tub
"CLEARFIELD BEPUBLICAX,
remises itiei turnui, ir
CLEARFIELD, PA.
BfTABLISHBD lot lo)T.
TUe largest Circulation of any Newspaper
la north Central Peanaylvanla.
' Terms of Subscription.
If paid edvaBoe, wllhla I months.... oo
If pud after I aad before 0 months......... a to
If psid etlsr too oxplretloa of mootha... 1 (Ml
Bates ot Advertising.
Traasieot advertisements, per sqaare of 1 0 Ileal or
li.l, I tinoo or loil $1 00
For each sobssqnant lnssrtloa.. 0
Almtnlilmtors' nnd Exeeutors' notices... ... S 60
Auditors' Botlee .... I 60
Caution! and Bitreya......... I 61
Piiiolution notion I 00
Profeiilonnl Cordi, 6 IIdh or lm,l ;w,... I 00
Local aolleos, per lioo to
YBAHLT ADVERTISEMENTS.
I iquare
1 squares...
I squares....
....I 00 I eolomo tit 00
.lo 00 i column. 70 00
...10 00 1 oolima- 110 00
O, B. QOODLANDER,
Publisher.
-I OH PRINTING OF EVERT DE8CRIP
tj tlOO BOStly OIWBtod Bt tbtl OttoO. '
tFwTsmith,
attorney-at-la w,
11:1:11 Clearfield, Pa.
T J. LINGLE,
ATTABOY
1:11 Phlllpsbura;, Centra Co., Pa. y:pd
OLAXD D. SWOOPE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
GurweaiviUe, Cloarhold eoaaty. Pa.
mi. ,7a-ir.
0
SCAR MITCHELL,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
Jtfl-OuVe Ib tbo Opera Heuee. oottf, '7H.tr.
Q HtW. BARRETT,
Attorneys and Counselors at Law,
clearfield, pa.
January 30, 1070.
JSRAEL test,
ATTORNKY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa.
r-0See la tho Coort Howe. (j!l,'M
HENRY BRETH,
(OITKRD P. O.)
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
ron 1KLL tOWKIItir.
Mrj 9, W8-lj
Til. M. McCULLOUGn,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
mne In llaaonie building, Beoond street, op
po.ite tho Court lloooo. J2,'7tf.
C. ARNOLD,
Lkvf k COLLECTION OFFICE,
CURWKNBVILLE,
tit Clearfletd Countj, Pean'e. T07
s.
T. BROCKBANK,
, ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
Olloe In Opera House, op 16,77-17
JAMES MITCHELL,
dbalbb la
Square Timber 4 Timber Lands,
Jill'7l CLEARFIELD, PA.
J F. SNYDER,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
Offieo In Pio'i Opera Honle.
Joto 10, '7Stf.
WILLUB A. Wa.LI.ACB.
BAOBT F. WALLAC8.
DAVID b. BBBBB.
JOBR W. WBIOkBT.
WALLACE t KREBS,
(Suwoesora to Wallooo 4 Fielding,)
ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW,
J.d1'77 Clearfield, Pa.
A. GRAHAM,
ATTORNIY-AT-LAW,
CLBABriBLB, rA.
All legol no.loees promptly alteodod to. Offieo
In Orobiai'i Row rooms formerly ooonpied by
II. B. Bwoopo. JulyM, 70-tf.
Frank Fielding.. W. D. Biglor....S. V. Wllaoa.
piELDING, BIGLER & WILSON,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
JWOmoe la Pia'l Opera Hon.
tbob. a. KvaaAT.
crane aoanoa.
jyjURRAY & GORDON,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
; la Ple'l Opera Homee, second loor.
0:M'7
BARIBL w. m'cvbdt.
jypENALLY & McCTJRDY
ATTORN EYS-AT-L A W,
Clearfield. Pa.
B-Loral fcaslaoee attended to promptly wltbj
Idellty. OBoo el Beooad street, abooo the Flrat
HaUoael Hank. Jeanne
O. KRAMER,
ATTOJRNEY-AT-LAW,
Ronl Botato aad Celleetloa Agent,
CLEARFIELD, PA.,
Will promptly Attend to all lagal kallaou en
trailed to all oaro.
r-0ee la He's Opera Hobos. JanHS.
J P. McKENRICK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
S ) . , . CLEARFIELD, PA.
All logol bbsIboob traitod to hie oare will ro
oolre proaipt attoatioa.
OHoo oppeilto Oeart Hone, la HokbIi Boildlag,
ooooad loor. augU.'H-l,
D
R. B M. SCHEURER,
BOUtEOPATRIO PHYSICIAN,
OBoo la raiideaea oa Float rt
April 14,liTt . CTearaeM, Pa.
D
,U. W. A. MEANS,
PHYSICIAN A SURGEON,
LUTHER6BURO, PA.
Will attead profoiiloaal oalU proaiptly. angH'70
Jn. T. J. BOTER,
fHYBICIAN AND SU BO EON,
OOoe oa Mtrkot Btroot, Clearlold. Pa.
