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THE LANCASTER DAILY INTELLIGENCER, SATURDAY, AUOUST 10, 1889.
v
11 smPMvm
WIHfl OF TIE IAST1LE.
i
Results of the Capture of This Fa
neus 01d,Prises.
Y
THE MOMENTOUS WORK OF 1789.
Viator; of the Bastlle Xetold-Xeted Mea
CfabMxl Wlttda IW Walls Its final Ie Ie Ie
snoUUen DKIWa Lesxts XT! Steadily
Deprived of HI Klagiy Power,
By JUHITrB HENRI BBOWNE.
(Oeprrtht, 1SS8, br American Press. AssocUtlen.l
IIL
Th real beginning of the first French Rere
lotion U popularly supposed te be the taking
of the Bastlle (July 14, 1768). Certainly one
of the meat Impressive and memorable erenta
of that horrible epoch, it hai been naturally
elected by ttsany historian! ai the Immediate
precuner of the atx yean' bloedly struggle et
the common people for what they considered
te be their right. In their trantle efforts te
gain what they had never enjoyed, and could
net appreciate, they destroyed law, order,
liberty, life, and established in the land the
wildest, the most hideous anarchy the world
has erer known.
HISTORY OF THE BASTILE.
The destruction of the Dattlle was far from
hsrote; but it was signally historic. It will
always be remembered as one of the most
striking and furious uprisings of ttae op
pressed against their oppressors, though most
of these had passed away, leaving ethers be
hind te raake substituted expiation.
O
STOIIUI.NO THE BA8TILE.
That grim fortress had for ages been Iden
tified with despotism, and had grown hateful
te every soul with the slightest instinct of
justice or freedom. Originally the castle of
Paris, it was built, during the Fourteenth
century, by order of Charles V, surnamed
the Wise, by Huge Aubriet, provost of that
capital, at the gate St. Auteine as a tlefense
against the English. When employed long
afterward as a state prison, it was provided
with great buln arks and ditches. On each of
its longer sides, it had four towers flve stories
high, above which ran a gallery armed with
cannon. The prisons were situated partly in
these towers, and partly below the level of
the ground. Their lnniates were se shut away
from the world as often te be wholly forgot
ten, and, in some Instances, all trace et them
was lest as well as the cause of their Incar
ceration. Tbe Bsstlle would held seventy or
eighty prisoners, who wcre generally persons
Ot distinction, noblemen, authors, scholars,
priests or publishers. They had seldom com
mitted any crime; they were usually shut up
for political or ecclesiastic reasons, from the
caprice of tyrants or the hostility of prlvate
fees.
During the last century the prison had n
governor, a royal intendant, a major, a
major's old and a surgeon, with a garrison of
a hundred men. Tbe walls were thirty te
forty feet at the base, and twelv e feet thick
above. Each cell had a narrow aperture in
the wall, protected by thick iron gratings.
The subterranean dungeons w ere flve feet le
low the level of the ditch, which was twenty
five feet deep, and communicated by a small
loophole therewith. The unhappy wretches
confined there had little feed, and that the
coarsest, in consequence et tbe dishonesty of
the governor, who was liberally paid by the
state for their support. They were luf anieuJy
treated; they were locked up n Itlieut accusa
tion or trial; they were allowed no communl cemmunl communl
tlen with their friends, a mere lettre da
cachet serving for their arrest and detention
any length of time. They were, In a sense,
buried alive. Early In the Fifteenth century
the populace, who had been greatly abused by
the princes of Armagnac, broke Inte the
place, where they had taken refuge, and put
them te death.
There died Chei les de Gentaut, marshal et
France, who had been guilty of tieasnn
against Henry IV. UassOinplerre, the cour
tier and soldier, was shut up there eleven
years; likewise, for a time, was Marshal
Richelieu, the most licentious and worthless
nobleman et bis time; Ybltaiie, also, and
Masers de Latuda spent thirty years there
for having offended Mnie. de Pompadour,
the notorious mistress of Leuis XV. There,
tee, the Man In the Iren Mask was Impris
oned for flve years, an object of Ixiuls XI V's
vengeance, dying at lest in his vigilantly
guarded cell. Te this day his identity has
net been discovered. The existence of such
a person bes I eon repeatedly denied; but
recent researches have left no doubt of It.
jje was a prisoner of state; the record of the
principal turnkey proves that he was com
mitted Sept 18, 1093, haviug been removed
from the Island of Ste. Marguerite by St.
liars, who was that year appointed governor
of the BasUle. He was borne, in a close
litter, accompanied by a mounted guard, bis
face coecealed with a black velvet mask
fastened with steel springs, any attempt te
remove which would result i his lmmedte
death. He was allowed te speak te no one
but his governor, who constantly observed
his movements, and bad Instructions te kill
tlm if be should open his lips te an body ele
When in the Bastlle, he was attended at his
meals, and while changing his clothes, by St.
Mars, who scrutinized his linen te see that ha
left no mark en It which might betray tha
secrets se tealeusly kept. Ills guards had or
ders te sheet him if at any tlme he tiled te
make himself known. After his death, every
thing be had w ern or used was burned; ha
was almost as inucli aliv e then as he had been
for years before, Voltaire was the first te
furnish any connected or plausible account
of him, and, slnce that author's day, various
writers have ainly sought te solve the pro
found mystery. It has been asserted that the
Iren Mask was the Illegitimate son of the
Duke of Buckingham and Anne of Austria,
queen of Leuis XIII and mother of Leuis
XIV; also a twin brother of the latter king,
and thus deemed te prevent a disputed suc
cession. Divers theories has e connected him
with living men of note, like the Duke of
Monmouth, the Count et Vermandels, the
Duke of Beaufort and many ethers; but the
theories are wholly improbable.
