lie No. 2428. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. ONE DOLLAR PER ANNIHH, IN ADVANCE. For six months, 75 cents. v.Vll NEW subscriptions must be paid in L. If the paper is continued, and net ■nhiathe first month, $1,25 will be charg !not paid in three months, $1,50; if not i r , six months, $1,75; and if not paid in ponths, $2,00. [papers addressed to persons out of the \(iU be discontinued at the expiration of y. paid far, unless special request is made contrary or payment guaranteed by some sible person here. ADVERTISING. lines of minion, or theirequivalent,con a quare. Three insertions sl, and 25 br each subsequent insertion. West Branch Insurance Co. OF LOCK HAVEN, PA., RFS Detached Buildings, Stores. Mer- Ljis e , Farm Property, and other Build nd tiieir contents, at moderate rates. DIRECTORS. lohn J. I'earce, Hon. G. C. Harvey, Hall, T. T. Abrams, \ Mayer, K. Jackinau, , Crist, " W White, Dickinson, Thos. Kitchen. Hon. G C. HARVEY, Pres. T. T. ABRAMS, Vice Pres. , Kitchen, Sec'y. REFERENCES. till Llovd, Thos. Bowman, D. D. Winegardner, Wm, Vanderbelt, Mackey. Wm. Fearon, '' Dr. J. S. Crawford, i(Ju'iggle, A. L'pdegraff, IV Mavnard, . James Armstrong, Simon Cameron, Hon. Wm. Bigler. ■ Ajent for MiHlin county, G. W. STEW- Esq. ap23 mity from Loss and Damage by Pire, >kt Pt'il' a f -Va n " e "nit Dland Truniportatiun. CONTINENTAL NSURANCE COMPANY. ■pirated by the Legislature of Pennsylva nia, Kith a Perpetual Charter. Authorized Capital, §1,000,000. e No. 61 Walnut SI. above Stroud, Phila. * Insurance on Buildings, Furniture, Mer jise, &c., generally. Marine Insurance largoes and Freights to all parts of the 1. luland Insurance on Goods, dtc., by s, Rivers, Canals, and Land Carriages, to arts of the Union, on the most favorable [.consistent with security. LUItECTURS. (ge W. Colladuv, William Bowers, >l. Coleman, Joseph Oat, It V. Machelte, Howard Hinchman, iEORGE W. COLLADAY, President. LIS WiLsos, Secretary. for Milllin county, Won. P. EL- T, Eq. febl9-ly INDEMNITY AGAINST LOSS BY FIRE, iiikliit Fire Insurance Compa ny of Philadelphia. )Sce IKR Chestnut street, near Fifth, [■est ef Assets, $1,827,185 80 January Ist, 1857. i-hed agreeably to an act of Assembly, be ing, Hjrtgage", amply secured, $1,519,932 73 EiUte, (present value, $109,- !.) is, present value, $83,881 12,) h ' 71,232 97 64,121 56 $1,827,185 80 rprliMi or United Insurances made on every fipti .n of property, in Town and Country, s as low as are consistent with security. ' ice their incorporation, a period of twenty ;ar-, they have paid over Three Millions ullar-' losses by fire, thereby affording ev * of the advantages of Insurance, as well If ability and disposition to meet with !ptnes> ail liabilities. Losses by Fire. i: paid daring the year ISG, $301,638 84 DIRECTORS. •I. Bancker, j Mordecai D. Lewis, Wagner, j David S. Brown, tejGrant, | Isaac Lea, b R Smith, Edward C. Dale, ru,„^? rds ' ' HARLLS N. BANCKEit, President. O. Bixckcr, Sec'y. ? Atent for Mifflin county, H. J. WAL- f 6 . Esq., Lewistown. * mar! 9 Pennsylvania Railroad, ind after Monday, June 22d, 1857, a -s leave Lewistown Station as follows: fj.. Eastward. Westward. 5 14 a. m. 5 40 a. m. 1" ' 47 p. m. 729 p. m. Ll r. . 404 ' 304 " trint 5 00 150 a.m. W PhHadelphia, wit""?' /a ; t0 Pittsburgh, 4 70 "before 'fi! (Ct fJ ® ce wi " open 20 min u be arrival of each Passenger U. E. ROBESON, Agent. | omdry and Machine Shop. nted ti° a J e hereb y notified that I have Wr °U2h of i and Machine Shop in ilro r , w known as the "Ju "ffltot ofH.J* Jnd t , he ,arge and B cneral ler ari ,i vt ' ' ate tbe property of and Wm u' n-' now John Sterrett & isii kinds of and l^at * aPI P re P ared *'w'?,* , , Turnin . &c " jlete si,i„ and ' n best and most •Mtown a •. ... JOHN ZKIGLER. Wn , April 17, 1856— tf. # ffi„ dentist. and buß ' Dess promptly attend l'plCEor,^argcs reasonable. W ;l ' town°i| h |^ ain streel > second door ttlfc office a "i and nearly opposite the jjjj- je SJI, 1855— tf. ' and S( l ua fe Paling, 3000 tU *• hand and for sale cl.eap by I'RANCIBCUS. imnsms® iisy© wk ©HCS)3B©IS Dissolution of Partnership, THE partnership heretofore existing between the undersigned is this day dissolved by ! mutual consent. The books and