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THE SCIENCE OF DAM tUILOINQ
ILLUSTRATED IV EXAMPLES.
aJderty ImM la Of te
la CkM4 Dm-la. Tana la
Br-Ti em Cratett Lak Fia
Ssd, 9a,M,Ma,SM GaHeaa,
Never glue 'America wm settled by
white men has there- been such an over
looking of dams tied fearful looking for
of leaks or structural weaknesses as new.
Next te the. surprise of learning bow very
many towns thcre arc in the mountain
ous sections which are overhung, se te
speak, by great reservoirs, Is the In
quirer's surprise at the general knowl
edge of hydremechanics recently gained
by the people.
TI1K BROKEN DAM.
Almest any man can tell you about
the pressure of standing water or the
fcxce of running water, the cumulative
force of percolation nnd the logie of
Terricclli's theorem that the ferce of
liquid jets is proportional te the square
roots of the depths of which they issue
below the Burfnce. And the universal
interest has brought out the fact that
there are net only many dams of doubt
ful strength, but several very large ones
are proposed or in ceurse of construc
tion as te which engineers differ serious
ly. New Yerk and New England con
tain many dams standing .at levels of
from 1 te 300 feet above important towns.
Most of these dams are much better built
than v as the fatal oue at Johnstown, but
keu'6 of them are weak affairs.
I The noted dam of Creten river, the
first completed te supply New Yerk city,
consists of two lines of etone cribs and
ten feet of solid concrcte between them;
and as it controls a roserveirof but 400
acres, with 500,000,000 gallons of water,
it may be considered as near absolutely
Bafo as any btruclure in this world can
be. It is forty feet high. The ether
dams of the Creten basin, including the
Sodom dam, are thought te be equally
strong but the proposed Quaker Bridge
dam, te control 30,000,000,000 gallous,
excites much distrust.
. At Whitehall, N. Y a dam holds 0,
000,000 gallons 0(1 feet aboe the town.
At Norwich J0,- fitta ii
000,000 gallons no-' mi
nre maFscd 180
ftint nlmi'n fM7i
Similarly Oneida te,?""1
is threatened by
22,000,000 gallons
180 feet high; Go Ge
shen by 40,000,- j,n
WW cat ens. Her- "
liellsville by 50.-
00,000 nnd King-4J
bUjii by CO.000,000
gallons. Thi'soare
SODOM DAM:
only specimens; a full list in New Yerk
alone, with the particulars, would Till n
column. Of the largest reservoirs that
abeve Trey holds back 000,000,000 gal
Ions, nnd thatnbore Utica 700,000,000.
Fer the convenience of Hartferd, Conn.,
there is a scries of dams holding 1,300,
000,000 gallons, nnd when the lower ene
gave way, in 1607, the 200,000,000 gal
lons poured out did great damage. All
these, and indeed all ether dams in the
United States, facem insignificant com
pared with either of the liig dams pio-pe-.ed
te scciire New Yerk city against
all possibility of drought.
Tite greatest, and meant te ta the
greatest in the world, is the Quaker
Briilge dam, which would incrcabe the
nreaofCieton lake te 4,000 acres, and
the voliime te 00,000,000,000 gallons.
SECTIONS OV TUB BROKEN DAM.
The Mississippi at Hannibal City is ex
actly a mile wide at ordinary level, and
this proposed reservoir would maintain
therher voliime and current thcre for
ever two hours. The giving way of such
a dam, the sweep of such a mass of wa
ter down the narrow Creten valley and
its sudden addition te the Hudsen are
net te be thought of without a shiver.
It would, se bome calculators estimate,
wnd a tidal wave down that stream
whiclrweuld crush most of the shipping
and sweep away all the decks en that'
side of New Yerk, then, after swelling
the bay and concentrating ugain at the
pass, would tear out Sandy Heek and
sweep its samb into deep ocean. The
promoting engineers emile and say there
need net be the blightcst danger.
They propeso that the dam shall lie
1.000 feet long, 274 feet high, 210 feet
wide at the base and 23 en the top, and
se constructed as te sustain twice the
pressure of the 120,000,000 tens of water,
the most that can accumulate. Their
specification U, briefly .solid masonry bid
in hydraulic cement, with ample over ever
fall in the center. Nothing can iujure
it, they say, but an earthquake, and that
could only produce crocks in the ma
sonry, through which the waters would
escape slowly, the base being tee great
for the dam te tepple down. In proof
they cite the old Spanish dams at Puen
tcj, Ali&into and Vul Del Inferno, and
the French dams at Vilfare, Tcrnay,
Hainuaiid ether places. One-third of
this dam would be lielew the natural bed
of Creten river, as it Is tlut far te solid
bed rock.
The opponents of this bchrme have a
geed deal te say. One suggests that nn
Anarchist or alien enemy could carry
enough dynamite in a gripsack te blew
n breach through the dam. Anether
maintains that the pressure would liebO
great that the water would iu-duuate it
self into the Hires of the masonry or
bedrock and cwntually undermine the
dam. Still another insUts tliatimiug te
the jx-culiar formation at that point the,
pressure would be greater than was ever
yet brought upuiibelid masonry, nnd that
n break would be piebahle. Professer
Ilegan, w he testified as an expert befere
the uqticdtict commission, replies te all
this that btonedanijj always break in por
tions, while earthen dauH effen go in a
bedyj tant,-if-n breach were made., and
succcssh q sections of the dam carried off
by the ferce of the water, there would
till be nmple time .for a slew discharge.
