MlRMamma
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Pumas Nan EVERY WEON MinAT By
H. 6. smiTu
S. 0, SMITE,
A. 3. STEINMAN
TEIRME—Two Dollars per annum, payable
all oases in advance.
•
oFFICED—SonTuwEar CORNER OF CENTRE
SO ARE,
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dressed to H. G. Smrrit di Co.
Nottvg.
CHILDREN GONE.
Sometimes, when the day grows dusky
And the stars begin to come,
When the children, from their playing,
Come singing and laughing home;
I think, with a sudden sorrow,
As they press through the open door,
or the faces of the children
"That we never shall see any more.
Children in snow white caskets.
Laid away to their rest,
Their pull hands lying folded
Over the noiseless breast I
Children who came and tarried
Ac only it were for a night,
And passed, at the break of the morning,
On a tar journey out of our sight.
On a long and a lonely Journey,
Where we could not help or hold,
For we saw but the closing of eyelids,
The fading of locks of gold,
And knew how DOW was but silence,
Where once bad been prattle and song;
And only a child and a shadow,
Where was sunshine the whole day long
Away from our care and caresses,
• God knows where they are," we may,
And we know that we tarry,behind them
Only a little way;
For we, too, haste in our Journey,
And we know it will not be long,
Till we come to the city eternal,
The rest and the rapture of song.
Yet oft, whoa the sun is setting
In unspeakable splendor of light,
(Jr the day grows dim and dusky,
And the shadows stretch Into the night.;
When the children, tired with their playing,'
Come In through the open door,
I think of the dear, dear children,
Who never will come uuy more.
THE WRECKER'S DAUGHTER.
Her hair le brown ea the brown eea•eande;
Her eyes are blue as the blue SOIL-Water; -
And there's not a wind that blows where she
01111.0tht
But brings a grace to the Wrecker's Daughter.
Wild as the wave that bursts at her feet—
W lid ns the winds that togs her Lr 1 ,11,41.18,
Is the glance that peers through the min and
sleet,
And Into the tierce storm's black recesses.
But not for the wreck does she search the night
Her heart is away u'er the stormy water,
Where a lover guides hie tumbling boat,
Ti, win a prize for the Wrecker's Daughter,
~X~~CZXktIZRA~I~.
lireat Salt Lake City
Great Salt Lake City is situated ou a
gently undulating plain, with a back
ground of bold mountains, and front of
lake and river scenery. Dotted with
orchards, gardens, grain fields and
groves of shade trees, the beautiful
Jordan winding through tile valley to
the lake, where salt-incrusted shores
glisten in the sunllgh t ; before it a broad
sweep of plain to another range of
mountains on the west; to the north
and west the lake and its island moun •
tains. This Mormon Zion, to the way
worn pilgrim of the plains, when he
firstemerges from the canon through
which runs the principal road from the
east, is a magnificent spectacle.
The city is laid off in lots of over an
acre each, with broad streets, on one or
two of which it is built up compactly.
Here is the principal business center.
In all other quarters it resembles a
large collection of gardens and orchards.
On either side of the streets run bright
little streams of pure, cold mountain
water, serving the purposes of irrigation
and as street scavengers. Cottonwood
and locust-trees are planted along these
rivulets, forming a compact shade over
the broad sidewalks. The houses are
generally of adobe; though many fire
burned brick buildings are being built
in various parts of the city. Some of
the business houses are well finished in
handsome style, and furnished with
varied assortments of goods. The theater
is a large brick building, of plain ex
terior, but an interior finish and ar
rangement equal to most of those of the
States. The actors and actresses are
generally Mormons of limited abilities ;
but au occasional " star," of the lesser
magnitude, glitters there. There, too,
Brigham Young " sports " a private
box, from whence his Fatimas are per
mitted to feast upon the " legitimate,"
and laugh at the " after piece."
Brigham's city property consists, in
part, of about ten acres of ground, in
closed by high stone-walls, with a gate
way , over which hovers a gilded eagle
with outstretched wings. Within this
inciosure are his private residences, his
school house, and the tithing and print
ing offices. One of his residences is of
the suburban cottage order, and is uni
versally known among Mormons as
" President Young's White House." It
is situated on an elevated spot, and com
mands a beautiful view of the city
and its environs. The school-house is'
large and commodious. Not far from it
are two other buildings, with ends to
the street, fronting the premises - , flank
ed with two-story porches, inclosed
with lattice-work, and piazzas, on which
are stone statues of lions couchant, next
the street. Doors open out on the dicks
of the piazzas ; and here, of a pleasant
evening, from the opposite side of the
street, the curious may catch a passing
glimpse of the spiritual "ribs" of the
Mormon High Priest. How many dark
.eyed hour's peeped through the lattice
work, we could only .conjecture.—
Our Mormon guide insisted these porch
es were closed in to keep Brigham's
progeny from falling off, and breaking
their consecrated necks.
The truth is, Brigham's ideas are de
cidedly Oriental. Though his numer
ous wives are not guarded by black
eunuchs, they look upon the outside
world mainly through close casements,
and over massive stone walls, except
upon certain occasions, when pruden
tial considerations compel a relaxation
of the harem discipline.' It may be this
display of stone and mortar, wood and
paint, and the various embellishments
of garden, orchard, lawn and prome
nade, which is so elaborate, is shut in
from impertinent curiosity, the more
forcibly to impress the multitude with
hie power and. grandeur. The bulk of
his people come from Europe, and
habitually associate pomp and parade,
intermingled with a degree of reticence
with sovereignty. Massive walls, con
cealing the daily occupation of the
"Great Prophet," stimulate that super.
stitlous awe with which his deluded
followers invest everything pertaining
to him. Therein, think they, he stands
in the presence of the Great Jehovah
and receives revelations of His will.
There he has those wondrous "visions"
which give light and knowledge to the
outside world.
. .
Possibly motives akin to this may
have dictated those walls and latticed
porches. Or, it may be, they are the
result of a taste preferring that retiracy
in consonance with devotional pursuits.
But, alas ! with all our disposition to be
charitable toward thegreat chief of this
much persecuted people, how could we
help wandering, in imagination, to the
land of Islam, where sombre walls en
cage the beauties of the Mohammedan
voluptuary ; and where the imprisoned
victims are fattened for his lust. There
a prophet, and here a prophet. There,
familiar interviews with the Great First
Cause ; and here the same exalted priv
ilege. There the spiritual and the sen
sual alike enjoined by precept claiming
divine origin ; here the same, though
stripped of that delicate drapery of po
etry which mellowed the repulsiveness
of the Eastern system. There polyga
my and concubinage ; here polygamy
and "spiritual wives." Theocracies so
closely alike have rarely existed in the
world's history. Like causes produce
like effects. Stamboul and Great Salt
-- e City have many strong points of
emblance,outside their religious goy
, ment. There is no open market at
e Mormon city, whereat Circassian
d Georgian damsels are knocked down
to the highest bidder; but "mission
aries" ransack the civilized world in
search of victims.
