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,Watts.
THE HIRES
A PASODY ON " THE SNOW."
! the girls! the beautiful girls!
With the luid eyes and the golden curls,
Sailing along through the crowded street,
Turning the heads of the youths they meet.
Ti ting,
Skimming along.
Beautiful girls ! they can do nothing wrong.
The blush of the rose on e iebaoft dainty cheek,
In which lovely ples play hlde-and-go-seek
Showing their ankles and a little ove—
Pure .s an angel, fickle as love.
Oh! the the beautiful girls!
Hew the boys gather, and sigh as each whirls
Her titters along at a delicate height;
Just skirting the beauties forbidden to sight.
Tripping,
Leughlng,
Hurrying by.
With a smile on the lip, and a coy glance of
the eye,
And the little dogs bark, and with Joyous
hound,
Snap at the Litters that eddy around.
The town Is alive, and each heart in a whirl,
To welcome the coming of each lovely girl.
How lovely they look as they Mbar aking,
Hailing each other with kisses and song
And 1/I‘Bl4 a poor fellow as meteors flash by,
Bright for a moment, then 10.,t to the eye.
Wriggling,
Swinging,
Dashing they go.
Disregarding Lhe breeze that plays h avoc bel ow,
With long floating trail, as pure as she sky.
To be tra m pled in the mud by the crowds rush
ing by ;
To be trumped and tracked by. dozens of feet,
Till it blends with the filth in the • horrible
street.
Once 1 tripped on a tiller, and fell,
Just us 1 pii,sed u gayly dressed belle;
Fell, and my beaver rolled in the street—
Fell, to be scoffed at. and Jeered at, and beat.
Cursing,
tiding to rlce,
And :druid on my soul to open my eyes,
Above and around me the broadest expanse
Of hoops that e'er tilted in giddy round dance;
Wildly at last I darted without,
And dasnoi down the street, as the boys raised
a shout.
Once 1 was green as the greenest leaf;
Nothlog too big to exceed my belief;
Every girl I ,ughed at my innocent grace,
And vowed that 1 looked at naught else but
her face
lireenness,
Credulity,
Grace and all,
Shame and my blushes, I lost by that all.
I learn nothing now as the girls saunter ty,
And tiller their hoops—w matter how high;
For all that's w.thin or Without I kuow,
13Inee I tripped on that tiller, and made such a
go.
How strange 11 that patent heaving bosom of
HIIOW
Should fall at her feet on the pavement below?
How strange if that pile of tightly bound
tresses
Should roll Ilowu her back from the head it
depresses.
Fainting,
Freezing,
Rushing ahead,
Unmindful of all save tile beauties thus shed,
The tillers dropped off, and left far behind
The little lace bonnet dying off In the wind ;
But, the worst of all mishaps ! they do nothing
by halves!
How strange if in running she dropped her
false calves!
gi,iortlaitrono.
A TALK WITH TRE PRESIDENT
r. Johnson on the Tendency to Reptxdi
ate Our National Debt.
il , rnin the Citizen, March 9.]
WASHINGTON, Maroh 6, 1867.
* * * * * *
"And now, apart from the directly
political," continued the President,
' what is the main issue looming up in
the immediate future? What issue is
clearly foreshadowed to be the Aaron's
rod which must swallow up all minor
questions? It is the great financial issue
—the issue of the national debt ; whether
it shall be paid or repudiated. This issue
has fibres extending into the pocket of
every citizen ; for wherever a man has
a dollar, or can earn a dollar, the gov
ernment is now compelled to go for its
poi Lion of his substance; and with the
vast machinery under its control the
money is fetched.
There were four millions of slaves in
the Southern States before the rebellion,'
representing a capital of three or possi
bly four billions of dollars ; but let us
call it three billions, or three thousand
millions, as you may please. These
slaves represented that amount of prop
erty; men put their savings into pur
chasing or raising them ; and they
represented as property whatever were
the surplus profits of their labor, after
due allowance for food, clothing, medi
cine and interest on thecapitalinvested.
On this property in slaves, gradually
grew up that slave oligarchy or aristoc
racy, against which the leaders of the
anti-slavery party so successfully thun
dered during the twelve years preceding
the rebellion, and after the first mad
plunge into Rebellion, the fate of that
aristocracy was sealed. It is now a thing
of the past. With its virtues—for it had
virtues, courage and hospitality emi
nently—and with its crimes of pride and
lawless revolution, it has entered into
history us a thing of the past.
But what do we now find ? The aris
tocracy, based on three thousand mil
lions of property in slaves south of
Mason and Dixon's line, has disappear
ed ; but an aristocracy based on over
two thousand five hundred millions of
national securities has arisen in the
Northern States, to assume that political
control which the consolidation of great
financial with political interests for
merly gave to the slave oligarchy of the
lately rebel States. The aristocracy
bused on negro property disappears at
the Southern end of the line, but only
to reappear in an oligarchy of bonds
and national securities in the States
which suppressed the rebellion.
We have all read history ; and is it
not certain that, of all Aristocracies that
of mere wealth is the most odious, rapa
cious and tyrannical? It goes for the
last dollar the poor and helpless have
got ; and with such a vast machine as
this government under its control that
dollar will be fetched. It is an aristo
cracy that can see iu the people only a
prey for extortion. It has no political
or military relations with them, such as
the old feudal system created bet Ween
liege lord and vassal ; it has no intimate
social and domestic ties, and no such
strong bond of self-interest with the
people as existed of necessity between
the extinct slaveholders of Jur country
and their slaves. To au aristocracy ex
isting on the annualinterestof anational
debt, the people are only of value in
proportion to their docility and power
of patiently bleeding golden blood under
the tax gatherer's thumb-screw.
To the people the national debt is a
thing of debt to be paid; but to the
aristocracy of bonds and national bonds
and national securities it is a property
of more than two thousand five hundred
millions,
from which a revenue of one
hundred and eighty millions a year is
to be received into their pockets. So we
now find that an aristocracy at the
South. based on three thousand millions
of dollars in negroes—who were a pro
ducing class—has disappeared, and their
.place in political control of the country
is assumed by an aristocracy based on
nearly three thousand millions of na
tional debt—a thing which is not pro
ducing anything, but which goes on
steadily every year, and must go on fur
all time until the debt is paid, absorbing
and taxing at the rate of six or seven
per cent a year for every hundred dollar
bond that is represented in its aggrega
tion.
Now, I am not speaking of this to do
anything but deprecate :the fearful issue
which the madness of partisan hatred
and the blindness of our new national
debt, aristocracy to their own true in ter
ests is fast forcing upon the country.
But is it not clear that the people, who
have to pay one hundred and eighty
millions of dollars a ygir to this con
solidated moneyed dhgarchy, must
, sooner or later commence asking each
•other, ' How much was actually loaned
to our government during the civil war
by these bondholders, who now claim
that we owe them nearly three thous
and millions of dollars ?" You know
what the popular answer must be—l do
not say the right answer—" Less than
half the amount they claim, for gold
ranged on an average at over one him
d red premium while this debt was beThg
incurred."
Just think of this annual tax of one
hundred and eighty millions for Ipay
ment of interest on our national debt.
