, WO Cannot control all the
vonditions upon which the produel
of perfectly cured hay depends; but we
van control them much more decidedly
lion wedo. A ton or well-cured or prop
erly dried hay is \eollll more in the mow
than ttt•o tons of that which is cut at all
improper time and cured in an Imperfect
manner, \Viten grass is dried too
the woody fibre, or ligneous part, Ile
ennies ;hard uu l tough ; nod animals
do not like it 11113' better than we
like over-baked bread. The nutritive
iortions are not Cl readily eliminated,
ing through the assimilating organs. I
is not necessary to dry bay so thoroughly
in order to preserve it from putrefact lye
change In the mow. If the \ yea( her Is
clearand warml I may safely be stored the
same day It Is cut, provided it is not col
in the early morning, while loaded with
dew. If grass could lie mown after the
dew Is gone, and spread upon a dry par
cel of ground, four or live hours' expo
sure to sun and air will at it for the barn.
All moisture proceeding front dew or
ruin must he removed, as well as all the
moisture in the sap, that will promote
heating In thenmw•or:stack, !e it always
injures hay to heat or to " sweat," quito
is much as it will Injure grain to lu•at
iu tho bin.
NO ;11111.11 :111101111E of mischief has been
perpetrated by the annual promulgation
of error, In certain agricultural journals,
touching the process of curing hay in
the 1110 W. The starch, sugar uml guns
in the newly mown grass, when the hay
is about half made, are in a semi-thiiil
or a plastic condition, sonnuehat like
still . dough. If the moisture in the hay
be evaporated, by drying wind and sun
shine, the hay will be fragrant :mil id
most as valuable as good grass, provided
the grass were mowed lieMre the bins
some have fallen. On (lie contrary, ii
the moisture must be driven la by the
heat generated in the mow, the hay will
be injuredjustin proportion In the iman
tity of moisture remaining when the
hay is stored.
The Writ of Ilaberm t'orpopi Blitrettoril
ril—lnfluentilil Citizen,. limier A rre.ti.
Itni,num, July 1:1.—TIto counsel 114 r tile
el Lizmns arrested int A lamance county by
H. irk, who, by order of uuv. III)I,Ien, rec . . -
KOS It, regard Writs Of bailees
the matter before the Justice to-day.
The I iovereer•:, counsel will elms,, till, Ilr
gunieutto-morrow. The feeling is intents°.
News received this afternoon shows that
tiraliann, the county seat if A teekeee,
been placed under martial law by I:Irk.
The Court I !MINS, wits seized, and the whole
town is strietly guarded. A military eom
ulisninn
has been organized, consisting
mainly of Kirk and his olllcers, to try 4-iti
zens 110 W under arrest.'
Additional news lIILS brew reerlved hurt
OW non. Jelin Kerr, the Hen. S. P. 11111,
Sineritflirilllth and movoral other prumilwia
"mmervittivo citizens of Caswell county
wore arrested at Yancoville yesterday by
IC Irk. The congre.sienet eeedld,lrs be
that district wore speaking inn the Court
I louse, when Kirk surrounded IL with sal -
tilers and made the arrests.
BALI-own, July 20.--The /if bcrtA
case of Lll4l eitizens, arrested by Is irk in
A Humane°, was continued before the I 'hie!'
Jostle° to-day, and will Is, argued toentor
row, when, it Is ex weird, the argumen I
will close. Inter anlvlees front Cstswell
county state that 130 to 200 eitizens were
kept in Lho Court 11,1111 , 0 front
I% NI. to 11 , 10 I'. 0. \V. D. Bowie, one of
those arrested, demanded Le know why hi ,
was arrested without It warrant, when he
was knocked down and dragged oil. Anoth
er prisoner, Mr. Willey, wins plowing in
Ids field when arrested. Ile refused to go
with them without a warrant, and was
knocked down, put on his Merl horse with
his feet tied under the horsn's belly, his
hands tied behind his back, anti carried Le
Kirk's Court. 'The sentinels under the
window of Judge i;.orr's prison nonuse
themselves by cursing and reviling him.
Ladles are insulted, and with their children
are 'lying to Virginia fur protection.