THE OCCASION OF THE RISING.
After the death of LeuU XIV the Bastlle
lest Its mystery and historic consequence, be bo be
ceming nn ordinary prison. The confine
ment there of Blaizet, LeuU X I's librarian,
disclosed Its Infamies, and Inflamed the jKjp
ular heart against it as a stronghold of ty
ranny, a monument of human wrongs.
The dismissal of Jacques Necker, Leuis'
minister of fiuance, was seized u;en as the
occasion et the attack en the Bastlle. Hiv
ing mode a fortune
by banking, and
haviug retired, he
accepted, at 35, the
position of minu
ter en condition
that he should serve
w itheut salary. He
Introduced order
and economy into
his office; regained
the conlideuce of
capitalists ; checked
the extravagance,
of the court; di
minished the ex
penses Ot the ad- MAWE ANTOIXETTK.
ministration and greatly helped the country
in many ways. By publishing an account of
tka (!"'" of tha T-tJ isa .nTsTvWi tha
-4Csf
"War
courtiers, whom privileges and pensions he
had curtailed, and also the prime minister,
Haurepaa.
Anxious te Justify his measures before the
king, he demanded a seat in the royal coun
cil, which had been withheld en account of
his Protestantism. His demand was refused,
and he resigned. Ills successors were such
failures that he was recalled, some years
later, amid general approval Such was the
effect upon tee funds that stocks advanced SO
per cent. In a single day. But something
mere than financial reform was required, and
he was net equal te the great political emer
gency. But as he was looked upon by the
people as their advocate and friend, as the
savior of France, his dismissal aroused their
anger te the utmost and produced a crisis.
The news flew llke the wind; the commeni
were en fire and rose in insurrection.
Camilla Desmeullns, a young enthusiast,
who had printed two republican pamphlet',
and was in tbe habit of haranguing the peo
ple, mounted a table In the Palais Royal the
day after Keeper's dismissal and summoned
them te defend their liberties He defied the
police with a pistol in each hand, swearing he
would net be taken alive. He advised them
te adept a cockade, a green ribbon, and when
It was lacking, te take leaves from the trees
in the garden. "Te arms! te arms!" he cried
with flashing eyes and streaming hair.
NaW
iKllffiTSltTwiirisiir&ngy JsmL
QaaSsl.Hl jLrit L3nsir
sS-SMaJSSa, 9Km. . rJyHw m'
jVklSSSSSSSSSSSSBBUsSsisrW 1 f
MOD 6CK.NK IX PAW?.
They rlfle the gun shops and the Hetel del
In alides; they parade the streets; the crowd
continually swells; they fill the air with
threats and ominous alarms. The mob is in
full force and rage; the government is cowed;
the beginning et the end has come.
CAPTURE OF THE ODIOUS FORTRESS.
On the fateful Monday, July 14, all Parti
is In ferment. Women are sewing cockades,
no longer green, but blue aud red, and th
werklngmen brandish clubs, scythe blades,
pikes, swords, pistols, muskets whatever
they can lay hand upon. The streets and
reads are obstructed with cannons, carts,
carriages that have been stepped in the peo
ple's naine no mero in the king's and ran
sacked and broken. The frenzy is for arms,
arms, arms, clamored and hunted for en
every slde. Heaps of property and rubbish
of inauy sorts aie In the Place de Grove.
The regular soldiers aie joining thoinassei
et insurgcuts; the bells are pealing from
every spire; confusion, uproar, vielcuce
throughout the capital.
The crowds surge toward the Bastlle;
blacken around that gray, grisly fortress,
burning toleellt te the ground. Surren
der Is demanded of Delaunay, the venerable
governor; but the king's orders being against
It, he will net. He has but eighty-two In
valids nnd thirty-two Swiss against tens of
thousands of fi-untie Parisians, tertured with
the memory of centuries of w reng. He w un
equal the combat, though the small garrison
is within stone walls! Far mero than walls
or fortifications or a thousand cannons is tha
resolution et tha people, the ferce of publie
opinion. The besiegers agalu demand sur
lender; again it Is refused. The cannons
pointed en the Tuubeurg St. Antolue, which
is steadily pouring forth its black brewed,
ferocious working uieu, are draw n back from
the imibraiures as a concession te tha hew 1-
ing host ; but it does net mollify them. They
howl mero madly, mero menacingly than
ever. The chains of the first drawbridge
are cut ; It falls clanking down, and Is covered
with the besiegers. Fire answers fire. One
of the garrison Is slain, while a hundred and
fifty et the populace fall. This makes them
demoniac.
A detachment et the king's troeps.who hail
joined tha insurgents, coma upon the scene
with four field pieces, aud are welcomed with
yells of rage. Delaunay, who had been pre
vented from blew lug up the fortress, low eri
alocend draw bridge, and the jieepterrav en en
eus for slaughter, dash upon it and kill him
and several of his officers. Some et the in
valids are hanged te lamp pests; heads aie
stiuck off and serve as ghastly ornaments fcr
pikes. The Reign of Terrer is foreshadow ed
en that woeful day. The famous clock of
thollastile gees en marking time as if the
old tlme had net passed and the new time,
the time of humanity and pi egress and mod
ern ideas, had net already lguu. The clock
strikes the hours, tee, with Its solemn peal,
but theyure net the eidiuury hours; they
are the hours of another era and of fate.
Late In tha aftei neon the fortress surren
ders, aud all Paris Is delirious with excite
ment. Thowhelo laboring class is nt white
heat vv 1th dsv ilUh gloe and nameless expecta
tions. The capital Is a satui nalia of savage
satisfaction. Only se en prisene-i s are found
within the hoary pile, four of them common
fnrirnm Of the ether three, one is the Count
de Solage.who had been shut up slnce his
early uoylieou.
