Continued from firtt page.
Tliero wan tben aome diwruiwion on
an amendment propostsd by Mr. Jewell,
of Vermont, that two electort U chu$e
by the State Legiilatvrei, aa these two
would ivDrcaciit the Independent an.
Creii'lltV of thO State, While the Other
i . ..i l ... m..ii.i r.r,i.tiluilnn ii.
elcetora would repreacnl population in
proportion lo numocrn, or, in oinor
words, tho popular princple. (iiuf.,
paije 329.)
Mr. (iaslon, ol Norlli Cnrolino, waa
inclined to luvur the latter propositiiiii,
but would aupport 'lio original resolu
tion. After rcicrring to the fact that
the Legislatures of Now York, Penn
sylvania, North Carolina, Massachu
setts ant irginia tiaj eacu sanclioneii
and recommended tbo adoption of the
J',1-,,. ,,(,.- I.. .,.;,! ll,l it
affects the power of the S lutes only by
.........
narrowing their discretion as to the
modo of appointing electors. It does
not deprive llieni of any beneficial
power, "or of any power available to
them by wayol securing an eijuilibirum
against Federal authority. Tho fact
is, it only takes away from them a
matter of detail and regulation, oner
ous in itself, luriiisbing tho materials
lor factious intrigue and maneuver,
and productive of no advantage to the
States. II the pro
posed amendment should communicate
somo additional power to tho smaller
States, it wuuld lio but to restore the
ratio fixed by the original compact."
(lbil., pago 333-36 )
Mr. llenjamin linger, of South Car
olina, argued that both tbo.Mcrtii and
popular principles are proserved intact
by tho 1'ickrns amendment. Ibid.,
page 312.
H involved iininediuto agency of the
people in choosing tho l'residcnt, and
yot left tho power of the Statos unim
paired. Kach State would have two
additional electors for the two Sena
tors. Continuing, he said :
One great aad important objaot woald beob-
toinod. All danger from geographical ditiiiooa
and Joalouitaa on tbo aw.roaru ot aa eiertton
would bo done awaj. Not onlj all tbaditTereut
interaita of eacb titata but all tba Tarioue and oom -plioatad
intareila aoettorod tbroubout tka rail
client of tho wbola t'nilad Statea would bava a
full aad efficient votooio the election of Ike Kiecof-
tlre. The teat, the Wcat, the North, and the
South would each bare tta proportionate influence
in the eleelion ; and no one or two geographical
nortlonaor dtvliionl of the Union, bj conibina-
tioa, Intrigue, or otberwiie, would be enabled to
nverwhelut Ibe other!. The Chief Afagiitrata
would eooioquantlj be, al wae intended, emphati
cally tkeckoiee ol Ike wkole people and of all Ibe
different tntereill tkrougkout tbo Union, elected
bj Ike people in conformity to tkeretioeelabiiibed
upon Ibe Federal and popular principle ingrafted
on the Conatitullon. Aonale, Fourteenth Con-
greae, aecood teaiian, pigee oea, 346.
The Pickens amendment was adopt
ed in Committee of the Whole Decem
ber 20, 181G yeas 87, nays 51. lie
ported to the House and laid on the
table. (Ibid., pages 355, 350 )
On the 21st of January, 1817, Mr.
Pickens submitted resolutions of tho
South Carolina Legislature urging tho
adoption of his amendment. (Ibid.,
page BUI.)
Miihloii Ditkcrson, Senator from
New Jersey, in obedienco to instruc
tions from tho Legislature uf that
State, submitted a proponed amend
ment, December 23, 1 8 IT, similar to
the i'lChaxt amendment, except that
liro electort should bo appointed by
each Statu in such u manner as tho
Legislature might direct. (Annals, Fif
teenth Congretif, first pension, pages
tia-13G.)
liolerrcd lo committee of five. ( JW.
page 07.
Culled up February 11, and elalior
ately dicii-ed by Senator Dickorsun,
who said
I will venture to predict that whenever tke die
eolutlonof our preaent form of lloverninent ikall
take ptaee, it will ha in eoueeiuenea of a failure to
ciime at a Juiteieronlon of Ibe poblle will In the
choioe of a President. Ibid., page 17v.
He argued that it la "an Inaimiirlble oomtrac-
tion of eeetina 1 of article 3 of the Conatitotion
that the Legislature! of the Statea tkatl ifirrrt ow
tire raram'ree iball appoial elector! ;"tkat if inch
practice ia "an loirtogemeot ot tne loariuution,
of which It will hardly he denied there ii well
founded doubt, then it ii bigbly eipadient that
the eonitltutieaal remedy of amendment be ap
plief." He insisted that it bud been the aim
in aome of tho largo Stutes ''to secure
the dominant parly an undue influence
by suppressing tho voice of tho minor
ity, ibis system of defeating overy
purpose of a fair election has become
an art and a science, and is known by
the technical term of gerrymandering."
(Ibid., pago 181.)
Mr. Dickorsun then reverted to the
action of the Legislature ol Pennsyl
vania in lHOl.and that of New Jersey
in 1808, to show how uncertain the ex
isting system in its operation and how
liable to abuse.
Ci ntinuing, he said :
The probable remit or the voter of all the dli
triota, where numeroua, would be al fair aa ex
preaiion of tke public will aa can ba poaaiblv ob
tained union we reeori to a general vole of tbe
people at large. Ibid ,page 1st.
1'etbapa tbe larger Htataa will feel a reluctance
to adopt a meaiure wbioh will in lome degree cur
tail their power ef forming eombinaliono with
each other, and ton! controlling I heir nrler Slatei;
but tke very diipoaittoa thul to oombine and con
trol ie a dengeroui and tyrannical principle, and
if etiempted would lead to eoualeroombioaliooa
on the part of tke middle alee and emallor Hlaiea.
e e Their eombinalioni ani tfaaireollirlona
are about eqaally to be dreaded, e e e There
ia great atmplirlty in the plan of llngle diatrioti ;
they are but little oubjeet toeonfuiion and mil
itakea.and aa tkey are to be modeled hut once in
ten yeara, there will be but llltle difficulty in their
arrangement, e a Th.preaent amendment,
if adopted, introduce! no new principle into the
Conetitution. e e a it do., not abridge tke
Jeiet rlgkti of any "'ate, bnt addi to tke leeurily
of all. e a e It will auppreaa tkoae exten aire
end.deugeroua iitriguoa which agitate Ibe I aioa
ntthe approaob of every preeidealial eleetloo.
Annan, rilieenia uoagreaa, nrat aefeion.page 19
Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina,
March 9,1818, argued in support of tbe
Dickurson resolution. (6id.,page 187.)
Tho amendment was read a third
time and ncgativod yeas 20, nays 13 ;
two thirds not voting therefor. (Ibid.,
pago 212.)
Its passago recommended by the
legislature of North Carolina. (Ibid.,
pago 114.)
Senator Diekcmon at tho next ses
sion (insturctions having been received
from Now York and Now Ilamshiro
favoring its passage) again introduced
hi amendment, l'eceinbor 2, llS.
(Annals, Fifteenth Congress, second
session, page 33.)
Connecticut recommends its paasago.
(did., pago 42.)
Mr. Dickcrson, January 13, 18111,
again advocated his amendment in a
speech of great length, in which he
said :
Thll plan of dividing the titalri Into dlitricta
(i no new oiperiment i It ie ne innovalioa what,
ever upon tke Comtllutlon ) it ii nnly calculated
to renJer permanent aad uniform a regulatioa
which kai prevailed ia nearlv all the Statea, and
which aught to bare prevailed in all and would
have prevailed in all but for tba dieorganiaing
spirit of party. Whatever mode may beadopted,
it ia uaiveraally allowed that it ought to be nni
fena throughout the United State!. lbid-, page
l.lv.
The district plan insures "that the
President shall be elected by a majority
and never by a minority of the peoplo,"
and "will place insnperablo barriers to
the intrigues of ambitious individuals,
who will hereafter agitate tho Union
at the approach of overy presidential
election. In lha process of electing a
President there ought to be more uni
formity, more precision, and more cer
tainty than in the election of any
other officer ; and yet, strange aa il
may appear, fAcre it Ins." (Annals,
Fifteenth Congross, second session,
page 142.)
lie argued thut the variable, vague,
and uncertain modo now in practice ie
more subject to abnso than that which
obtains in choosing the meanest officer
in the community, and continued :
Aad ae la any effeetnal central af IheKiern
live, (In ease he he ambiUeaa.l that malt depend,
aa it heretofore hei done, rather apoa tke vlrtaee
ef Ike Indlvldeal oiorwieing the ofliee than npn
nny poeitlve regulation! contained ia Ibe Cenitl.
lotion. Tne bread road to moaarchy ia left open
flceiabered, indeed, wltk ebetruelioni, but
sack aa will yield la the preeaura ef ambition.
Ibid., pago IIS.
Ureal aa the danger u thut aome amkitiaat In.
dividual may gala the presidential ehair agalnrt
tke will af a targe majority at the people, the
oobJeoA preeente iuelf in another point ef view
net leaa Intereatlng. I mean Ibe eperetion ef ewr
ayetem lo enable an ambirtoua f reaident la per
petuate hie power and la traaimll II Ie kli paw
lerity. Ibid., page lir.