Moi mous point to the marked absence
of prostitution in the sense in which
that term is ordinarily used in Utah, as
an evidence of the superiority of their
system. But the system itself is, after
all, only . galvanized prostitution. If
one matrimonial alliance proves insuffi
cient, from any cause, the husband can
try another ; and may repeat the expe
riment ad libitum, so long as he can
find victims.
Mormons say that thus the woman is
provided a home and a father for her
children. .As a question of, mere social
economy there is a degree of plausibili-
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VOLUME 68
ty in this view of . the case. If woman
is designed for no nobler purpose than
as a passive instrument In gratifying
man's lust, possibly polygamy may be
an escapade from prostitution. The Ad
vocate of polygamy says to her, one
woman for marital purpose is not equal
to one man. It is utterly impossible to
confine that feeling of inferiority, thus
begotten, to mere sensual pleasures.
Ultimately it will extend itself to all
the relations of life, reducing her to the
condition of her sister of the Orient.
If Mormondom were completely Igo
lated, • it is possible that polygamy
might become a permanent feature of
its social life. Shut out from contact
with more refined civilization, its pecu
liar tenets might be grown into its peo
ple by force of education. The great
majority of Mormon women who sub
mit to polygamy are decidedly low
down in the scale of intellect. With but
indistinct ideas of the true objects of
their creation, and the crudest notions
of morals, they require little manipu
lation to be induced to enter into the
servitude of the harem; especially if
they can be persuaded that such is the
will of God. Conscious of this fact, the
Mormon leaders preach polygamy from
every pulpit, and inculcate it with all
the arts which inordinate cunning,
whetted with keenest lust, can invent.
No wonder the poor peasant woman,
lured from home and the scenes of
childhood in distant lands by glowing
descriptions of the happy Zion in the
Great West, where the land "flows with
milk and honey," add where God's
chosen people dwell In earthly bliss,
are submissive to the teachings of those
whom their fanaticism leads them to
believe the favorites of Providence.
Said the editor of a Mormon paper to
toe: " Polygamy is as much taught by
the Bible as any other Christian duty."
Alas! the simple-minded woman, un
lettered and inexperienced, knows not
what to say when she is reminded of
the marital relation of the patriarchal
days! How easy the transition from
belief that monogamy is the violation;
or, at least au omission of duty, and
polygamy the observance of God's law,
when fortified by such illustiious ex
amples.
Already, however, have the sacred
precincts of Mormondom been invaded
by restless adventurers; and under the
, very eaves of its temples its most
cherished precepts and practices are
openly derided. On the plateau east of
the city is Camp Douglas, whose
wide-mouthed cannon point ominously
toward the city, and warn the Saints
that the initial steps have been taken to
carry into execution the threat of de
struction of the remaining " twin relic
"of barbarism." A paper, styled the
Videttc, published under the protection
of the - ten thori Lies of the post, fulfirtates
the fiercest anathemas against .W.Mrmons
and their religion, whereat Brigham
curses and his counsellors "wax wroth."
The restless spirit of moral reform
parties at the North will not rest satis
fied with polygamy within the limits of
the United States. The struggle may
be fierce, but the issue cannot be doubt
ful. Another people, with ideas widely
at variance upon the subject of marital
relations, are pushing their settlements
all about the country of the Mormons;
thus rapidly lessening the area of that
wililerness which has heretofore so
nearly isolated Utah.
Certain indications lead to the infer
ence that the leaders of the Saints foresee
the result, and are providing for an ex
odus of their people. Agents have been
dispatched to one of the Pacific islands
to secure a foothold there. A large
. .
fund is deposited in the Bank of Eng
land, subject to Brigham's order, Mor
mon fireside gossip says to provide for
such au emergency.
The Mormons may be fanatical
enough to offer resistance. In that
event, the struggle, though the result be
never so certai will be desperate. They
have abundant resources in material,
and an arms-bearing population of over
thirty thousand men, duly organized,
armed and drilled. It is currently re
ported among the Gentiles at Salt Lake
City, that certain islands of the lake
contain depots of arms and munitions
of war.
Many Mormons profess to have had
"visions," teaching, and so believe,
that a great famine will follow the foot
steps of the war for the rebellion, dur
ing which all civilized nations but theirs
will be at war, when they will gather
unto themselves great strength in mus
cle and men. Some of them go further,
and insist that then the golden moment
will have arrived to recover their lost
estates in Missouri and Illinois.
Chimerical as their visions may seem,
they are the subjects of frequent con
versation around Mormon firesides;
and, to the reflective, furnish food for
gravest thought. Islamism had less ma
terial resources, and more formidable
obstacles in its pathway. So with many
other dominant religions of the world.
In all religious zeal was the motive
power. In none did it burn fiercer than
that which fires the Mormon heart.—
The leaders may have little of fervid
piety ; but, with the masses, fanaticism
swells out into unmistakable propor
tious. Talk to them of visions and
_ .
prophesies, and they are " rapt atten
tion." The eye sparkles, and the face
is lit up with the glow of enthusiasm.
You see before you types of that resist
less throng that followed the Crescent,
and they that bore to Palestine the ban
ners of the Crusaders.
Notwithstanding the labored and per
sistent efforts of Brigham and his chief
counselors, the Mormons are not a unit
upon the subject of polygamy. It is
difficult to penetrate the privacy of those
families where this "relic of barbarism"
is in practical operation, without imper
tinent curiosity taking desperate chan
ces. But enough may be gathered to
warrant the conclusion that the more
intelligent women of the Saints are by
no means reconciled. Indeed, when
assured of freedom from the surveillance
of the priests of their religion, they do
not hesitate to denounce it. There are
numerous instances where marriages
have been contracted upon an ante-nup
tial engagement that the husband shall
not wed another wife.
What dark deeds are concocted in
secret by the leaders, and performed by
their unscrupulous tools, are subjects of
much conjecture. Gentile gossip says
that Brigham has but to will it, and the
body of whoever falls under the ban of
his displeasure become food for the fishes
of Jordan. It says the massacre at
Mountain Meadows was the work of
Mormon " Saints," disguised as In
dians. There every soul of the train,
except a few children of too tender
years to observe much, were foully mur
dered. The children spared were adopt
ed into Mormon families. Mormons
say.these children were procured from
the Indians who captured them. Gen-
tiles say that one of these children, on
claiming that a cow, in possession of a
Mormon, belonged to his mother in the
train, was "spirited away."