Anether, Tavtr
nler, had spout
thirty years there,
and, when liber
ated, is bodily aud
mentally a pitiful
wreck. The day
following the demo
lition of the build
ing begins amid the
thunder of cannon
and the chanting et
theTeDeum. The
convulsion of the iukoet.
nation Is at its height. Tlie tlde of destlnj Is
setting strongly In, aud it has net cr ebbed
When the portentous new s Is announced te
Leuis' he exclaims with irritatien: "Why,
that Is a revolt P "2fe, sire," is the reply, "it
Is a revolution " And, indeed, It was such a
revolution as history had never recorded.
IN THE TOILS.
The king was distracted and dismayed,
knowing net what te de or which way te
turn Ha first contemplated flight beyond
the frontier; but he speedily changud bis
mind, for which he had a tragle facility.
He was averse te einplejlng the ferce ha
could command, having a honor of extreme
measures. Adopting pacitle methods, which
weie fatal te this course, he went te tha
national assembly, and there addressed its
members for tha first tlme. He made a
sjieech, accepting the Revolution : he de
clared that tha freedom of that body should
be preserved In face of the fact that ha bad
previously summoned tha army te advance
te Paris. Wavering was his lane, the source
of his undoing. His words, hew ever, brought
back publie confidence ; harmony seemed te
be re-established Iwtwwm the crown nnd his
subjects.
The capture of the Bjstilenppearud te have
been but a contradictory eplsode, slnce ihri-e
days after it had been attacked LeuU, ac
companied by the national assembly, went
from Versailles te PurU en an errand of con
ciliation. He pasd through nn aimed mob
of a hundred thousand te the Hfltel de Villa,
wearing the Tricolor, w hlch had been adopt
ed as tbe symbol et the Revolution What
hope could there Ijo for him nt such a junc
ture, in sucti a temper ei im) eepiei he
tame day the royal princes, exivpting his
brother, afterwards luU XVIII, and the
principal nobles hurried from the country,
as well as the miulstry, who had forfeited
popular favor. That w as called the first uinl uinl
gratten. Xecker w ns recalled iet haste, and,
returning in triumph, was reinstated with
enthusiastic acclaim Hew drceptieus was
all this! The Revolution bad In no seuselieeu
stayed. It moved steadil) and rapidly ou te
its natural und terrible culmination.
Apache county, in Ariiena, U larger
than the state of Massachusetts, jet it
lias cot a single doctor within iU ber-
ders.
IESIILT BY HIS FOES.
Leuis XVI a Mcre Tuppet In the
Hands of Others
AN IMPORTANT EtU-KDO-liOS.
The Jacobins Paramount In relltlcs The
Girendists Military Coalition Against
rrance Marat and Charlette Cenlaj Tlie
King rractlc-ltr a Prisoner for Months.
By JUKIPB HEHBI BROWNE.
CVpjrliht, 1939, by American Press Association 1
IV.
An unwise display et loyal enthusiasm en
the part of the officers et the Versailles sol
diers produced a sudden reaction in Paris. A
mob inarched Oct. 6, 1789, te the royal pal
ace, and after the most brutal behavior,
which Lafayette could hardly restrain, com
pelled Leuis XVI. the queen and their family
te return, under its guidance, te the capital
Fortunate te hare escaped murder, they were
glad te be allowed te occupy the Tullertes,
which was vigilantly guarded against their
escape; Leuis remaining In effect a prisoner
there for mouths.
ENMESHED.
Just a year from the capture of tha Bastlle
he swore, In the presence of a mighty con
course, en the Champs de Mars, te carry out
the constitution which the national assembly
was drafting. He was continually subject te
insult and outrage, and things swiftly grew
worse for the monarchy, of which only a
pole shadow remained. Neckcr, despairing
of order out et chaos, retired te Switzerland,
andiMlrabcau, who had lately been en the
king's side, died, leaving the peer sovereign
without a single, powerful friend. Boeing
new his Imminent danger, and smarting
from the disgrace of his position, he tried, in
order te determine the nature of his position,
te visit St Cloud. But, his departure having
been prevented by the populace, be made up
his mind te escape and summon te his stand
ard, somewhere en the frontier, all his ad
herents and resist the tyranny et the multi
tude. A plan was formed te that end, and wns
put In execution June SO, with the assistance
et the Marquis de BeulUd, an able general
and most honerablo gentleman. It would
doubtless have succeeded but for the crass
felly of Leuis, w he Insisted en traveling in a
special coach of his own, instead et a com
mon carriage. The coach was observed, as
was his person, which he Imprudently dis
played, and the whole party was stepped by
the National Uuards at arennes, ene hun
dred and fifty miles from Paris, and brought
back under arms.
Before this tlme the king had ceased te be
anything mero
than a puppet In
truth, he seemed
llke a mouse In the
power of a glgantie
cat,, the rabble;
who, though deter
mined te kill him,
wished te play with
and terture htm
first, te the satis
faction et thelr
savage hearts. He
'had been deprived
of every vcstlge of
BUFFO.V.
authority. '1 he as
sembly had months
previous abolished all feudal rights and priv
ileges of rank, and promulgated their noted
Bights of Men. They had voted that the
leglslatlre pewer of the state should be in
trusted te a chamber of deputies te be chosen
biennially. They had conferred upon the
king tha right of a suspenslve veto In Its pro
ceedings. Scarcity et money and feed had
augmented tha popular excitement te a de
giee of frenzy. Tbe assembly had extended
the right of suffrage te nearly everybody ;
had ordered the confiscation of church prop
erty for the advantage of the state, and sanc
tioned the issue of asslgnats.