Ijet aa auppoee tbal al noma future peri od we
hall karta freetdeal of III yean af age, of (real
taJeata, aabea tdid aabiuoa, and aa laiatiabla
Iblrsl ef paaer. TaeperM ofelkl veers would; Slate shall he Jlrldi-4 by Ike l.rjlelsliire laereof
elapse at abeet tbe prnu I ol llie a-bea ambition i lalo a nuuiher ol dslrlel,etael In 'he bale uiiin
lakee tbe artaeat bulf of Ihr hunt laied. IJe'barbf Seriaiure ana Uerrrei.lallve to wnitfh
wuIJ mil; persuade bim..ll thai Ihe ul.li-1 n-1 ineh hiai eaav be enllilej la lh. Coeirref s I eaob
terests wi.tiU tufftr by ail miring from office. ilii'riet shell be uouipoeeil of eontlguuus territory,
The ureal faeillty nf .eourlnj re. election aaier ! ami ahall e intala. eearly ' aerial
our iTMia aoiile) bo templatiija Dot to bo ro- ! Buinl.f of .H"H eolliled be the 'ineillull .0 to
slilej ; an.l ihe e,..l . eo,rs .plriie V ..Lues be , be re.reseiil.J. apd on euelt ''" "' "('
I Mrm.in.ltt ..al.l a.rl.lKl In ' ah.ll .IklrruihllO. Whlllk d'lfl sllll ll. thO SStUB
paiaoadlng kiui to War tba aaigbl ol jnririimml ,
M,,r aimiber t.artod and aootber and aooibar lolbo
uJ of hu , ,u Vn,iint u .
III, eutitwoo IbU Praaidul lo have a
aoo ol l.i.i,-. aul ambition Ilk. bi ami on ullkln tb.tr reepeallve Ji.lriele aa toe l.eji.iaiure
uilabla afe to ,oomebli eueee.eur. Tba traoi ul each lilala iball a?iolot ; eodeB'b tn hi. .r...
mission ol po.er trot falber leeoa would oieila , or ..raon. ak.ll vuie lor P,o.iJel and V 'ee I'm
o uauiual tiproWiKlon. Ilia ilei-lior. would to Ideol.oneot whom al lea.t i a I a d boaii Inh.bilant
a tuaia uiallar ol mm, and oof Uov.rnuiel ; ol tka aawo Mala lib Uiui-ir; und aepirale,
would .lulellv liat Into an liar.Jilary ujonare.iy ; 1 Irir-lioale ll.l. shall bt kepi ol all Ilia voter., and
altar wblcb a '1'H.srlus, Caligula, or Oaudlus j oI all the votes Jiven for eaeh pars i al IVesi
tola-lit rrleu ueeontrolloi ia Aieeitoa Tuaia ara , olont. and lor eaob al Vloa 1'ioildant.
not oioro Illusions, aiere pU.ulouii of lu brajn. All tba volea ao glvaa lo eaih dielrlit -kill be
.... , i . t i u..iJ collected forthwith, la etleh Inetitier a. Ibe Lcgiila-
Hu thou piclurud tlic danptMii w IntU ( uf lw Hl1. Mf direil oiuo un, ..
mirllt tlllVO rcaullvil il llm llouso, in i,nl ,., ,M,,D iba dlitnot and ika vo'ei gln
1KIII l,.l i l,i,,.n lliirr inalltad oi' JulV 'or aaoh oandidalo liiall ba addoj logolkar, and
,. ..m i,i ...i.mrlv liavu neincd '.!'
., I l
upon llll! relin Ul L'ovuriwiicui.
his great military talon!, with the
Treasury and Army at bis back, "and
his talents lor intrigue, which have
never been overrated and rarely equal
ed in any country, would ho not have
been able to secure a re-election, and
another, and another, to tho end of his
life?" "And would ho Uavo
dared to relinquish a power which bo
bud held by force and fraud in spuooi
the w ill ol a great majority of tbe peo
ple?" I bil., pages 317, 348.
Mr. Ibckcrson then took a prophetic
view of the future. Said he :
Sir, tbe time may eome when our country will
be tiled with aa army of pensioner!, alwayi Ike
frlenda of arbitrary power. The time will oome
when we iball kavea numeroua boil of ofticera,
oiril and military, in every department of Ike
Government ipread over our Imwenae territory,
looking up to Ike 1'reaidcnt aittieaouroeof puwer
and eiuulutnente. The time will oome when lux
ury and extravaganoe will banlih from our ooun
try every ipeoiee of republican virtue i and tbe
time willeenie, 1 fear, when Ikia Senate will keno
more than the ihadow of wkat it waa intended
to be by those ako framed our Conatitullon ;
when It will be no ekeck upon tke Kxecutlve ;
wken it ahull be aa iniignillcant al the boaitad
Senate of Home in tbe lime of Tikeriua. the
whole infruaooeot Government willoeotre ia the
Preiidcnt, and that patronage, under our preicut
eyitem of chooaing eleotora will become a wuraiae
of irreaiitiblo puwer. Tke management ol tkte
puwer will Income a metier of aeieoco. He will
ba deemed Ike greatrat politician and tbe ableit
miniiler who can, with a ginn portion patrooage,
urjduoe the greatest eficet. The foroe of tbia
power will be applied 19 effect Ibe purpurea of
oinoillon, Wltn a! mucu economy aou sain as
water la applied to tbe wheel, or that of ateam to
tba engine. It would be difficult to devlaa a plan
better calculated to accelerate the approach of
those deplorable evente, or to promote the Vlewa
ul an aiabitloue tveaidcnl, man the present ayi
tem ol eboosing elector!. Annali, Fifteenth Cou
greu. iceund aenion, page 1 19.
James Uarbour, of Virginia, opposed
the amendment on tho ground, as ho
expressed il, ot "the gross inequality
af Us etl'ects against the largo and in
lavor ot tho smaller Slates, and its
tendency to nationalism, "by abridging
tho power of tho Stales." Ibid., page
151.
Vote on engrossment and third read
ing yeas nays u. loin., pago
153
February 4, 18111, the proposed
amendment passed tho Senate by the
necessary two-thirds yeas jnoys 10.
Ibid., page 2d7.
lieported to the House February 5.
Ibid., pajfO 103S.J
Laid on tbo tuble, February 2li, by
a voto of 71) yeas, 73 nays. Ibid.,
page 1120
Senator Ditkurson submitted his
amendment again at tbo next session,
December 14, 1S19. Annals, Six
teenth Congress, first session, page 22
Keferred lo committee of five, ibid.,
pngo 21
liepoi ted back without amendment.
Ibid., pngo 4(1.
Vote on engrossment and third read
ing veas 27, nays 13. Ibid., pago
233.
FuKnt'd by the neeesxary two thirds
majority January 27, 1S20 yeus 2!l,
nays 1,1. Hud., page iH I
ltoportcd lo tho House J
January 28.
liiul., page !li.J
Agreed to in Committee of the
Whole, reported tn tho House, and
ordered to lie on the table, March 28
W., page 1(11)1.
James S. Smith, ol North Carolina,
moved that the House proceed to con
sider the resolution ami argued at
length in support of it. He insisted
Ihut under the district plan "tbo States
would not bo deprived of any just
power. Iho federative principle is
slill preserved, liy this plan you will
bring the election near lo inn people,
and, consequently, yon will make them
placo more value on tne elective fran
chise, which is all important in a re
publican form of government.
Mr. Smith's motion was rejected.
oiJ, pago 1H12
Mr. Dickcrson uguin submitted bis
proposed amendment at tho next ses
sion, JNovomber iz, lxzv. I Annals,
Sixteenth Congress, second session,
page 22
Keferred to committee of fivo. Ibid.,
pago 23
Mr. Smith, uf North Carolina., in the
House, November 20, 1820, submitted
an amendment exactly in tho words
of the Dickcrson resolution. Keferred
to the Committee of tho Whole. Ibid,
page 41 i.j
Tho vole in Committee of the Whole.
December 0, 1820, on the engrossment
and third roading was yeas 103, naya
59. Ibid., pago 504
January 25, 1K2I, the resoulntion
being before tho House on its final
passage, Ezra C. Gross, of Now York,
spoke at length in ila favor. Ho
argued that the permanent interests of I
tho Union demanded tho adoption of
llie proposod amendmont :
Other gentlemen tbongkt they foresaw great
evlta. All their arguments I ogelast tke reeolutionl
were directed to the aame point and were of three
klnda : these drawn from Ike aacred eharecter of
the Instrument and tbe danger of rash amend
mente : Iboee addreised to tbe pride and Jenlooey
nf Stales ! and, lastly, those whiek reiult from
an inquiry into the preaeal practical of different
Statea la chooaing elector!. ( ltd , page froO.)
Noticing tke objection that tho pro
posed amendment would change tho
relutivo power of tho largo and small
States, Mr. (irons remarked that be
camo from a great Slate, and con
tinued :
What advantage will thii kind of grealneaa be
te her ihould jeelouslel he eveited ar.d dieeord
prerail' It ia a preposition that will not be
controverted on tbia Boor thai the greatnew of
ever stale ijrpenila on the preaareatton aal har
mony of the l.'nlott. Whyabontd we,uaderthe
pretense of presen ing Stat n'.itte, seek anno
natural ad rentage, the oiareiee of which cao only
aarve lo eherlaa teelion, foment discord within,
eicite Jealousy without, and Jeopardise Ibe belt
Interests al Ibe eounlry ( Il la enough that the
Constitution guarantees to ua tbe advantage of
the auperlority ol number! by giving m a propor.
ttonate lupenority of vutei. It Ii a ntieerebte
ambilioa that leeka the temporary diafranebiae
ment ef a great minority of ourfeiiow-elliaeni for
tbe purpose of ihewing oar power to a imaller
member of Ihe Confederacy.
e e e a a a
t'alformity aad permiaeacy In tba mod of
appoiating elector! ii more conseuence thaa Ika
mode itself. IbH., page HI.
Touching executive influence on elec
tions he said :
In my opinion tke amendment proposed will,
Inatead at increasing tke influenee of the kiero -
ova, eurian it ia aaamtary manner. e it
ie on, ai is, pons ibii .bib bibo oi innuenee ia
moat to be dreaded A whole community ia nol
to be bribed.