M-Ofloo boom 0 to II a. oa, end 1 to 0 p.
JR. J. KAY WRIGLEY,
HOhllEPATUIO PHYSICIAN,
W-0oo Bdjolalag tbe roildoaoo of Jaaioi
rifiey, aeo,., oa Boooaa ae viotbi.,
Jol;ll,'l tf.
D
R, H. B. VAN VALZAH,
CLKAItPIEIJ). PENN A.
OFFICE IN RESIDENCE, CORNER OF FIRST
ani rina bi bbsio.
Ofloo kora-rroai II to I P. M.
Mar it, urt.
I)
K. J. P. BURCH FIELD,
Ute Snrgooa of the OJd tegloieat, PeaaijlTaala
Volaauort, baotag retaraed freai tbe AraiT,
ofen hie protoeeloBBl aoroiooi to tbooitlaoaj
of Cl.er.l ooaatj.
-ProfoMloaal oalll promptlf atundedto,
0e oa aoeoad tuoot, foramleeeeple ajr
Kr.Wood BfrS'M-U
fTl!71T DUVhtfD
D oiei
BARBER AND HAIRDRESSER
aaop oa Hnrbot St, eppeaUe Ooerl Hoaaa,
A oleaa lowol tar 00007 taatoaaer.
Ala aaearaotaroe ef
II Khe of Artlolaa ko Maoaaa Hair.
loariol4,Pa. awp 10, fa.
CLEARFIELD
GEO. B. G00DLANDER, Editor
VOL. 53-WHOLE NO.
FEDERALISM REVl FED.
HATIUNAI, KMUrriON HAVE
NATIONAL VOTKltH.
NO
TROOPS AT Till POLLS, TROOPS AT THE
uaTURNINO BOARDS AND TROOPS AT
THE CAPITAL ARE THE ELE
MENTS OF NATIONAL
ELECTIONS.
Extracts from the epocclt of lion.
Wm. A. Wallace, ot Pennaylvania, In
the Senate of the UniUid Slates, Thtirn.
day May 2!), 1879, on the veto mc.
sages:
Mr. WALLACE said :
Mr. President: I hold in my hand
the veto mose-aga of tho Prosidoni of
U10 United btatus. sont to the llouaa
of Ropraontativcs this morning. In
o4 4e itius diaoaaaos the suhjoct of "na-
iiunui eieetiono :
If tbia bill ta atiprorod. onlr the ihaJoor nt ih.
oulhorltj of tbo lolled Bletoe ol lie Boli'oooi
tleeltona mU rrmain tbo entietenoe will be gone.
Tbo lupoivllioB of tho oloetioo will bo reduced
to a nero InipeetioB. without nutboritr 00 tho
port of the iop.rri.or. to do 007 Bet wbetorer to
make tbo eleolioa a folr oae.
rOlhor quotations lrom the same and
from the two olhor veto messages and
from Senator Edmund's speech were
mado, covering tho same idea
nere are toe woras "national elec
tions." With the import given to
these words I propose to taico issue.
n itn the doctrines enunciated in this
in this veto meesai:o 1 nronosa to taka
direct Issuo, and to assert and provo if
1 canmai tuoro is unuer tbo Uonatitu-
tion of this country no such thing as
national elections.
NATIONAL ELECTIONS FEDERALISM RE-
VIVID.
1 quote these passages to show that
there is now again asserted the uower
and the right of tho Federal Govern
ment to control and nominate the doo-
plo while they exercise tho privilege of
voting. "National duties without excep
tion at to dayt, placet, or occasions."
" The security of eijuat suffrage," are now
proclaimed as vigorously as these doc
trines wero in 1799, when Matthew
Lyon was prosecuted and a consolida
ted government and the abasement of
the loreign horn citizen whero the ends
sought. The enemies of a people's
government then tried to make tho
Federal Government the vehicle of op
pression and wrong, to wrest it from
its mission as a Kcpublican Democracy
and convert it into a consolidated aris
tocracy. Mr. Otis, ot Massachusetts,
a Federalist, in tho House of Repre
sentatives, on tho passage of the sedi
tion Inw in Juno, 179H, summarized the
whole Issue that divides your teach
ings from ours when ho said: "The
bole question resolved ilsoll into this
inquiry, Jlat Congress the power topro-
vide for the common defense and welfare
of the government. And if so, do we
deem it essential to this end that the
iroposed power should bo given to tho
'residont or to some other department
of tbo government ?" Robert Goodloo
llurper, ot south Carolina, tbo feder
al leador In the House, also grasped
the tenets you cnlorce through John 1.
Davenport wben be oaiu, May i, 17UH,
on the passago of tho law which fixed
fourteen 'yean as the period of rcsj
dence betoro naturalization, this :
Mr. Harper hollered that It was blih time wo
abould reoorer from tho mlitobe whieh thlioonn-
tr7 fell into when it Brat bogon to form ita Con
titgtiona, of admitting furaigoera to oititonibip.