This paper currency was te be redeemed by
the sale of the confiscated property of the
church and the emigrants (emigre's). Itro Itre
tatned a value of aboveWper cent, for two
years, after which It began te decline. The
original issue of 1,500,000,000 francs w as in
creased te nearly 40,000,000,000, beside which
many skillfuljceunterfelts were manufactured
abroad. Various sovere law s were passed te
fix prices and compel the community te ac
cept assign.tsat their f ace alue, but te no
purpose. They fell, In 1793, te a discount of
b3 ir cent., nud at last were redeemed by
government drafts (mandats) at one-thlrtieth
of their nominal rate. They wcre in the end
letlred by mandats, authorized by law, heal
ing their curreut v alue
THE ENEMIES OF THE KING.
At this period, and long after, the Juceblns
exercised an extraordinary Influence. They
were the members of a powerful club whleli
w as Instituted tn May, 17fc9. On the i cmev al
of the constituted assembly from Versailles
te Paris, they met in the old cenv ent of Do
minican Friars of St James, or Jacobins, in
tha Rue St. Henerd. They admitted any
citizen presented by four members, and grew
rapidly tn numbers, all who bad political
aspirations bclngoager for admission. Every
political measure was discussed there before
introduction te the national assembly. As
tha cleverest speakers took part In the de
bates, and were anxious te win ever the ma
jority, It seen bocame tbe coutrelliug agency
et tbe Revolution.
The club grew se radical and vielent that
its founders withdrew, and established the
Society of 17S9, InwhlcU comparative med
oration prevailed. But this only rendered
the Jacobins mero furious. They pei v ad"d
the whele country, having at one tlme soma
1,500 branch societies hi all, tha branches
acting In accordance with the headquarters
In Paris. They published a journal, tn addi
tion te their ordinary means of correspond
ence, and thus reached the leniotest corner
of the land. They were tbe lenders In most
insurrectionary movements; they founded
the dangerous Commune de ParU, and
changed their title te tbe Friends of Liberty
and Equality.
Thenceforward they were paramount In
politics, controlling for a tima the conven
tion. The agitation against the king and the
clamor for his execution, the upheaval that
extinguished tha Girendists, the truculence
of the lowest classes (canaille) toward the
mlddle classes (bourgeei.H, and the estab
lishment of the Ttrrer were all dua te the
Jacobins. Rebespierre was Indebted te them
for his great power, nnd hU downfall insured
theirs. They gradually lest their strength,
unable te contend against tha passlouute re
action which swlftlj inci eased until (Nev 0,
1TI) they ceased as u body te extst
Tbe greater pai t of the army lud adopted
the popular cause, and the efforts of tha no
bles who hail fled the country (the emigre's)
te raise troops en the frontiers Intensified
the WTath and hatred of the jieople. After
the capture of Leuis, tha assembly assumed
the executive power, ami formally tuspended
his authority until they had completed the
uaw ceu ititutleu, which they then had in
hand, anl which was known as the constitu
tion of S;pt 3. Irtuissnoiete defend this,
and tha assembly disselv el after voting te,
r&ise 100,000 men te defeud the frontiers.
THE GIRONDISTS.
By this time, various tircunutauces hud
contributed te threw theehlef imweriute the
hands of the l udicals. Of the 7J'i members
1 of the new body, most of them had been
elected by the clubs. Thev rt-premtcd every
, phasoef democratic opinion, fiem the mag
nanimous republicanism of the leaders of the
jiarty, later named the Uirencb', te tLe de
structive and rabid extremists. The Giron Giren
dists were se stj led from the deputies of tlw
I department of (iironde, ceit-ideied by the
1 jarty as it. leader, the mutt prominent of
whom viere Vergiiumd, llrivait, C'ondercet,
1 Louvet, Pe'tieii, Uurlai etix, taiijumaU and
i Suhit-IUleuue. Tlny favored warmly the
i proclamation of the republic iSepttmU-r,
1 ITVi), but airayiil themselves steutl) ugainst
ultru revolutionists, known as the Moutug Meutug
uards. Still, they weie reluctuutly compelled
by the fierce assaults of the radical te assent
in pert te the execution of I.euis. They weie
accused of ceu.plriug against the republic,
and twenty-twoef them erearrtttd, locked
I up hi the Cenciergcrie, and beheaded.
Mae, Ileland. their beautiful and Intrepid
iassirtr. teca fallewed them te tha sceSckL
i ?.u
sWJ'l
and her deret1
husband commit
ted tuiclde nenr
Beurn, where he
had been tn hiding
for months. In his
pocket was a paper
protesting his bou beu
est purpose In alt
his acts and closing
with the werds:
"When I had heard
of tha murder et
my beloved wlfe I
would net stay in
a world se stained
VI UK. ROLASD.
with monstrous crime." The ether Girendist
chiefs escaped from Parts and tried te effect
a counter revolution In someet the depart
ments. They w ere tn the end nearly all cap
tured and beheaded or took their own lives.
They wcre a noble aud heroie band.
The assembly pronounced the emigrants
guilty of high treason and the adverse ecclesi
astics agitators. Leuis vetoed both these
measures, and thus lntcnslfWd tbe bitter feel
ing against him.
APPROACHING THE END.
Many of the European states had entered
a coalition against France, and the king was
forced te declare vrnr against Austria. Then
the long conflict et the surrounding mon
archies began. The encroachments en the
king's nominal powers steadily increased and
the i abble came mero and mero te the front
He was threatened with death, which, Indeed,
he had mere than ence narrowly escaped
from the mob. Tha assembly, In which the
.-, . . 1....1 n.tnhl tl.A I....U... flHrt
VlOtcnt JKiri uuu fcumi.-v iua uj'iw, uumu,
augmented Its aggressiveness, and rejected
ev en the form et law. Armed bands paraded
the streets and demanded that "tbe will et
the people should be carried out," a phrase
botekcnlng the anarchy that seen reigned.