This government we have, with its
enormous .machinery, is a pretty hefty
1 1 ,tartgitev -/ntettivitect
VOLUME 68.
business In itself costing more per capita
to the people than the government of
England, which we always heretofore
regarded as the most tax-devouring on
earth. But over and beyond the ex
penses of this government proper, as it
should attend in the scale of peace at
about sixty millions a year—we have in
the one hundred and eighty millions off
interest paid yearly on our national
debt, enough to support three such gov
ernments as this, with all their vast
machinery and disbursements. We
have not only, under the present sys
tem, one government for the people to
support, but over and beyond this, we
have to raise by taxation from the peo
ple, sufficient to support three similar
establishments every year.
All property is based upon, and can
only be sustained by law; and it is for
a return to law and the guide of fixed
constitutional principles that my whole
course has been contending. But so
short-sighted is this aristocracy of bonds
and paper currency—this Plutocracy of
the national debt—that my efforts in
behalf of their true interest (which are
certainly involved in the maintenance
of law and the constitution) have been
everywhere encountered, and almost
everywhere overwhelmed by the pre
ponderating influence which they have
acquired from the natural force of cap
ital and the agency of our national
banks.
And what has been the course of that
Congress which has just ended, and
which this blind aristocracy of national
debt sustained in overriding my efforts
for a return to sound principles of inter
nal government? Look at the bill giv
ing from four hundred and eighty to
six hundred millions of dollars, nomi
nally for back bounty, or asau equaliza
tion of bounties to the soldiers, but
really, as all intelligent men must be
aware, to be parceled out as a prey
among the bounty sharks and claim
agents, who are the most reckless and
clamorous adherents of the dominant
majority in Congress. Then look at ap
propriations amounting to another hun-
dred m i Mons for internal improvements,
which should properly be left to the
laws governing private industry and the
progress of our national developement.
Look also at the increase of all salaries
with a prodigal hand; this virtuous
Congress first setting an example against
retrenchment by voting to themselves
an increase of salaries. Everywhere
and in an ever-increasing ratio the
motto seems to be " always spend and
never spare," a fresh issue from the
paper mill over yonder (slightly point
ing his pencil to the Treasury Depart
ment) being the panacea prescribed for
every evil of our present situation.
Every effort to increase our annual
taxation is resisted—for increased taxes
might help to awaken the people from
their false dream of prosperity under
the sway of revolutionary and radical
ideas; but no addition to the national
debt can be proposed—no further infla
tion of our Inflated currency—which
the preponderating votes of tha West
ern States will not be certain to favor.
The war. of finance is the next war we
. -
have to fight, and every blow struck
against my efforts to uphold a strict con
struction of the laws and the constitu-
tion is in reality a blow in favor of re
pudiating the national debt. The manu
facturers and men of capital in the
Eastern States, and the States along the
Atlantic seaboard—a mere strip or
fringe on the broad mantle of our
country, if you will examine the map—
these are in favor of high protective,
and in fact prohibitory tariffs; and also
favor a contraction of the currency.
But against both measures the interests
and votes of the great producing and
non-manufacturing States of the West
stand irrevocably arrayed ; and a glance
at the map and the Census statistics of
the last twenty years, will tell every
one who is open to conviction how that
war must end.
The history of the world gives no ex.
ample of a war debt that has ever been
paid ; but we have an exceptional
country, and present an exceptional
case. Our debt might easily be paid,
provided the brake against excessive
expenditures could be turned on quickly
enough ; but now is the appointed time,
and now or never the work must be
commenced. If that debt is ever to be
paid, we need economy in every branch
of the public service—the reduction, not
an increase of salaries to Congressmen
and other officials; the systematic re
duction of our national debt; and not
its increase by such monstrous bills as
this last demagogue measure for the pre
tended equalization of bounties. The
Congress, forsooth, is so patriotic, so loyal,
that it " can refuse our gallant soldiers
nothing ;" but you must have seen how
promptly it rejected the names of nearly
every gallant veteran sent in by me for
confirmation to any civil office—a ma
jority of our extremely "loyal Senators"
using their guillotine without remorse
in nearly every instance.
And whither is all this drifting? To
intelligent men there can be but one
answer. We are drifting toward:repu
diation, and the moneyed aristocracy
of the national debt—the very men
whose interests are most jeopardized—
are so blind that they are practically
helping Co accelerate, not check our
course in this downward direction. We
need the industry and enormous possible
products of the lately revolted States to
help us in bearing our heavy burden.
We need confidence and calm—we need
internal harmony ; and above all, we
need a return to the unquestioned
supremacy of the civil laws and con
stitutional restraints, if our debt is not
to be repudiated within the next half
score of years.
Financial prosperity was secured up
to within a recent period : but already
the delicate fabric of public credit—a
house of cards at best—beeins to totter
under the concussion of the various rev
olutionary ideas which have been re
cently exploited on the floors of Con
gress. Who now talks of the constitu
tion with respect? Who is not now
made a laughing stock in the papers
and speeches of the violent revolution
ary party, if he shall be so hardy as to
claim that, being again at peace, the
sway of civil over military law should
be immediately resumed, if we desire
to maintain our liberties? The Consti
tution is played out, we hear on every
hand ; and every effort to advocate the
just ascendency of the civil law only
furnishes fresh food for ridicule.
No party as yet—and possibly no party
for some years—will openly hoist the
banner of Repudiation. But a majority
of those who shaped the legislation of this
last Congress must know—unless they
deceive themselves, or are too ignorant
to appreciate their own acts—that we
are drifting in that direction, and that
it is by their votes we have been swung
out into the downward stream. Doubt
less, some of them Would either be, or
affect to feel, horrified if to-day branded
as Repudiationists,—just as, in the in
fancy of the Free Soil agitation, it was
considered a bitter slander if the Free
!toiler should be styled an Abolitionist.
There are steps in everything; and the
term of reproach to-day, will be worn
as a feather in the cap some years from
now, unless the true Conservative wis
dom of the country can be awakened
and rapidly—from its asphyxiating
dream that our National Debt is aNa
tional Blessing.
And look at the effect of the Recon
struction bill just passed over by my
unavailing veto! I mean its peculiar
effect as a step in the direction of repu
diation, and not its general effect as a
high-handed measure of Congressional
usurpation, striking out of existence so
many States, and establishing a mili
tary despotism over more than one
third of our geographical Union. This
bill suddenly adds four millions of ig
norant and penniless negroes to the
voting force of the country—au acces
sion of just so much strength to the
party whose interest it is, and must in
creasingly become, to favor repudiation
as a policy. To secure the publio cred
itor, our effort should be—if that were
possible—to restrict, rather than to ex
tend the right of suffrage;
for money
rapidly aggregates in a few hands ; and
whenever the men who have an interest
in seeing that our national debt is paid,
shall have become out of all proportion
few compared with those who have an
interest in its repudiation, the votes of
many will carry it ; and the debt of
three thousand millions will be struck
out of existence by ballots, just as
rapidly and utterly as the similar
amount invested in Southern negroes
has been abolished during the recent
war under showers of bullets. At leapt
this is possible.