The labia principle of the scicuce is
that water presses, uet according te its
TdtlLl'iit Us- hviit; (he tin of tlte
-av
irf
M
pi uas,,s?e
5 it tpGLj as-vUiarL3
spout swstatas ym as wat prwurs
the tin around the coffee pet This aad
Uteris of water te it krcl have bae
understood m all civilised times, and
some famous iastaacea may be eked
from Heme te England, the most re re
markable ierhaps talng that of the sup
ply of Liverpool from a distance of seventy-seven
miles. Tin's aqueduct Is the
longest that has ever been constructed.
It evcb excels the famous Ckudlaa
aqueduct built by the Remans, which
had a length of thirty miles. It will
supply Liverpool dally with 40,000,000
gallons of water much mere than is
needed for n long time te come, notwith
standing Liverpool has at present a pop
ulation of ever 600.000.
SSC-CWi-
rnoresED qcaker bridge cam.
The aqueduct commences in nerthfrn
Wales, high up in the mountains, where,
crossing the upper part of theVymwy
valley, an immense dam has been erected
te collect the water of the river which
gives the name te the valley. The lake
is four and three-fourths miles long and
half a mile wide. The area covered by
it amounts te 1,121 acres. The city of
Liverpool had te buy the village of
Llanwyddin, together with the church
parsenage and cemetery, befere the work
could be commenced, and where for
centuries generation after generation
bad spent their lives, the waves are
new curling under the influence- of the
breeze.. The greatest depth of the lake
will be 8-1 feet, and the waters here col
lected will amount te 12,131,000,000 gal
lons. Tills artificial lake is the greatest
lake which Wales possesses. The length
of this giant dam which closes up the
valley is 1,173 feet. At the base it is
120 feet wide. The height from the
foundation te the carringe read en top
Is 101 feet; from the bed of the river,
101 feet. The dam contains net less
than 200,000 cubie yards of masonry,
which weighs r0!,700 tens.
Befere the water leaves the lake it is
carefully filtered in n tower 100 feet
high. Fer miles the water must be con
ducted Bubtcrraneeusly under rivers,
lakes and hills. Then again, when the
topography requires it, the water must be
lifted by hydraulic pressure and biphens.
Between the Vyruwy lake and Liverpool
thcre have been built for this purpose a
nuuilier of reservoirs, which can contain
immense masses of water, se that even
if thcre should be an obstruction at the
commencement of the aqueduct Liter Litor Litor
poel would net suffer any interruption
in its water cupply. An important part
of the aqueduct is the tunnel under the
river Meney, which is 000 feet long. On
the left side of the river the water is con
ducted in steel pipes down a shaft G8
feet long into the tunnel te ascend again
en the light side in similar pipes for 101
feet. Frem there the water will go into
the basin from which takes place the
distribution ever Liverpool.
The cost of this gigantic enterprise,
which is justly designated a triumph of
modem engineering, will probably
nmeuut te ever -1,000,000-$20,000,000.
The proposed Quaker Bridge reservoir
for New Yerk city would exceed this in
voliime of water, but the engineering
difficulties would be much less. The
weight of opinion among the best engi
neers is that the scheme is perfectly prac
ticable nnd the dam could be made icr
fectly safe.
It should be noted that the dam above
Johnstown, though a rather peer earthen
affair, did net "burst," as the common
phrase gees it wero or washed nway
after the water began te pour ever the
top. If thcie had been the thinnest
"sLin" of masonry, or even of weed,
ever the top, te carry the overflow se far
that it would net undermine, the dam
w euld havestoed. The lessen of nil such
cases is that the wastuway is the thing te
leek carefully te, no matter bow low the
dam is, if it is of earth. The Johnstown
dam was strong enough, but it had ue
safe wasteway.
RUSSIA'S GREAT FLOOD.
Frightful Sccue V7icu tlm Js'eva
Over.
flencd IU BuDka.
Special Con-i'teuJcuo.J
New Yekk, June 13. The flood that
overwhelmed St. rctersburg was net
quite se terribly sudden as this Cono Ceno Cone
maugh ene, but it was fully as de
structive, and te this day you, may see
en many of the great Russian public
buildings n red line, with the date "7th
November, 1821," marking the height of
the water en that fatal morning. Fer
three days proweus the waters of the
Neva, swollen high by a sudden thaw,
had been driven back by the furious
west wind thai was blowing with ever
increasing violcnce up the Gulf of Fin
land; and ns the river rose, the alarm
guns kept booming through the howling
storm nil night long from the citadel,
while through the darkness the red glare
of signal lanterns lit up every watch
tower. A few took fright mid fled with
what property they could eave, but the
greater number stayed and met their
deem.
Just at daybreak en the morning of
the fatal 7th theso whose houses looked
down upon the great open space of the
Admiralty plain (which flanks the river)
were mrakrawi i.p n i..ii . i.n..
llke distant il.n,..W. n,i . ,i,...ii5
ground below them milted into n sea of
leaping, glittering, foaming water, en
which wagons, liargcs, casks, sentry
bexc3, bundles- of hay and shattered I
timbers wcre whirled along like straws,
together w ith drew uing horses, men and
oxen, whose crhii bwellcd dismally the
universal uproar. Then the thrce great
canali burst their banks, and en went
the flood In ene mighty wave through
every street and lane, till fully two
thirds of the city 'va under water.
And new the tragedy Ivgau in earnest.
As the timber housed along the river
bank lcgan te shake beneath the batter
ing strokes of the waves, the deemed in
mates tried te claniber te the reef, most
ly falling in the attempt and falling head
long into the ragbig waters leJew.