accounts are in the hands of Samuel Comfort, at the store, w here all those indebted will please call and settle their accounts. JNO. HAMILTON, SAM'L COMFORT. Lewistown, August 11, 1857. Having purchased the entire stock of goods of J. Hamilton & Co., I now offer them at GREAT BARGAINS! The stock is new and heavy, containing a large assortment of staple LP.Y ©CCDS, SILKS, SATINETS, CASSIZERS, JEAVS, CAL ICOS, GINGHDIS H WHITE GOODS, C ARPETS, &c. all of which will be sold at cost up to the Ist of November, 1857. My object is to reduce the stock, and the public inay rest assured that they will get bargains. All kinds of produce taken in exchange for goods. Lumber, Stove and Limeburner's Coal always on hand. Also, Shingles and Morticed Locust and Chestnut Posts. SAMUEL COMFORT. August 13, 1857. LOG-AIT FOUNDRY. H'HE public are hereby respectfully informed A that we have leased the above well known Foundry, situate on Main street, in the borough of Lewistown, a few doors south of the stone bridge, where we will keep constantly on hand a full assortment of all kindsof STOVES, Dgl viz : Hathaway Cooking Stoves, different Egg Stoves, Nine Plate Stoves,&c. and also Iron Fence, Hollow Ware, Water Pipes, &c., and will make to order all kinds of CAST INGS. All orders sent to us will be filled with care and despatch, and on as reasonable terms as at any other establishment in the State. We hope, friends, you will call and examine our stock before buying anywhere else. You will undoubtedlT save money by doing so. DANIEL BEARLEY &. SONS. Lewistown, March 2G, 1857.-y tt. i li. M l(M\. McVeytown, Pa., keep constantly on hand a large assortment of Staple and Fancy Dry Goods, CLOTHING, BOOTS WD SHOES, HATS AID CAPS, STHAJf GOODS, HARDWARE, QUEENSWARE, UEDARWARE, \\ all antl Window Papers, STATIONER 1\ CARPETS, DRUGGETS, OIL CLOTHS, RUGS, LINES, OIL, LEAD, PETTY, TAR, PITCH, OAkl'fl, Salt, Fish, Plaster, Guano, Criuent, Stone Coal and Grind >'iunes. We are paying the highest mark . t price for all kinds of GRAIN*; or where parties desire it we will ship their Grain by canal and pay them nett proceeds, after deducting freight. McVeytown, February 5, 1857. Map of Mifflin County, Pa. }.AROM the County Records and Actual Meas uremenls by Original Surveys throughout the county. By G. M. HOPKIVS, an experienc ed Surveyor, and author of Map of Adams Co. The subscriber is preparing to publish short ly, by subscription, a new and complete COUN TY MAP. The Surveys are undertaken by ex perienced Surveyors. All the Public Roads, and the locations ot the Mills, Taverns, Places for Worship, Post Offices. School Houses, Coun try Stores, Smith Shops, Wheelwrights, &c. are to be marked. The Names of the Property Holders generally, (carefully including all those in the countrv who subscribe in advance to the Map,) arc also to be inserted upon their places, in the Style of the Map of Adams county. Pa. To be illustrated with vignettes of views in the county. Maps of the Principal Villages on a large scale will be inserted in the margin. The plan will be plotted to a suitable scale, so as to make a large and ornamental map. To be engraved and delivered to Subscribers hand somely colored and mounted for Five Dollars per copy. Address, M. S. CONVERSE, Publisher, Nos. ,517, 519 & 521 Minor street, Phila. August 6, 1857. JV7OO lights best Window Sash, from 8x t) 10 to lOx 18, for sale very low. FRANCISCUS PEARL and Ivory handle Table and Dessert Knives, for sale by FRAJYC/SCVS. BILLS for Frame Stuff filled at short notice, of good quality, and at low rates. augl3 FRANCISCUS/ 1 AA DOORS, for inside and outside, Jyj y* Room and Front Doors, assorled sizes and qualities, from #1 W) to #3 each. FRANCISCUS. 150,000 Joint Shingles, 40,000 best 24 inch Lap Shingles, on hand and for sale by aug!3 FRANCISCUS. 150,000 Plastering Lath, 0, 3£, 4 4£ feet long, and (he best in the market, for sale by augl3 FRANCISCUS. STOVES! STOVES! STOVES!— All kinds of Parlor, Room, Bar, Hall and Cook Stoves, on hand and for sale at reduced pi Ices by aufi 7 FRAJYC ISC US. ("N AS BURNERS! GAS BURNERS!