In conclusion he said :
I feel bound lo lupport lb amendment as well
oa the broad priaeiplee ef Jastice aa to secure tke
eoaalltetioBal independence of tke Htatai and tka
preiervatlon of the Laion. aul. pagea 90S, tlfiL
Tho voto on tho passago ot the reso
lution was yeas vs. nava ui ; two-
thirds not voting In the afHrmntivo.
lbil., pago 907.
Senator Dickerson renewed bit prop
osition at the next session, December
111, 18J1. Annals, Seventeenth Con
gress, first session, page 33.
Keferred to a committee of five,
Dickerson, Lloyd, Denton, llrown of
Ohio, and Holmes of Maine, January
21, 1822. 6id., page 155
Ordered to third reading yeas 27,
nays 12. JW., page 2sl.
J'assrd tbe Senate, March II, 1822,
by a decisive vote yens 29, naya 11.
Ibid., page 283
Keporled lo the House on the same
day. 6., page 121!.)
llonse declined to enneider. Ibid.,
pago 1250.1
Thomas II. llenton, Senator from
Missouri, on th 1 1th ol December,
1823, proposed the following:
Tkat, for tka parejoe f fleeting a Preeldenl
aad Vie Preeideat of Ik t illed Stetee, eeik
tOUI 100 I IMIU .., u , ,..u. u
bo tiOaltSnd to to) lur a llepre-
eealsli.e la UoaireB all aaeet al iik'H Maiie
".'"' " ikaraaiannuiubof ..iaiior
- r.in.alantl,. on. k.rmg in. grrai.it nuu
barolTotoaf.il
a for Vice President ikall beosrtittal ae
duly prelrrred in laid district, and shall be en
titled to aue tote eaok lor Ibe respective olHoes
for which Ihcy are eandidalea ; but II twnor more
persons shall bave an ro,ual number ol vutea lo
auoh diatrict election for the same olHje, tbea tho
returning ufneera ahall decide between them and
acrtify accordingly.
Triplicate certikcatea vf tke whole number of
votea given for each oandidate ahall be made out
and transmitted, in luoh manner aa Coogren may
direct, to Ike aeat of Uovernmeot of the United
Statea, addraaied to the Senate. The President
ot tbe Senate ahall, In the preeeaoe of the Sanate
and llunae ol Hepreaentaiirea, open all the eerti-
Bcates and the votea shall men no eouutod. ine
person having tbe greater! nutnkor of v .lci for
freiideoL iball be President, if luck numl.erbe
etual 10 a majority of tke wkole Buaber of elee-
loral votea witbm tne tuiiea Dtatesi ani n do
parson bave auch majority, than the President
aball be ebos,en by tke House of Itepreaanlativee
from the three baring tne greatest numoer oi
volei fur President, in tke manner now preaeribed
by the Constitution.
Tke person but ing the greatest number t,r vutea
for Vice President shall be the Vioe President, If
such number baeual lo a majority ot the whole
number of electoral dlalricts; and If no persuu
have euch majority, Ibon Ilia toe Presidcut shall
be ohueen by llie Senate from tbe two periona
having Ibe greatest number ul vote! tor that omce,
lo the manner now preaeribed by Ike t'onatltu
tion. Aaaas, Ki,hlenlh Congress, Bret session,
page .U.
Senator Dickcrson, of New Jersey,
on tbo Kith of December, 1H23, renew
ed bis amendment with tho added pro
visions :
First. That when iheru is no choice
by the electors the two llonset by joint
bdlut shall elect ; a majority of mem
bers present being noecssary to a choice
on tbe first ballot, and a plurality after
the first.
Second. That no person having been
tvvico elected President shall again bo
eligible. Annals, F.ightoonth Con
gress, first session, pago 43
All resolutions proposing amend
ments to the Constitution were referred
to a select committee of live Ronton,
Hayne, Dickcrson, Holmes ol Maine,
Koiloy. 74ici., pago 41.
In tho Senate, December 20, 1823,
Martin Van liuron, of New York, of
fered an amendment providing for cleo
tion by districts, equal in number in
Senators and Keprcsen'.ttlivcs to which
a Slule is entitled, to be formod by tbo
Stuto Legislatures. Citizens nuuliHcd
to vote lor members of the lower house
of tho Stato Legislature lo choose ono
olector in each district ; electors when
mot to fill vacancies : Congress to fix
time ot choosing electors and day tor
giving their votes, which shall be the
same throughout tbo I'nited Slates ;
Stato Legislatures to have r'.ccCitsitv
authority to form districts, "to direct
the election In be held, to presc ribe the
manner thereof, except as to timo of
holding tbo same and the qualifications
of the voters and the place of meeting
ol the electors. 11 no person unvo
majority of electors chosen, tbo Prosi-
dent, by proclamation, shall reconvene
tho electors, who shall ballot again lor
President, and il no choice is made the
House of lteprescntulivcs shall elect us
now provided by tho Constitution."
Ibid, page 73
Mr. llenton, January 8, 1823, report
ed from the select committcoan amend
ment similar lo the Dickcrson resolu
tion of the previous session, except
thut tho number of districts should be
equal to the number of Senators and
Iteproscntutives ; thut in case ot no
choice by elector, tho two Houses of
Congress, jointly, by ballot, shall elect
from the threo highest on tho list ; a
majority of members proscnt necessary
to a choice on first ballot, and a plurality
only afterward ; the Senate to choose
Vice I resilient when no choice is made
by electors ; that no person ahall bo
again eligiblo alter having beeu twice
elected President. Ibid., pago 101.
On the 15th of January, Mr. Denton
offered bis amendment as a substitute
for the above. Agreed to. Ibid.,
pago 106.
Tho resolution relating to tho ineli
gibility ot the President ullcr bis second
term, having been separated Irom tho
other, was debated al length by Mr.
Dickerson and others, and pissed
yeua 36, nays 3. Ibid., page 100
February 3, 1H23, tbo order of the
day being the lienton resolution as a
substitute for that reported by tbo
select committee, Mr. llenton support
ed bis amendment in a lengthy argu
ment. Ho said that experience was tho
only infalliable test ot good or bad in
stitutions ; that timo bud shown tho
delects in our electoral system : and
,r..i . i. r....w. r . ...
ma, iiiv iiaiit.ia i, .110 w.iaini, lu .11111,
'despising the arrogance of an over
wconingconfldencein theirown work,'
had "provided a remedy by providing
,1.. .......... ..r . -' r li.:. t
btio mcwiis ul Ulliuiiuiliem. Irc'tu.
page 167
After showing how, under the present
system, electors had been chosen by
districts, by legislative ballots, and by
general ticket, ho argued that "sin b
deviations imply a great fault In the
Constitution itself.
The evil of n want of nniformlly la tl,e
cboioe ef electera ia not limited te tta disRguring
effect upoo the face of our government, but goea
lo endanger Ibe rlgate af tbe people by permit
ting sudden alteration! on the eveofan eleetien.
and te anihilete tbe right of Ike imall Statea by
anabliug tbe larger onei to enmblnn and to throw
all their vote! into the acala of a popular eaodi
date. Tbeie obvioua evil! make It oettaia that
any uniform rule would be preferable lo the proa.
eat atate of thmga. Bui lo fixing a rule It ia tka
duty of atateam.n to aeleot that which ii calcu
lated lo give to every portioa of tbe Uaion iti
due lhare in the choice of a Chief Magistrate, and
lo erery individual a fair opportunity ef voting
according lo bis will. Tkia would be effeeted by
adopting Ike di'slriel system. It would divide
every State into diltriotietUel lo Ike wkole Baa
ber of vote! to bo givio. and lha oeoole o
each dlitrlct would bo governed by ,'ia owe mayor.
try, una nut ny a majority existing in some remote
part of Ihe Stale. This would unagreeable tothe
rights of indleiduala : fnr, In entering Intu aociety
i ,j ,bmitting to be bound by tbo decisional llie
majority, each Individual retained tbe right of be.
ing governed by a majority ol tke vicinage, aud
But by majorities brought from remote aernooe to
overwhelm him wilh tkeir accumulated autnkert.
It would be agreeable ta Ike intoruiti uf all
narti of tke Statea, for eech stale mnv kave dif.
ferentietereata in different pirta. Oue part may he
agricoltural, another tnanufaoturlog.anotlior com.
mercial ; and It would be anjual that Ibe itrongeat
aoouiu govern or mat two tcoul.t eomniae and
aacrilce a third.
Th ulalrict lyitem would be agreeable lo the
tntentien of our preaent Constitution, whiek, in
givingeeck eleetor a aeparate vote Instead of civ.
log eaek btate a consolidated vote, eompoaed of
1 eacb mnaeof periona entitled to one elector ahonld
all lie electoral auBragei, clearly intended that
bava tbe right ef giving one vole according to
tkeir ewa aenee of ikeir own Internet!.
The general ticket swjtem. now eiiltine In ten
"tale, was the offspring of policy and not of any
disposition to give fair play to the will of the
people. II waa adopted by Ihe leading men el
those Statea Is enable them to eooaolidale the
vote of the Stale. It would be eaay to prove thii
by referring to facta of kiitorical notoriety. Il
eontribulee la give power and eonaeooenc to
waderi who manage Ihe electioBl, but it il a d
pertare from tho iBlention of the Constitution,
violates tne virnt! nf minorities, and li attended
witn many ot ber evlla. The intention uf Ike Con
Ititution il violated, beeaaae il was the Intention
of that iastrnment to give te eura mess ewsrsnas
sBoneu vo one elector tne power at (I. ing that
eleeioral vote to aay esadidau they prelerred.
The rlgrta of minorities ara violated, beeaaae a
majority of one will carry Ibe vote of tke wkole
maie.