Children sank before the eyes of their
mothers, wives In-fore thoMief their hus
liandi. Many of the ixr wrctchee, in
the madness, of tlnif Jvrrer. fought Kir,
THE liAKOASTER 1A1LY INTELOGENOBB, SATCfHDAY 'JTJHE ll,
acrry Mr few Hem et feettwM MM
tiny were all engulfed together. Higher
ami higher rose the lead, hew Tier
hears cane crathiag dewa, and tar
hrieka e these who were perkMac
aeath the ruina were heard above all the
rear of wind and etena. Aad still the
alarm bells pealed aad the akna gaas
boomed In the distance, m If calling ta
rain for the help that neae could give.
But all at eace a large beat wm area
te ceme gliding around the corner of the
Veancacnskav OeUta (Assumption
street), rowed by eight strong aaea, aad
steered by the Csar Alexander alauelf.
Just at that moment a hag aaass of
woodwork, tern from eeme fallea house,
bore right down upea the beat A cel
Iuheb would have beea certain death te
all but the csar raw that there were
two children clinging te the drifting
mass, aad with eae turn of the tiller he
brought the beat alongside, and, at the
risk of hts own life, snatched the peer
little waifs from destruction. Then, tak
ing thorn en his knees, and wrapping hk
geld laced cloak tenderly around then,
he went bravely en Inte the Jaws of
death.
Several ether beats wero seen at work
and the men who guided them, steering
cloee te the submerged houses, shouted
te these at the windows and en the reefs
te let themselves down. But te utterly
unnerved wcre these peer creatures by
mortal terror that many of them. Instead
of lowering themselves quietly into the
hands of thoee who were ready te ro re ro
ceive them, leaped headlong into the
rushing waters and thus perished with
safety actually within their grasp. One
struggling woman was clutched by a
brave fellow in the bow of ene of the
beats, but cre be could drag her in the
skirt by which he held her gave way and
she sank forever. A number of pcople
who bad taken rcfuge en a wooden reef
wcre espied by a beat's crew, who ran
alengside and wcre just shouting te them
te lower themselves down, when the
wbole reef fell In with a herrible craali,
overwhelming the rescuers and the res
cued in ene common ruin.
But the horror wasv net nt Its height
even new. With the coming of night
canie a bitter north wind and a frost of
unparalleled severity, which completed
the deadly work that the flood had be
gun. Many who hed escaped the waters
died by the cold of that fearful night;
and when morning dawned upon that
wild sccne scores of dead men were
drifting through the dead city en brokea
planks or capsized beats, with their livid
faces and sightless eyes turned blindly
upward te the cold and cruel splendor
of the wintry sunrise.
A few figures wcre seen clinging te the
trees along the front of the Admiralty
building, and the passing rescuers bailed
them, but thcre was no reply. The beats
wcre hastily run thither, and they were
told te leap in, but net ene of them
speke or meved they wcre all frozen
corpses. Nearly five hundred of these
ghastly fruits wcre gathered from the
trees of the various beulevards when
the flood went down, and in many cases
the stiffened fingers that still clutched
the boughs breke short off like these or
a statue I
Hew many lives were lest during lliat
fearful day and night (which still stands
alene In the memory of the Russian pce
ple llke the burning of Moscow) can no vcr
be known new; but, apart from the mul
titudes tliat werodestreyed in the capital
itself, hundreds upon hundcreds must
have perished inCronstedt and the low flat
islets at the mouth of the river. Count
less bodies wcre whirled away by the fu
rious current of the Nevn, te be found
far out te sea by shuddering flslicrmcn
many days later; and, judging of the
total havoe by the very small part of
it which can be accurately reckoned,
theso few hours must liave swept away
many thousands of human lives.
David Kir. ,
PRACTICAL HINTS IN FLORICULTURE.
Hew nnd When te Water riaeU Jiecewlty
of Ventilation, Claaullueu anil Sunlight.
The failures se often experienced in
the cultivation of flowers are largely
due te the fact that we try te de tee
much, that our gardens are tee large nnd
net sufficiently cared for. Ne ene should
have mero ground dovetcd te a garden
that cm 1m kept in the highest state of
cultivation. The same may be said of
house- plants or plants kept within doers
during the winter. Toe often de we sce
many plants prewded together iv n poor
ly lighted window, compelling each
plant te take en a form never intended
by nature and follage quite different
from that desired by the owner. Oue of
the chief lequlbites in management of
house plants is plenty of sunshine. Next
is an atmosphere neither tee dry nor tee
close, and u uniform temperature (lower
at night than during the day).
Some practical hints as te water
ing have been recently summed up as
fellows by an authority m such mat
ters: Rain water is abetter than spring
or well water. Hard' water may be
greatly Improved by adding u drop or
two of ammonia or a little soda, a
small nugget about the m'ze of a pea
te every gallon of water used. As
te tin je of day, morning is the best,
nnd next is the e cuing. Never water
heuse plants when the sun is shining
brightly upon them; the supply of water
must be regulated according te the de
mands of the plant; the condition of the
plant and of the soil ll the best guide.
Never glve water when the soil is meibt
te the touch. Nearly all plants require
mero water when in bloom than at nny
ether thne, mero in a warm temperature
than iu n cold, and mero when in n state
of active. growth than when at rest,
l'lants in open roem3 usually require
water ence a day, and some demand it
tu ice, nt any rate all should be exam
ined with interest te water at least
I evcry day,
Cleanliness is essential. The leaves of
plants bheuld be kept frce from dust,
hence frequent washings are absolutely
essential, although when watering nevcr
wet the flowers of a plant nor allow drops
of water te stand en the leaves in the
I sunshine. Never allow water te stand
in tlie 6aucers of the ets unless the
plants are bcmi-aquatic. Watering is at
least two fold. It supplies plants feed
or elements of fertility con talnediu itself,
and converts the plant feed or nourish
ment of the soil into n liquid form, se
I that it may be absorbed by the
the roet3.