- "JC The most economical coal burning Room or Parlor Stove ever introduced; made altogether of wrought iron, no other metal being used in their manufacture at all,and will save al least 00 per cent more of coal than any stove used. On hand and for sale by sept 17 FRANCISCUS. PATENT KNIFE CLEANERS.— One of Ihe greatest labor saving machines ever in vented. Every housekeeper should have one. Also, Apple Parcrs, Bread Toasters, Preserving Kettles, brass, copper, porcelain, tinned, &c. For sale by sept!7 FRANCISCUS. HOVER'S LIQUID HAIR DYE. fPHE following, from that eminent Physician X °f Philadelphia, Dr. Brinekle, added to the testimony of Professor Booth, only confirms what is evidenced by thousands who have used Hover's Dye. " GIRARD Row, CAESTNUT STREET, ) Philadelphia, December 22d, 1853. $ In icgard to llovtr's Hair Dye, 1 can state un hesitatingly, that it contains no deleterious in gredients, and may be used with entire safety, and with the utmost confidence and success." W. D. BRINCKLE, M. D. HOVER'S WRITING AVI) IVDELIBLE INKS aie so well and widely known as to require no eulogy of their merits; it is only necessary to say that the steady and increasing demand gives the best evidence that they maintain their char acter for superiority, which distinguished them when first introduced, years ago. Orders, addressed to the manufactory, No. 116 Race street above Fourth, (old No. 144,) Philadelphia, will receive prompt attention by JOSEPH I'.. HOVER, Manufacturer. Philadelphia, September 10, 1857 -y HARDWARE! To Buy Cheap for Cash, Blacksmiths, buy at Hoffman's, Carpenters, buy at Hoffman's, Saddlers, buy at Hoffman's, Shoemakers, buy at Hoffman's, Cabinetmakers, buy at Hoffman's, Farmers, buy at Hoffman's, Builders, buy at Hoffman's, Housekeepers, buy at Hoffman's. Don't forget, if you want good Stoves, Pump Chains, Oil Cloths, Nails, Steel, lroqr, Cutlery, Vices, Bellows, Chains, Glass, &c , F. J. Hoff man's Mammoth Hardware Store, and you can be accommodated. sept 3 /"CONFECTIONERIES, always fresh, whole- V7 sale and retail, at * HOFFMAN'S. APPLE PARERS.—Best kinds always on hand at HOFFMAN'S. FVPER.— Printing Paper, best quality of Wri ting, Letter and Note Paper. Envelopes, at HOFFMAN'S. fPO MARKSMEN.—RifIes and Shot Guns, X Shot, Powder, Caps, &c., for sale at e|3 HOFFMAN'S. PRESERVING and Pickling Jars, of Glass and Stoneware, quart and half gallon, just what is wanted for Tomatoes, Fruit, &c., at sep3 HOFFMAN'S. MTOY ES! A NLW COOK STOVE FOR WOOD ! —Ls unusually large oven and fire box and its entire suitableness to the wants of the farm er, place it far in advance of any now in use. A number have been sold and have given entire satisfaction. Also, other Cook Stoves, for coal or wood; Parlor Air Tight YVood Stoves; Coal Stoves for parlor, store, office ard shop, at sep3 HOFFMAN'S. DRICS, DKltiS, URICS, Medicines, Ileditioes, Uediclnef), Paints, Paints, Paints, (•lass, Glass, Oils, Oils, Oils, Trusses, Trusses, At HOFFMAN'S. New Arrangements. \ FTER returning our sincere thanks to our j\ numerous friends and customers for their continued patronage, I would inform them that I am still to be found at CIDIidLL -T- cn With a desire to bring my business nearly to CASH, after the first of April our creilit terms will be Thirty Days and accounts riot to exceed Fifty Dollars. We hope still to conduct our business so that we shall enjoy the good will of our numerous customers, and that the num ber may be greatly increased. mar 12 " F. J. HOFFMAN'. BURNHAM'S patent double acting LIFT AND FORCE PUMPS, for general use, suitable fur mills, factories, railroad stations, &c. They are also efficient Fire Engines, By attaching hose to them you can force water over any house. Their simplicity gives them advan tages over all other Rumps. For sale at the Tin and Stove Store of ap3o-6m J. B. SELHEIMER. THE PARMER'S IM STUVB AT THE STOVE WAREHOUSE OF F. G. Franciscas, Lewistown. 300 STOVES FOR SALE LOW FOR CASH. Farmers and others burning wood can find one of the best wood Cooking Stoves used.