The extremists throughout the city formed
themselves (Aug. 10) Inte nn Insurrectionary
Commune, which acted In harmony with the
Jacobins, and became the dominant power.
They beat drums and rang the church bell
night after night, keeping the capital In a
feverish tumult They attacked the Tull
ertes, a portion of the defenders who affili
ated with the mob opening the gates. Louts
was Induced te take rcfuge tu a meeting
place of the assembly, and the Swiss guard
resisted until he sent word that they should
retire te their barracks. They obeyed, but
wcre afterward set upon without provoca
tion, and the bulk of them ruthlessly n)os n)es
sacrcd. . Divers Infamous measures were
passed, ami vlolcnce began te be practiced
simply liecause It could be practiced with
Impunity. The ecclesiastics who had refused
te take the preset Ibed oath w ere hunted down
and thrown Inte prison. The Commuue
really dUiwsed of life and properly at thelr
own despotic will
The news of the Oilvance of the Prussians
through Lerraine nnd their capture of Ver
dun dreve the Parisians wild, and Incited
them te fresh ex
cesses. They breke
Inte the prisons
where the priests
aud ether suspected
lorsens wcre con
lined, and bcirau
the butchorles
known ns the Sep
tember massacres.
Asmanyasl,400er
l,UX)et the unfor unfer
Innnttvi In Paris
JURAT. ulone were wanton
ly put te death, The new ly chosen national
convention usurped (Sept. 21) the place of the
lcglslative assembly, nnd was controlled by
the Jacobins nnd the most reckless of the agi
tators. These, named the Mentaguards (moun
taineers), from occupying the olevatcd soets,
greatly exceeded the Girendists, the mero
conservative elemcn t Trance was proclaimed
u republic Sept. S3, and all the relics of the
old order of things Imgau te be abolished.
The French armies gained victories after a
scries of mortifying defeats, and the Moun
taineers claimed the credit therefer, and thus
augmented their pernicious influence.
Among the Jacobins nnd Meuntatnecrs
were men whose uames are Inseparable from
tha history of the Revolution, nud whose
career U traced In bleed. Marat, BUlaud
Varcnnes, Tnlllen, Catnllle, Desmeullns, Col Cel Col
let d'Herbeis, Chaumctte rouquler-Tinvllle,
Dantou, St Just, Couthen, Htbcrt, Anachai
sls Cloett (a Prussian baron), Bnrcre, Carrier,
Rebespierre, most of w horn ficcmed te be mad
for humanity, can scarcely be named without
associations of horror.
MARAT AND CORDAY.
Jean Taul Marat was a Swiss, born near
Xeufehfttel, nud educated us n physician. He
went abroad, and at SO carned his livelihood
ut Edinburgh us n prlvate tutor. He pub
lished about thut tfinen revolutionary pam
phlet In English, "The Chains of Slavery."
Seme J cars later he reuiove J te Paris, and
printed se v oral
works designed te
overthrew the nc
cepted theories of
physics. Net suc
ceeding as authei,
he became a vet
erinary surgeon te
Count d'Artels,
su bsoquen t ly
Charles X. When
the Hovelu tieu
opene'd, lw under
took the character
of demagegue and ciiauleitk cekday.
played It well. He gained remarkuble Influ
ence ever tha len'er orders In splte et his
small stature anil luilf (ludicrous, halt tragical
expression of foce. Twe months after the
capture of the HastiU he lssued his Incen
diary journal, The Friend of the Peeple, pro
claiming that hundreds of the members of
the national Usseiuhly ought te le beheaded,
Mtrabeau flistef all. I Id was se violent that
1 he repelled most et the radicals, and was
obliged te conceal himself te avoid arrest.
HU fanaticism grew with his success. Hi.
journal dechred the French generuls and
urmies Incapiblu, and demnuJnl the heads of
LOO.OOOtinlters.
Inspitoefhis Livings he was almost wor
shiped by the Parisians. He was the prin
cipal agent in causing the destruction et the
Girendists, nud with Dantou and Rebespierre
formed u triuinv hale which for a while ruled
France by terror As dlseuse preyed upon
him, be appeared te grew mero savage. He
j was very near his cud when Charlette Cor
' day, a pure and lovely woman, assassinated
. him In wlnt the thought te be the interest et
I her country, hoping thereby te step the
1 He listened eager lj te her fictitious account
1 of the Girendists, nnd after tuklng the-lr
names said grimly. "Within n week they w 111
nil go the Kraireld " Then the plunged the
kulfe Inte his heart A loud cry, and he full
ljiick a coqibe. Hhe gloried in her deed and
I went calm and fcailess te the block. She
had killed ene man, ihe said, te save tens of
i thousands. Her beauty nud her ceurage
moved even thouvdge throng that witnessed
I her execution A jeung German deputy
I from .Mains (dam Lux) pronounced her
I greater than Unit us, and wrote a pamphlet,
urging that a t tatue w it li such un Inscription
should b erected te her memory. Fer this
I he wa3 Uhcaded. nud he died rejoicing. An
I drS Chillier, the poet, who paid u ruptureus
I tribute te hr self sarrificc, and who ejienly
I opposed the terrorists, shated her fate within
I twelve months.
Notwithstanding hu bloedthlrstlnoss, Ma
' rat. like Ceuthui. St Juit, l'eufiuier-Tin-
ville, Roliespierre, mid ether revolutionary
leaders, was hmril ly sincere what inhjht be
named a moral monster by conviction. Ha
remained painfull- vnr from first te last;
hUsu'rlalive vanitj uevcr inducing him te
take a franc he hud net honestly earned.