Tbia Baieuae, bo beliored, hod been prodoetlvo
of ver7 great oolli to thib ouuotry, and unlaaa oor
reotod be woa approheniivo tbeao evil, would
greatly inerooao. He belierod the time waa now
eonao wboa it would bo proper to declare tbat
nothing but birth abould entitle a Boa to oiliaen
ahip ta tbia country.
Mr. Otia aaid bo wonlB propoae ao amendment
which bo believed would bo ia order, wbieh woa
aa followa, "Afcd that no alien bora, who la oot
at proaont a eitieeo of tbo United Stelae, aball
horealter bo oapobla or noldlng any emoe 01 nonor,
truet, or proflt under tho t'aitod Btatei."
Mr. Harper then moved to amend
by adding:
Or of Totloa at tbo oleotloa of any member of
tho Loglalatare of tho United Btatea or of any
StoU.
TUE FEDERAL'STS INSISTED ON TROOPS
IN 1880.
It woe Michael Leib. of PonnBylva
nia, a German Republican, a friend ot
Jefferson, who, on tho 13th of Februa
ry, 1800, introduced a resolution into
the House of Representatives in tbeso
words :
iloaoleed, That a eommittoo bo appointed to
repnro aad report a bill eontalnlng onoh Leglo
nroviotona oa Boav bo judced expedient
either lor removiog any military foroo of tbe Uni
ted Ktatea from any pl.ee of holding olootiooa or
for preventing thetr interloronooiaouoaoieeuooB.
This resolution aflor amendment by
the House, which was then controlled
by the Federalists, was referred to a
committee which consisted of John
Marshall. Leib. and Otia of Massachu
setts, two Federalists and one Repub
lican. It was reported back by Mar
shall, March 11, 1800, and passed the
House as follows :
A a Ait to prevoBt the Interference of 007 mili
tary force IB oortaia oloetiono.
Kaurion 1. B it oNorfret, fo., Thnt it aholl bo
onlaanjl for any militorr foroo of tho United
Sutoe to appear around or bo embodied at tbo
plBoe end oa tbo day of holding oa oleetioa for
elactora of the Preaident and Vice Preaidoat of
the United titatee, or of any member or longroee,
or or the Uovcraor or member of tbe Legl.laturo
of any Stole, or ia any manner to Inteilore with
each oloetioo.
Sections 2 and 3 enforces this duty
by penalties.
Tbe vcas and nays wero Dot called,
tor the wisdom of tbo moasure seemed
plaiu. It went to tho Senate, was
debated, amended, and voted down,
April 4, 1BUO, Dy tne reaeraiisia,
who then bad a majority in tho Senate,
which thev lost in that year wben Jef
ferson waa elected. Itie yeas and
nayes were as follows :
Wf.rth. Bill Anderann of Tennoaeee. Bel'lwla
of Georgia, Bleodwortb of North Corolinn. Brown
n. It ..torkv. Cooke of Tonnoaaoe. Footer of Rhode
laland, Fianklta or DorlB Carolina, ingjon 01
New lla.mp.hiro, Morebnli of koataeky, atom of
Virginia, Nloholeeot Virginia, I'inehn.y of South
CorolIBB la. All nepnoiioana w.ru.iw..
A. .In ih. Bilt--Ulnibom of Penaulraaia,
Cbllimaa or Voreaoat. Dayton of New J.r.ay,
Dealel of Maaaarhn.etti, O..odhuo of Manaobu
aotla, UraoBO of Haodo laland, Uuaa of Uoorgia,
Billhoaee of Ooaaootleul, utimar 01 voia'oro,
I .....u of New York. Livorouroof New Haap-
i.im l.in.A of ol.rv land, l'oiao of Vermont. Head
of Booth Oaiehiia. Hoaa of Pennaylvania, Trooy
OoaueUauL Well, of Deloworo 17. All Fad
er elleta or Adoaa oaoa.
The Federalists of those days wero
for troops at the polls, as tho IriendB
ol consolidated government who call
themselves Republicabi in these days
anwam, Whatacommeotaryonnames
it la for a oartv aroaring tbe name of
"IL imhlican" to contend for tbe era
ployment of troop Id connection with
elections. It was tho "Fedoral" party
nderJohn Adams that sent United
SUles troop riding through ronnsyi
vani on political errands, and it waa
the "Republican" party ander Thomas
Jefferson that arrested this crime
against liberty. H w "Federal"
troops that cut down "liberty poles"
in Pennsylvania in the year 180H, and
it was Pennsylvania "Republicans"
that rose Id wrath against this abuso
of power and swept Adams out of office
and the Fedoral party out of existence.
Now w aee the principle! and the
praotic a of tba Federalists revived by
men who call themselves Republican! I
The Goneral Advertiser (Aurora) of
Philadelphia, Under date or April 9,
1B0O, says of this aoldier bill :
4 Proprietor.
2,627.