— This excellent Stove is made heavy for use., takes a stick of wood 28 inches long, has a very large lire place and oven, bakes well, and got up in good style. Will warrant it to do its work well, and give good satisfaction. It coines much lower in price than stoves of this kind generally. sepl7 SOLE LEATHER, Calf Skins, Fink Lining do., Upper Leather, Kipp do., Madras and Tainpieo Morocco, Willi all kinds of French Kilt Shoe Findings, Si.c. fcr sale at lowest rales by eeptl7 FRAN CISC US. rpilE NE PLUS ULTRA of cook I stoves is the Noble Cook—ihe most perfect now in use. Every one wanting the BEST cooking stove, are re speclfulty invited to call ami examine this baker, baking bread equal to a brick oven. This excellent stove is warranted in every respect. For sale by septl7 FRANCISCUS. STOVES I STOVES ! STOVES J Our stock of stoves this season is the largest and most varied of any slock on hand before. Our assort ment embraces the New World, Globe, BunrUe, Capital, Win. Penn, Fanny Forester, ttirard, Crystal, Flat Top, &.C.; all for wood and coal. For sale low by eptl7 FRANCISCUS. CIOAL BUCKETS, several patterns, / Pokers, Shovels, Sifters, listings for all ordinary stoves, Tin and Iron Tea Kettles, Tin and Copper Bottom Wash Boilers, Hlove Boilers, Griddlrg, Long Pans, Bake Pans, St. c. In fact, all kinds of trimmings and fixtures for stoves can be had at the establishment of sept!7 FRANCISCUS. erfection. But his mother had looked at her with different eyes. Living in the world was,with her, no holiday affair, and marriage no mere honeymoon. She was too serious in all her views and feelings, to have much patience with what she es teemed mere playday life. A little jealous of her son's affection, she was, withal; and his going forth to another, with an ardor so different from what it had ever gone forth to herself, made her feel cold toward the dear little wife of Edward, who was his favored object. ' It is time,' she said, with a distance of manner that surprised her son, 'for you and Ida to be a little serious. The honey moon is over, and the quicker you come down to sober realities the better. There is one thing about Ida that rather disap points me.' Edward was too much surprised, at this unexpected annunciation, to speak, llis mother went on. ' She's no housekeeper ' ' She's young, mother. She'll learu,' he saiu, Interrupting her. mi rasuiMit. EARLY PIETY. Youth when devoted to the Lord, Is pleasing in his eyes; A flow'r though ottered In the bud. Is no vuiu sncrllice. 'Tls easier far If we begin To fear the Lord betimes; lor sinners who grow old In sin Are hardened by their crimes. Twill save us from a thousand snares To in I IKJ religion young, Draco will preserve our following years. And make our virtues strong. To thee. Almighty Ood, to thee Our childhood we resign ; * Twill please us to look buck and see That our whole lives were thine. Let the sweet work of pray'r and praise Kin ploy our youngest breath : Thus we re prepur'U for longer days. Or lit for early death. I it 8 4141481 ® t THE FIRST SHADOW. BY T. S. AKTIIL'H. 'She had no right to marry until she knew how to make a cup of tea?' The old lady spoke with considerable asperity. ' Mother!' ' 1 say just what T mean. Not a single cup of tea have I yet tasted in your house that was fit to drink ? I don't know how you can put up with such stuff. You wouldn't have it done at my table, I'm very sure.' ' Please mother, don't talk so any more about Ida! I can't bear to hear it.' 1 \ on can bear to hear the truth, Edward. I speak for Ida's good and your own too. She s a wife now ; not a mere sweetheart. And she's your housekeeper besides, with something more to do and care for, than dress, music, party going and enjoyment. I must say, as I said a little while ago, that lam disappointed in her. What are girls thinking about when they get mar ried ? Surely, not of their husband's household comforts.' ' I f you please, mother, we will change the subject,' said the young ntan, who was exceedingly pained by the strong language he had heard. He speke so firmly that the matter was dropped, and not again alluded to at the time. \\ e have, now, an explanation of the change in the young husband's state of mind. There were some truths in what his mother said, and this made it so much harder to bear. The first shadow had fal len, that dimmed the brightness of his new and happy life. Still the defects in Ida—very small to his eyes, even after they were pointed out by his mother—were things of'no moment, lie had not intended her for a household drudge. Was