Among other arrivals of 114)111401's troops
hero, last night, was a company ofnegroes,
commanded by negro officers. Beth par
ties aro denouncing thin outrage as unlaw
ful, despotic and unnecessary.
It MOND, July 211--A telegram from
Danville, Virginia, says a large number of
citizens of Caswell county, North Civet ilia,
have lied to that place for safety from Col.
I:Irk and the North Carolina troops.- I ion.
Bedford Brown has gone to Washington to
see I're44l4lent tirant, and ex-4ffireriner
Itratew will meet hint there.
Mont Mono poly
In Chicago and New Orleans the exel it •
Hire privilege of slaughtering beef is given
to a single firm. The following sketel:
condensed from the Chicago Timex will
show how the system worked In that city,
and according to the lieu ynne the meat in
New Orleans Is just es villainously man
aged:
In Chicago, the slaughter-house monop
olists assort cattle like decayed and decay
ing fruit. The choicest aro called "tops,"
and reserved for the nabobs • then conies
the "fnediurns," which are f:hipped East,
and then the "scallawags," which are re
served for hungry Chicitgolans. Even then
they are deceived by those "seallawags,"
just as Southerners are by the biped order
of the same Aisne. When they purviw, a
seemingly grxtql fat roast, it turns nut to be
only a "fluffy flit," produced by swill front
distilleries. Wribn they wish to change
from fluffy fat to tender lamb, the are
supplied with "scorbutic mutton." - Then
they have "precious or bob veal," and are
spared the trouble of inviting the farmers
to their hospitable boards, for none of
the honest tillers of the soil will accept
an invitation to dine "unless ho Is drunk
or insane." 'rho skill of the slaughter
house monopolists Is wonderful. The pro
cess of "blowing" should be understood.
As soon WY the animal is killed, the artist
makes an incision in the flank, just be
neath the skin. Ho then applies his
mouth to the aperture and Injects his breath
until the stubby skin is swollen out to an
unwonted fullness, and a plump, rotund
appearance of fatness is given to the "scal
awag." Then the gall of the defunct quad
ruped is used in washing, as itgives "
glossy appearance to the ineatAndyeinov:H
or conceals the livid spots or bruised
places." " Fronting" Is the nest process,
which consists in covering those portions
where the fat ought to be, but is not, with
the fat of another animal. The mode
"frosting" is ingenious. The fat is first
melted, :nol when it becomes sufficiently
cool, the "painter" charges his mouth,
and then spirts it upon theart or the
moat to be frosted. Occasiona lly "paint
ing" is restored to, and nit artist, by a
skillful use of the brush, can ; give to the
tough and antiquated bovine a ;tneek and
tender appearance. Sometime the process
of "rejuvenating" conies Into play, and the
fatless and fleshless meat is " blowed and
frosted."
iStutton is made to appear tein piing to the
appetite by an artistic movement called
"borrowing the This is done by re
moving the kidneys and the caul thereto
attached from one aniinal, and placing it
on another. The slaughter-house monop
olist is also very tender-hearted, and rulmin
inters narcotics before he kills; and it mat
ters not whether the narcotic in wholesome
or
Fatal Affray—Colonel F. C. Randolph
Shot. Dead.
LVNCIIIWRO. July •20.—C01. C. P. Ran
dolph, proprietor of the Piedmont Land
Agency, a emu of some prominenco and
large moans, WILY shot dead to-day, in a
difficulty with Lewis Wont Mall and John
Witold:lh, Jr. The latter received a slight
would in the head. SOIIIO 111011i1114 ago,
Randolph sold to a man named Moe, of
Now Jersey, the valuable Ureen 11111 farm,
on Staunton river, holonglin to Colonel
John Wimbish, Sr., fur securit ies nominal
ly worth 1;60,000. 'rho securities aro said
to have proved worthless. Colonel Wink
blab was attempting to recover the farm,
claiming that the transfer was a fraudulent
transaction. The immediate case of the
shooting was an insulting letter front Ran
dolph to young John Wimbish iu regard to
the controversy. Randolph ryas killed in
his •otlice, receiving live wounds. The
Wimbloho have been arrested. •