Ia New York Id elector! are ekoaent 19 la a
majority, and Ibe candidate receirieg tkli mojor
ity ii fairly entitled la IS vote : but aeoouBie lo
reality US ; because the minority of 17 are added
te the majority. These 17 votea fceloog tw IT
masses af people, of 40,1100 eoals eaeh, la all
SH0.S00 people, whose votea are aeised upua, takea
away, aaa preset. in waoen tae majority plea sea
fe.d.pag.i lt, J7.
Continuing, Mr. Denton said :
I weald a nnwilllng la naa a karsh pilket, tint
i e-'Bsiner ia is case aa amnanltng IB aa Impreea.
meat of civil righta, more dangeiena to ear liber-
Ilea than tke liupreeimenl of our bodiea by rlrilish
ships of war.
A farther mischief f lb geaeral ticket lyetem
la, tBeegregatlng tbe Slatee, drawing tkem np
a. one ewotaor, naa weailie IBIpl IB Battle
Oat of Ikie ayilem kaa sprang tke aatl.eoil
word! f meder Inveatlen "efeetlv fate."
"opvrativ vvuie,"- If th State were un
ik.c ujkoul tba
Slaia who mj
,,.,(.. i. c
lending with Turks or Husslane. This alienate.
Ibe Statea from eaeh olher, and nils tkoro with
bus-lie fee InxBj and the President elected nas
beonie ibe Piesldenl ol Ibe Stales which ekoaa
kim, et.d look aitk eoldnesa and resentment upon
Iboie which opposed him. I Mil., page l!.
After quoting from the Cimlitulin
the words "each Shite shall appoint, in
such manner as the Legielitliire there
of may din ct, a lumber of electors,"
Ae., Mr. Heiitoii argued Ihut 'Slulu"
ami "Li'gil;tiiiic" lire not synonymous
terms. The Word "Stuto" embraces
i,'iiiV. firriYun.uud meerciynty "When
the S'MIV is lotlo a thing the people
are to do il. A legislative body is not
competent to act, beeauso II is tint the
Slato, but a department of il." Olher
wise "tliero would be no State when
llie Legislature wus not in session."
"The oiiestion now lo bo decided
lin ns upon the appointing poierr of the
State, and the dictatorial point of the
Legislature." lie argued further that
the word "appoint" in the clause above
quoted is synonymous Willi "elect,
and insisted thai tho Constitution em
powered tho Legislature to direct how
or in what manner as to tho modo of
conducting the election, taking tbe
votes, certifying returns, vo. the pco
vie should elect. A legislative body
may direct the peoplo how to go
through tho forms of an election ; but
a legislative body cannot direct itself.
Tbo word direst "implies an address to
a third party and not in one s sell.
Ibid., pngo 172
Mr. Itedison anya: "Tito people ehooie llie
eleelora. Ilia Peilerallal aayi tbe salna thing In
twenty places, Il describee tbe ateotura ai "men
ebolen by Ibe people" for Ike apeclal purpoae of
cuooiing tne r-resiucnt. it aracruiei them ai "I
small number ol etso-.i iclcctid by Ibelr lellow
nitiiena from tke geneial mass. It suvatbe Con
stitution has "interred tke election of tke Preil
drnt, In tke Brat Instenoe, to tke Immediate act
of the American people, 10 be exerted lo the
cbolie of persous lor tbe temporary and sole pur
pose ef making the appointment." ' All of eliieb
shows. " said Mr. llenton, "that legislative kudiea
wero out iiitunilod tu ehooie eleotora, much lesa
lo eroet theai selves into electoral colleges." Ibid,
pages 172,
Mr. Ilenlou then discussed tbo neces
sity of discontinuing the uso of an in
termediato body ol electors:,
Evevy reason which induced the convention lo
institute eleelora kaa failed. Tkty are no longer
of eny use, and may be dangeruua to tt.e likerliea
of the people. They ere not useful beoaose they
huve no power over their own vote, and beoeuse
the people ean vote for Preaidentascasily aatbey
can vote for an elector, e e e The elretor
may betray tbe libertiea of the people by aelling
fall vole. The operation ii eaay, because ha votea
by ballot ; detection la impoaiikli, because he
doe! not lign hi! vole: tke reatraint ia notking
but kla own conscience, for there ia no legal puo
ishment for bis breach of trust, e a e r en
elector should defraud 10, out) people out of their
vole, there la on remedy but to nbuse him In the
newspaper!, e e e e e e e
"aleotori are nothing but agenta In a eaae
which rriulrea no agent; and no prudent man
wuuld or ought to employ an agent to take oara
of hie money, kla pruperty, or kii likerty when
ke la etunlly capable to take care of them bim
aelf." tie argued furtker tkat tbia lyilrm "girea a
false direclioa to the gratitude of the President
elected, lie feel! himlllf indebted to the elec
tor!, and not to the people who gave Ibelr votea
to tbo elector!. ibid , pagea 178-1, v.
This joint resolution in proposing a
direct vote of tho people, Mr. lieiilon
contended, embraced no new project :
It waa preaeutcd and dl0'jrsod la tke Federal
Convention of 1717, waa twice put to tke vote
and supported by tbe Statea ol rcunsy.vanla and
llelaware. a e I feel myself treading upon
sale ground when I can sey to tbe American peo
ple, "1 am endeavoring to carry Into etT-t the
plan uf llenjamin Prunklio and tke emiaent
slateatnen wboae namea bave just been read
Uared Inirer.oll. Uovverneur Morris. J.mea W il.
son, Robert Morris, and o.hcre J-llid .page Isl. '
He then urirucii that while tho elec-1
toral colleges muy bo corrupted, the
people at lurgo cannot bo. The cor-
rupting influences of patronage with
all its temptation.., "woui I Decome in
significant when scattered and dispers
ed among tho millions of people which
fill the Republic." 'Ibid., pago 18 1.
Mr. Ik'lilo.i closed his argument by
insisting that tho umpiruge of tbo
House of Itcpro'icntutivos ought lo
be continued in cases whore there is
no choice by districts. Ho held thut
this was necessary to preserve both
the federulive and representative prin
ciples. But the House have bo power lo elect a Presi
dent. They bave no elective faculty, no puwer
of choice; tkey an limited t the humble oecn
pall Jb of ono oitofibr.-a,each of wkom may boob
ooxioul to Ihein. They era aotbing but arbitra
tor!, referred lo aa mutual friendr lo settle a
quealion of mutual intrrest. Ibid., page 1112.
After a long discussion, covering all
tbo proposed amendments, tho whole
subject was indefinitely postponed,
March 22, 1824 yeas 30, naya 13.
Ibid., pago 417.
December 6, 1823, a select commit
ted of seven was raised in tho House
to inquire into tbe expediency of rec
ommending an amendment providing
for a unilorm mode of electing Presi
dent and Vice President; and, also,
that the election shall, in no event, de
volve on Iho House of Hcproscnlativcs.
Ibid., pago 801.
liocomuer zz, tne coejimuieo, inro
(icorgo McllulHo, of South Cniolina,
submitted an elaborate report in favor
ol tho district system, accompanied with
a proposed amendmont to that effect.
Ibid., pagos 850 to 866
Ihe McJjulne amendment proposed
to divide the Stutes into districts equal
to tbo number of Kepreseutalivcs in
Congress, eaeh district to elect ono
elector, the electors when met to
chooso two additional electors. In
caso the electors mako no choice, tho
Sen a to and House, by joint ballot,
sliull elect, the members voting Indi
vidunlly and not by Slates.
Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, in
the House, January 21, 1821, pro
posed an amendment providing for tbo
choico of electors by districts. In caso
no choice bo made, tbo electors shall
bo reconvened by tbo President, and
shull choose from the two having the
highest number ol votes. Ibid., pago
llti.j
On tho l!)ih of January, 1820, Mr.
Benton mado an elaborate report from
tho select committee of nine accompa
nied by a proposed amendment.
Tho seloet committee had carefully
considered all the pbins proposed at
prcviottB sessions of Congress, and tbo
joint resolution accompanying their re
port was the ono which seemed best
calculated to insuro uniformity, cer
tainty, and safety in the choico of a
r Chief Magistrate.
1 bo committee in their report invist
that tho intention of tho Constitution
has wholly failed in two leading fea
tures, namely; 'The institution of elec
tors, and the ultimate election by States
in the House of Hrpresi ntatires ;" and
they propose :
Firtt. That a uniform in jde of election by die
trlcti ahall he eatablished.
r'eennd. That the institution of electors shall
ke a)olisbed, and Ika President and Vice Presi
dent bcrealler elected by a direct vote of the peo.
pie
Third . Thet a second election, to be conducted
in tbe same manner ni tke flrit, ahall take plaee
he t weea tbe perioel having the two bighelt num
ber!, lor Ihe lame office, when ao one Baa receiv
ed a majority ef the whole Bomhar of votei given.
For Mr. ltenton'a report in full seo
Scnuto lleporl No. 22, first session,
Nineteenth Congress.
Debated by llenton, Johnson of Ken
tucky, Macon, and Hrancbor, and by
Dickcrson and Van lluren against;
tho negativo arguments being directed
mainly aguinst a second election by
the peoplo. Congressional Debates,
volume 2, part 1, pages fi!)2-696.
Mr. McDuflle, of South Carolina, in
tlio House, December U, 1H25, moved
that a select committee bo appointed,
with instruclinna to preparo and ro
port an amendment providing for a
uniform cloction by districts and to
provent the election from devolving
on the llouso. Ibid., pngo 707.
Called tip and debated February 15,
1826. .
Mr. Mcliufllo argued that "iheCon
stitution, by declaring that 'each Slato
shall appoint eleelora in such manner
as the Legislature may direct,' puts
an unequivocal negative upon the idea
of fixedness and permanence, which
ossenlially enter into the notion of con
stitutional regulation." Ibid., pnge
1307.
lio then combated the idea that the
dirtrid arstoin would tend to destroy
the tavereignty of the States, or produce
what ia termed coiuoiiaion.