Tbo Senate have rejectsd the bill paaaed by tho
Ilou.o of Rrpreaentotlvoa to proreat tbe interfer
ence of tbe military In our oleotlona. Toil oil.
woa referred toaoommittoo of which Jamoa llo.i,
tho loteoandidate for Qovarnorof PooDaylrania,
waa one. Tbia committee reported ocaiaal po.a.
Inglho bill, nnd It waa oonucntiy rojeoted.
Thua wo aea tbat tho military aro dealgnad for
rfoaia.ri am, and that la.tead of employment
ngalnat a roreign enemy they oan ho ao menaced
na to dirent oleotlona. Jamea Roae may hope
.M.VHfiu ...h iu.iiuui.nwnj on e luture oaoa
aion to become Uoveroor of Peao.ylvonia If tho
foul weather ahoold oontioue.
Ol.ll ISSUES REVIVED.
How tho history of eighty years ago
repoals itsell ! Tbe old questions are
presoniea, tbe old issuo revived. You
preach a consolidated govornmont.
Yon halo and jiorsecuto tho foreign
born citizen. ou debase your States,
prostituto your people, and invite
the hand of the redoral trooper
to supervise tho ballots of your elec
tors. Contrast tho political condition
of tho country now with that of the
Republic then as described by Jeffer
son in his letter to Mazzei, thus :
Tbo eipect of our politic! hu wonderfully
changed alnoe yoa leftua. In place of that noble
lore of liberty and Republican Uoveroment wbieh
carried ne through tbo war, aa Anglioal moa
archial ariatnoratioel party baa aprung up, whoae
avowed object il to draw over ua the auhatanoo,
aa they have already done tbe forma, of the Brit
l.h Quveroinrnt. Tho mala body ofour ettiiene,
however, remain troo to tbalr Republican princi
ple!, tbe whole landed iotereat la Republican, and
ao ia a great ma.i of talent!. Again. t ua are the
Executive Judiciary, two ont of threo hrach.a
of tbo Legl.laturo, all the offloera of tbo Uorara-
ineot, nil who want to be offloera, all timid men
who prefer tbo calm of de.poti.m to tho boi.teroua
aea of liberty, Briti.h mcrchanta, and American!
trading on Uritilh eanital, aneculatore and hold-
oia in the banka and public fundi, a contrivanoo
invented for tbo purpoeea of oorruption and for
BHimilatlng ua in all thing! to the rottoa ai we II
ai too Bound porta ol tbe llrlliab model.
It would give you a lever were I to name to yoa
the npoatatea who have tone over to theae here.
eiea men who were Bauiaona ia tbo field and
Solomona in tbo oouaoila, but who have hnd their
beod Bliaved by tho herlot England. In ihort,
we aro likely to itreeervo tho lit ertv we have ob-
Ulned only by unremiuiog lebora and peria.
But wo ahali preaorva it ; and our ma.a of waight
and wealth ou tbe good aide ia ao groat, aa to
leave bo daoger that force will over bo attempted
egainat na. tVo hare only to awake and anop
the Lilliputian eorda with wbieh they have booo
onlangliogui during tho flritileep which lueoeed.
cd our labor!.
Contrast tho doctrines then de
nounced by Jefferson with tbo condi
tion of things to day. Against us are
tho oxecutivo and the judiciary. v We
liuvo tho two Legislative branches ot
the government, but all tho officers of
the government are against us, ninety
thousand in number. All who want
to bo officers in that field aro against
All sorts ot men who prcler tho
calm ot despotism to tbe boistorous sea
of liberty are against us. Speculators
and holders in tho banks and public
funds, all these aro aguinst us, and
these to-day aro, as they wore then,
used as a contrivanco for tbe purpose
of corruption and for assimiluting ns
in all things to a strong government.
Sir, the history of eighty years ago
repeals itself to-day.
I acked juries, partial marshals and
distrusted judges wore the agoncies
feared then as the outgrowth of national
power, consolidated authority and Fed
eral prossure, while" homo rule, our
own tribunals, bonost judges and im
partial juries were the desired altera
tives. Tho latter aro the results of
Democratic-Republican rule, the form
er tho fruits of consolidated Federalism,
of a strong government, of national
rule in the field that belongs to the
Slatos.
STATE RIUHTS OUR DEFENSE.
In tbe crusade which Mr. Hayes and
the stalwarts now initiates and tho
Slates and tho rights of the peoplo se
cured by Stale law and Stato Consti
tutions are desired or forgotten. It is
not the policy ol the antagonists ot tho
Democratic porty now to permit the
people to remember that in all tbe
oldor States the titles to our homes
spring from tho colonial or Stato au
thority, and that our persons, our
firoporty, our lives and our personal
ibcrty, all find their safeguards there.
The Statos existed bofbre the Federal
Government, and they and tho people
created it. Each yicldod to it somo of
their powor, and plainly and clearly
defined in the Constitution what thoy
had granted. All other powers were
reservod to tbe Statos and the pooplo.