But nothing is visible on the surface
sustaining these dark and bloody crimes;
though for all that they may be true, as
such enormities are not apt to take
noonday walks. Nowhere can a well
behaved person be surer of a hospitable
welcome than at the fireside of those
Mormons who do notpractice polygamy,
provided you do not combat their pecu
liar tenets. These are contraband sub
jects, and,so regarding them, it is not
difficult to gain access to the houses, and,
in a certain degree, to the confidence of
those of the Saints, except the practical
polygamists.
The persecutions to which they have
been subjected, of which they loudly
complain, have not inspired them with
a spirit of tolerance. On the contrary,
they visit schisms among themselves
with summary punishment. A few
years ago aperson named Morris claimed
to have a vision," wherein he was
nominated President of Mormondom,
instead of Brigham Young. He forth
with commenced preaching his" faith,"
and soon rallied around him numerous
followers, who established themselves
near Ogden, inMorristown, so called in
honor of their chief. Here Morris set
up for himself, and refused to Pay tithes
to Brigham. In fact, emboldened by
his success, he was rash enough to de
mand that Brigham should abdicate in
his favor. To this modest request the
Mormon President is reported to have
.returned a very common, but not over-'
polite answer.
Morris however, continued his opera
tions until Brigham sent against him a
'brigade of the 2dormon militia, with a
section of a battery. Closely investing
the town where Morris and his follow
ers had intrenohed themselves, the
commander of the brigade summoned
him to pay over his tithes and disband.
To this demand Morris returned a defi
ant answer. The town was carried by
storm, Morris himself falling pierced by
a number of balls, to the last refusing
to surrender. The rest of followers
were subsequently remov to Soda
Springs, and placed under G vernment
protection.
The noticeable feature of the ormou
theocracy is its unity. Withofit—Ea
pressly recognizing community of pro
perty, they make, ample provision Jor
their poor, and furnish means sufficient
to enable any one to reach competence,
with ordinary prudence and industry.
In their intercourse with each other,
fraternal relations are always recog
nized. They invariably address each
other as " brother" or sister." Dis
putes, doubtless, arise among them as
with other people, but they are speedily
terminated through Church interven-
tion.
The organization is not the loose, dis
jointed machine some would have us
believe. It possesses elements of ex
traordinary strength, with great capaci
ty of concentration and efficiency of de
tail. Brigham is the head. He is as.
sisted by certain counselors. The whole
Territory is divided into wards, in each
of which is a bishop, who is also assist
ed by a certain number of counselors,
and a clerk. The bishop collects and
takes care of tile tithes. His functions
are more of a temporal than spiritual
character. There are also elders who
are especially charged with certain
spiritual duties. There is also an or
ganization known as the "Seventies,"
In number seventy times seventy, com
posed of persons chosen for their fidel
ity, over each ten of which presides a
president. In addition, offices peculiar
ly civil are provided by Territorial laws.
But Brigham Young's head controls the
whole machinery; and he professes to
speak by divine authority. He is, there
fore,
implicitly obeyed.
I do not pretend accuracy in the de
tails of this singular organization. A
particular statement of its several parts,
its officers, their functions and duties,
would swell this volume into propor
tions not contemplated. My purpose is
to give such an outline only as to enable
the reader to form a general idea of the
machinery of Mormon government,
that he might see how well adapted It
is to the design of its creation.
Tithes, or church dues, are paid eith
er in kind or in money. They are dis
tributed according to prescribed regula
tions ; a portion to missionary purposes;
another to the poor, and another to a
bank deposit in the Bank of England,
for ulterior purposes. The tithes paid
in kind are converted into money by
sale in Utah, or shipment abroad. Oc
casionally "sharp practice " is connect
ed with the sale of tithes. In the fall
of Is6l, when provisions were short in
Idaho and Moo mita, Brigham caused a
convention of the Saints to assemble
wherein were announced sundry visions
foretelling a famine. They, therefore,
mist not sell a pound of their farm pro
ducts. Of course the edict was obeyed.
Such was the will of God communica
ted through a "vision." Traders from
the surrounding country importuned
them, offering extravagant prices, but
all to no purpose. Buying and selling
among the Saints were not prohibited.
So that Brigham, and those in the secret
bought up privately all the grain they
could reach, and when prices had suffi
ciently advanced to suit their purposes,
the embargo was removed—by another
"vision." Such was, the understanding
among Idaho and Aiontana traders in
Salt Lake valley, in the fall of 1864;
and my own observation at that time
satisfied me of its truth.
The missionary branch of the Mor
mon organization is reduced to a sys
tem having no equal in efficiehey.
When Brigham desires to send one of
the saints abroad, he so commands and
no excuse will avail the reluctant. No
matter what the engagement, how ten
der the ties sundered, he mustgo, for so
the Lord willeth. These missionaries
are sent to most parts of the civilized
world, especially to Europe. They are
abundantly provided with funds. Their
business is to drum up recruits for the
Mormon Zion. At certain commercial
ports, such as Liverpool, in England
agents are stationed who see to procur
ing transportation to New York for
their recruits • from whence they are
sent to the Missouri River, where a
train, under proper officers, awaits
them. Thence they proceed to Salt
Lake Valley. When they arrive in
Utah they are assigned at once to a cer
tain district and conducted there, where
they are received with music and other
hilarious demonstrations, well calcula
ted to impress them favorably with the
saints. All of these movements are
governed by fixed rules, the result of
years of experience. If the emigrant is
unable to pay his passage, he is furnish
ed the means with the understanding
that he is to refund it in the future.
Thus it is manifest, in the over-crowd
ed district of Europe, where ignorance
and poverty are rife, the Mormon mis
sionary has peculiar advantages for the
successful prosecution of his labors. He
promises material aid, as well as spirit
ual comfort. He paints in glowing
colors the beauties of the far-off land,
where mountains, lakes and rivers,
plains and valleys abound in attractions
so wildly variant, that all tastes may be
suited. There amid plenty he can live
in fraternal relations with the saints. If
the plea of poverty is put in, the res
ponse is "No matter, we'll take you
there free of cost, and you can pay us
back when you get able."
The effect can be readily foreseen.
Year after year the tide of emigration is
steadily increased. If left unmolested,
in a few yea'rs the Mormon population
of the Great Basin would be counted by
millions.
True, these people are drawn from va
rious nations, speak different tongues,
have different habits of thought, cus
toms and manners. Under Mormon
tactics the process of assimilation is
rapid, and soon they become a homo
geneous people. Some of them are
shrewd, well educated men, in whose
keen visages you look in vain for the
fire of fanaticism. Disappointed ambi
tion at home, and hope of wealth and
power in a community where ignorance
is the general rule, and intelligence the
exception, are the chief incentives with
these adventurers, who are mostly
Scotch, English and Irish.
Mormon missionaries are generally
men, well versed in Scriptural knowl
edge, with Bible quotations ever ready
for those who look only at the literal,
and not at the substantive meaning.