He aad LU ocee-lato uciMuii a. .wliHed
m "mk
many et tcetr sanguinary measures tiy tneir
fear of foreign Intervention, believing that
the antl-reroluttenltts would combine with
external enemies te invade France. Leuis
XVI had no merp ch-mce for llfe with such
men than a lamb has with hungry welvc.
His arraignment for trial. Dec 11, 1793,
and its Inovltable re.ult might hare been
predicted from the moment the mob closed
around the Bastlle. The entire French Ber
olutlen seems te have been a national
madness that proved hew Infinitely mers
cruel humanity may be than the fiercest et
wild beasts.
EXECUTION OF TIlH KING.
The Head or Leuis XVI Offered as a
Bloody Sacrifice.
rBOGRESSOFTHE UPRIS1NO-1793
The Fervid ratrlettim of the trench All
rarls Inflamed Against the Monarch.
The National fi-tnty and Its Irresistible
force Awful Horrors of the Civil Strife.
By JPKIU3 HENRI BROWNE.
tOepjrlsht 1833, by American Tress Association 1
It scorns hardly possible that any Intelligent
Frenchman could have doubted at the tlmoef
Leuis XVI's arralgnment for trial what
would be Its result All Paris was Inflamed
against him, nearly overybody believing that
he was In collusion with the foreign and do de do
tnestle enemies of France. He w ns regerded
aa the chlefrft the reaction, as the accomplice
of the emigrants and et the heads et the for
eign coalition against the country the great
ebstacle te the Institution of the new dlspen dlspen
satteiu THE PERSONALITY OF FRANCE.
France Is nevcrnn abstraction with French
men; It takes the form et a precious, fasci
nating personality. Te them France Is msi-tl-mentally
ns well as grammatically feralntne;
the Is te all et them like en Ideal, worshipful
mistress. They seldom hesttate, as thetr re
cent history attests, te change thelr form of
government; whatever this may be, the
power and charm of France remain, tiual-
EXKCUTIOV or CHAHtOTTE COIlllAr.
tcred and unalterable; France Is, Indeed, te
her poeplo, whether high or low, i Ich or jioer,
u word of tnagle significance. Leuis was
(Kipularly thought te be her feo, and, there
fore, tha people became tils feo, direful nud
relentless. E en the fiercest fanatics of f reu reu
dem believed, when they were clamoring, llke
Marat, for mero heads, positively Insatlable of
bleed, that they w ere purifying and strength
ening France.
Ne nation Is or can be mera patiletlc;
when the Freuch iire tlgcrlshly fastening en
ene another's threats, as In 1703 aud lb71, the
dead I V adversaries arolmpelled by what they
consider patriotism. French patriotism may
be but the reflex of the national egotism, tha
combined vanity et tlie Gallia rare; It Is, ut
auy rate, a prodigious ferce In the riate.
Tha French often appear almost imtque.
Perhaps Voltaire wus right tu sa) In,;, 'There
aie two kinds of iiattue, humiiii uatiiie nud
French nature." When Napeleon ence blamed
Feuchfi, then minister of xil!oe, for net pre
paring a warm publie reception for him, the
latter replied, "In splte of the fusion of tha
Franks with the Gauls, we are stilt the same
poeplo unable te tolerute olther liberty or
oppression." Tlie crafty and perfidious min
ister was net very nlde of the truth.
Notwithstanding the violent prejudice
against LeuU, many of his Judges, the Giron Giren
dists notably, doubtless ti led te bu fair, acted
conscientiously. The vete Indicates tills. Ot
the 749 membcrs et the convention, SS7 were
unreservedly for dealh; Sil for dotentlen,
banishment or oxecutlon under certain cir
cumstances, and twenty-eight wero absent
Leuis was, as has len said, In no vvlse email
fled for a sovereign, least of all at such u
tlme and In such u stress. There w as noth
ing royal In Ids jiorsen, manners or habits.
He was net Trench lu character; consequent
ly, his subjects never understood and uever
liked him. He was German in mind nnd
temperament, having Inherite'd these from
his mother, Maria JesOpha, daughter of Au
gustus, elector of Saxony and king of Poland.
He was leully foreign te hit nutlve land
and always remained se. Essentially a
burgher In disposition, he beenme nothing
else. SUnple, taciturn, mechanical, honest,
virtuous, domestic, he was scarcely en agree
able husband or a genial father.
Having married Mnrie Antoinette at 10, te
whom be was no mero adapted than the was
te bun she was only 15 ulthe tlme his prlu-
INSUIlltECTION IM PAWS.
clpel pleasure wus In hunting and eating,
often falling asleep at table, while his young
and rather frivolous wlfe went in pursuit of
livelier company. The match was made, In
the face et Its unfitness, Iu the Interest nt tha
Iiouee of Austria. He wns separated from
the commons by his weakness, mental, net
moral, anil from the nebflity by his vlrt&M.
ilu was placed in conditions which far abler
men could net have managed, and his ex
periences wei e se painful nnd pitiful that he
cUlmi our companion, If net our respect
Tiere seems te have been u sirt of fate In his
career, of whleli he had u certain foreshadow
ing. At the clusu of thu celebration of his nun-
j tUvlsmany persons in the vuvt crowd were
' crushed te death In the 1'lae-e Iiuls XV by
the narrow ness of the mede of exit. The ac
cident greatly depressed the veuthful MUK
I who was singularly huinane. Near where it
I happened steed twenty-three years later the
scalfoldeii which he sulTered. It was then
. called the Place da 1 1 Hav olutlen; It Is new
the Place de la Concorde. He had from his
boyhood felt a morbid lute-rest in the story
I of Charles L reading it continually, as If he
tail a presentiment et his own deem. His
llfe was se desolate, se full of mortillcatleo
and anguish that he might well have been
resigned te quitting It
7 jTSLsii
mmumk,,
Iffrl lI'MCflKslvjR Es-JT tM 1 1 !.
rmi ' f'Afi
" yr'ffi?i rrmHr(rri
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""" atcSlg BBflffPil- i
i iff
THE DOOM OF LOUIS.