W hat da gtntlemea mean hyMaaHatulaaa That
navelidetioa whiek li really dngerua t llbwrty,
andwhlckwoalddesimyitiefidsratliectiiraeisrof!
our lluveintnenl, la the nonrenlralion of power In
the tiovernmenl a.re. la thii sense of the term
t deprecate eonsnll iallon as muek aa any man,
and the tendency of my proposition Is to proiuoe
a lesuu precisely the Ivreise ti loir, lustea-l 01
Concentrating power In Ike bands of the tiovern
menl here, II avluiea the most Important of all
powers among tbe great body of the people, an 1
flan it there Irrevojab'y.
eeeeaaea
How can II ha conceived that we Impair the
itghia of a Slate by vaating Ike blghoat preroga
tive of eoveieignly ia the people of that Slate J
Virginia, tollur by districts, Is Viigiaia Hill, di
vested of none of her allributee si a lepatato
metnl,er uf Ibe eonlrdeiaov. Ibid., pagea 1171,
1:17a
lie contended that llio tendency ol
the district system would be to restrain
the power of llie Kxeeitlivo.
There Ii nu power more aclisc, encroaebliig,
and dengeroue, upirallng aa II duel lliruiigk the
influence of ila patruuae, upon Ike hopea aud
foara of a large portion of Ike community, lint,
by rendering Ibe President directly responsible
Ii. the people, we aball aoli-e Ibe great problem,
never bsijre fully realiasd,of uniting In the gov
ernment uf so extensive a oouutry the oleuieale ol
liberty and power. fbtd , page l,'S.
lu urguiiig in favor ol dispensing
with an intermodinto body of doctor, i
Mr. McDutllo said tho people wero as
competent to vo e for President as for
middlemen. The present electoral sya-
tern, "in a word, combines the disad-1
vantugea of both modes of election, and
Iho advantage of neither," and in the)
ultimate choice by I lio House it givea j
tho llouso "just aullltient latitude for
all purposes ot corruption, und not
enough for any good end." Ibid.,
pages 13H7, l.tSS I
Mr. Mcliufllo concluded by arguing
ai'ainst an ultimate choice by tho i
llouso, on tho general ground that
such an election is violative of the true
principles of tho mixed federal und
popular system of government intend
ed by the fruitier of the Constitution,
und of the rights of the people. Ibid.,
pages i:iHH-i;ilM.J
Alter a very lengthy niscusnoii, a
trot.. u Inkeii on Mr AlelluHle's ros-;
olutions. First, the proposition to
.,,,,.,,1 llm 1 nnuiiintinn bv initio,, the
..l,.,.tin nut i,f (!i,n,n-,.ss -,is adotiimf :
yeas 13H, naya 52; second, for the
district system the vote mood yeas '.10,
lit!)' 1D2. ThO first resolution ejaatumui-n iuiiii) ut nt viutaiiuii ui tuc
then referred to a select committee of ' !"w bis decision is final, and there is no
twenty four. Ibid., part 2, volume 2 ,
o,,..s t'diu onus 1
Or.mmiitnnrcnort..H ft ilisu,rrB. ineiit. I
Ibid., pago 2G5U.1
Mr. llenton again introduced his pro
posed amendment, llecembcr 9, 1833.
Congressional 1 'elates, volume It),
part 1, pago 2(1
Keferred toaselecteoininillii. Ibid.,
part 2, pago 1897.
Tbo committee reported Juno 11,
1831, the sumo amendment which ac
companied Mr. Uciiion's report, made
at the first session, Nineteenth Con
gross. Laid on tbo table. Ibid., pages
l!)j-l!)58
Culled tip at next session, January
15, 1"35, by Mr. Benton. Ilriefty dis
cussed and laid on llie table. Ibid.,
volume 12, part 1, pages -'Hi, 217.
William Allen, of Ohio, proposed an
amendment in tbe Senate December
11, 137, similar to the Ihnton resolu
tion, ti lobe, second session, Twenty
P.llli Congress, page 25.
Keferred lo select committee of nine,
Allen, Wright, Calhoun, Webster,
I ai ....... 1: i ... i ii
m'moil, lanes, v-rn len.ieil, alio I IUJ-
ton Ibid , pagc.C3
Mr. llenton again submitted his
amendment January 15, 1811, and sup-
Eorttod tho sumo by a speech in which
e rehcursed the arguments mado in
his speech in 1821, and subsequent re
port, (ilobe, first ros-ion. Twenty
eighth Congress, pages 6S0, 687.
Andrew Johnson, ol lennessee, in
il. Il.,,r nn t'w. oi..t ..e IT.,!...........
18.il, proposed tho lienton amendment
so modified thut when tho election has
been held by the peoplo a second time,
two or moie persons having received
"the greatest and an equal numbor ol
votes, the person having tke greatest
nuudier of votes in llie greatest number
of Stutes, ahall be President." Tbo
same rulo ns to Vico President, except
that when a socond election of Presi
dent is not necessary and there bos
been no choice ol ico 1 resident the
Senate shull choose a Vico President
from the two highest on the list.
lilobo, first session, Thirty first Con
gress, pngo 627
Mr. Johnson again brought in his
resolution February 2, 1852. Refer
red tothe Committee on the Judidiary.
(ilobe, first session, Thirty-second Con
gress, page 413
Junuury 18, I8,il, the llouso ap
pointed a select committee of nino, to
join such committee as the Senute may
appoint, "to whom sliull bo referred
such resolutions proposing to amend
tbe Constitution in tbe modo ot elect
ing tbe President and Vice Prcsidor.t
of the United Slules, wilh instructions
lo take thnt mailer und the subject gen
ernlly into consideration, and to report
upon tho same in such manner as to
them may socm mostexpcdionl. tvlobe.
first session, Thirty-third Congress
pago 202 1
January 30, the Senulo appointed a
committee ol fivo lo meet tbe above
House committeo. Ibid., page 275 .
In tbo Senate, December 13,1860
Andrew Johnson again submitted bis
proposed amendment, (ilobe, second
session, Thirty -sixth Congress, pago
82
December 18, Mr. Johnson called up
hia joint resolution and supported it in
a speech of somo length, He argued
thut tho troubles then impending
would havo been averted if the presi
dential election of I860 had been held
in tho manner provided in his amend
ment. Ibid., page 117 A long do
nate followed, participated in by lien
jninin, Dakar, Halo, and others; but
tlio discussion was shifted to a genornl
view of the question of secession, and
power of the icnera! (iovcrnmont to
coerce the States. (Ibid., pages 13!)
238 )
Kulus P. Spalding, of Ohio, in the
Uoiie.0, February 1, 186!), introduced a
joint resolution proposing an election
by districts, ' the timo, place, and man
tier of holding tho eamo to be prescrib
ed by Congress." Keferred to Com
mittee on Revision ot Laws, (ilobe,
Fortieth Congress, third session, page
768.
Mr. Sumner, of Massachusetts, oiler
ed an amendment in tho Senulo, Muy
30, 1872, providing for tho election ol
President by tho direct vote nf the peo
pie in alt the States and Territories.
Election tn be held on the 1st Monday
in April. A majority of tho total vote
necessnry to a choico at first election.
If tho two Houses of Congress, in joint
convention on third Monday in May,
find that no cundidalo hnvo auch a ma
jorily, ti second election shall bo held,
when a plurality shull eloct. Second
oleclion to lako place on second Tues
day in October following.
In caso ol death or removal of Presi
dent, tbo bead of an Kxecutive Do
purtinont, senior in yours, shall bo the
President. If Congress ho in session
at death or removal of Prcsidont, the
twollousesin joititsession shall chooso
a President viva voce, each Senator and
Uepresentutivo having ono vote ; a
quorum to consist of a majority of eacb
llouso, and a mnjniity present being
necessary to a choico. If Congress be
not in aesaion, tho acting President
shall call extra session to elect
President. The oflleo of Vice Presi
dent to be abolished, and 8enale to
chooso its own presiding officer. Presi
dency to be limilod to a singlo term of
lour years, tilohe, Forty second Con
gress, second session, pago 4030
For Mr. Sumner's ioinl resolution in
full, aoe Dilla and Resolutions, Senate
United Stntoa, 1872-73, part 8, Senate
resolution io. 7, second session, r orty
second Congress.
Again brought forward by Mr. Sum
ner at next session, January 16, 1873.
(ilobe, third session, Forty-second
Congress, page 638.1
John Lynch, of Muine, proposed
amendment in the House January 6.
1873, fur oleclion by direct vote ol tbe
people, a majority ol whole 0t oast
necessary to a choice, If no choice by
populur vole, Utilise lu elect, voting by
Stales. lilobe, third session, Forty
third Congress, pago 353,.
Oliver I'. Morton, of lndiiiua, siih
niittcd a resolution in iho Senulo Jan
uat-y Ii, 1H73, tlireeling the Commitloo
on Privileges and Kiielions to inquire
and report upon tho best und most
practicable mode ul electing tbe Presi
dent und Vico President. Ibid., p. .'111).
January 13, Mr. Morton cullej up
and discuesed his resolution ul lenglh.
Hesuid Ihut. under article 2. section I.
ot iho I VnMilntloii
The appointment of eiecin iipia.nd hiut.ly
and wholly wt'k Ike Lagiilaturea of the States.
I hey may obuuee by the Legislature, or tke Leg.
Islature may pruvidethat tkey ahall be elected by
the people at large, ur in districts as ara mem'iera
ol Congress, w hick was Ike oaae formerly in tunny
States 1 aud it li no doubt cuinpet-nl for the Leg
islature lo auiboriae tbe guvernur, or tbe aupreme
court ot the Stale, or any other ui;eat of ila will,
tu appoiut those elector!.