I The roots of n plant miut be kept moist,
net wet.
When the drninage is the most perfect
plants will generally le the healthiest,
and will need watering the eftcnest.
Uive heuse plants as much light as pos pes pos
sible during the day, and darknes3 with
a lower temperature at night. Plants
require rest; n uniform temperature of
C0er70degs. in the daytime aud -10 te
13 dogs, at night will gUe the best re
sults. Turning the plants toward the
light should net be done, unlcs? done
regularly. Bcsidca light, heuse plants
require a geed Bupply of fresh air. Ven
tilation i i absolutely necessary.
Tvre View.
Flossy Oh, mamma, sce that man
wheeling n baby carriage! I don't think
a man should de tliat. Mether Fler,
ence, you must net talk se foolishly. Yeu
will think ditrerently when you grew up.
-rLawrvuce American,
YOLCANIC HAY!
Facts en Its History and the
Late Revolution There.
THE LONG NEGRO-MULATTO FEUB
Tha Law Walliitv-RcTcrly Tnekvr Coat-minien--TIi
tttantl et Sante Doailnge
In a State of Bctrogmalen Vaadetu
Werth In and CaaulbalUm.
The appetntaient of Bevtrly Tucker and
Lew Wallace and almost Imuiedlsle with
drawal of their name as United Statfia com cem com
mbaleners te Haytl, followed by tus news of
Hyppollte'i triumph ever Legitime, has r
Mwnt public Interest In that I Jam!. At the
opportune moment appears the work of Sir
Bpetwr St. Jehn, who was for twenty years
British consul central at Tort nu Prince nnd
is new her majesty's minister In Mexico.
Bis 'conclusions en Hnytl are briefly and
easily stated. Bus considers tbs island in a
state of rapid decay, and the peeple as Inca Inca
pable et any form of government tnve des
petism.
The pcople et the interior, he say, have
reverted te the condition et n West African
tribe, given ever te the worship of Vaudeux
(pronounced vo-deo, and often called Hoodoo
in the United States), the sacral sunke, and
with the ceremonies of that worship ke child
murder, the digging up of corpses for their
fat, the drinking et hurnim bleed mixed with
rum, ferocious cannibalism, ami the uieit
disgusting debauchery.
talk or noRneno.
Such things should net be accepted without
such testimony as exclude nil doubt. Xm n
te a few years age the govern inenl tried f i em
tlme te Ume te repress cannibalism, then th
effort was alumdeued, nnd the record of oue
of the lest trials shows hew common tlm prac
tice was. In Uint ense two of the guilty con
fessed, but the first evidence, w as obtained by
a young Creele, who blacked himself thorough
ly and mingled with the worshipers. The
victim was a young girl. 8lr Bpcuser Ht,
Jehn heard the trial, and says:
"Slie was thrown en the ground nnd held
by the head and feet whlle the rnpdel
(priest) cut her threat nnd let the bleed run
into the roceptacle prepared. Jvanne cooked
the IlwJi with Conge beans, but Hcnuide
Buincre, urged by the fearful npctite of n
cannibal, cut from the palm et the dead
child a picce of flct.li and ate it rnw. (This I
beard her avow In open court.) -Asked
which wcre the nicest parts of a child, she
answered, laughingly, the palm et the hand
and the inside of the leg."
Freudo reopened the Inmilry and confirmed
the verdict et Bt, Jehn. Hut this Is tee dis
gusting a subject te pursue. What concerns
us mero is the xlitlad condition nnd trade
of TlaytL The Island contains about 34,000
square miles, and U-iyti is a little ever ono eno one
thlrd of It. The Spanish or eastern part U
new called San Dominge, and the whole
island Sante Dominge, and surely ue ether,
equal area has been In four centuries ,Uie
sccne of such wnuteu cruelty. When the
Spaniards planted their settlement thcre (the
first In thtf New World) the uatlve Indians
numbered at least 800,000; in forty years
they bad shrunk te 00,000. The men wcre
literally worked te death in the mines. After
15C0 ue Indians are mentioned In the cnnsui,
and as far as can be known there is uet new
a drop et Indian bleed en all the island.
a nuxDY msTenv.
Then enme the "lSrethrcu et the Const,"
the noted Buccaneers, and seized the west
part and Dually delivered it te France, SKtiu
retaining the ether end. The French brought
negrees from the west coast of Africa, and
Haytl seen took rank as the richest colony In
the world. At the outbreak of the French
tvolullen the Ilaytlan experts were ewr
rm
SALOMO.V.
i.eeitimk. nrrreuTK.
45,(100,000, chiefly te France. The white
planters claimed n shore in the French re
public, the fioer whites opposed the planters,
the colored (mulatto) intrigued ngalu.st Ixith,
and in due time the blacks iem) nguiu.it nil
thrce. The Knglish caine In and joined the
blacks against tlieJFrcuch and imilattecs. The
horrersof the war can never Iw told. Political
prisoners wcre Iteutid ltneen beards and
hawed in two. Town after town was burnt
and every perseu in it killed, regardless of ag
or sex.