In Liverpool a few years ago, the
Saints published a periodical, fully
equal, in purity of style and vigor of
thought, to the most approved orthodox
controversial literature. In Salt Lake
there are two newspapers, under Mor
mon auspices—one a daily, the other a
weekly—conducted with marked ability.
They are printed upon paper manufac
tured at Brigham's own paper mill,
near the city. Mormon libraries con
tain other books and periodicals de
voted to their peculiar tenets, some of
• them remarkable for their ingenious
reasoning. They have, also their own
hymn books, adapted to their creed.
The Mormon leaders show great
shrewdness in providing abundant
means of amusement for their people.
Dance-houses, theaters, vocal and in
strumental musicare much encouraged,
The Saints do not wear demure faces ;
nor do they scruple at cursing terribly ;
but swearing is denounced as a vice.
Brigham utters many emphatic
" damns" from the pulpit, but is scru
pulously careful never to swear a pro
fane oath.
Brigham Young is evidently no ordi
nary man in intellect. That he posses
ses great sagacity is evidenced by the
absolute sway, which he has thus far
maintained over amass of human beings
Whom he found so heterogeneous, and
whom he has succeeded in fraternizing
=MEI
LANCASTER' PA. wEDNEs
—by building u•ip a splendid city in the
heart of-a coun try once so appalling to
the wayfarer of the plains—by his suc
cessful resistance, thus far, to opposition
from without at Id feuds within. To do
all this requiros weight of brain—
genius. Barring polygamy, in the main
he governs wisely. Under his auspices,
a country twenty years ago regarded
uninhabitable, now furnishes a large
surplus of farm products, and presents
evidences of material prosperity and
hAppiness not excelled. Doubtless he
Is aided by the opinions of others, but
his is the master intellect that gives
tone and direction to the physical and
mental progress of his people.
Looking over the whole ground of the
" Mormon question," it can scarcely be
doubted that_tha, Saints should be per
mitted to occupy and develop the couu
,
try. If Brigham could only have an
other "vision" prohibiting polygamy,
it would require no prophet to foretell
such a growth of all:the elements of
power among his peOple as the world
has rarely witnessed. Strange infatua
tion to cling to an institution so repug
nant to Christian civilization!
The Mormons are taught to be self
sustaining, and hence are essentially an
agricultural and pastoral people. Till
ing the soil and raising bands of horses,
cattle and sheep, are especially enjoin.
ed, so that they may not be dependent
upon supplies from abroad. Though
Utah abounds in mines of the precious
metals and iron, they are suffered by
Mormon policy to lie undeveloped, lest
the agricultural resources of the country
be neglected. It is not improbable, too,
that Brigham is fearful an influx of
mines would tend to alienate the affec
tions of his people.
Great abundance of wheat, barley
and oats ; considerable corn, and all the
vegetables common to the Northern'
States, are grown in Salt Lake Valley.
So are apples, peas, plums and peaches.
The peculiar crop of the valley is wheat.
No country excels, and few equal it.—
From forty to sixty bushels per acre
have been - harvested. The grain is large
and well filled. The saline properties
of the atmosphere, and its dryness, when
the head is being formed, insure, it is
claimed, its perfect development ; while
all the water required for its growth is
furnished, when needed, by irrigation.
Salt Lake is a curious freak of nature,
presenting phenomena not yet thor
oughly investigated and explained.
The density and saline nature of its
waters are the more remarkable when
we consider that four rivers—one over
four hundred miles long—besides many
smaller streams, are constantly pouring
an immense body of fresh water into it,
without perceptibly affecting its volume
or quality. The unlettered say that
there is a subterranean outlet to the
ocean ; but science ascribes all this to
evaporation, a strong illustration of
the extraordinary power of this agency,
when the limited surface of the lake-L.
not over one hundred and fifty miles
long, and forty miles broad—is con
sidered.
The streams emptying into the lake
are filled with a variety of fish; but
none are found alive in it. Its 'shores
are incrusted with salt crystals pure
enough for domestic use. Bathing in
the lake is no very amusing recreation,
as the feet have an unpleasant ten
dency to the surface ; and the body is
covered with a saline substance, well
nigh " pickling " it.
About the lake are numerous saline
and mineral springs—both warm and
cold. Near Great Salt Lake City is
one hot enough to cook an egg, or boil
coffee. This spring is near the base of
a mountain, and quite near it are several
cold springs. Nearer the city I . ,a warm
spring of the proper temperature for a
warm bath. Its waters are claimed to
possess extraordinary curative proper
ties, and, shortly, it is to have elegantly
furnished bath-rooms, whereat the
saints can recuiierate after the exhaus
tive labors of th'e harem. An amusing
incident is related of a fellow who de
sired to bathe in this spring, by mis
take plunging into the hot spring, from
which he was pulled out very near
parboiled.
In the gulches of the mountains, and
on some of the mountains about the
lake, considerable pine and cedar are
found. Along many of the streams
putting into the lakes are cottonwood
and willow • but fuel is a costly article
in Great Salt Lake City, and will con
tinue to increase in price until a railroad
reaches it.
The climate of the immediate ®alley
of the lake is mild, considering its ele
vation. The winters are not so severe
as those of some of the Northern States.
The great purity of the atmosphere ren
ders it exceedingly healthful.
Grass is abundant in the ravines and
gulches of the mountains, and along
the streams, and in many parts of the
valley. It is said to be very plentiful on
the islands of the lake. Some of these
islands belong to the " Church " of the
Mormons, and cattle are driven to them
through shoal water, not over three feet
deep. Rumor attributes uses of certain
of these islands, which are only reached
by boats, for purposes so revolting that
humanity shudders at their mention.
Captain Maloy, of the whaling bark
Osceola, has had an adventure, which
he tells in a private note published in
the New Bedford Mercury:
About three hundred miles northwest
from St. Nicholas, we saw whales close
to the ship, lowered the boats as soon
as possible, and soon the second mate
struck a whale. In a few minutes the
third mate struck and got stove. The
whale then went to the second mate,
and knocked the bottom out of his boat.
The first mate then brought the third
mate and his crew to the ship. I then
sent him off to bring the second mate
and his crew to the ship as soon as pos
sible, as I saw the whale was intending
mischief. In the meantime, the whale
Was at work on the starboard boat, and
soon made a bad boat of her. Af
ter getting all hands on board, the
first and second mates, being anxi
ous to try him again, went off,
but didn't get a chance to kill him. In
fact, they had as much as they could do
to keep clear of him; and seeing that he
was a dangerous customer, I called the
boats on board. Not liking the idea of
being done by a whale, I concluded togo
at him with the ship; got all ready and
made for him. Getting near, he turned
and came for us, striking the ship on her
part bow with his jaw, his head coming
in contact with the cut water, knocking
it off, and tearing off considerable cop
per and sheathing. The shock he gave
the ship was heavy, taking some of the
men off their feet, and giving them con
siderable of a fright. Had the whale
struck the ship fair he would have
gone through her as easily as a cat
would through wet paper. About the
time he struck I gave him a bomb, but
it did not kill him, so I went at him
again. This time he did not seem to
like the taste of the ship, and so got out
of the way as quick as he could. As he
passed I gave him another bomb and
two lances, but these failed to kill him.