she not loving-hearted, ac complished and beautiful? What more could he ask ? I rue, he had intended her for the presi ding genius of his home; and there were sober, matter-of-fact things to be done in all homes. But her devotion to these would come in good time. How Edward came to speak as he did about the tea and toast, was almost on the instant that he had given utterance to his words, a mystery to himself. He started with the slartthat he gave his young wife, and trembled for the effect of his unkindly uttered words. He would have given much could lie have recalled them. But they were said be yond any power of unsaying. The reference of his mother to the in different tea with which she had been ser ved at his table, bad not only mortified him, but made some things distinct in his memory, which, before, were only seen dimly, and as matters of indifference.— \\ here all was so bright, why should he turn his eyes upon a lew fragments of clouds skirting the far horizon i lie would not have done so if left to himself. The clouds might have spread until very much larger than a man's hand, before their murky aspect would have drawn his happy vision from the all-prevailing brightness. Ida's hand, which was raising a cup to her lips, fell almost as suddenly as if pal sied ; a paleness overspread her counte nance ; her lips had a motion between a quiver and a spasm. From her eyes which seemed bound, as by a spell, to her hus band's face, tears roiled out and fell in large drops over her cheeks. Never before, since Edward had looked upon that dear young face, had he seen its brightness so veiled. Never before, had a word of his been answered by anything but smiles and love responses. 4 I'm sorry, Edward. How the sad tremulous voice of Ida rebuked the young husband's unkindness. 4 lt shall not be so again.' And she kept her word. Suddenly he had awakened her from a bright dreamy illusion. She had been in a kind of fairy land. The hard, every-day working world, with its common working-day by an unlooked-for shitting of scenery, had struck with an unlovely aspect upon her startled vision ; the jagged edges of the real wound ing painfully her soft ideal. But, once awakened, she never slept again. It was the first shadow that fell dimly and coldly upon her married heart —the first, and to the lite experienced, we need not say the hist. Burnt toast and bad tea! To think that common things like these should have power to shadow a young heart basking in the sunlight of love ! Ida had thought of her husband as almost indifferent to the vulgar wants his words made manifest.— She saw clearer now. lie was but iiesh and blood like the rest. Very, very tenderly spoken were all the words of Edward to his young wife, during the shadowed evening that followed this first dimming of their home light. And Ida, who felt the kindness of his heart, tried to smile and seem as of old. But, somehow, she could not force into existence the smiles she wished to send out. as tokens of forgiveness. Thoughts of the bad tea and burnt toast, the 4 usual'—and there lay the smart! —entertainment she had provi ded ; or, rather, suffered to be provided by unskilful hands—were her own any more skilful ? for her returning husband haunt ed her all the while. 4 lt shall not be so again!' Not idly uttered were these words. All the even ing she kept repeating them to herself, vii i steadily increasing purpose and a clean ; 'on 4 Edward shall never have ttuiiti. . ->ii for rebuke.' New Series—Vol. 11, No. 48. Several times during the evening, the young husband was tempted to refer to the conversation held with his mother, in ex planation of his own conduct, but he wise ly kept hi? own counsel. Of all things he dreaded an estrangement between his wife and mother. On the next morning, Edward noticed that the young wife left her chamber ear lier than usual and went down stairs. Not, however, to fill their home with music, as she had often done, ller matinee was the singing tea kettle, not the stringed piauo. She had a heightened color, when she took her place at the breakfast table, and poured for her husband the fragrant coffee, made with her own hands, because she had dis covered that her indifferent cook was igno rant