At length arose the talented and humane
Teussaiut L'Ouicrture, and succeeded In mil
ting the colored et all shades; 00,000 Fieueh
soldiers died et yellow fever and the remnant
surrendered te the KuglUh and left the Island.
Teussaiut declined n general amnesty nnd
entered into a treaty with Napeleon Dona Dena
parte; the latter had him captured and inv
Erlsoned him hi a fertrcb hi the Alps, whan
e died of cold and neglect.
MAS3ACIUC or TUB WHITES.
The Haytians established n republic, and
then liegan the long struggle lietuceii the
pure blacks and the colei ed. On the first day
of 1801 Dessalines as chosen president fei
life, aud his first decree was an order te mas.
acre all the French except the doctors ami
priests. Many were protected in the ceiut
towns; of the rest net ene caKxL Old and
young, both Bexes, the uitrlurch, the new
born babe and nursing mother wcre beaten tc
death, tossed en pikes or hewed iu pieces n ith
cauuknUes. The news arrived that ISeim
parte was made emperor. Declines hiune
dlately assumed the same titlu fur Haytl, but
aa nu was a niacK me mulatteci retailed, and
be was defeated and bhct. having telgusd uet
quite two years.
Thcre was a year of war, then a new con
stitution was udepUxl, and l'otieu (mulatto)
made president late In lbOO. The black, led
by Christephe, Hlgaud and ethers, revolted
and there wcre five years of w nr. The coun
try was then dhkled under llve rulers, un
til ChrUtoplie consolidated the blacks mid
crowned himself as King Henry L He wes
seen killed.
In 1810 a new constitution was adopted pro
viding for a four years' presidency, and Po Pe
tion was chosen, but he died In PS18 "net
without suspicion of Vaudeux )len," says
the mulatto hhiterian.
Gen. Iieycr was chescu te succeed and an
nexed Kan Dominge, thin reuniting the
Island. As president, protector, dictator aud
previsional general, he reigned many yars;
but San Dominge seceded, aud se the Hayti
ans dreve Deyer into oxlle and the senate
chese (Jen. IIcrard-IMviure In his ttcaiL Four
mouths later there was another revolution
and he fled te Jamaica.
The mulattecs new get control again ei.d
chew (ien. Guerrier prcideut; but In a year
he died of debauchery.
MAHSAC1IK Or TUB UULATT0K8.
There wai a short, sharp tight; the nuilat nuilat
tees were beutcn and the blacks made Pierrot
prrddent. In a year he tied from his own
soldiers and Hlche, another black, winclihi-iu
In a year he died curly In IBI7 the cause
net being given Iu the histories. UnpL Sou Seu Sou
leU'ue, a full black mul a Vaudeux worship
er, was then iltl and iu due tune lie lie lio
came the noted KmpVrer KiiUbthi I. Hii
whele leign was an orgy of revel, riot, mur
der and masvieru. His policy wus plain and
explicit, and thus declared)
'Crush the mulattecs, they are the curses
et the land. They haUi thtlr f uthers and do de do
tplse their mothers. They would sell us te the
fereigmrs."
One by one, but rapidly, the rich and edu
cated colsred were destroyed, aud hi 18IU,
under preU-nse of a plot, be ordered a
general mauacre of the colored cjute In
Pert au Prince. Many cseaed te the
shipping In the harbor ami ethers
were protected by the fercl'jn minis
ters. Tht rurt wcre buuhered. IIv then de.
clared war agafmt iia Dominge, but It
proved a "war of races.1" The ordinary
pmctlouef the Ilaytlan kelilier was te shut
his eyes, turn eway his licul and tire Ids
plecoenre, then break for the nt-irett moun meun
tahi, fccraamiiu; "O, Jnu-Many-Maiual9i
rBixTlcerilal mUurk-erilM'1"
r &? -e""
At length the Dominicans captured ads'
taehmnit, nnd straightway mutilated every
man In nn unpcnkable manner Thereafter
the Hnytlnns rnn witlieut waiting for tbs
first fire, the whele army or 11,000 being
(hircnjhy lera than 1,000 Demlnlcau.
MANT SCCCKSSIVK IIEVOLUTIOSS.
In ItvU Eouleuquo made himself emperet
and created an oxtenslve nobility The as-
CEtisBsBHaoceoiC
A 1IOLSIC V UATTt.
preme court protested, whereupon he had
the chief justice and four associates shot.
Five y ears of war followed, till the empire
w as overthrown. In 1S.VJ a general numesty
was preclahneil, and te prepltlat the friendly
nwersn mulatto, Oellrnrd, was made presi
dent The leading blacks nt ouce ergnnlzM
a censpirney, and In seeklug te attack (Jet
frardthey UlllclhU daughter. Sixteen black!
were caught hi the grounds where it oo eo oe
rurrcd, and as It was uncertain which enn
killed her, nil the sixteen were shot.
In IbiU Legres, n black genernl, relielleik
In 1SU Gen. Haloiuen reliulled. In
IW3 the provlnee of Genaives relielled.
In 18GI-5 nit the north side retailed. In
lbOO all the regular army revolted and Got Get
f rant fled te Jamaica, The blacks ence mera
had full control nnd made Sulnate president.
He fought vaiieus opponents ter thirty
months and was then captured nnd shot,
March 10, 1&70, Nlssage-Sagct was Inaugu
rated, ami he served the constitutional term
et four years, being the first mid the last In
llaytl te de that Doing re-electcd, thera
was a rclicllien, nnd he fled te Jamaica.