Again I tried him, but he kept clear of
us. It being late, I sent a boat off to
make the wreck of the starboard boat
secured to the line, to act as a drag, and
went after the waist boat, now five
miles to the leeward. After getting her
on board (it being then dark) I worked
to the windward all night, and the next
morning saw him again with the
wreck of the boat still fast to him.
At 9.30 A. M. we lowered • two
boats well manned, and went at
him. After a hard tussel, we got him
under the care of friends, and took him
alongside. He was a very largewbale ;
the largest, I think I eversaw. But he
was very poor. I got one hundred and
fifteen barrels out of him ; had he been
fat, he would have made one hundred
and fifty barrels easy. His length was
sixty-eight feet ; spread of flucks,sixteen
feet two inches, and length of jaw eigh
teen feet four inches. I found on cut
ting him in, that his Jaw was badly
shattered by his raid on our bow. I
lost in the fight one boat entire, with
all her traps, except the gun and line;
in all, twelve oars, one sail, paddles,
- buckets, tubs, i&c.
A Whale Story.
AY MORNING, MAY
A Paper of Mibacco.
Constautinople is ullnestion ably more
civilized and wealth"' than any of the
provinces, which is clearly seen in the
matter of pipes and tobacco. The Rou
melian .or Anatolian sells the best pro
duce of his 'fields to be consumed in the
capital, and contents himself with to
bacco of third or foUrth class. On the
shores of the Black Sea grows the Sam
sun tobacco, which is decidedly inferior
in flavor and perfume to the Ron melian.
There, too, the pipe -bowls and pipe
stems are of an inferior quality. On
the eastern shores of the Mediterranean
the Black Latakia is cultivated exten
sively. Where this kind is smoked, It
is the custom to only half 1111 the pipe,
as the finer sorts instantly swell up to
the brim of the bowl at the second puff.
There are many who place the Latakia,
which we may call au Arabian tobacco,
even higher in their estimation than the
Roumelian ; but this is a matter of taste.
That the choicer sorts have a very agree
able aroma is not to be denied, but they
are strong and stupefying, and want the
mildness of the Yenidle Vardar.
The Turks and the Arabs smoke iu
general out of the chibouque, and the
use of the narguile is only exceptional.
The narguile is the name given in the
Ottoman empire to a bastard variety of
the Persian water-pipe. The word it
self is derived from the Persian nardjil,
a cocoa-nut, as the shell of this fruit
was originally used to hold the water
in, and its form is still imitated in clay
or glass. In the country the pipe is the
necessary accompaniment of all religi
ous and political discussion, especially
in the coffee houses, those places of com
mon resort for all classes of the commu
nity. In a town of any importance,
no Turk of respectability frequents a
public coffee-house ; but in the country
this piece of etiquette is not so strictly
observed ; so that, by a visit to such lo
calities, a traveller can easily get au
idea of the status of the village or small
town through which he is passing.
Even now I have a vivid recollection of
the serious countenance and inquisitive
glances of the lessees or proprietors of
such establishments whenever estranger
enters. From an inspection of his
beard and dress it is decided what sort
of pipe ought to be offered him. If his
conversation or his manners make a
favorable impression, all present rival
one another in inviting him to take a
whiff out of their pipes. To decline is
considered impolite; to wipe off the
saliva on the mouthpiece is accounted
the greatest breach of good manners ;
to show any sign of repulsion is an in
sult; and, just as the inhabitants of Cen
tral Asia lick the fat off one another's
fingers, so the Turk accepts without
hesitation the proffered pipe of his
neighbor.
Even when oh horseback many can
not separate themselves from their be
loved pipe. When one sees a man on
horseback riding at full speed with the
round, thick mouthpiece of the chibou
clue between his lips, one imagines that
his teeth are every moment in danger
of being knocked down his throat. It
is not so, however ; the Turk and the
Arab are too accustomed to this sort of
exercise, and indeed one can scarcely
sufficiently admire the dexterity_with
which they fill, light, and hold the pipe
during the ride without spilling its con
tents.
Nor is the poor wandering Kurd re
miss in his use of the intoxicating weed.
The tobacco which he uses is always in
the form of powder, and grows for the
most part in the neighborhood of Ro
vandiz and Sulelmnia. The leaf of this
tobacco is longer, but at the same time
not so broad as that of the Roumelian,
and is used in a pulverized state on ac
count of its exceedingly friable nature.
It is exported only In an easterly direc
tion, and especially to the north of
Persia, where it is used by the Turkish
tribes of that country. It has a bitter
taste, and a very strong smell. It is gen
erally smoked out of a brass bowl pro
vided with a short stem,
an instrument
which is used by persclens of all ranks in
those tribes from the khan down to the
lowest muleteer. This last class are
particularly addicted to its use, and
when three of them come together in a
stall filled with their beasts of burden,
and have smoked \there for a short
time, the strong smell of the smoke
quite overpowers the other odors of the
place.
The commerce by means of which
this Kurdish tobacco is diffused is ex
ceedingly primitive. On several of my
journeys I have encountered in several
villages, into which no other pedler
would are to venture, solitary itinerant
tobacco merchants, who exchanged their
wares for wool, goat's hair, carpets,
and such like. The covetous Kurd,
who is ready to dispense with every
other enjoyment can still not resist the
temptation of a pound of tobacco. He
buys nothing else, but tobacco he must
have. The lonely herdsman, who
spends the whole day far from his tent,
as he wanders with his flock over the
mountains, takes not so much anxious
care of his bread, of his cheese, or his
money, as of his little store of tobacco
wrapped up in a piece of rag. Even
the chiefs of the tribes, who in the pres
ence of their guests smoke Turkish to
bacco, when alone give their:preference
to that of their own country. The far
thest point where I have met this sort
was Meshed. It is in general only to
be found where the finer sorts of Per
sian are hard to be got.
The Persians, whose boast it is that
they, of all the nations of Western Asia,
have the most highly educated and re
fined taste, peculiar mental advanta
ges, and the oldest civilization, have
certainly attained the highest pitch of
refinement in respect to pipes and to
bacco. The Persian tobacco, known
under the name of fumbaku, is some
what different from all the sorts I have
already mentioned ; added to which, the
apparatus out of which it is enjoyed is
decidedly different from the rest. Its
'several parts are as follows;—First of
all, the vessel for holding water, which
is made either out of clay, of which the
best are prepared at Nisvahan, or of
glass, which are imported from Russia
or Bohemia, or, lastly, of cocoa nut
mounted in silver. This last is justly
accounted the most luxurious ; for the
nut is carefully selected and then set in
silver or gold, splendidly chased, and
often adorned with precious stones.