The trial lasted forty-one days; was most
excitlrg, having been marked by tempestu
ous debatcs between the Girendists nnd Jaco
bins. Leuis was ably defended by Dcsoze,
Trenchet and Malcshcrbes; but the substance
et the charge that he had complettod with
the emigrants and foreign powers te over over
theow the constitution and the old order
(anciea regime), was sustained by documents
discovered In an Iren safe hidden In a wall et
tha Tullerlcs. It would have been strange It
be had net been guilty. Under his circum
stances guilt was virtually self defense. He
must have known for three years and a halt
at least that his llfe was lu constant danger
in Torts. He turned naturally te his distant
friends, te theso who alene would and could
help him, for protection. His friends, as the
constitution construed It, wero necessarily
the enemles of the republic. Who can blame
a man, surrounded by ruthless fee, If he uses
deception and falsehood te oscnpe the moslies
Inte which they have taken html Is net
craft the spontaneous consequenco of com
pulsion! The attltuda of most of the Ling's Judges
toward hlra Is evident from their feelings,
acalnst his fearless advocates, who wcre well
aware et the hazard they Incurred at such a
tlme by pleading his cause. Descze and
Trenchct were net se prominent as Malcs
hcrbes; but they had great difficulty after
Iho trial In avoiding the guillotine; Trenchet
belug compelled te remain hidden during the
Reign of Terrer. Malcthcrbca wns renewned
for luaguanlmlty.
As president et the
court of aids, he
was n quiet though
roseluto opponent
et governmon t
greed and tyranny
under I)uts XV,
aud labored stremi
etisly for the wel
faroet the poeplo,
He was, nt U0, np
pointed censer of
tlie press, a posi
tion whleli he did
net rellsh, but
Jf
te
THONC1II.T.
which he accepted le keep It out of the hands
of seme bigot or V enal court ler. He filled It
admirably, and his grateful service was
highly appreciated by authors, albeit the
Borbeuuo protested vloleutly against the
celebrated encyclopedia, but be permitted Its
publication.
Some years offer, his hostility te Iho levy
of new taxes and oilier political abuses led
te his banishment from the capital. He was
recalled by Leuis XVI, and entered the min
istry with Turger, but resigned en his dis
missal When LeuU XVI was put en trial,
ha w as eager te defend him, and dlschniged
the duty ably and eloquently. Hut. from
that hour, he was a marked man. Within a
year he was arrested with his family, nnd
they were condemned te the ax. Today his
memory Is greatly honored In Parts, and one
et the principal streets Is named after him.
The next day after Louts Capet's sentonce
se he was named by the convention he
was carried, Jan. 'JO, I71M, te tlie Kcaffeld,
ilm concourse was
iinincnse, Kvery
iirotmrutlen was
mtide against u
posslble rcscue-SO,-000
armed men, and
cannon bristling
every w here. Hu
firmly mounted the
scaffold In com
pany with Edgo Edge
worth de Firiueiit,
n pious abbi5, a
MAttSHEUUCH. cousin of MnrU
Edgeworth, and his last confessor. Resisting
the assistants of the executioner w he had
laid hands en him, he vtelded te the persua
sions of the prlest When 'they were about
te adjust his head te the f rnme. he tore him
self from thelr giusp and exclalincd oxclted exclted
lyt "I dle Innocent of uuy crline; I pray thut
Ged may net vtlt my bleed upon France."
The revolutionists were determined ha
should net sak they feared Its i Ifect en
the crowd nnd his volce w ns drew nod by the
rolling of the drums. He wns feiced down;
the c mp beard fastened en bis threat. His
confessor cried, "SonefHt Leuis, nse-end l'
heaven." The glittering l.ulfe descended (
the bleed spurted; the rejal head fell Inte
I ha basket, mid was shown te tha ivople.
France had ln-headed Its first king, ami the
populace rejoiced, shouting wildly at the
doathet him they declared a traitor and a
tvrnnt Who can assert thai he was tha last
of the French sovereigns thul will perish in
thatnnyi Of that nation nothing can be
predicted, nud uverj thing Is pesvtbla.
-TURY OF THE CIVIL STRIfC.
The decapitation of the Hug, It might be
thought, would have quenched the pepulir
thirst for bleed; It only Increased the thirst
with which the whele laud soeinod parehed.
Having Main the chief of tha realm, the rab
ble and their leaders weie mero anguliiary,
mere demonlae than ever, 'Iho wholesalo
nassacre, under the name of law nnd order,
had net then begun; but from that day no
limn, ue woman's llfe was safe In l'urls. The
purest and noblest wcre liahle te sacrifice at
the Intimation et a scullion, at the frantle
cry: "The country li In danger," Such a
country, In such mad.icss, certainly ought te
have been in a thousand times mere danger
than It really w ns. Tha oxtreme rev olutlon elutlon olutlen
lsts were Its greatest dangur, aud they would
have ruined it had they net been overthrown
aud extirpated.
Chaes prevails In France after the royal
execution. England dismisses the French
ambassador en roce'lptef the baleful news,
and Joins thu coalition with Nuples, Spnln.
Helland, (lei many ugainst the distracted
land. Revolts occur In every department;
tha Vendue Is 111 a blaru. The insurrection is
half religious, beginning with the peasantry,
en piockimatlen of the republic Tim Veil Veil
deeans are rejalists te the core; the-lr na
tional ardor extemds ever Iwer l'oiteu, An An
jeu, Iiwer Malno und Brittany. Jacques
Catheliuean Is ut Its head. A mason ami
IKiddler, he Is, at SD, peer, with u numerous
family. His piety is seiaiupunt that he Is
called the saint et AnJeu.