Gen. Domlngue succeeiled nnd briefly do de
dared hU policy thus! "White men have no
rights Iu Hay It thut Ilnytiaus are bound tu
respect." Ills tyranny seen boc.ime iinUnir
able, there wus n sudden outbreak, hlselllcial
family nnd nearly all his elose supiierteri
wcre Lllled and he csc.iicd with great dlltl
culty te a Ilrlthh ship Iu the harbor. Ilols Ilels Ilols
rend Canal, n mulatto, was chosen preldunt,
mid hl coinvllter, lleycr-ltaiilala, lebelled.
The president Hed te Jamaica.
T1IK UTB IIEVOLUTIO.N.
Tlie trhunpli of the blacks wus new com
plete and they made tlie black Salomen presi
dent He' had a French Catholic wlfe (while),
had lit cd in France, mid knew what civiliza
tion was; he, therefore, trlixl te suppress tin
Vaudeux nnd restore the church Iu the In
terior, but seen had te abandon tlie attempt
or lese tlie nipK)i tot the blacks. He ruled
with a roil of Iren for a few y rai s, but had tc
"walk the plauU." finally like his prcdecewiers.
Then liegan tlie civil war lately In pregriws.
It began with the asiassinatleil of Thelo Thele
maque, candidale et the north, nftcr which
the senate chew tagltime president, nnd lly lly
wlite declared himself the avenger et Tlielo Tliele Tlielo
luaque utid champion of the north. All thll
Ume the condition et the country has been
steadily growing werse. Oue et tlie llnest
Islands iu the world is given ever te burbet-
A
nWIIAN SOLIUKIIM.
Ism nnd anarchy. The Ilaytlan army ap
pears ltke a burleKpie 1,fjOOgMierals te Iem
than 15,000 private soldiers. A the Hat
buildings left by the French decay the pcepli
domlcile In huts. Vaudeux worship Is ill
placing Christianity, and stealing the publU
money Is se common that It Is net considered
theft Buch, according te Impartial autherl
ties, Is the condition of Haytl.
SEATTLE BTRICKCN FOR HER Q0'6l
Where Is the "1'iiturit Great City" of That
Territory tu lie?
The first tlispitvlies telling of the great
fire in Bciltle, W. T put the Ions at
$10,000,000, which was sheer nensense te
any one who knew the rather lliiusy
character of the city's buildings. The
fiecend estimate was .'0,000,000, und the
final summury of the official ntilherJtica
U that the total less may net exceed 10,
000,000. This is quite reasonable, and
ene might s:fcly add tliat much of tills,
will lie elfact by the pcrmaiiciit advan
tage te the city as rigid "flre limits"
have been established and theso who re
build must de be with somewhat less
comlmstlhle materials than pine. 'ilie
late city had a lather odd npicarai)e
that rcsicct; each belid block of no
and brick wus sui rounded by klniiiig
weed buildings, uml they all went to
gether. It is a sort of rule in new countries
tliat Unco cities must be buijt ou the
bamosite (in Am
erica It is efteu
by the same gen
eration) before
they gut euu that
will btick, uml
this is iiccullarly
true of the Paci
fic coast Lum
ber is very cheap,
thoclimute is do de do
licieusly tn lid,
there is really no
noed of thick
walls as tar ns
comfort is con
cerned the man
who has net
"made bis pile"
is In tee big a
hurry, mid th
man who huu is
tee lazy. It iu
almost iiniiessiblc
te muke plain te
an eastern man
hew very easy
is te inake one's
Bclf comfortable
In Oregon and
Washington. A
' tjUOWI.NO HIUTTMS'S
IJOCATIO.V.
geed reef is the main thing; that ene
must have, for a rainfall of only sixty
inches n year is ceusldeicd "scant" nnd
forty inches nn "alarming drought."
It is a liackneycd MiUject, but as the
question of euileniig is raised a few facts
may Ihi given. The mercury nt .Seattle
fpiedlfley, of ppurse. by tQ Kilfi wM
r j- - - js. r
arrV
rVN-r i. v
.
I L VZ. ?S
?7 STX" M
l .rV 9 1 )
j x. m
enr
?$XSZr
1889.
irarcly rises nbove SO (fegm, nnd though
fice occasionally forms "as thick as win win
idew glass," it is net common. If the
pcople bad been nsked te name a time
when the city could he burned with the
least inconvcnlence nnd suffering, they
must have chosen the tlme of the late
flre when the rainy season was past
nnd befere the hottest or dryest weather.
Splendid order hw been preserved.
Tlie doubtful walls still standing wcre
destroyed, and the l.ibyrinthlne region
lately covered by frame dwellings will
be laid out in regular squares and solidly
rebuilt. The extraordinary statement is
made by local dealers that f30,000,000 et
eutside capital has been offered for In
vestment. Evidently many pcople hare
faith iu Seattle.
It was thought that the population of
Seattle was 23,000, and for tliat number
the trade was enormous. Washington
probably has mere timber In the forest
than any ether equal area of the United
States, nnd her mineral wealth is great,
se tlie future of Beatlle was considered
secure.
It U often spoken of as a very new
country, but in fact it has liecn tolerably
well known for eighty years nnd the
8sininnm realized its value two centuries
nge. It is net generally known te the
piescnt generation that Oregon, includ
ing Washington and Idaho, was ence an
independent region, practically about as
independent as Texas before its annexa
tion, but net acknowledged by ether n.v
tlens as Texas was, JJowevcr, tlie land
grants and court decUlens of the do de
Inched "stale" were allowed te stand tiy
the United States when it took the coun
try aud tciriterializcd it.
WATKIt ntO.VT, BKATTLE.