That we are to have a great financial
crash this year I hold to be inevitable,
though deprecating it, and having used
every effort for its avoidance. To say
that it can be staved off by any legisla
tion, if the violated laws of trade and
public economy call for it, is to assert
that water can be made to run up hill
or shalFcea.se to seek its own level under
the compulsion of a Congressional en
actment. Perhaps for so violent a dis
ease this violent cure may be the only
remedy. It is like a man sustaining
his strength on brandy ; so long as he
can increase the dose daily he may get
along in high good humor—just as we
have been prospering on an ir
redeemable paper currency and fresh
issues of public securities. But,
sooner or later, the day will come in
which brandy no longer can stimulate ;
nor can irredeemable promises to pay
pass current as a circulating medium
forever. To the man will come a severe
fit of sickness, teaching him that the
laws of temperance can only be violated
under fearful penalties; and to the
nation will come a financial crash, teach
ing it that paper is only a representative
of value, not value itself; and that the
only true securities for our public credit
must be looked for in a system of rigidly
exacted obedience to all constitutional
restraints, and a thorough system of
economy in all branches of the public
service.
For the slights and indignities—un
constitutional curtailments and dis
honors which the recent Congress has
attempted to cast upon me for my un
flinching and unalterable devotion to
my constitutional oath and to the best
interests of the whole country accord
ing to my best judgement and experi
ence—l am only sorry as regards the
indignities sought to be imposed on my
high office, but unmoved as regards
myself. Conscious of only having
executed my duty—conscious of being
denounced for usurpation, only because
refusing to accept unconstitutional
powers and patronage—and satisfied that
the day of wiser thought and a sounder
estimate cannot now be far distant, I
look with perfect confidence for my
vindication to the justice of that future
which I am convinced cannot long be
delayed. Unless all the senses are de
ceptive—unless all truth be a lie—unless
God has ceased to live, I tell you that
the folly and fraud now dominating the
councils of this distracted country in
Congress cannot endure forever." The
President uttered this lastsentence with
great earnestness and fire, his previous
remarks having been delivered in the
calm, grave, earnest monotone which is
his habitual form of expression.
How Rothschild Made Ills Fortune.
Rothschild's greastest achievement in
over-reaching distance and his fellow
speculators was in 1815. He was near
the Chateau d'Hougoumont on the ISth
of June, watching, as eagerly as Bona
parte and Wellington themselves, the
battle of Waterloo. All day long he
followed the fighting withstrained eyes,
knowing that on its issue depended his
welfare as well as Europe's. At sunset
he saw that victory was with Welling
ton and the Allies. Then, without a
momment's delay, he mounted a horse
that had been kept in readiness for him,
and hurried homewards. Everywhere
on his road fresh horses or carriages
were in waiting to help him over the
ground. Riding or driving all night,
he reached Ostend at daybreak, t 6
find the sea so stormy that the boat
man refused to trust themselves to
it. At last he prevailed upon a fisher
man to make the venture for a reward
of £BO. In that way he managed to
reach Dover. At Dover and at inter
mediate stages on the road to London
other horses were in waiting, and he
was in London before midnight. Next
morning, the morning of the 20th of
June, he was one of the first to enter
the Stock Exchange. In gloomy whis
pers he told those who, as usual, crowd
ed round him for news that Blucher and
his Prussians had been routed by Na
poleon before Wellington had been able
to reach the field; that by himself he
could not possibly succeed, and, there
fore, the cause of England and her allies
was lost. The funds fell as they were
meant to fall. Every one was anxious to
sell, and Rothschild and his accredited
agents scoffed at all who brought them
scrip to purchase. But scores of un
known agents were at work all that
day and all the next. Before the Stock
Exchange closed on the afternoon of
the second day, when Nathan Roths
child's strong boxes were full of paper,
he announced an hour or so before the
news came through other channels, the
real issue of the contest. Very soon the
funds were higher than they had been
during many previous weeks ; and
Rothschild found that he had made
something like a million pounds by his
quick traveling and clever misrepre
sentation. Other millions were collect
ed, rather more slowly, by other trans
actions of a like nature.—" Nathan
Meyer Rothschild." By H. R. Fox
Bourne.
A Marriage at Diesaen
A correspondent of the Boston Adver
iser writes :
I came to Dresden to witness the
marriage of an American lady with a
Norwegian. We arrived in season to
be present at the festival of the betroth
ed, called the " polterbend." On en
tering, tea and cake were handed to us,
thq,,, supper being reserved till later
holls, before the dance. Then come
all sorts of little surprises. Curtain
rises, and two ladies appear—one dressed
in a housewifely manner, knitting
vigorously, the other holding a book.
The first insists on practical duties : im
plores the bride not to allow her hus
band's soup to burn. The other insists
that she iu ust read Schiller, &c. Various
plays and conceits succeed, and then
comes the supper, which we took sit
ting, and which opened with soup and
finished with ice-cream and fruits.
At this supper little speeches were
made, for the Germans and Norwe
gians, unlike ourselvesand the English,
in their hours of happiness, sing aloud.
Sweet sentiments and hearty toasts
passed around; the latter were respond
ed to by all rising and striking their
glasses together. The marriage of Miss
H. R. A—n was conducted in Lutheran
style at church, with the exception of
a Norwegian custom, viz: in Norway
the bridegroom first enters the church
with some brother or dear friend who
places him for the ceremony; then
follows the bride with father, brother,
or guardian, who places her by the side
of the bridegroom. The semi-circle of
the altar was adorned with flowers
interspersed with lighted candles. The
bride and bridegroom sit, during the
discourse, just in front of the altar; their
immediate friends have chairs placed
around the semi-circle of the chancel.
Two embroidered cushions, gifts of
friends, are placed on the first steps of
the altar for the bride and bridegroom
to kneel upon while they are pronounc
ed man and wife."
Wouldn't Go to a Future State.
Old Ricketts was a man of labor, and
had little or no time to devote to specu
lation on the future. He was, withal,
rather uncouth in the use of language.
One day, while engaged in stopping hog
holes about his place, he was approached
by a colporteur, and presented with a
tract..
" What's all this about? demanded
Mr. Ricketts.
"That Sir is a book describing the
celestial state," was the reply.
"Celestial state ?" said Ricketts, "in
what section is that ?"
" not "My worthy friend, I fear you have
" Well, never mind," interiupted
Ricketts, " I don't want to hear about
any better State than Pennsylvania. I
intend to live and die right here, if I can
keep them darned hogs out."
LANCASTER PA. WEDNESDAY MORNIN - G, MARCH 20, 1867
- The Public Finances.
The following letter from Mr. John
J. Cisco,of New York, to a United
States Snator, suggesting a plan for the
settlement of the public finances and
the resumption of specie payments, will
attract much attention to a question of
daily increasing importance :
DEAR Srit :—I have. been asked by
several members of Congress, at differ
eut times, to write out my views of
what should be done in the present con
dition of the public finances. I have
decided to answer all these requests by
addressing my reply to you.
The condition of the Treasury is this :
Besides a few bonds of the old debt,
due next yeah and a few overdue, and
some Thirty-year Currency Bonds, the
aggregate of these being unimportant
in amount, it owes to-day (January 1,
1867)
1. $1,385,000,000 of Five-twenties and
other gold bonds, none of the principal
of which can be demanded for fifteen
years, except a few Fives of 1874. On
this it is paying every year an interest
of $81,000,000 in gold.