(Secession was revolution, but tbe
rights ol the States as plainly embodi
ed in our Constitution are an entirely
different matter, and thoso and tholr
legitimate lruita aro as vital to tbe
whole, as necessary to our might, our
perpetuity, and our expansion, as the
formor wore destructive of tho wholo.
The consolidation of all power in the
Federal Government, the centraliza
tion of authority horo at the expense
of the Stato governments, the govorn
mont of the people of ronnsylvama in
their local affairs by Representatives
electod in Oregon and Florida, or the
regulation ot sullrage lor our eloction
by those who neither know our wants
nor understand our system, is utterly
subversive of the essential elomotits in
our growth and prosperity. It is in
its consequences as injurious to the
government as secession. Tho Federal
Govornmont is supremo within its
sphero, and State govenmcnts aro
equally so in their sphero.
DESTOY THE STATE YOU DESTROY TnE
GOVERNMENT.
The States wero In existence long bo
foro the Union, and the latter took its
birth from their powor. Without tbem
the machinery of tho Foderal Govern
ment would cease to act, and without
tho people as voters of the Slatos the
wnole system wouia tumoie iniocnnon
Tho Federal Government has no voters,
it can make nono, it can constitution
ally control none. It cannot add to
or take from the qualifications of a
votor aa prescribed by the State, save
in nrotoctina him irom Doing oiscrim
inated against on account of race.
W hen it asserts the power to create
and hold "ntifteitaf efccfionj" or to reg-
ulute tho conduct of tho votor on elec
tion dau. or to maintain eouttf suffrage,
it tramples under foot tho very basis
of the Federal system, and seeks to
build a consolidated government from
a Dcmocratio Republic. This is the
nlain nurnose of the men now in con
trol of tho Fedoral Govornmont, and
to this end the teachings ol loading
Rnmihlieana now are sbaned.
As was said by Judge Wilson In the
Pennsylvania convention, tne reaerai
Government -'instead of placing the
State Govornmont! in jeopardy Is
founded on their existence. On this
principle lis organization depends ; it
rnuae auaou ur tan iuv v'
ments are secured or rained."
Let us tako the Constitution and
read from it. Article 6 piovidea, and
in tho vital power of amendraont, that
which makes tho law, which ocmenla
fabrio, that tbe Btatea can compel Con
gress to act wkenever two thirds there
of unite. The words aro as follow! :
. The Congroae, waeaevev two-thlrdi ef. both
Hobmu obeli doom II aoooeeary, shall propose
amondmoBte to tbia Coaattlatiea, er,oa the applU
oalioa af the Loaialataroo of two-thirds e tbo
eevirel BUM, ah ail aoll a Coa veotiea far propoo
Ing amoadiaoata, which, la either eoaa, aball he
.no aa all iateota aad Boreoeea. as part af this
OoastUalioa, whoa ranted by tbo Legialatoree of
three horthe of tbo eavaral State. .
Th State government r supreme
by inherent power originally conceded
CLEARFIELD,
to them by the people as to the con
trol of local legislation and administra
tion. The l'edoral Government has
no part or lot in tbia vast mass ot in
horont sovereign powor, and its intor
lerenoo thorowilh is utterly unwarrant
able. xuey aro supremo, too, in many
matters relating to the Union itself.
Thoy eloct the mombors of this body.
Article 1, section 3, clause 1, is In these
Words ;
The Senate of tho United States shall be eom
poBed of two eNefore from eoea Stale, cae.eo a.
laa teoialatare fieroo, for eig yean aad eacE
Senator ahall bare one vols.
Tho power is exclusive and Irre
sponsible. They should act, but it is
for them to judge wbothortboy will or
not. i no executive ot tho Stato issuos
writs of olection to fill vacancies in the
Uouso of Representatives. Ho is re
sponsible for his action to his State
alone. I read from article 1, soction
2, clause 4 :
Whoa vacaoeles Bannaa ia tho reoreaantatlon
Irom any Stato, the oxecutivo authority thereof
aoaii laaus writs 01 olootloo to oil suob vacancies,
The Slates appoint the offloera of
national militia and provide tor their
training. Article 1, Boction 8, clause 16,
is in tbeso words : Cougross shall
have power to
Provids for oreanlsino. nrmine and dl.elnlln.
Ing tho militia, and for xovoroioa such nart of
them ai may be employed ia tbo aarrloo of tho
United Btatos, reasrving to the Bute! respectively
tho appointment of the olBoers and tho authority
of traiaiog tho militia aooording to tho diicipltno
proscribed b7 Congroae.
It is for tho Slate to sav whether
the Fedoral Government shall eroct
lorts or navy yards within thoir limits.
Article 1, section 8, clauso 17, declares
that Congress shall bavo powor
To exerclae like authority over all nlaoei our-
ebaeod by fAa eoaasat o Me .eoialataro o (Ae
Siai lo wbiob the eomo aball bo. for tbo orootioa
of forte, msgaainea,ar.enala, dook yarda aad other
ncauiui onudinga.