Capt. llebert Gray, of bosten, called
up the Columbia, in Slay, 1703, and laid
the basis for an American claim. Lewis
uml Clarke traversed tlie region in 1803-4,
nnd iu 1811 Jehn Jacob A "ter's men
founded Asteria. In 1833 the Americans
commenced golngevcihuid, and the Inde
pendent tdule gave each family no large
a tract that a land monopoly grew up.
It ene wants te find prophecies of tlie
future greatness of Bcattle he con Und
plenty of them in tlie reports of theso old
explorers nnd settlers. The only treuble
was that they did net knew where the
"future great city" was te be, though all
wcre pesitive ene of the biggest cities of
the world was te be in that region. Aad
it was a perfectly rcasonable belief,
Jnbies O. Main.
Mr. Dlalne is still a handsome man,
though the industrious newspaper men
have tried their best te luake him sick,
old, decrepit, and even te kill him. It is
true Mr. Illaine is very pale, nnd eowe
physicians think they can bee In bU face
indications of Brigtit's discose, but I had
a talk the ether night with Mr. Samuel
Fcssendcn, of Connecticut, who Is a close
friend of the secretary's, and has beea
for several years. "Mr. Dlalne is pale,"
Baldwin Fresscnden, "but he Is sound.
Te my mind he Is no paler than he was
five or six years age, only hU hair lias
recently become perfectly white and thai
greatly heightens the effect of paleness.
Frem what I bad read In the nowipapers
1 concluded Mr. Dlalne was looking very
poorly, and I came down te Washington
a few days age expecting te sce him in
bad way. Wnsbbigten Letter.
Uina 1 leans.
Tlie Lima beau requires a richer beII
than the ordinary dwarf lican, and will
jKiy well for special nttcntlen. Most
growers use jkjIch for these licans which
are entirely tee tall. The crop is harder
te bcoiire from the tall peles, nnd the ex
tra height is un nbsolute disadvantage
blnce it encourages the upward growth
of the vine and retards its fruiting. If
poles nre used at all, a height of llve feet
in enough, Before betting the poles run
fuirews with a plow where the rows are
te be. In these furrows place the manure
or commercial fertilizer, thin with a
crowbar set tlie poles firmly In the fur
row four feet upart. Next threw n fur
row te the row of poles from each side,
leaving them standing in n ridge. New,
with n rake, dress this bed of earth into
geed (shape, and around each pole plant
four beans, cye downwards, and only
just beneath the surface. The elevated
ridge around the poles will beat up
boencr than a Hat surface, and the germ
ination will be much mero rapid. When
the plants are fairly established pull up
nil but two te each pole, and glve a little
attention te starting the vines en the
poles, as they frequently need te be tied
at the beginning. Hut the best way Is
net te use elcs at all. Set two or thrce
stout pests in the line where the beans
are t grew, und then stretch galvanized
wire netting, four feet wide, from test
te pest, mid 'plant the beans along the
ridge about tix or eight Inches apart.
Tlie wire will furnish peiuta te cling te
from the start, and the bean plantation
will leek much belter than with the
poles. Garden and I'ercbt.
Sujliit of Well neon n Horticulturists.
As te the girdling of grape vluuri there
nre vaiieus opinions us te lta effect; soma
saying tliat the fruit Is Inferior, ethers
tliat it linpiercsit. 'Ter my part," eaya
S. Miller, of MUseurl, "I have observed
little dillercncc, but that it will mature
the fruit earlier by a week or ten- days,
there is no doubt."
Among Btnallur plants, violets, cow
blips, mid primroses ure best placed in
Ixidu by themselves, where they may re
ceive partial shade. Thoprlmreso fumily
is especially adapted for the rock garden
where the plant form deuse cushieus of
bloom, btatesOcorge Ell wangcr, of Itoch
ester. Secretary ltagan, of the United Slates
Horticultural society, thinks American
forest trees, ua well ua shrubbery, harder
te domesticate, or bring under culture,
than foreign species, But he also thinks
them larger and hurdler growers; less
symmetrical, but Iwldcr iu outline.
A successful npple grower of Seneca
county, N. Y finds the Baldwin the
most profitable variety. He plants forty
feet apart each way, manures with weed
mJics, mid qiiltiwtteti until tlie trees are
right years eld. Shuep or swiue nre then
turned into thq erchaid for pasture.
Thinning U of Imiertance. De net
neglect it, if you would hate early and
geed vegetables. ,
Tliu f-ernl Ileum.
Western Stockmen vlaitus that there is
no coter en the hene w hlch is te itisctisi itisctisi
bie te heat ns the Kerrel. There is seldom
any coat m silky or responds be quickly
te geed grooming ns the sorrel. But
mero important still, there is beldem any
lior&e with Elicit sound feet and limbs, or
pejhebhing the. endurance of the sorrel.
Hucceuive plantings of garden vege
tables tdieuld Ui n. ado m nt te have a
lengthened biipply throughout the ea ea
beii. With bw (it corn (uid pens this jtl
pspeciully tigcueiiry.
r '
ssjsMf
THE VALKYWE IS SPRY;:
BUT
13 SHE SWIFT ENOUGH
CAPTURE THE CUM
TQ
t
Cmnmtim !rry' Opinion ea Hix 6,
Jrct Dimension and Characteristic C
tha Valkyrie Whr Was Hhe Outsail!
by tlm TaranaT Tlie Tilal Itact.
The natural result of the past three
years' races between English and Ameri
can yachts a result that might be ex
pected seems at last te have ceme te
piss. Each side has elserved the ad
vantages of the ether's models and the
defects of its own. Consequently u model
involving the best points of both has
been evolved, and is a common one te
each of the contestants.