of her art. How did she know the art ? It was almost accidental; the recol lection of some good housewife's talk had served her in the right time. The warm praise that Edward bestowed on the coffee was ample reward. Ida had bought a cook book during the day. That sounds unromantie. But it was even so; and she studied it for hours. Buring the afternoon her mother-in-law came in; and Ida urged her to stay for tea. Ihe old lady accepted the invitation; not, we are sorry to say, in the very best spirit. She had opened the way on Ed ward's butterfly wife, and she meant to follow it up. When Edward came home and found that his mother was there his spirits fell. He saw by the corners of her mouth, that she had not forgotten their interview of the preceding day; and that her state of mind was not a whit more charitable. Ida's face was a little shadow ed ; but she was cheerful, and very atten tive to his mother—and, happily ignorant of his true feelings. She came and went from the breakfast room to the parlor, fre quently, evidently with household cares upon her mind. Tea was at length announced. Edward's heart trembled. His mother arose, and with a cold air, accompanied her children to the room where the evening meal await ed them. The table had an attractive look, new to the eyes of both Edward and his mother. It was plain that another hand besides the servant's had been there. Ida poured the tea, and Edward served the hot biscuit and eream toast. The eye of the latter was fixed on his mother, as she lifted, with an air which he understood to say, 'Poor stuff!' the cup of tea to her lips. She tasted the fragrant beverage—set the cup down—lifted and tasted again. The infusion was faultless. Yes even to her critical taste. Next the biscuit, and next the toast were tried. Mrs. Goodlellow her self could not have surpassed them. 'Have you changed your cook?' The old lady looked across the table at Ida. ' No, mother,' answered the wife, smiling. 'Only the cook has found a mistress.' 'ls this all your work, IdaV The old lady spoke ih a half incredulous tone. 'Yes, it is all my work. Don't you think, if I try hard, I'll make a house keeper ?' This was so unexpected that the hus band's mother was delighted. Ida had g.mu right home to her matter-of-fact heart. 'Why yes, you precious little darling?' she answered, with au. enthusiasm almost foreign to her character, ' I couldn't have done better myself.'" The shadow passed from the heart of Ida, as her eyes rested on the pleased coun tenance of her husband. It was the lirst shadow that had fallen since their happy wedding day, and moved on < prickly ; but its memory was left behind. It was like the drawing of a veil, which partly con ceals, yet beautifies a countenance, reveal ing the enchanted expression. Ida's husband was a man like the vest, with man's common wants and weaknesses; and her married world one in which hands must take hold of common duties. Hut she soon learned that, in the real world, were real delights, snbstaneia! and abid ing- Bravely did she walk in the new path that lay at her feet. She had her reward. Tea and toast but expressed her household duties, none of which were rightly per formed during that delicious honeymoon. But, she failed in nothing afterward; and soon learned that the ground in which true happiness takes deepest root, and from which it springs up with strongest brunch es, is tjie ground of common homely duties. Robbery of the U. S. Mint of San Francisco. —The San Francisco Herald of the 20th August states that Wiu. 13ein, who had been for some time employed in the coiners' department of the United States Mint in that city, was arrested on the pre vious day on suspicion of having abstracted gold from the establishment. His apart ment was searched and about SBOOO in gold found, together with deeds for property to near $20,000. He admitted his pecula tions, and restored SBBOO of the amount. It was supposed, from the wax in which the gold filings were found, that ho com mitted the thefts by means of wax placed under the insteps of the boots, to which the gold when trod upon adhered. Since his arrest, he has acknowledged that he has been carrying on the pilfering ever since the establishment of th. I city.