He then argued that although, thure
might be the most monstrous frauds
and unluirness in thochoicool electors,
the will ol tho people boing entirely
subvurled, theru is no provision uf tho
law iu any Stato for settling a contest
''i)nR out of such election. Ibid,
Pare "'
criticised the present system and
i J there wus dungor or revolution
growing out of its defects; that if a
President "uoulii bo elected by tbo
vl of Stuto, secured by fraudulent
"' unfair inokns, "ho would in advance
uo shorn of moral power and authority
" 1'is olllco, and would bo looked upon
us a usurper, and ibe conaeqtiencos
that would result Irom such a stato of
things no man ean predict."
Ho argued that the President uf'lhe
Senate bad exorcised an uncertain and
dangerous power, but combated the
proposition tliat the Iramer 01 the
Constitution intended that ho should
perform other than merely ministeiial
lunciions in opening ceruneuies at tuo
joint meeting ol the two Houses, uut
he insisted that tbo exerciso of judicial
and discretionary powers may devolve
"l,u." """ " neasMtue ra, una u no
remedy provided in tbe (...institution.
lbid., pago u'CH
Ho declared that "the idea of
inter
posing an eleetorul body between tho
Chief Magistracy and tbe pooplo bad
coino down from ancient times, and
had its origin in aristocratic forms of
government where the nobility elected
tlio sovereign or Chief Magistrate."
Hu believed tbe electoral syslom was
born ol distrust in tho people, ad the
federal convention seemed to think it
unsafe lo lodgo such a power in their
hands. He uiguod thut tho electoral
system bus completely lulled. "The
electoral colleges," ho continued, "have
turned out to bo wholly useless, hvory
reason given for their original estab
lishment has absolutely failed in prac
tice. Ibid., pngo ijti l.J
He prelerred, ho said, "I
President should bo elected by tbe
pc.iplo n- our community, giving the
election to the man who received the
bighost number of votes, without ro
gurtl to Slate lines or municipal di
visions." Ho wus opposed to tbe present sys
tem because "the dangers of sertiunal
ism" are greatly increased by it
' Under tbo present apportionment the
leetnrul volos of ten Status out of
thirty-seven may elect a President."
tint I luntuit to the Inevitable, and assume
that the amaller States will not consent tn a
amendment by which the President would be
elected by tke pninlo of tbe I nltol Statai aa oni
OJinmunily. Vet I believe that they can have no
objection to lucb a change ai will bring tbe elec
tion of Ihe President directly to Ihe people of the
eeverel Statae, eaeh State to be divided io.to aa
many dlitrlct! ai il hai Seaatoraand llepreieo'B
tivca, each diatrict to kave ono Vole in Iheelec
tion of President an I Vice Preiidenl, lod thl
rote of Ikat diltrlot to be counted in favnr of the
oandidate for Preaiden: and Vioe Prelideat who
receire tbe largeil number ui rule ia It. Hid.,
page 60a.
He argued further that the district
system would give due weight to tho
smaller States, and that under the
present system tbo sovereignty of groat
Slates baa been strengthened at tho
oxpenso of tho small ones. Ibid.,
page 665
Mr. Morton, in the course of bis
speech, adopted tho same lino of argu
ment in favor of tho district system
pursued by Ronton, Dickerson, and
others. Ibid., CC1, 665 )
Mr. Sumner again submitted his
joint resolution at Ihe first session, For
ty third Congress. (Kocord, first ees
sion Forty-third Congress, pago 2.)
Senator Wright, of Iowa, proposed
an amendment December 15, 1871,
providing for oleclion by tho dirocl
voto of the wbolo pooplo, a majority
electing. It no ono have a majority a
second election to bo beld and votes
cast for the two highest on the list
only. Returns to be certified to tho
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
tbo United Slates, and that court to
determine all questions relating to va
lidity ol returns, Ao. Incligibiliy after
one term ol six years. Ibul., second
session, Forty third Congress, page 81.
Senator Morton reported from the
Committee on Privileges and Kloctiona,
January 20, 1875, a joint resolution
proposing an amondmont for providing
for election by direct vote in districts
(Senate Report No. 10, second session
Forty third Congress ; Record, second
session Forty-third Congross.pago 008.)
,-iee, also, report ol sumo committee
suiimilling arguments In favor ot dis
trict system. Senate Report No. 39j,
itrsi session, pony third Uongress.J
the Joint resolution discussed at
length by Morton.Thtirnian.and Conk
ling. Ibid., pages 626 to 03 1, and 6 19
to ISOl.l
senator .Morton ugutu submitted his
amendment at the next session, Decem
ber 5, 1870. Record, second session,
rony niurth uonitrosa. naifd 17.1
Discussed by Senators Morton and
r.dmunds. lbid., 123 to 127.1
J move tho reference of tbo ioinl
resolution to tbo Select Commileo to
lako into consideration the stato of the
law respecting the ascertaining and
declaration ol the Kesult of the Kleo
tiona of President and Vico President
of tho I tilted Stales.
Tho motion wss agrcod to
miSftUltUfOBS.
John Irvin & Bros.,
CURWKNSVIU.E, 1A,
-DRAI.KRg IN
All Kinds of Merchandise,
Hl'CH A8-
DryGooikGrofcrifs, Etc.
H
MANI FACTI HERS AND DUALEKS IN
NUV.11IK TlatlltEII,
AND KVIllV DESCRIPTION OP
SAWED LUMBER CDTTO ORDER.
K
The Only Manufmliirera in Cloarfifld
County of the
NEW PROCESS FLOUR 1
ii oi h, hop .i.rn Ft t.it
efavw.fi'M . u.t.rni
lCtiali paiJ for all kinds ofi
r. un . v. .
uriuii t ueai, ito, uaw, ,tc,
Canveaevllle, Pa., Jaee I, HH-lt
(J); (OlTU il'lTllSflUf lit .
THE REPUBLICAN,
Published every Wednesday by
G. B. GOODLANDER,
I l.aCAHFItLLI). PA.,
Haa tlie l.arfcat Circulation of auj paper
la Nurtliwentern Peniiailvajila.
The lurge und constantly increasing
circulation of the Kipublican,
render it valuable tobusinosa
men ua i raodium thro'
which to reach tbe
public
TkHMs or Subscription i
If paid in advance, .
If paid aftor three months,
12 00
2 60
If paid after six months, . . 8 00
When papers are sent outside of ibe
county payment must bo in advance
ADVERTISING i
Ton lines, or loss, 3 timo, . 11 SO
Kach subsequent insertion, SO
Administrator' Noticoa, . 2 50
Executors' Notices, . . . 2 SO
Auditors' Notices, .... 2 50
Cautions and Estrays, . . . 1 50
Dissolution Noticoa, ... 2 50
Professional Cards, 5 lines, your, f 00
Special notices, per lino, ... 20
YEARLY ADVERTISEMENTS :
One aquaro, 10 lines, . . , (SCO
Two squares, , 15 00
Threo sqnaros, 20 00
One fourth column, , . . , 50 00
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One column 1:20 00
I
Ilia A NUN.
We have always on hand a large ttnek
of blanks ol all descriptions.
SUMMONS,
SUBPCENAS,
EXECUTIONS,
ATTACHMENTS,
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT,
LEASES,
BONDS,
FEE BILLS,
CONSTABLE'S BLANKS,
ia.,
4c,
JOB PRINTING.
We are prepared to do all kinda of
PRINTING
sucn as
POSTERS,
PROGRAMMES,
CARDS,
LETTER 1IEADS,
ENVELOPES,
BILL HEADS,
STATEMENTS,
PAMPHLETS,
CIRCULARS,
etc., Ao.,
IN THE BEST STYLE,
AND ON
REASONABLE TERMS.
ORDERS IJY MAIL
FOR ALL KINDS OF WORK
WILL RECEIVK
TUOMPT ATTENTION.
CiJeo. II. Gooillnnder,
Clearfield,
Clearfield County, Pa.
Wlsffllanfous.
ARNOLD WANTS
Shingle Bolts & Saw Logs.
Curwenarllle, Jan. V, 'la if
Clearfield Nursery.
ENTOURAUK HU.MK IXDrsTKY.
rilHK mttJaralijDAil. htvluff uMiiheJ N'or-
X )"7 oo lb fU, sbuut nan mmy b.e
ClfAi fit-Jtt and Curt-bir ilU, irciBrcd to fur-
dwarf,) Kverrrctmi, Shrubbery, ' Urmt VinM '
:.L ll L'.. 1. If II I - I r T II Is 'Vii I Imwi.lmw.l anj
UunF-.n7, lea w too Htavklrffrry, blrawhorrjr,
aud HavpborT Viocc. Alio, bitwriaD t'rab TreM,
ijuluo, and rlj toarltt Htinbu-b, tic. Order
pruaijUy attendod tu. Addrtw,
MpS0-68-y Curwrorville, t'a.
A Bargain !
FARM FOR SALE!
Th iindtT.f ned offin 1 prtvatr tale that t1-
uabla farm i.tuamd la UK AH AM TUW.N'dillP,
ClMrtleld euiiaij, known u tb
Containing 123 asrei, (ft at wblcb am oUsrcd,
and bav.ojttlirroon retd n larft fruma dwell
ing houit, lartffl fra&n barn, and lh otber neeci
arjr ombuildiDgi, tog oilier with a large orchard,
tifod wat-r eio. Tbw Tuprty will ba a)d on
vtrj My lorim 01 further iarl.-ular- inquire
of tba S'uhtrribrr, in jxr-mn, or by 1-tter.
Clearfield, Pa, March S4tb, IfO.-lf
IMPROVI TMf NOUR.