No new State can be erected out of
parts of another without tho consent
of the original State. Article 4, sec
tion 3, is in these words :
New Elates msy bs admitted by tho Congren
iota tbii Union; but ao new State aball bo
formed or erected within the Jorlediction of any
other Blete ; nor any State be formed by tho
JunetloB of two or more States or porta of Hiatal,
wimoui tne oonaent ot tne l,cgi.iaturo or tbo
Slatoa concerned aa well aa of Coogreai.
So, too, the pooplo in thoir State
capacity aro supreme as to choosing
electors for 1'ronidcnt of tho United
Statos. Articlo 2, section 1, provides:
Each Stata ahall annoiat. la aoah manner a.
tho Logl.laturo thereof may direct, a nombcr of
eleetora, oqoal to tho whole oumber of Senators
and Keprssentattvee to which tbe Btalo may be
ootitled Ib tbo Congress.
This argument may be pushed much
furlhor. Let us seo. It may seem
utile and unnecessary to brlni: lo the
mind of tho peoplo or tho Sonato the
doctrinos that lie at the base of the
Constitution, but I shall venture some
what upon that recently untrodden
field.
Tbe existence of the Federal Gov
ernment depends upon the existonco
ot the Stato governments. Without
their existence in their entirety it ab
solutely tumbles into chaos. It can
not continue itsell lor an hour. There
are throe great parts of tbe Federal
Governmont, the Legislative, the Ex
ecutive and tho Judiciary. The Leg
islative has two branches, tho Houso
and the Senate Thero can be no
House of Representatives of the United
States aflor the State Governments
have ended. The Govornmonta of tbe
States must exist or the popular branch
of Congress fails to exist. This is as
certain as it is that there ia a Consti
tution of the United States. Bejidcs
this there is no machinery to compel
the State Legislatures to act in regard
to this subjoot matter. 11 must be a
voluntary action, action by tbe State,
independent action by tbo State Leg
islatures. Jow, how do we prove
this? By simply quoting' from the
Constitution of tho United States the
regulation as to suffrage 1 read again
from article 1, soction 2, of tbe Consti
tution, which is in these words:
The House of Renrocentatlrol ihall be com
posed of members ehoioa every oeoond year by
the peoplo of tbo eoveral Statos, fled las eleetora
in eaeA 3rafe eeat Aaea fAc OHotideatione reoaieife
for stecroro o 'Ac moat aestsrous ereneA tAo
Jfats Legiefature.
The electors ol the House of Repre
sentatives of tho United Statos are
those who aro qualified electors or
voters for tbo Legislatures of tho States.
Qualified bow T Qualified by whom ?
Qualified by the federal bovernmentr
A qualification created in an act Con
gress enforced by the marshals at tbe
point ot tho bayonet 7 no, sir; out
qualified by tbo States. The doctors
tor the members ot the Legislatures oi
tho states are the elector lor mem
bers ot the House of Representatives,
and they are to be qualified by and
undor the Constitutions ol tuo SUles.
If you bavo no qualifications of elec
tors for the members ot Legislatures
of tho Slates, you havo undor tho Con
stitution no criterion to determine who
are to be the electors for members of
Congress. Where aro your qualified
electors then ? They bavo vanished
and atone. There can be no electors
for members of the Lower Houso if
there be no doctors for the Stale Leg
islatures. There is no moasure or cri
terion of qualification except as it is
found in tbe clauso quoted, which pro
vides that the elector lor member of
the United States House of Represen
tative are tbo electors ot the Stato
who are qualified by Stato Constitu
tions and Slate laws to voto for mem-
bora of the legislature. II thero be
nono of these, there can be none for
member of the Foderal Houso, and it
logically follows that the existence of
tbe Slate Legialatures is vital to the
existence of that branch of the Fedoral
Govornmont, for in their absence yon
have no criterion, on qualification un
der the Constitution itself. Do we
presume to exercise that powor here?
Do we assert tnal we ran groap tnat
powerand regulate by Federal statutes
the Qualifications of votor T ffwodo,
we make a consolidated Govornmont
from a Democratic Republic
Tbe members of tbe Senate of the
United States are chosen by tbe Leg
islature of the Stale. Article 1, sec
tion 3, provides :
Tbo Bob ate ef tho Called Statos shall be eoi
pooed of two H Mia tor from eoea Stato, saoosa Of
tee Aeftelalere lAeree.
If there Is no Legislature there are
no 8enator. If there are) no State
elector qualified by Slate Constitutions
or Stale law there are no Slate leg
islatures. Thus, it all dopends finally
on the Stat) qualification ef voter.
Tbns we bave both the Fedoral Douse
of Representative! and tbe Federal
Senate dependent upon tbe qualifica
tions ol elector oy ins states: quann
cation created by Stato Constitutions
and State law. Tbe Slate themselves
in their Constitution fix tbe qualifies
tiono ot voter. They aro thua an ele
ment, an indispensable element, in tbe
Constitution and perpetuity of the
Federal Government So, too, the
State themselves are an element in
the existence of the Federal Govern'
mont, and "no Slate, witbont It! con
son l, as ia provided in article ft of the
Constitution, "shall be deprived of its
equal intTrage in th Senate." Her Is
PRINCIPLES, NOT MEN.