'Iho attempt of tlii revolutionist te
strengthen their nrniy caus.ii a sanguinary
light nt St Floreut, and reuses Cathellneau
te determined reil.tance. In command of a.
ferce et young men he drives elf tbe garrison
This story has been dented. l'-J,rs ertli him
self said thut hu had ue reeollee'llou of utliij; tlt
words.
of Julluls and Chellet. HU followers Increase,
and he wins severul battles with Irregular
troops only half armed. He liocenios a pop
ular leader and Is made n general. Varied
succera attends lilm, and he died et wounds,
get by an attack en Nantes, at SI After the
restoration his children are pcnsloned.nnd a
monumeut Is raised te tils memory. Ills son
dcclareH ugainst Nupoleou In the Vendee in
1615, and Is shot, Uf ten years later, while
acting In the Duchess of Bere ' conspiracy.
.--yeirajgi v2T
-' ' KTMSS-
-w
fc
ixiLis ivi e tub Kcvrrein.
lleurl du Verger, Count de It Kochejaque Kechejaque
Isln, Is unethcr Vendee.ui chief. Having a
military vducullen he becomes ene of the
cotivtltutleual guanl of IxmW XVI after the
outbreak of the Resolution. But utter the
massacre of the Swiss guard at the Tuileries
lie quits Pai is and' unites with Lescure and
the inhabitants of the -ndee In behalf of the
monarchy. He Is che. -u their commander
aud address them, sp king of his tuex)wri
euce and ardor In their lUse, "If I advance,
fellow ma; If I retn- kill me; If I fall,
ayetce raei" He shows .irodlstcsef valor and
Mil
fiwp-m
-j i
J'w W
s. - ' ' a.1.1?"
mus several tii-ujiics ue ujs i cpuu&Mssjni
After i1r.rvi.itn nVhfJnir and anienataf J
followers by heroie example, he Is kllsV'if
93tt,n ilil.f I I if Ml A I ill lilt I an J
triA trncf rtf Prrtni-rt J
Charcttode la Coutrle Is another l
soldier ei ilia v emlce. He la tn our war IW t
Independence In his youth, aadr later, I -,
stanch defender of Louts XVI. aad bMtsj- ,.n",
avenging him after his extCasie fU If V
guerrina leauerana Keeps up eMqe east- ,v .
test te the last Rafustn the most hoaeraMa r
terms from Gen.Heche.ha trier wltk'cattf
thlrtv-threemen te cut bis war thrnnrti U '
republican force. Wounded, captured, be )" ,j
taken te Nantes and shot at 88 by order of --
court martial. Few struggles nave been se
determined aud Intrepid as these of tha Veil
deeans In n cause almost hopeless. They have
lecelvcd tbe compassion and reverence of a
poeplo.
The death et the king resulted tn a still
werse coudttien for France. Paris was In tha
hands et a small number of desperate a
A committee et publie f sty waa ieraatst,
and its members were given by the oetxt. eetxt. oetxt.
tlen absolute power ever property life.
F.veu the representatives of the coarsAtlea
ceased te be secure from arrest and haras.
Tlie oxecutlon of the Girendists crea tad treat
excitement, wrath and horror In the prov
inces. But tbe destructives In Paris could
net -be overthrown; they had the military
nnd civil ferce behind them; they were su
preeo. The just assassination of Karat added
te the power et Rebespierre by enlarging his
freedom and renderiug him virtually dlo dle dlo
tuter. Iu Berdeaux, Lyens, Marseilles and ether
large cities which had resisted the authorities
et the capital, massacrm equal te these et
Parts wrcre perpetrated at will The atmos
phere of the whele land was dark with mortal
peril; denth turked In every household. The
decrees of the convention wero perfectly sa
nga, but some et Its agents ware se superhu
manly cruel that they murdered en their own
account, apparently from sheer love of cru
elty. If we had net proof et their deeds,
faith In our fellows would prompt us te dis
credit them totally. ,
" A" 1, 700 HOUSE.
Twit Mmlinratlens nf (he Same TUn That
Will Ite Interesting-.
Frem that admirable llttle book, Arttstle
Hemes, published at Dotrett by the Ameri
can Itulldlug Plan association, are taken the
PtAJS A VIKW.
fellow lug cuts nud description "f twn modi medi modi
llcatient efthu sanie general plan, us esU
mated cost of n heusa built according t4
either of thein being $l,700i
0 HOUND FLOOR,
r rim A, Frame Twe Story Dwelling with
itone foundation Height of stories In the
clean First, 10 feet; second, nine feet six
inches; cellar, 0 feet 0 Inches. First story
KECOXD STORY.
contains hall, "0 feet 0 Indies x 14 feet 4
Inches; parlor (with fireplace), It feef
Inches x 15 feet; dining room, 13 feet 0 inches
x 13; kitchen, lSxl'J feet 0 Inches; pantry
run n vntw.
nud chlui closet, each CxO. Second story
centalus three bedrooms, 13x13 feet 0 Inches;
13 fect 0 Inches x 13, and 14 feet G Inches x 15,
with closets elf. Interior weed work pine
with oil finish, Inside blinds, etc
1
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KITCHEN
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VERANDA.
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rim U (sama as above, except arrang
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hill, CxIV, parlor (with fireplace), 13 feet
inches x It; dining room, 13x13; kitchen,
12x13; china closet and iautry, each 4xSk
mat
'BECOVD 8TORT.
Second story contains three chambeis, 12xl3l
13x13, and 13 feet U Inches x 14, with der
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