Then the headpiece is hollow, often
as much as a foot high, made of
black wood, but, amongst the richer
classes, sometimes of silver, and
is adorned with little chains or other
ornaments. On the top of this is set the
pipe -bowl, called aer kallyun, and made
either of clay or of wood. Its inner sur
face is smeared with chalk ; the outer
surface, on the contrary, is, by the rich,
plated with silver or gold, and often
prodigally with all sorts of ornaments
and jewels. For this purpose enamel is
specially employed, on which exquisite
patterns are painted, and the artists
of Ispahan and of Shiraz,. who are
the most celebrated in this line, often
receive as much as from twenty
to thirty ducats for painting and
adorning one of these bowls. The last
piece of the complicated apparatus-is
the thin tube, which is fixed it the\
vessel containing water. In its place
is sometimes used a long snake-like
tube made of leather, and called mar
.pitch. This, however, is considered a
piece of luxury, and seldom used except
when travelling or riding on horseback.
On such occasions the servant, who
rides behind his master carries the ap
paratus, while the latter only holds the
mouthpiece.
Taken all in all, the Persian water
pipe (kallian) is, when tastily made, a
very ornamental piece of furniture. It
is also more Oriental in its character
than the chibouque, as the smoker is
obliged to sit down while usingit. The
Persian is passionately fond of it ; and
when, leaning forward from his seat, he
breathes around him the light wreaths
of perfumed smoke, he has attained the
height of enjoyment. The Turkish
chibouque is at all times and places,
equally agreeable; but the Persian
kallian is considered to be most enjoya
ble in the early morning, and just be
fore sunset. Every Persian house has,
in the middle of its court, a- small
fountain, by the side of which they
especially love to smoke. In Persia I
have been often assured that this sort of
29 1867.
smoking is of great service in diseases
of the chest ; but I myself am more in
clined to believe the contrary, as pull
ing at the kallfan is sensibly fatiguing
to the lungs. The point at which, in
the opinion of connoisseurs, this pipe
affords the greatest pleasure is when
the moistened tobacco for it is never
smoked dry) first sends upwards alight
bluish smoke as the live coal is laid
upon it.
The best tumbaku is grown in Shiraz
and its neighborhood, especially in the
village of Zergne. It is there produced
in tolerably large quantities, and the
yearly export of this article amounts to
some 100,000 ducats in value. It is, for
the most part, packed In sacks with the
leaf entire, and, as it is very friable, the
consumer prepares it for use 1),9 merely
rubbing it between his fint,ers. The
tobacco should never be allowed to re
main wet for a longer time than an
hour before being smoked, and the
water in the water-holder should be
changed for every fresh pipe. Alto
gether, it requires more careful attend
ance than the Turkish pipe. Conse
quently, a Persian keeps more servants
for this end. At least two are necessary,
—one to fill the pipe, and the other to
hand it when filled to his master. When
on a journey, such a servant has a horse
especially set apart for him. On one
side of the saddle hangs the leather
water•bottle, on the other the an of
live coals, while pipe and tobacen are
packed iu a case fixed to the pomMel of
the saddle. These servants are for the
most part very nimble in doing their
work ; and It is interesting to see such
a one on a journey put together the
different parts of the whole concern,
and with outstretched arm give his
master the mouth-plece while both are
In full gallop.
As the Persian is on all occasions a
careful observer of etiquette, he has
numberless ceremonies to be observed
with regard to the pipe. Hellas summer
pipes and winter pipes; pipes for differ
ent ranks, ages, and sexes. This kallian
etiquette is so complicated and so seri
ously observed that I had often great
trouble in keeping my countenance
while I observed it. When a party is
given,
for instance, it is de rigueur that
pipes be offered to the whole company
simultaneously. The servants approach
in line, each offers his pipe to the
smoker for whom it is destined at one
and the same moment, and it is only
when they have retired that the master
of the house opens the gurgling concert,
all the guests carefully keeping time
with him. After a few pulls the pipes
are exchanged, both parties observing
set formalities, and making many bows
as they mutually give and receive
this token of esteem and confidence.
Neglect in this ceremony is considered
the height of bad breeding, and to put
the pipe more than half an inch in the
mouth as a mark of great greediness.—
It must, however, be observed that these
niceities of behavior are observed not
merely by the higher and educated
classes, but are in vogue among the
lower orders also, for every Persian
wishes to be considered polite.
The ladies, who in Persia enjoy con
siderably more freedom than in Turkey,
can indulge themselves with smoking
with less gene than in the latter coun
try. Young girls and elderly matrons
alike spend hours over their pipes, the
richer ones accompanying every third
whiff with a bit of sugar. As smoking
out of the same pipe is accounted a sign
of friendly feeling and confidence, the
pipe plays an important part in inter
views of a tender nature. The expres
sion " to eat out of the same dish" is in
Persia applied to the pipe. As the fair
sex here are even more assiduopsly de
voted to the practice of smoking than
in Turkey, the mouths of princesses
and peasant women alike have a very
strong smell.
But nowhere, perhaps, is the pipe to
be found in such perfection as at Shiraz.
In spite of my sojourn of many years
in eastern countries, I have never felt
any particular predilection for any of
their sorts of tobacco. But in Shiraz,
whenever I took part in a party of pleas
ure assembled either in the Musalla (a
place of public prayer and recreation)
or in the garden of Saadi, beneath the
marvellous azure of a south Persian
sky, the pipe afforded me a degree of
gratification which I have enjoyed no
where else. To this day I cherish an
agreeable reminiscence of an evening
which I spent in the cemetery where
Hafiz lies buried. The monument of
the poet served as our banqueting table.
We had had a fire kindled hard by, and
so were able to prolong our stay far into
the night. Countless times were the
pipes refilled with the fragrant tobacco.
I have its taste still in my mouth as I
write.
On horseback, also, I live found the
Persian pipe excellent. It is generally
smoked at such times as, during a
march through the monotonous desert,
the traveller allows his weary beast a
little time to recover itself; that is to
say, when he exchanges a sharp gallop
for a gentle walk. The more easy
motion of the horse calms the rider's
agitated Hood, and when at such a time
one inhales the vapors of the kallian, it
counterbalances the want of many of
the comforts of life. The pipe is passed
about among the travelling party, and
under its influence the monotony of the
way is forgotten. Especially agreeable
is it when, instead of sitting in the
saddle, one has to travel in a kedjeve, a
sort of pannier slung on the side of a
mule. Crumpled up in such a machine,
one's position soon becomes almost in
tolerable. It is then some relief to one's
ennui to fill a pipe and thus divert one's
thoughts, and at the same time afford
gratification not only to one's self but
one's companion also.