2. $145,000,000 of Compound Interest
Notes, due in 1867 and 186$, principal
and interest payable in currency.
3. $677,000,000 of 7 3-10 Notes ; princi
...
pal due in 1867 and 1868.
Thetholders of these may demand
payment of them, when due, or may de
mand, at their option, 5-20 bonds in ex
change for them. The interest on these
notes is now payable in currency ; when
exchanged for 5-20 s, the interest will
thenceforward be payable in gold.
4. $400,000,000 of legal tender notes,
including fractional currency, payable
nil demand, and of course payable in
gold.
The resources of the Tyeasury are:
1. A. revenue in gold, which is at
present largely in excess of the annual
gold interest.
2. A revenue in currency equal to
he expenses of Government•aud the
nterest which is payable in currency.
3. A present reserve of gold coin of
$80,000,000.
The Treasury is not in perfect credit:
its notes payable on demand being de
preciated 1.7 per cent. below gold, and
its 6 per cent. bonds selling much be
low par in gold, although the interest
is payable in coin.
To this condition of things I should
apply, simply, the same rules of con
duct as I would apply to my own affairs
if they were in the same condition, or
as a prudent manager of a ilank or other
private company would apply to a like
condition of its affairs.
1. Being under a heavy load of in
dgiatedness, I would seek first of all to
improve my credit, so as to make my
promises of all kinds pass at a less de
preciation; this would be good economy,
for, with my credit improved, I could
make future loans more cheaply.
2. A large portion of my debt being
in the shape of promises to pay ou de
mand, I should do all I could to increase
my ready means in cash, knowing tifia
if I raised the credit of these short prom
ises my long promises would be sure to
pass at higher rates.
3. I would take care that my income
was kept up for the future so as fully to
equal my future expenses and payments
of interest ; and if part of my interest
had to be paid in a currency more valu
able than that in common use, I should
take especial care that thia part of my
future indebtedness should be well pro-
vided for by securing an ample income
in that special currency.
4. I would let my creditors see that I
had in the management of my affairs a
fixed, plain, direct system.
Applying these ideas to the Treasury,
it should, in my judgment,
1. Have all sales of its gold forbidden
by law : letting it be well understood by
the law itself that the coin so to be re-
tained in the Treasury was kept as a
reserve and guarantee fund against the
future gold interest and against the Le
gal Tender notes,
so as to enhance the
current value of these latter; just as a
bank keeps a reserve against its liabili
ties. The loss of interest on the gold so
reservedwould be compensated, four or
five times over, by the improvement of
the Government credit and of theprices
of its stocks.
. - -
The only legitimate demand for gold
among the people is for payment of
duties. The Treasurynow pays outcoin
for interest six times a year, and the ag
gregate amount so paid out in a year
($80,000,000), together with the receipts
from our own mines, is more than suffi
cient to supply this demand.
2. Stop all contraction of the legal
bender notes. Leave them where they
are—ip the pockets of the people—and
take measures for making them good,
as above suggested ; thus avoiding any
disturbance of business, which would
react upon the public revenue and upon
the prices of Government securities.
3. Issue no more gold-bearing bonds
at present. Our gold interest amounts
now to $81,000,000 a year. Our gold
revenue year before last was only $85,-
000,000! Last year it was $180,000,000 ;
but it is prudent to count upon such a
revenue always. Trade is subject to
sudden and great vicissitudes. More
over, it is bad economy for the Treasury
to buy in (as it is now doing) its notes
bearing 7 3-10 interest in currency, and
to issue bonds in their place bearing 6
per cent. in gold, which is over 8 per
cent. in currency. Time enough to do
this when we have to do it—that is when
the notes come due.
4. The 7 3-10 notes are soon coming
due, when, as matters now stand, our
gold interest will be $130,000,000 a year.
Between now and that time is our op
portunity for strengthening the Treas
ury in gold ; after that our power to do
so will be in a great degree, if not en
tirely, cut off.
5. The holders of the 7 3-10 notes have
an inconvenient option to accept 5-50
bonds or to demand payment when they
become due. They cannot be deprived
of this option 'except by their own con
sent. It is desirable to hdve these notes
provided for at once before maturity,
always with the consent of the holders.
We must pay for such consent. I would
offer to take them all up by funding
them at once. But with a view of guard
ing the gold revenue as long as pos
sible, and keeping it under control of
the Government. I would not offer to
fund lipem in bonds which bear gold
interest. I would offer to exchange
them for bonds having a definite term
of years to run, say twenty years. These
bonds to bear 7-10 interest in currency,
with the option to the Government to
pay instead of 7 3-10 in paper, 6 per
cent. in gold, after the first three years.
6. I would apply the same class of
bonds to the funding of the Compound
Interest Notes, if any shall need to be
funded ; that is, if the surplus internal
revenue should not suffice for paying
them.
7. Repeal all laws and parts of laws
which authorize the issue of any class
of bonds or obligations other than those
above proposed; so that the powers of
the Treasury may be defined.
8. I would make no special effort to
reduce the principal of the debt. I would
rather reduce the taxes as much as pos
sible, and let the debt, for the present,
be reduced, in comparative burden, by
our growth in wealth and population. '
Simply authorize the Treasury when it
has surplus income, to buy the Seven
thirty Bonds, these bearing the highest
interest.
9. I look upon all attempts to negoti
ate a five per cent. loan, here or abroad,
as useless at present. We are every day
issuing Five-twenty Bonds, on which
the interest is six per cent. in coin, and
which we cannot sell at anything near
par in. gold.
10. The question of what to do about
taking in and selling the Legal Tender
Notes may be postponed until we have
first brought these notes up to par,
which
will be done, sooner or later, as the re
serve in the Treasury increases.
11. I do not believe any official can
decide how much currency or money
the people need in their business.
When the money is once made good—
that is, equivalent to the currency of
the world—the operations of trade will
solve that question.
12. I would not attempt to force
specie payments, nor to fix a time for
them, but leave them to come about
naturally.
This Is the result of the beet think-
ing I can give the subject, after ex
amining' the discussions which have
been ho'dd upon it both at Washington
and outside. It seems to me that this
scheme is full, simple, plain and direct,
and it needs no complicatedmachinery.
It will be readily comprehended by
the people, who are the Treasury's
creditors.
The Treasury has had since the war,
and has now, no fixed policy. What
it means to • do from day to day is a
Matter of conjecture; the result is un
certainty and doubt in the public mind
to a dangerous extent—dangerous, be
cause uncertainty and doubt may some
day ripen into distrust.
If it wishes to inspire confidence, the
policy of the Treasury must be simple,
comprehensive, direct, plain, open and
permanent. This is almost as important
as that it should be wise.
There is no need of any complicated
machinery, such as is commonly known
ais ftuanciering. It Is safe, I think, to
assume of any scheme for our finances,
that, lilt is complicated, it will work
badly.
The simple idta of what I propose is
this: that, as the Government has a
large indebtedness, is not in full credit,
and much of its indebtedness is in the
shape of short obligations,some of them
payable on demand, it should, as an in
dividual or a bank would do in like cir
ciilnstance, keep a very full purse of
cash.