PA., WEDNESDAY, JUNE 25, 1879.
equal suffrago for the States in this
body. Thus we find tho doctor of
tho State fill tbo House ot Representa
tive, and tho Statos ihroueh tbo Leg
islature of the Ktatea fill tbo Senate of
the United States, all powor nrocood
ing originally from the electors of the
fllaloa, qualified oy Mate Constitutions
and btato laws, iheso form tho vory
basis of the organization of this body
antlol the federal House ot Jtoproscn
tativss. Without them tho Govern
ment of tho United States utterly and
absolutory fails. Under tbe Constitu
tion ot tho United States you must re
turn for ultimate powor to tho qualifi
cations of doctors in tbe States, to
electors created by tbe States, with
qualifications regulated and controlled
by tho States, else these bodioe ceaso
to exist.
The Constitution, In article 2, sec
tion 1, clauso 2, provides :
JTocA tSfalo shall appoint, la inch mannsr aa
rAe Xeyi.alMre fArreo May direct, a number of
olootore, equal to tbo whole ooubor of Beaators
and Representatives to whlob lbs Blato may bs
sntltlod lo tbe Congress.
These electors choose tbo President
and Vice President of the United
States. If thero be no Sttte Legisla
tures thero can be no Presidential elec
tors. Tho electors of the S ato Legis
latures aro created and qualified by
and under Stato Constitutions and
Stato law. Tho electors in tho States
are the same mon who ctoose tne
members of State Legislatures, and If
you bave no State Liegislatore, then
inoviiuuiy me power to create doctors
of the Presidont of tbe United States
must fail. Thus you have the Sonato
and tbe Houso and the executive do-
Eartment all absolutely failing and
roaking down for want of the Stato
Governments. Bot this is not all. Tbo
judiciary department of this Govern
ment stands upon tbe existonco ot the
Executive and tbo Senato. If tho Son-
ate fails through want of electors to
create members of tho Slate Legisla
tures, and ii tbe Executive authority
fails lor want of power to croale elec
tors, then wo bave neither Executive
Senate to croato Judges of tho
United States. Thus we liavo every
brnnch ot tbo Foderal Government,
House, Senato, the Executive and
Judiciary departments, standing upon
tho Mate tjovornmont, and all resting
finally upon tbo pooplo ol tho Stales,
qualified as voters by Stato Constitu
tions and State laws. We now see
that tho Stato Governments are vital
to tbe existence of every branch of tho
fedoral Oovernment nnd that the
voters of tbe States are ossential lo tbo
vitality of overy branch ol the Fedoral
Governmont. Tboy cannot bo inter
fered with by Federal power. The
Supreme Court of tbe United States
has expressly decided that sultrago Is
undor State oontrol and so far as it
can be settled it is judicially settled.
THERE ARE NO NATIONAL VOTERS.
It is thus settled upon principle and
by authority, as well a from tbe his
tory ot our institutions, that tbe voters
under our system aro the people quali
fied by State laws and Constitutions,
and that the Federal Government ha
no voter of it own creation. Suffrago
is nnder Stato control except in the
Bingle case of race, upon which suhjoct
the State can make no rulo ot discrimi
nation. If there bo such a thing, then,
as a "National eloction," it wants the
first elementof an election a national
votor. The Foderal Government, or, if
(it suit our friends on the other side
better,) the Nation, ha no voter ; it
cannot croato tbem, it cannot qualify
them. Tho depositary ot absoluto
sovereignty and power is in tho poo
plo, the people of the Slates, qualified
as electors by State Constitutions and
estate laws ; and all authority ot overy
kind comos from them by representa
tion, and this vital principle of Democ
racy pornieato every part of the Gov
ernment. National power ovor the voter a
such, or National elections as such, are
now forms ot old Federal theories. In
the laws we propose to repeal, and in
kindred enactments in 1870 and 1871,
the revamped doctrines of tbe Feder
alism oi 1798 first finds statutory ex
istence. The universal practice of tho
Govornmontsince 1801 has boon against
any such theory as is found in thoso
statutes. National doctors would ro
quire National citizenship for qualifi
cation. How absurd a theory, that a
man may be a citizen ot tbo Slate and
not ot the United Statos and yet be a
National votor. let I propose to
show that such would be the legiti
mate result of this teaching as to Na
tional elections. Thissunjectisrightly
and absolutely controlled by Stale law
and State Constitutions in almost every
State. There are no National voters.