When we leave the classic land of
Iran and survey the wild regions on its
northern frontier known as Indepen
dent Tartary, Turkestan, or Central
Asia, we find a country of whose
habits—among the rest, of whose smok
ing habits—very little has as yet heed
known. At the same time 1 mustwarn
the reader not to expect too much on
this point. The tribes, whether settled
or nomadic, who dwelt along the banks
of the Oxus and Jaxartes, are coarse and
rude, and in the lowest stage of civiliza
tion. Much the same may be said of
their enjoyments. Their pipes are the
simplest and meanest in the world,
which, however, has not preyented
them from becoming an article of lux
ury cherished and enjoyed by all with
almost unexampled eagerness. Al
though religious fanaticism has here
attained a higher pitch than anywhere
else in the Mohammedan world, and
although Islam has laid its veto on this
narcotic plant, the inhabitants of Cen
tral Asia, Turcomans, Kirghizes, Uz
begs, and Tadjiks alike, are not behind
their co-religionists in Turkey and Per
sia in their devotion to it.
The pipe of Central Asia is derived
from the Persian, and may indeed be
called a bastard variety of It. Instead
of the artificial water-holder, a long
shaped gourd is here used, or, where
this does not grow, a vessel made of
carved wood. The head-piece is small,
and the bowl is very coarsely made;
but what especially characterizes the
whole instrument is, that the water
holder has on one side a thin reed in
serted Into it, and on the other side is a
small round hole. While engaged in
smoking, the smoker keeps this closed
with his finger, and, when he passes the
pipe on to his neighbor, the latterblows
out through the hole the smoke which
his predecessor has drawn into the ves
sel. This movement of the finger causes
the smoker in Central Asia to present
no small resemblance to a flute-player.
The tobacco which is smoked here is
grown in the country itself; the best
sorts at Karshi and Shehri-Sebz, the
birthplace of the great Timur. In the
Khanat of Khiva, a kind called Rasanek
is highly prized. All these, however,
far inferior to the Persian in mildness
and aroma. As their tobacco is always
smoked dry, it is no exaggeration to say
that its sharp irritation could not be
endured by any other than Tartar
mouths and lutigs. After one pall at
one of their pipes, the stranger coughs
for an hour. Indeed, the natives them
selves have much to suffer before they
can accustom theniselves to its use; and
I often wondered at the resignation and
perseverance with which the youth of
NUMBER 21
these tribes got sick over it during their
period of initiation.
But it is the , nomad tribes who are
more especially addicted to this narcotic
enjoyment. Often as our caravan
was on its march; it was stopped by the
approach of a Kirghiz or a Turcoman,
coming towards us at full gallop. He
had observed us from a distance, and
came to beg a pipe. At first I used to
suspect him of predatory intentions;
but the kervanbashi (as the chief of the
caravan is called) knew his man. The
pipe was filled at once, and handed
with the customary forms of courtesy
to the newcomer. Greedily did the lat
ter seize on it. After the first whiff, his
eyes began to gleam ; after the second,
he seated himself on the ground in a
half stupefied state; at the third, the
narcotic poison had such au effect on
him, that the pipe dropped from his
hands, and he himself sank unconscious
on the earth. I have seen some
tremble and cough incessantly ; others
seemed fairly to swoon away in
the excess of their intoxication.—
While, however, the strange guest
lay foaming at the mouth like one
possessed, the caravan recommenced its
march, and before he had come to him
self, it was already far out of sight. Out
of this condition, which we should con
sider a serious illness, but which he
counts as the height of enjoyment, even
the nomad recovers himself but slowly,
and yet in order to enjoy it he is ready
to ride for miles. Such effects are, how
ever, only produced on beginners; for
in the tent of the wealthier nomads the
tchilini (as the pipe is called in Central
Asia) is no rarity. It is especially to be
met in the Khanat of Khiva ; in Bok
hara they smoke much on the sly ; in
Khokand much less.
As these people seek in the Ripe not
so much tranquil enjoyment as down
right stupefaction, those old smokers
who have already become hardened
against the effects of tobacco are
obliged to look out for a more powerful
substitute. This they ilud in opium,
which, as far as my experience goes, is
smoked more in Tartary than anywhere
else. The great masters In this pernic
ious practice, the great manipulators of
the tobacco-pipe flavored with opium,
are the dervishes,—those arrant knaves,
who, under the pretence of religion,
withdrawi themselves from the tumult
of the world, and in their knankaa, or
convents, not only wallow themselves
in this swinish enjoyment, but seduces
others thereto. Thus the khanka is in
Central Asia what the coffee-house is in
Turkey, and the tea-house in Persia.
Certain of these establishments enjoy
pre-eminent reputation for the prepara
tion of this product of the poppyhead,
and on festival days are thronged with
crowds of debauched idlers. Unfor
tunately, this vice is considered a mark
of refinement and education, and when
I was in Khiva, the khan, his minis
ters, and all the government offic
ials of superior rank, were addicted to
this abomination. What is especially
remarkable in the case of these opium
smokers Is that, although reduced to
skeletons, they not rarely enjoy a long
life, which is to me Incomprehensible,
considering the fearful elects of this
poison. I can never forget the terrible
moments I have spent in watching the
violent convulsions of such smokers
during their narcotic sleep. Many dis
tort their faces. and grin like so many
horrible goblins ; while round their cold
blue lips plays an expression of frantic
rage, as might beseeni those of the des
troying angel. Others, again, strike
out wildly and convulsively with their
hands and feet, till they gradually be
come exhausted and sink into a repose
like that of death.
In the city and Khanat of Bokhara
the pious Mollahs have put tobacco in
the class of "intoxicating liquors,"
and, as these are forbidden by the
Koran, smoking openly is forbidden by
the government and by the priesthood.
It is, however, only the smoking of to
bacco which is forbidden. To buy or
sell it is allowed, and, in fact, great
numbers of dealers in this article are to
be found in the bazaars of Bokhara. If
the purchasers smoke it in the privacy
of their own houses, nobody cares. A
sin that is not found out is held to be no
sin at all. It is true that among the
nomads circulate proverbs and moral
maxims against the practice of smoking,
such as "The traveller who smokes
takes six days to accomplish a journey
of four," and, again, "The warrior who
smokes forgets his love for his horse
and his wife." All these wise saws,
however, do not avail to prevent the
practice of smoking gaining ground
among them day by day, and when a
newly-arrived caravan is surrounded by
these wandering children of the desert,
the men seek as eagerly for pipes and
tobacco as the women for a bright
colored cotton rag or a bit of coral.