If this schethe be onceadopted by the
Treasury, it can safely thereafter let
things alone ; it will have no occasion
tn,watch the money market or the gold
market or the prices of stocks. The
banks and the people will take care of
themselves if the Treasury will let the
money market alone and confine itself
to strengthening and guarding its own
credit by attending closely and careful
ly to its own proper concerns.
I feel confident that' if the policy I
have indicated could be adopted, not in
part but entire, the Treasury would
every day be getting upon more and
more solid ground, that Labe people
would feel this and go forward with con
fidence in their enterprises and indus
try, that the credit of the Government
and the prices of rts securities would be
constantly strengthening, that business
would be subject to no check from loss
of confidence, and moreover, that as
this is a perfectly smooth and easy way,
so it is the most rapid way to specie
payments. Yours truly,
JOHN J. Cisoc.
Surrounded by Flames
While collecting natural curiosities,
near the river Dnieper, in Itypia, a
gentleman suddenly Abticed an im
mense vo,urne of smoke rising in the
distince, and soon he beheld the sky in
his immediate vicinity becoming red
with the glare of reflected flames.
The inhabitants of this part of Russia
used to set fire to the woods in the be
ginning of spring, for the swampy
forest thickets fire the favorite resting
places of wolves. When a fire occurs
many of the beasts come to their end,
and the rest find safety in flight.
My situation, says the gentleman,
was very dangerous, for the only road
leading to the plain was cut off, and
from it an ocean of flame was driven by
the wind directly toward me, and came
every moment nearer and nearer. A
thousand terrified animals filled the air
with their cries, and I knew the beasts
would be forced by the fire to fly to the
peninsula where I was. I ran toward
the spot on the shore where my boa..
was to wait for me. Among the birds
there was a general uproar; all kinds of
sounds rose on all sides, voices cried,
umpeted, whistled, anc grunted alto
gether. Smoke and flame came nearer
and nearer. The reeds on the penin
sula where I stood were already on fire ;
the dry grass burned with a' rattling
sound, and the sparks flew high up
into the air, and the cinders fell
round about me. I had cocked my
gun, for every now and then a fly
wolf would rustle past me through
the bushes. I had pow penetrated to
the utmost end of the peninsula, and
saw that the opposite shore was like
wise enveloped in bright masses of
flame. The peasants had, systematically,
141 pd fire to the woods on both sides, in
ofder to cut off the retreat of the wolves.
As far as I could see there was dense
smoke, mountains on fire, flying ducks.
wild geese, cranes, pelicans, swans and
howling wolves, furious from fear, who
moved from one thicket to another,
until at last, forced by the flames and
biting smoke, they made a desperate
leap into the water. But here they only
encountered their fellow sufferers, who
swam towards them from the opposite
shore. None of the flying animals
threatened to attack me; fear seemed
to have spoiled their appetite.
The fire approached me with great
velocity; a few minutes longer, and I
should have been obliged to leap into
the water myself. I observed the quick
approach of the horrible ocean of flames
with a deaddike fear. A pyramid of
fire rose up in my immediate neighbor
hood, and at the same moment five
wolves ran directly towards me, their
mouths wide open, and their eyes wild
with terror. An almost involuntary
pressure of my forefinger on my gun,
and the foremost wolf had the entire
load In his head. He fell backward to
the ground, while his followers leaped
into the water, terrifying the pelicans,
ducks, and swans helplessly congregated
there. I now heard the rough voice of
my fisherman. His hoarse " Hallo,
- there," sounded like music in my ears.
Another second, and I stood in the
boat, saved. Immediately behind us
the last remaining reeds burned down,
and the licking tongues of fire drove
the last animal into its watery grave.
Every, living thing which could not
swim nor fly was lost.
Rich People
Some time since I saw a printed list
of some people in New York whose in
comes seemed enormous. As wealth is
a subject so interesting to Americans, I
will refer to a few rich people who have
lived or op now living in Europe. 'Tis
said that the revenue of the Marquis of
Westminster, England, is £lO,OOO a
day. His property is valued at £105,-
000,000. The late James Morrison, of
London, left to his widow an annuity of
£lO,OOO a year, a legacy of £5,000, the
residence in Upper Higley street and
Basildon ; to his son Charles, £1,000,000,
including the estates of Berksboro,
Middlesex, London, Goring, as well as
Islay ; to his son Alfred, £750,000, in
cluding estates in Wellsboro, Hamp
shire, Ofenmorganshire and all ar
ticles of virtu and art at
Gorthill ' • to his Kai Frank, £3OO,-
000, including estates in Kent, Sur
rey and Sussex; to his son Walter,
£300,000, including four estates in the
West Riding, Yorkshire; to his son
George, £300,000, including estates in
.Buckinghamigbire and Oxfordshire; to
to his son Allan, £300,000, including
estates in Suffolk and Essex; to his
three daughters, £50,000. His business
in Force street was transferred to Mr.
Charles Morrison for £350,000. The
word "including" seems obscure. I
think it should have been written "ex
clusive of the money." The whole
estate was valued at £2o,ooo,ooosterling,
nigh $100,000,000.
Mr. Richard Thornton, of the old
Swan Wharf, (I think Liverpool,) re
cently died, having a fortune of Z2,2;02,-
998, or near $12,884,975 estimating the
pound at five dollars. Jean Louis Grif
fuhe is
i in fact, one of the richest capi
talists n France. His fortune is esti
mated at one hundred millions of francs.
He is now eighty years of age.
A young Count Solytikof, attached to
the Russian Embassy, (London,) mar
ried in August last the daughter of a
citizen of Moscow, possessing gold and
copper mines in Russia. His fortune is
villued at four hundred millions of
francs or say eighty millions of dol
lars, Calling five francs a dollar. This
isidy is the only daughter of Mr. Jaco
liff, and Will inherit that immense for
tune. Mr. J., who resides in in Paris,
(it is said,) desires that his son-in-law
should live away from Paris. Mr. J.
has purchased for Mr. S. a princely res
idence in London and St. Petersburg.
The Count will have twenty at twenty
five millions of francs.
Woman at Salt Late
tFrom Dixon's New America!
And what, as regards the woman her
self, is the visible issue of this strange
experiment in social and family life?
During our fifteen days' residence
among the Saints, we have had as many
opportunities afforded us for forming a
judgment on this question as has ever
been given to Gentile travelers. We
have seen the President and Same of the
apostles daily ; we have been received
into many Mormon houses, and intro
duced to nearly all the leading Saints;
we have dined at tteir tables; we have
chatted with their wives ; we have romp
ed and played with their children. The
feelings which we have gained as to the
effect of Mormon life on the character
and position of woman, are the growth
of care, of study, and experience; and
our friends at Salt Lake, we hope, while
they will differ from our views, will not
refuse to credit us with candor and good
faith.
If you listen to the elders only, you
would fancy that the idea of a plurality
of wives excites in the female breast
the wildest fanaticism. They tell you
that a Mormon preacher, dwelling on
the examples of Sand and of Rachel,
finds his most willing listeners on the
female benches. They say theta ladies'
club was formed at Nauvoo to foster
polygamy and to make it the fashion;
that mothers preach it to their daugh
ters; that poetesses praise it. They
ask you to believe that the first wife,
being head of the harem, takes upon
herself to seek out and court the pretti—
est girls; only too proud and happy
when she can bring a new Hagar, a
new .13illah to her husband's arms.