TRADE y'MA!tK.
GUENTHER'S LUNG HEALER
CURES COHSUHPTIOfl,
Hp;tt:n rf HI'-!. Iln-in bit . AHumv r.mfht,
tv. I a I A--- '1 l'ii,ni":ary Ovuic.
I'rtcP iV -t mill Unn IJo!l tr,
CUENTHUI? a LO. Proprietors.
3i F.rth Avwu. f-.TTSBlRl.rt, PA.
ASK Yum uRl'milST fHl IT.
Uctflittr 27, I&Sfl (lio.
READING FOR ALL 1 1
BOOKS & STA T10SEH Y
Market St., I lorleld, (at Ihe Pout Ortire.
T1HB onderig iifd begi linvei to announce u
tba itinni of (J.erfild and T.eiti.l?. that
ho hn fitted up a room arid hu jutt returned
(torn tb city with a largo amoout or rfmiin
matter, oumMing in part uf
Bibles aud Miscellaneous Books,
Blunt, Account and Pan Book of oierj U
wriptloD; Pit per and Enre topea, French )reMl
ml plaint I'-" b1 Pen c til ; blank Igai
Papori, DoO'lir, Murtgagfi, Juiljmont, Kiomp
Uoq am. Prmifarf notetj ttbiio and Pa ret.,
moot Brief, Lena. Cap, Keeurd Cap, and Bill Cap,
Sheet Mutio, tr oittjor Piano, Flute or Violin,
on it ant ly on hand. Any bookt or ataticmao
dired that 1 may not have on hind, will be order td
b j fir ui 1 1 prat.., and aold al wbuleal or reuil
to iDit eoftoateri. l will aiao Keep panoaiea
literal ora, inch a Maguioea, Kawtpajteri, 4a-
r. A. UAl Ll..
CUarB.ld, M.t 7, Itfta tf
A NEW DEPARTURE
l i t ii k i; s i; i! ii u .
Ila rein er, gondt will Le told fur CAiSH only,
nr Id eichaoe for produce. Nt bonki will be
kept in tho future. All old account! tnuot be
ettled. Thoae who ran not oai-h up, will pleaae
hand over tbeirnotei ltd
CLOSE THE RECORD,
t an determined to letl my goodi at out
prlnti, and at a diieoant far balow that aver
offered in thif vicinity. Tho diioouat I allow my
caitomer!, will make them rich in twenty year! It
they follow my advica and buy their goodi from
mo. I will pay each for wheat, oati and el'jrer-MH-d.
DA.MKL GOoDLANl'EH.
Lthrbnrv, Janaary 17 1 877.
HARTSWICK & IRWIN,
SKCCND STREET,
CLEARFIELD, PA..
DKALKRS IN
PURE DKUUS!
CHEMICALS!
PAINTS, OILS, )YE STUFF
VARNISIlKa,
PKKH'MKRY,
FANCY O0OD8,
TDILKT AKT1CLKS,
Or ALL KINDS,
PURE WISES AUD LIQUOKS
For neellelbal pnrrtoea.
Trniiea, Suptorteri, Sehael Bnuke xni rltetlea
erjr, and all other artiolea saaallj
fuand in a tlrajr Htor.
l'HVSICIANK' fnCSCKIPTIOKB nm.
FULLY CO.MI'OUNDKIl. llav.na a larra ea-
perlenee 1 the boaioaei they eaa give eotire aat-
laraetioa.
1. (i. RARTSWirR.
JOHN r. IKWIN
Clear. I.. llamKer l. 1 UT
Cathartic Pills
'ninl,lll III rlioli'fet ratlmrtii' prim l,, a
In niediritm, in proNirtli,iia ai-rnrRl,.v ml.
jnetiil lo aei-urei atlivllv. nrlalnl.,' nn.l
iniiliirmlt.v 4jf elTeii, llwy urn th.- r, .nil
of veir ,f mvaltll atmlv liml liru, li, n r.
perinieiit, mn are, ilia nirnt i di-i ml r, ni
fly -t .lia,-.ivi-rl lT lia,.rt.(-, I Hli,-,l l-v
li-nuii;,-ineiil .,1 tlie atoinmli, Inn ,1
liowcle, v hlrh nMpiiret prinnit nml efTi-i lniiP
tnalmi'tit Avm' I'll i s are exm!iv v
pllriiLlo lo tnia t inea id tlH,'aa,-a. T) , t
lirn-lly on III ilu-.-.lhn nml n..ii,i,li ,
pror,.j..r.a, a r, ,,r, r.-tliilnr li.-nlil.i a,-.
Ilntl. TlH'ir f xtr-n.ive liar, l,v l-rivel, iiiim tit
llu-lr priu tl,-, ami liy all i-hlll-, n,it,,,u,
la imp .4 the innny i-nv.fa ,l tl.r vitlitr n.
a and-, aurn, nml vrlertlv rvlintil.. piiri:lii,.
liicli.-ine. 11,-iiitt riiniK,iiriili-l ol llie .-.m-reiilrau-il
vlrtu.-a ol pur, Iv vi-nrtal.le enl.-alnm-ea,
tliey aro p,iiivilv frre Irom , tn.
riH-l, or nny fitjnrloiie proiw-rtlee, ami ,-H), l,
BUlllilllle.LT.iil Ul tllllilrvll .villi (M-irect k,.:, Ii .
AviT.'a rn.l are nn i-m-Himl nir,- f,,r
f ntlatllintlon or o.ll.e ne.a, tnRnu
,"l"l"l. Il of ApiMlltr,
I old Htiiin,i, ni,l ItroHllt, 1lriii,.H.
Ili-oiln.-lie., Iaa of Mnmorv. NiiMilini-aa,
lllllouanru, .Iniinillrf., Ill, ,-,,, n .,
I riipilona anil hkln lil , ir, ,,.y'
liiiiiota. Worms N.-iirnllB, 4 nlli-'
lrlie( llnrrlirn, lla.iitory, limit,
I'lloa, Dlaoi-ilsT of the. I.lvi-r. an, I i,
olli,-r illa, nai-a ri-enillliie; from a iliH,Til I, ,
tale ol the iliif -allve aNiratiia.
Aa a Ilnn,T Till thr-y liavp no evpied.
While (rvnllei In lh. Ir eKIl.Tn. Ilieae !,,,,
are Hie tmtat tl,nr,ti.i ami tMnr,-hinir rtilhiir.
li- Hint ran w ci,h,I.vi-.I, ami m,.i-r irn,.
Illll Hill, aa the li,.)a , ,,, ,!
then their Iriflni-iioo I. hi-alliif. They elluin.
lalelhe a.-lll ami illr- all.e orirniiei lh, v
0rate to purify ami . urt. li the, T,loo.. ami
lmrt Mievria. K. nltli ami tlmr to U.n
w hole aj atom.
Prepared by Dr. J. C. Ayer V Co.,
rrwUaal aa AaalyllcaU l-haanleta,
, Lowall, Mat.
. T isx aaraatera mTTraaa
HifrVvSrJf-.'-1
Railroads.
IV 11 11 j 1 v it 11 1 a It 11 i I roiul
msttiw : aavw - t- wj, j
TYROXS at CI.EAHKIEM) ni(AX(
fS and after Monday, NOV. , B-:i
VJ'Paiianger Tralna will run dally cacri t .
r) Tjron and Clearfield, a Mi,,,, .
C1.KAU1TF.1.I) MAIL.
LKA VK SOUTH. I LKAVB NoliTn.
Ourwenavlllo,..!.!", P al
Rlverview :I0, "
Clearleld .-.. "
Leonard, S l, "
Barrett S.St, "
Woodland, I. Ill, "
Bigler I 04. "
Tyrone,
anacoyoc, ,,
Summit
I'oweiton ,
Osceola
Il.i.l nlon
Steiner's,
I'liilipsourg,
tlranain
Illne 11.11
Wallacton,.
n.itler
Woodland,...
Barrett,
Leouard
Cleailiold
I'i.a
.
.. Ii .,il.
. I'
l 12.
II'.I7.
.In
. 10 75,
. 111.?-.
.10 .17
.ln.44.
.in..-,:,
Itl.liy. -..M.i-7,
IV.'
Wallacetoti 4 17,
Blue Hall
Urahain,.
.A J.,
4..1I,
Philipiburg. ...OS,
Iteioer' 4 W,
Boynton
Osceola
Powilton, .
Summit,
Vanacoyoc,..
Tyrone,
..4 4.
....4.5J,
... i .1 j,
....Hi,
4.JS,
...SOU,
Hirer, lew.
II. ?i,
Curwensville,.) I t;i, ,
CLKAKt'lLI.Il KXPItKSS
LEAVE MOI TII.
LKAVK XtiK't
Carvreairille i.SJ a. a. Tn,rie 7 :ii f
Hi.urr,eer...H. S .11' " , Vanajof,....7
Clearliel l 6.47 " Hunja.lt 8 '
Lei'n.r.l til " 1 I'oerellwn h 17 1
Barren, ft 57 " Oeretila, K
Willar'l (ICS " llo.nl. m s.,'.
Uljrier II " ! Meiner" a :i'j
YYall4tfettm,.., 8.15 " l'blltnibUTg...n 42
Ulue Uiill,... . n 2! " lrl,n, hi;
Jraliam, 11. 2., ' I lllue H,ill 8 !,5
l'nili,liurji . .iV , Wallaeet.jn. ...V I'L'
Slein.r'a .IU " lllt;!er ll.l'1 '
a ,)al.. 0 :17 " .,illn.l II 1 7
Uau.ol, 42 llirrell V 2 .