When the first of the International
races which have excited se much atten
tion during the past fuw years came off,
there was a wide difference between the
yachts. The English yacht wasacutu wasacutu
Iktikhiie wedge, bearing seme such rela
tion te the yncht of trsjliy as an Eight
eenth century coach would bear te a
modern phaeton. The American yncht
ii best Illustrated by the slang name
given It a skimming dWi. She rede en
thosurfneeof the water and relied en
tirely en her centerlxurd for bracing
ngalnst the wind. All the yachts of
these models were abandoned ns seen as
the races were ever, and tlie owners,
whether winner or loser, lietoek them
selves te preparing n, tatter model.
Naturally the new leat evolved from
all this cxpcricnce favored the models of
the winning yachts. It is the American
type which prevails. Slnce the defeat
of the Qcnesta the wedge model has been
out of date in England, and as for the
skimming dish style, it also has gene out
in Ameiica. True, the American yacht
of today still retains the centcrbeard,
but the bottom is net nearly te flat as it
was. The only pcrccptible diftercnee
between the national types today Is that
the keel in tlie latent type of English
yacht, the Valkyrie, is n mere fin of iron
te ta uscilns clrcumstniicenntay require.
Considering this blmil.uity of model it
seems quite likely that International
races hereafter will netlw se especially
interesting ns n test of model us of sea
manship. The races will probably lie?
much closer than formerly, nnd the dan
ger of losing the America's cup far
c renter. ThU will render the contests
mero exciting, and if the cup .gees te r 4 J
England, till America will be in nfer-"
incut until it Is brought back again.
Here nre tlie dimensions of the Val
kyrie, which Is te comie(e during the
coming season, calculated from a photo pheto phote
graph: Mast, deck te bounds, 73 feet; top
mast, 88 feet; spinnaker boom, 73 feet;
main boom, 70 feet; from end of bow
sprit te mast, 70 feet; overhang nft, 14
feet; everhnng forward, 10 feet; bow
sprit outboard, 81 feet; ipir. 48 feet
The measurements sent by Ird Dun
raven te the New Yerk Yacht club show
her breadth te be 15.09 feet; depth, ll.S
feet, and lead water line length, C9.9
feet. By the rules of the New Yerk
Yacht club this would glve the Valkyrie
n sail area of 8,203 feet and a racing
length of 70.66 feet.
zZ, S0X5f w
TDK VAI.KVUIU.
There is nothing very definite iu the
trial races thus fur iu England. The Val
kyrie, the Ynrana, the Dcorheund, the
Ircx, all met dining the Inst of May iu u
number of i aces. In tlie first tlie Vul Vul
kyrie came iu live minutes by actual
tlme ahead et any ether yacht, but the
race was wen by allowance by the Deer
hound. In the second race the Valkyrie
cosily defeated all competitors, and wen
the third, fourth and fifth races. All
these wcre run iu light winds. On May
23 and June :i she raced again. On the
former dute fche encountered a gala ami
lest the race, but U said te have bulierc4
mlsliajis. On the latter dale, lu heavy
winds, she was again tauten by the Ircx
and the Yurana.
Net having any mere definite Informa
tion us tu the Valkyrie's model, und be
ing loe far f rem the sccne of her trial
raws te understand the reason of her
defeats or succchbcs, there Is little' data
te indicate the ptobahle character of the
coming international nice. There are
neme who bcem te rcgiiul the Valkyrie's
defeat by the Yarniu as a nigu that the
race will boa walk ever for the Ameri
can contestant; but Commedore (Jerry
has said it may falrlv be tuwumed that
"when the Vulkyiie liuics England be
will be the best yi'dit that ever did'
Cenilns Ararrlcmi Cencress.
Tlie imputation of the United States is
nearly enu-half that of tlie whole conti
nent, mid in industrial und commercial
strength the superiority of the North
American republic ever nil of its neigk neigk
beru combined is tee apparent te need
demonstration. It Ij en this account
that seme of the biualler states have
shown a reluctance te join the confer
ence, fearing they would Iw evershad-"'
owed and possibly their Interests over
whelmed by the United States. Chili"
in particular has evinced evidence of
suspiciousness nnd jealousy, but it is
new likely that aggicbshe and almost
dangerously ambitious republic will be
lepresentcJ. Tliat there Is no cause for
these feara en the put of the lesaef
nations is shown b the fact that no
nation is te have mere than ene vote ia
the congress, no matter hew many rep
rtaentativia u nation may bend.
Horticultural Notes.
Tlie value of the California fruit crop
this year is estimated at $21,000,000, of
which fresh and dried fruits amount te
0,500,000 each, and raisins and citrus
fruits $3,000,000 each.
In gathering early roots de it se that
the roots may be thinned with as much
regularity as possible, taking out the
largest roots aud giving the ethers s
tatter c bance te develep.
Everlastings is the name given tes
number of different flowers that rctaut
their form and colerwhen dried. They
will be in demand for Christinas decor decer decor
tlen. ncllchrysuw is ene of the bsst
It comes in various colors. See seI
catalogues. Giva plants aa abundsaes
of room, te allow them te branch freely,
Tlie Industry gooseberry is generally
considered a valuable acquisition.
Large crates about the slujpe of peach
baskets are new made for green peas and
etiiug taanu. They bold about us much
.a l.n nt.l tilllA UlliarO CHltCS. Utl C&U 1
packed ene in another, and thus rtunMl
vmmr.iijr-jm- r-rr t
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