This male version of the facts is cer-
tainly supported by such female writers
as Belinda Pratt.
In my opinion, MOUIIOIIiSLII is not a
religion for woman. I will uot say that
it degrades her, for the term degrada
tion is open to abuse; but it certainly
lowers her, according to our Gentile
ideas, in thesocial scale. In fact, woman
is not iu society here at all. The long
blank walls, the embowered cottages,
the empty windows,
door-ways, and
verandas, all suggest to English eye
something of the jealousy, the seclu
sion, the subordination of a Moslem
harem, rather than the gayety and
freedom of a Christian home. Men
rarely see each other at home, still more
rarely in the company of their wives.
Seclusion seems to be a fashion wherever
polygamy is She law. Now, by itself,
and apart from all doctrines and moral
ities, the habit of secluding women
from society must tend to dim their
sight and dull - their hearing ; for if con
versation quickens men, it still more
quickens women ; and we can roundly
say after experience in many,..Douse—
holds at Salt Lake, that these Pnrmon
ladit , s have lost the practice and the
power of takim. part even in such light
talk as animates a dinner-table and a
drawing-room. We have met with only
one exception to this rule, that of a lady
who had been upon the stage. In some
houses, the wives of our hosts, with
babies in their arms, ran about the
rooms, fetching in champagne, drawing
corks, carrying cake and fruit, lighting
matches, iceing water, while the men
were lolling in chairs, putting their feet
out of windows, smoking cigars, and
tossing off beakers of wine. (N. B.—
Abstinence from wine and tobacco is
recommended by Young and taught in
the Mormon schools; but we found
cigars in many houses, and wine in all
except in the hotels !) The ladies, as a
rule, are plainly, not to say poorly,
dressed ; with no bright colors, no gay
flounces and furbelows. They are very
quietand subdued in manner, with what
appeared to us an unnatural calm ; as if
all dash, all sportiveness, all life, had
been preached out of them. They seldom
smiled, except with a wan and wearied
look ; and though they are all of Eng
lish race, we have never heard them
laugh with the bright merriment of our
English girls.
They know very little, and feel an
interest in very few things. I assume
that they are all great at nursing, and I
know that many of them are clever at
drying and preserving fruit. But they
are habitually shy and reserved, as
though they were afraid lest your bold
opinion on a sunset, on a watercoarse,
or a mountain-range, should be con
sidered by their lords as a dangerous
intrusion on the sanctities of domestic
life. While you are in the house, they
are brought into the public room as
children are with us; they come in for
a moment, curtsy and shake hands;
then drop out again, as though they
felt themselves In company rather out
of place. I have never seen this sort of
° shyness among grown women, except
in a Syrian tent. Anything like the
ease and bearing of an English lady is
not to be found in Salt Lake, even
among the hou,t•holde of the rich.
Here, no woman reigns. Here, no
woman hints by her manner that she
is mistress of her own house. She does
not always sit at table ; and when she
occupies a place beside her lord, it is
not at the head, but on one of the lower
seats. In fact, her life does not seem to
lie in the parlor and the dining-room,
so much as in the nursery, the kitchen,
the laundry, and the fruit-shed.
The grace, the play, the freedom of a
young English lady, are quite unknown
to her Mormon sister. Only when the
subject of a plurality of wives has been
under consideration between host anti
guest, have I ever seen a Mormon lady's
face grow bright, and then it was to
look a sentiment, to hint an opinion,
the reverse of those maintained by
Belinda Pratt.
I am convinced that the practice of
marrying a plurality of wives is not pop
ular with the female Saints. Besides
what I have seen and heard from Mor
mon wives, themselves living in polyg
amous families, I have talked alone and
freely with eight or nine different girls,
all of whom have lived at Salt Lake for
two or three years. They are undoubt
ed Mormons, who have made many sdc
rifices for their religion ; but after see
ing the family life of their follow-Saints,
they have one and all become firmly
hostile to polygamy. Two or three of
these girls are pretty, and might have
been married in a month. They have
been courted very much, and one of
them has received no less than seven
offers. Some of her lovers are old and
rich, some young and poor, with their
fortunes still to seek. The old fellows
have already got their houses full of
wives, and she will not fall into the
train as either a fifth or a fifteenth
spouse ; the young men being true
Saints, will not promise to confine
themselves forever to their earliest
vows, and so she refuses to wed any
of them. All these girls prefer to.re
main single—to live a life of labor and
dependence —as servants, chamber
maids, milliners, charwomen-ato a life
of comparative ease and leisure in the
'harem of a Mormon bishop.
It is common belitf, gathered in a
great measure from the famous letter on
plurality by Belinda Pratt, that the
Mormon Sara! is willing to seek out,
and eager to bestow, any number of
Hagars, on her lord. More than one
Saint has told me that this Is true, as a
rule, though he admits there may be
exceptions in so far as the Mormon
Sarni falls short of tier high calling.
My experience lies among the excep
tions solely. Some wives may be good
enough to undertake this office. I have
never found one who would own it,
even in the presence of her husband,
and when the occasion might have
been held to warrant a little feminine
fibbing. Every lady to whom I have
pnt this question flushed into denial,
though with that caged and broken
courage which seems to characterize
every Mormon wife. "Court a new
wife for him !" said' one lady ; "no
woman could do that; and no woman
would submit to be courted by a
woman."
The process of taking either a second
or a sixteenth wife is the same in all
cases. " I will tell you," saidealormon
elder, " bow we do these this in our
order. For example, I have two wives
living, and one wife dead. I am.ehink
ing of taking another, as I can Well
afford the expense, and a man is not
much respected in the church who has
less than three wives. Well, I fix my
NUMBER 11.
mind on a young lady, and consider
within myself whether it is the will of
God that I should seek her. If I feel,
in my own heart, that it would be right
to try, I speak to my bishop, who ad
vises and approves, as he sh all see fit;
on which I go to the President, who will
consider whether I am a good man and
a worthy husband, capable of ruling
my little household, keeping peace
among my wives, bringing up my
children in the fear of God ; and
if I am found worthy, in his sight,
of the bleassng, I shall obtain permis
sion to go on with the chase. Then 'I
lay the whole matter of my desire, my
permission and my ehoice, before my
first wife, as head of my house, and
take her counsel as to the young lady's
habits, character, and accomplish
ments. Perhaps I may speak with my
second wife; perhaps not; since it is
not so much her business as it is that
of my first wife ; beside which, my ft*
wife is older in years, has seen more Of
life, and is much more of a friend tome
than the second. An objection on the
first wife's part would have great weight
with me; I should not care much for
what the second either said or thought.
Supposing all to go well, I should neat
have a talk with the young lady's
father; and if he consented to my suit,
I should then address the young lady
herself."
"But before you take all these pains
to get her," I asked, " would you not
have tried to be sure of your ground with
the lady herself? Would you not have
courted her and won her good will be
fore taking all these persons into your
trust?"