P.elu-n (13.1 , l.et,.,ar,l, il i
S imli.lt, 7 " Clearllel.l,....ll'.' :
V anaf'i.oc... 7.-1 " liieer.ie.... e. ,
Tyrone . i.li, ' 0'irweni. tile III
PIIILII'UI R(I HIIIANiON Bh.t.Vi ii.
i.aa. aot'i ii.
BT.vioaa.
Murrisdale.
i'liili,suur.
Kleiner's
It.vnt.m,
Oseeola,
al .sbaniun,
Merlinir,
llouti.Uli,
MoCaulrj.
kandriea'i,
lUuie.
I:JH
:4
14.S
4
J:.Sj
J 10
.IH
S 1.1
J::(0
:M
1 IU
7:1 i l; ie
7:llti l: ;
I.' il
..'. li HI
V.4 II 52
V :' II u
'J.Jj II in
.'.' Il l::
V IS II ..
V:IU 1 1:2s
7:l(l
7:J.l
T:u
:a
111:211
l::ii
lull
10 18
H'S.I
I :,S
11:13
k II
e:IH
S:Ji
8 li
ll
S:4U
llALD EAULK VAI.LtY I1RAM'
Ei. Mall. Veil I.,,,,
r. . a. m. r ,t . u
7 08 8.20 leare Tyrone nu ! ;
J 21 8 .17 Ii , 1,1 (. i; ; j
8.01 .iil Juiiiin s , t,
8.11 11.4.1 Milesharc IS li
i SI V A I llellefonie i.j f :ii
5.4ft lii.'i:. Milesliurn t. , i ,
II UK 10.211 Hoard I .1 f
V 42 11.114 arriee L. Ilaeeo leave I ... ft si
TYHUNK RTATInN.
E..B1 a .Is.
Cineianati Kxj,.,
I'aeili.- Eipre.s,
.luboslt.e,! KlTi
Piltsl.irch
:l'aelllc. K.l.r.,.,
8:57
S.,:li
r. M. V 1' iSe-,-,
, IJ:I VhlVj,.., Kl.
S.IU M.,il Trai,..
ii. 12ii. Kasl Line.
rhi,-aL"i Da
Mail ira.n.
Iluntit.ri1 .o A
Close eonneetinne enede t all irair.. . .
and Lock lla.cn.
ei. ii. II Lull;.
mylT-tf. Hupeni,!.
t-TA'JK 1.1 x i;.
A tttn, leave Curw rnTiIlc Juily f,.t K.'V,'.
ville. al I tj'rlock, m., atrifiuc al K-yiiuliI. ilix
t li o't lm k, p. ni. Hj.ori.tTi(f , h httjt wi-t-r.He
'J-ti'y, at 7 '"(h, a. is , etrrbii.j; il '-r-wrncvillaat
12 o'clock, m. Fure, ej:'lj ait.
A itae IciTfii Curwcnrl!le ilitlr M I 'i'l k,
p. m., for DuTloi City, nrn ini ai Duli 'i Cnv
at fi o'clork, t. id. litlurn'Djf. leave Dull.., ,1
7 Vck. a ni., diiily, arH inj at (7nr w e-.t
t 'ifk. rt. Kara, tn-h way. ( iti.
Allegheny Valley Rallruad.
LOW OIUDB UIVKSION.
ON and alter Monday, Nor Uilt. I
the papfnt;er train will run duih (-i p
Sunday) bflvcra Rod hank and Drift. -J. m
fi.llo.i
i: TUAI(l).-IliT Mail learet f(t.,c-f
t:bb a. n.; Had Uank ll .li; tiltfo Joncttot 1 1 1;
New Ilrthifbeni II ji p. : Marvi!l I if;
Tr-.yl:: Hruokvtl a t:ii ; Fuller J:!B ; iU'
dldvilla t Hh; UuRnia 3-M ; bunmil T'ii.n
3 21 ; t'epAfld J 42 ; Tjlrr .t;&5 ; HetifiU'e t -;
arrirai at lltiftwtMiJ at b.td.
W tdTW AH n.Hay Mall Uave 'nil-.. I
.2 20 p. n.; UfDCtetta 1:00 ; Tjlrr'i I I;
Pen field :v ; Summit Tunnel !:,: ; bullt-i-1 ).',;
He.TDuldvile3:X)ti Fullar'l 3:61; Brook.-. lir ;, li;
Troy 8:31; MayiTilla New Hethlebrtn i-.w-,
Higu Junction 4:47 j Had Bank 6:03; itruM it
Ftttiburg at 7 40 p. tn.
J4t Tbe Krynoldirllle ArcdininoJalii.i imim
Reynoldiville daily at 7:56 a. tn.; anUairuci.t
Ked Hank at 10:50 a. n., Fittburh a) I t' m.
Leave I'ttUhurRh at MS j.. m ; Hod V-iui it
6:65 p. m.; arriving at Uej uoldi.ille at Mi m.
Cloie oonaacttnoi made with train on 1. 1 K
Hailroad t Drift aiwd, and nitti train n tb
Allegheny Valloy Hailruad at Ked Hunk.
DAVID M.-CAKl.O, iitu'i Ku;.
A A. Jackikih, 8op't L. tl. Div.
FA UK KUOM CLKAUKIKI.D, TO
Bellefonte, Pa (2 t6) M iddletewn f
Lrk II area..
3 70 Marietta 1 j
I U Lancatter ft l
Wiimport
Iluntinfdua M
LeietonM
Maryavills
CawanMTilla.
Owla
HAHHISHl hi .,
1 80 PUlLAliKLPHM :
t VOi Altoona..
1 '4
1
4 50 JdhatWwn
30 j Fhilipiliurg
1t.lTvrf.Tif
4 74IF1TTHBI Hi.
Wlsrtllancous.
MEAT MARKET.
F. M. CAKDON 4 BR0,,
On Marktt ft, one ditnr t nf Maptlon H.iiet,
Cl.KAHFIKLD, FA.
Our arratijcctinat are rt Ike moat eotntliif
character li.r furnikking tke public with Frr.i
Meat or all kiad, and uf the very bort .tialitt.
We alio deal lb all kind of Agricultural Iwyir
mentt, which we keep un exhiliknon for th Ixn
aflt of the fublie. Call around mhea In tcan,
and :t.ke a lnok at tblnR. or addrf 11
r. M. C'AKUON A HI.".
CluarfieM. Pv, July 14, lK76-tf.
CENTRAL
Ktafe ZVormal Si'hool.
Ei'jhth Xormol School DiMnct.
Lock Haven, (Union Co., Pit
A. X XA Cfiy A. V.. IK. )., V,..-i.i.
Tbia ttrbflnl a at irebt nrt.,alt-d, i-tK
rary l-t facililin l.ir I'n fi !. nitl and i "-,
'rarninK.
BuilttinKN rpnftUtu, 1 n t i t i n jr and c'.wmi. t ;
uooipktely b"ated Sy team, well vetititalr l,
furnifhed with a t.ountimI lupplj of purr, t
il'rirg water.
Lupation heaMiful anJ eay of accc-t
Htirmundinjt iocnery unitrpitfarl
Teacher enperienoed, afliHvni, and af-rr
tlieir work.
Die..lli.e. Oi in hut kind uniftariu an.l ik.irrfc
Kxp.ne o.'1'lt-i ate,
Ftty ecnti a wok deduction to thnfK-l r
t teai h.
Bin lt-Bli adinitiM at any time.
Conrpe of itudy rreaenUd ry tho State: 1
Model hrh iM. II. rreparatry. IK. KirivfB
Ury. IV. Scientrfio
anjt ucT rot-Rait i
I. Araaiemia. II. C.ua toe reUI. III. Mi"
IV. Art.
The Kletaentary and HeieatlSii eoimea ar I'm
fefatonal, and etudent graduating; therein refi'
Slate I'ipi,nia, oonlerttiif the (ollwin c
pndin( itegreea t MaMrr f the Klnnrnt" r
Maaterofthe Hrlence. (Iraduatea in fh-' Hit
oouret reeelta Niraal fertiiS(atei of '"
tainmonta, tign hy the F -eulty.
The I'mtraatnal enuraea are tfl-eral. n 1 af
In thrtraytineai net it.feri.ir to the of . ur kf'
0'tletee,
The State refn ret a highrror ler t-f r1' f"
hip. Tha lim.a demand it. Il i one nf 'h
prima ihje?U of thtl lohiiul 10 help t ur it ?
fumuhini lnti'1liCent and enVicnt tf-h'r'''f
bar i.-hiiul. Tti thii end it aoheiti yunjf 1 T'
"Mar fwd athlillea and (fod purpi -ltl "
wbodeairato imp roe a their time an.l Mieif,'
anu, aa etudfoU. To all iiph it pn aiiie '
develt.j.lng their power and ahut.ditii rVV
titief ..r well paid lahor after leain rb ' i
F'r Mtalngua and term addrra lh'
r tha Keoretary af ibe Bard
110 AUD OF TH' STKIv-,
Tm iNotnaaa' tai iT.
i. II. Barton, M. I., A If. Ilexl. .IV i..-""
S.M.Htekfrfd.liBiniielChrUt.A. N. K"'1 H
CiKk,T. V. Hip fie, Kn , ll. Kint-lrj. K
Cwwick. K-S , W. W. Kaa kill, W. II llr.-
ll- A. (1. Curtin, Men It. I.. Ht.f'ot" .-k,
Oea. Jeaat Merrill, Hon. L '.', J ia
W baity, H. Millar MrUrtaick, K-q
orri aai:
WILLIAM Bltll.Rn.
Preatdrnt, riea.leM, Ta.
lira. JKSSK MkHltlLU
Via PrHirbm, l.wk Hint, P
8. MILLAR MeCOHMU'K,
e4.retarv, L-vfc Hati.
TIIOMAH YAKLUKV. .
Tia.arer, L-ek B?' Ffc
Leek U.rtj, P Annat 4. IU If.