The Turcoman, when he goes on a
marauding expedition, Carries in his
fodder-sack not only a scanty supply of
provender for his horse, but also his
dirty apparatus for smoking. If he can
only enjoy the intoxication which it
affords him, he is contented with the
most meagre fare. In the desert, of
course, everybody is economical with
the tobacco. One pipe often satisfies a
whole company. The gray-beards or
men of rank have the first and best
whiffs, then follow those of middle rank,
while the youths and slaves must be
contented with light puffs out of the
black powder which they have left.
When the contents of the pipe are at
last knocked out, they seldom consist
of anything more than mere ashes and
the coal with which it was lighted.
The ulemas or lilerali, among whom
haute volce of those countries, especially
in Bokhara, must be reckoned, have de
cided that the pipe is unclean. Instead
of smoking they take snuff, and that,
too, in such a disgusting manner that
we in Europe can hardly form any idea
of it. Each of these learned men, as
also many of the townspeople, carries
concealed in his girdle a small gourd,
which serves as a snuff-box. Every
ten minutes or so he takes it out, gives
it a tap, and then shakes out upon the
back of his hand some of the dark yel
low dust, which is very pungent, but
otherwise flavorless. He then raises his
hand to his immense nostrils, and takes
in the whole dose with one powerful
sniff.
This habit of taking snuff I can, how
ever, pardon ; for do we not find it prac
tised elsewhere? But what shall we
say of those who take snuff, not into
the nose, as its name denotes that they
should, but into the mouth, between
the tongue and the gums. This objec
tionable habit is spread generally over
Bokhara, Afghanistan, and Northern
India. It is said to be an excellent pre
servative against toothache. I cannot
warrant the truth of this assertion, but,
as may be easily imagined, the teeth
are very much disfigured by it. It is
especially disgusting to see it practised
by ladies, who shudder at the vice of
smoking, but, nevertheless, do not scru
ple in this way to indulge their taste for
tobacco. In the case of men, the beard
hides to some extent the dirty results of
this practice, but the smooth chins of
the women always bear marks of the
snuff on them,—a disfigurement which
prevents their being very attractive.
In Central Asia tea—the black brick
tea—is considered the proper accompan
iment of the pipe. This drink, flavored
with fat and salt, harmonizes exactly
with the rough coarse flavor of the
tobacco, and all taken together, have a
most refreshing effect after the fatigues
of the long march in the desert. The
tea is drunk scalding hot, and each gulp
is accompanied by a whiff of smoke;
for the Tartar is of opinion that, as the
tea swells the veins and liquefies the
blood, so does the tobacco-smoke clear
his head and brain ; and he is firmly
convinced that a good pipe is especially
adapted for strengthening the sight.
But without question, the. lowest
place in smoking must be assigned to
the improvised pipe of the Kirghiz.
These nomads, when far away in the
desert, without any apparatus for the
purpose, still Contrive to smoke, pro
vided a little water be at hand.
I had often heard of this masterpiece
of ingenuity, and, in order to be per
sonally convinced of the truth of
story, I once had itrehearsed before me.
The Kirghiz looked about, until he
found a patch of clayey soil. He then
. ,
• MAIM . OW ALIMIIII2IIIIIB.
Stralitzs6 Anymtgawersg, 112 a year per
square of ten linen I $6 per year for each id
dltional square' •
BAAL PgmaoxAr.. PROM= and GSA.
XMAS ADVInTISING, 7 cents a line for the
first, and 4 cents for each subsequent inns•
tion.
apse= N py ovogii inserted in Local Ooluxon,
oenta line.
Eirscash NOTIOZI preceding marriages and
deaths, 10 cents per lino for nrst insertion,
and 6 cents for every subsequent insertion.
BIIIINZISS CAWS, Of ten lines or less,
one year, .........«..«....,..«.»....»...« 10
Business Cards, nye lines or /en, one
LzGAL year
AND MINS Homan—
Executors' ..otices 2.00
Administrators' notices,. ........»..«... 2.00
Assignees' notices 200
Auditors' notices 1.50
Other "Notices," ten lines, or loss,
three times 1.60
dug a hole in it about the size of his two
fists but so shaped that tho,opening at
the top was considerably narrower than
the space inside. The hole was then
filled with water, and covered with a
rude sort of pipe bowl made of 'inoist
clay. Then a reed was introduced slant
wise into the hole containing the water.
The end of this reed reached about two
finger-breadths out of the ground. The
rude Pipe-bowl having been filled with
tobacco and lighted, the Kirghiz laid
himself at length on the ground before
this immovable apparatus, and enjoyed
his pipe with as much zest as if he were
in the house of a Turkish or Persian
grandee. The nomads, moreover, when
no tobacco is at hand, supply its place
with a bitter plant which grows as a low
shrub in the wilderness. In a dried
state it is quite black . , and of so irri
tating a nature that one whiff is salci
ent to cause a stranger acute headache
for several hours.
Such are the varieties of tobacco and
pipes as I have found them in the course
of my wanderings across the Moham
medan world. In its rudest in its most
luxurious forms, the narcotic enjoy
ment is everywhere alike cherished and
prized. The nations which profess the
faith of Islam, from the shores of the
Adriatic to the distant frontiers of the
Celestial Empire, regard it as, next to
bread and water, their most indispensa
ble sustenance. It serves, besides, as a
highly necessary diversion during those
long hours of dolcc far niente, which
make up such a large portion of their
listless lives. If smoking should ever
fall Into disuse among the peoples of
the West, it will even then be prized
and cherished In the far lands of the in
dolent East.
'gate AduexttfefZeutL.
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Sent by Express on receipt of 82.50.
• •
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Reading Ran% are Works, Reading, Pa.
AS C. BIeCLUSICEY,
Manufacturer of all lElnda of
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AMERICAN WINDOW POLISH,
the best ever offered to the public. It cleans
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EMM=BM=
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$75 to $2OO per month, everywhere, male
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GENUINE IMPROVED COMMON SENSE
FAMILY SEWING MACHINE.
This machine will stitch, hem, fell, tuck,
quilt, bind, braid and embroider In a most
superior manner. Price only 818. Fully war
ranted for five years. We will pay 81,000 for
any machine that will sew a stronger, more
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CAUTION.—DO not be Imposed upon by
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CATARRH, BRONCHITIS, SCROFTIA
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Wm, R. Prince, Flushing, N. Y., for CO, years
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•
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IMPROVED
BRICK MACHINE
MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY RY US.
After an experience of 25 years with all the
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and would plrefer to nave those about to pur
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compare it with nay other In the country. We
make the ADAMS MACHINE, for making
Front Brick, HALL'S eATENT MACHINE.,
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PEEKSKILL MANUFACTURING CO.,
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488 Hudson Street, New York.
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