"No," answered the elder; " I should
think that wrong. In our society we
are strict. I should have Been the girl,
in the theater, in the tabernacle, in the
social hall ; I should have talked with
her, danced with her, walked about with
her, and in these ways ascertained her
merits and guessed her inclinations, but
I should not have made love to her, in
your sense of the word, got up an un
derstanding with her slid entered into a
private and personal engagement of the
affections. Theseaffairsarenotofearth,
but of heaven, and with us they must
follow the order of God's kingdom and
church."
This elder's two wives live in separate
houses, and seldom see each other.
While we have been at Salt Lake, a
child of the second wife has fallen sick ;
there has been much trouble in the
house; and we have heard the first wife,
at whose cottage we were dining, say
she would go and pay the second wife a
visit. The elder would not hear of such
a thing; and he was certainly right, as
the sickness was supposed to be dipthe
ria, and she had a brood of little folks
playing about her knees. Still the man
ner of her proposal told us that she was
not in the habit of daily intercourse with
her sister-wife.
It is an open question in Utah whether
it is better for a plural household to be
gathered under one roof or not. Young
sets the example of unity, so far at least
as his actual wives and children are con
cerned. A few old ladies, who have been
sealed to him for heaven, whether in
his own name or in that of Joseph,
dwell in cottages apart; but the dozen
women, who share his couch, who are
the mothers of his children, live in one
block close to another, dine at one table,
and join in the family prayers. Taylor,
the apostle, keeps his families in sepa
rate cottages and orchards; two of his
wives only live in his principal house ;
the rest have tenements of their own.
Every man is free to arrange his house
hold as he likes ; so long as he avoids
contention, and promotes the public
peace.
" How will you arrange your visits,
when you have won and sealed
your new wife?" I asked my
friendly and communicative elder;
" shall you adopt the Oriental custom
of equal justice and attention to the
ladies laid down by Moses and Mo
hammed?"
" By heaven, sir," he answered, with
a flush of scorn, " no man shall tell me
what to do, except —," giving the in
itials of his name.
" You mean you will do as you like ?"
"That's just it."
And such, I believe, is the universal
habit of thought in this city and this
church. Man is king, and woman has
no rights. She has, in fact, no recog
nized place in creation, other than that
of a servant and companion of her lord.
Man is master, woman is slave. I can
not wonder that girls who remember
their English homes should shrink
from marriage in this strange com
munity, even though they have accepted
the doctrine of Young, that plurality is
the law of heaven and of God. " I be-
lieve it's right," said to me a rosy Eng•
lish damsel, who has been three years
in Utah, " and I think it is good for
me, and yet I will not have it."
" But if Young should command
you?"
"He won't!" said the girl with the
toss of her golden curls ; " and if he
were to do so, I would not. A girl can
please herself whether she marries or
not; and I, for one, will never go into
a house where there is another wife."
"Do the wives dislike it?"
"Some don't, most do. They take it
for their religion ; I can't say any
woman likes it. Somewomen live very
comfortably together ; not many ; most
hat7e their Wilt and quarrels, though
their husbands may never know of
them. No woman likes to see a new
wife come into the house."
A Saint would tell such a damsel as
my rosy friend is only half a Mormon,
yet he would probably ask you to reject
such evidence as trumpery and tem
porary ; and plead that you can have
no fair means of judging such an in
stitution as polygamy, until you are
able to study its effects in the fourth
and fifth generation.
Meanwhile, the judgment which we
have formed about it from what we
have seen and heard may be expressed
in a few words. It finds a new place for
woman, which is not the place she occu
pies in the society of England and the
United States. It transfers her from the
drawing-room to the kitchen, and when
it finds her in the nursery it locks her in
it. We may call such a change a degra
dation ; the Mormons call it a reforma
tion. 'We do not say that anyof these
,Mormon ladles have been made worse
in their moralities and their spiritual-
Hies by the change ; probably they have
not; but in everything that concerns
their grace, order, rank, and represen
tation in society, they are unquestiona
bly lowered, according to our standards.
Male Saints declare that in this city
women have become more domestic,
wifely, motherly, than they are among
the Gentiles; and that what they have
lost in show, in brilliancy, in accom
plishment, they have gained in
virtue and In service. To me,
the very best women appear to be
little more than domestic drudges, never
rising into the rank of real friends and
companions of their lords. Taylor's
daughters waited on us at table ; two
pretty, elegant, English-looking girls.
We should have preferred standing be
hind their chairs and helping them to
dainties of fowl and cake; but the
Mormon, like the Moslem, keeps a heavy
hand on his female folks. Women at
Salt Lake are made to keep their place.
A girl must address her father as' Sir,"
and she would hardly presume to sit
down in his presence until she had re
ceived his orders.
"Women," said Young to me, "will
be more easily slatved than men. They
have not sense enough to go fat wrong.
Men have more knowledge and more
power; therefore they can go more
quickly and more certainly to hell."
The Mormon creed appears to be that
woman is not worth damnation.
In thu Mormon heaven, men, on ac
count of their sins, may stop short in
the stage of angels; but women, what
ever their offenses, are all to become
the wives of gods.
Bankrupt comes from the Italian banco
rotto or broken bench. When a Venetian
failed it was usual to break up his bench or
ehair in the exchange to signify that be had
no longer a seat at the board, widely made
it good for the cabinet-makers.
Dr. Jayne, of "Expectorant" notoriety,
left two millions of property. His widow
is said to be about marrying a wealthy
young man of NeW Jersey.
RATIO OP Al
Mistrals emirsaddwamS. 412.. Pr
sonars of ten lineal Ss - per
.AMr s .
=tonal Sonars,
REAL EsTATs,PstelloiLinitinrasilMand
seat Animism:ma, 7 cents
dna, and cents for each inhiliqUalm' •
Snout Harass Inserted in Local Column,
15 cents per line.
Br aman H= Preeedins marriages and
deaths, 10 o m
en per line. far dna insertion,
and 5 ants for every snosequent insertion.
Etnizizm Quips, of tau lines or less,
one year—...—--.--. 10
Ermines. Cards, nye lines or lees, 7;nl
5
LIGAL AND OTH b a Narrow—
Executors' LOS
Administrators' nptioes,...--- 2.03
/Taees' 240
rs' notioes, 1 . 60
Other "Notioes, , rit — nlines, or less,
• three 1.50
Byy the law just passed, jurisdiction in
bankruptcy is given to the several United
States District Courts with the United States
Circuit Courts acting in a supervisory capa
city as Courts of Equity, anJudges of the
District Courts will be assisted by Registers
in Bankruptcy, whose powers are limited,
and provision is made for reference of IBS
puted questions to the District Court Judges,
and for appeals from the District Courts to
the Circuit Courts, and from the latter, in
cases where the matter in dispute shall
exceed ~2,000, to the United State Supreme
Court.
•
There are two kinds of bankruptcy, vol
untary and involuntary. In the torraer
any person residing within the United
States jurisdiction, owing over $3OO, and
finding himself insolvent, may apply by
petition to the Judge of the district in which
he has resided for the six months preceding
the date of the petition, or for the longest
period during such six months, and shall
thereupon be declared a bankrupt. The
creditors having been properly notified by
the court may appoint one :or more as•
signees of the estate of the debtor; the
choice to be made by the greater part in
value and in number of the creditors who
have proved their dents, or incase of failure
to agree, then by the district Judge, or
where there are no opposing creditors by
the Register. The whole affairs of the
bankrupt pass into the hands of the as
aignees, who have full power granted them
necessary for the collection of all debts,
and the final adjustment and closing up of
the estate ; and where delay is likely to oc
cur from litigation in the final distribution
of the assets, the court is empowered to di
rect their temporary investment. The bank
rupt is liable at all times to be called up for
examination on oath upon matters relating
to the disposal or condition of his property
or business transactions, and for good cause
his wife may in like manner be compelled
to attend as a witness in the case.
In the distribution of the bankrupt's es
tate dividends are to be paid as agreed upoa
by a majority in value of the creditors, from
time to time, at three months' intervals,
but the following claims are first to be paid
in full : First, the fees, costs and expenses
under the act: second, debts, taxes and as
sessments; fourth, wages to any operative,
clerk or house servant to an amount not
exceeding $5O for labor performed within
six months preceding the bankruptcy;
fifth, debts due to anyrsons who are or
may bo entitled to preference by the laws of
the United States. The voluntary bank
rupt is entitled to his discharge provided no
fraud is proved against him, at any Limo
from sixty days to one year after the adju
dication of bankruptcy, but the proof or
discovery of any fraud or concealment de
prives him of the right to discharge. No
person who has once received his discharge
is to be entitled again to become a volun.
tary bankrupt, unless his estate issufftetient
to pay seventy per cent. of his debts, or
unless three-fourths of his creditors assent
iu writing to his bankruptcy.
Preferences and fraudulent conveyances
are declared void by the act, and suitable
provisions are made for the voluntary bank
ruptcy of partnership and corporations.
The exemptions are as follows:
" The necessary household and kitchen
furniture, and such other an ides and neces
saries of such bankrupt as the assignee shall
designate and set apart, having reference in
the amount to the family, condition and
circumstances of the bankrupt, but alto
gether not to exceed in value, in any case,
the sum of $5OO ; and also the wearing
apparel of such bankrupt, and that of his
with and children, and the uniform, arms
and equipments of any person who is or
has been a soldier in the militia or in the
service of the United States; and such
ether property as now is or hereafter shall
be exempted from attachment or seizure
or levy on execution by the laws of the
United States, and such other property, not
included in the foregoing exceptions, as is
exempted from levy and sale upon exe
cution or other process or order of court,
by the laws of the State in which the bank
rupt has his domicile at the time of the
commencement of the proceedings in hank
ruptcy to an amount not exceeding that
allowed by such State exemption laws in
force in the year 1864."
Acts of involuntary bankruptcy under
the law are classified as follows: Departure
or absence from the State where debts are
owed, with intent to defraud creditors; con
cealment to avoid service of process for the
recovery of debt; concealment of property
to avoid seizure on legal process; assign
ment designed to delay, defraud, or hinder
creditors, arrest and detention for seven
days, under execution for a debt exceeding
one buudered dollars; actual imprison
ment for seven days in a civil action iound
ed on contract for ono hundred dollars; as-
signment, gift confession of judgment, or
any other act by whio preference is given
to any creditor, endorser or surety; dis
honoring commercial paper, or suspend
ing and not resuming payment for four
teen days. The petition for an adjudica
tion of bankruptcy in such cases may come
from one or more creditors whose debts
reach two hundred and fifty dollars, but
the petition must be brought within six
months after the act of bankruptcy has
been committed. In involuntary bank-
ruptcy the proceedings are more stringent
than in other CaSEW. The penalty for any
fraud or concealment, direct orindirect, un
der the act, is imprisonment, with or with
out hard labor, for a term not exceeding
three years.
A Chignon Horror
A scientific writer In the London Lancet
having investigated the subject, has demon
strated by experiment that in every chignon,
not composed of the natural hair of the
wearer, there are myriad penalties, named
gregarines, which infest each individual
hair. These insects are invisible except by
microscopic test, but in their substance and
habits are more offensive than the famed
gray-back which made Libby Prison such
a den of horror. On every half-inch of each
hair are a thousand of those inexpressibly
disgusting epioza. They "live, move, and
have their being" in millions upon each
hair of the chignon ; and when the myriad
hairs that compose these "adornments"
are considered, the numbers of the minute
and abominable epioza are "as the sands on
the sea-shore, or as the stars of Heaven for
multitude."
Subjected to a moderate degree of heat,
they become instinct with life, and wan
der at will among and around the capil
lary cells, "seeking what they may de
vour." Each Is a pediulus human capi
lis, as much so as the identicalone on which
Burns wrote the ode, when he saw it" on
the lady's bonnet." Neither acids, alkalis,
ether, nor 350 degrees of dry heat kills
them. Practically they are indestructible.
According to the authority quoted, in the
condition of a ball-room the gregarinee
"revive, grow, and multiply by dividing
into many parts—called germ globules;
these fly about the ball-room In millions,
get inhalted, drop on the refreshments-in
tact, enter the interior of people by hun
dreds of ways, and thus reach their specific
gregarian development."
In Russia the hair for them is supplied by
the poorer people, especially peasant women
of the Mordwines and the Burlako, near
the Volga who do a large trade in it. "When
the Burlake goes out to work in the spring,
he perhaps puts a clean shirt on, but he
decidedly never takes it off until he returns
home in autumn." Verily, hors is a duo
h ante for parasites.
A learned professor In London has actu
ally practically tested and demonstrates the
vitality of these parasites. Six hairs of a
chignon, subjected to 120 degrees of heat, and
placed around the neck of a hen, which had
been clean shaved for the purpose, heplaced
the bird in front of a stove for a short time.
He tells the result as follows:
"At the end of this period the "grog-
Brines" which had been placed in felt were
carefully examined. They had undergone
great development, and more than a score
showed unmistakable signs of life. But on
removing the hairs from the neck of the hen
and placing them under the microscope,
most extraordinary change In the ova ap
peared to have taken place. The hairs were
swarming with the released epioza nearly
all, indeed, were more or less detached
from the envelope, and presented many of
the unmistakable peculiarities 'pedieulus
human:: capitia.' In many the mouth
was furnished with a proboscis, the
antenna; as long as the thorax, and the de
pressed segments of the abdomen were
clearly visible. It was abundantlyevident
that no process to which the hair had as yet
been submitted had even impaired, much
less destroyed, the vitality of the grega
nines.'"
The horrible facts of the above investiga
tion are of extreme concern to the ladies,
who have so numerously adopted the habit
of wearing these purchased chignons, and
many will hesitate longer to carry upon
their heads a load of disgusting parasites,
whose origin is only less appalling than
their immense number, their unlimited
power of reproduction, their easy awaken
ing from dormancy into activity, and their
security from either detection or destruc
tion. Let the ladles ponder,
The firm of Orrey, Taft ct Co., manufac
turers of cotton goods at Providence, R. 1.,
has failed for $1,500,000. An assignment has
been made. Other failures are reported.
The flood in East Tennessee, it is esti
mated, has destroyed $2,000,000 worth ofpro
plerty. A crevasse occurred in the levee at
Mound City, 111., yesterday morning. The
Ohio river at Cincinnati is higher than at
any time Mane 1850, and conUnnes