Voters who voto for National Repro
sontativos are qualified by State Con
stitutions and Slate laws, and National
citizenship is not required of a voter of
the Slate by any provision ot tbo fed
eral Constitution nor in practice. Un
der tbe Constitutions of Kansas, Ne-
b ranks and Colorado an unnaturalized
foroigncr who has declared bis inten
tion lo becomo a citizen may vote for
members of Congress and Stato officers
if be has resided six months in tho
Stato, and In Indiana, Minnesota, Ore
gon and Wisconsin alter a rosidonce of
twelvo monlhs, while in Massachusetts
he must have rosidcd in the Stato two
vears after he hss been naturalized
Does tho new gospel a to oontrol of
election by JS at tonal authority contom
ulate making the rule of seven years'
residence, required by Massacusotts,
or that of six months required by
Kansas, the tost of qualification as a
National votor for a foreign born
citizen? Which is the doctrine f Is
it that of Massachusetts or that of
Kansas f Tbe foreign born citizen
declaring his intention after six months'
residence in Kansas Is a voter, and
may voto for a member of Congress
and Governor of tba State, while in
Massachusetts be must carry a parch
ment certifying that he is a citizen of
tbe United slatos and must have re
sided two year in Massachusetts.
Tbe wholo difference is the difference
between seven years in ono Stale and
six months in anotber aa applied to
foreign born oilireoo.
National election, naturally, neces
sarily include National voter, and the
plain purpose indicated by thitt action
of the Executive is to mako the States
conform to the Federal authority a to
the rule of inffrage. 1 ask Senators
who now bave in thoir States masses
of unnaturalized citizens who are vot
ing for members oi Congress, whether
thoy seek to disfranchise these voter
or whether it i reasonable to bold that
tbe Federal Government can by its
law cbanp-a th qualifications created
and fixed by SiaU Conotitu tiono T If
Davenport could reject five thousand
oilizens in New York because of hi
allocation of non naturalization, why
ball th 25,000 in th western Slate
who vote without naturalisation be
permitted to do so? Only beeaoe the
whole subject is nnder Bute oontrol
It ii not bard to understand th mean
ing of the declaration of tho Senator
REPUBLICAN,
from Vermont for "tho universality of
equal suiirngo, it It be read In the
light ot 1799 and the tonota of Feder
alism. It means a universal rule of
citizenship for suffrago cverywhoro.
Tho Statos are to be mado to bend
thoir will to tho control of universal
equal suffrago by the Federal Govern
mont, nnd tho control claimed bv
Kansas, Colorado and Nebraska over
the right to prescribe tho qualifications
of voters Is to give place to a statute
enacted ny tho federal Uovcrnmcnt,
prescribing a rule like that of Massa
chusetts. What more potent argumont
as to tho fallacy ol tbo oxistonce ol
national elections can thero be than
tho fact that qualifications tor voters
ainer in every stato, and tbat by uni
versal rulo tho Statos bavo absolute
oontrol of the subjeot ?
J he laws of the United Slates re
quire a residence of five years within
tue country ooioro a toreigner can bo
naturalized. This makes him a citi
zen of the United States, but he may
be a voter for members of Congross,
or for electors for President, or for tho
memDcrs ol a State Legislature who
oloct a United States Senalor, after ho
has resided six months in the country
if ho lives in Kansas, Nebraska, Col
orado or Georgia, or with twelve
months' rcBidenco in Alabama, Ar
kansas, Florida, Indiana, Minnesota,
Missouri, Oregon, Texas and Wiscon
sin.
A naturalized foreigner can voto in
California aflor a residenco of six
months; Conneoticut, aflor a rosidonce
of one year and able to road any arti
cle of the Constitution or any section
of tbo statutes of tho Stato; Delawaro,
after ono year's residence and having
paid taxes ; Illinois, after one year's
residence; Iowa, six months' residence;
Kentucky, twoyoars' residence; Louis
iana, ono years, residence; Muino, throe
months; Maryland, ono year; Michi
gan, threo months; Mississippi, six
mouths' residence ; Novada, six months;
New Hampshire and New Jersey, one
year ; North Carolina, one year; Ohio,
one year; South Carolina, one year;
and Virginia, ono year; and West
Virginia, one year in tbo Slato. Tbo
samo residence is required in those
twenty ono States of the native-born
oilizens.
In tbeso States residenco is super
added by State authority ai a qualifi
cation to voting for all officers, Stato
as well as Federal. In Massachusetts
two years, in Pennsylvania thirty days
and in Now York ten days are added
by Stato authority to the qualification
of fivo years ; and in Rhode Island
ownership ot real estato must bo in a
naturalized toreigner boloro he is a
voter.
Aro all these distinctions, aro all
thoso restrictions imposed by State
authority and Slate Constitutions as to
residence, naturalization, qualification,
registration, age, tax and property to
be obliterated in this effort lor tho
universality of the security of equal
suffrage" in this renewed and earnost
effort tor a consolidated govornmont f
1 assume it, then, to be the law of
tho land that "tho Constitution of the
United States has not conferred the
right of suffrage upon any ono and that
tbe united stales Have no voters oi
thoir own in the Statos ; and tbat the
voters of the United Slates are tho
people of the Statos qualified by Slato
Constitutions and laws."
DERAL INTERFERENCE WITH STATE
DUTY.
We now turn to the sections this
bill proposes to repeal and try to learn
from them whether tho Federal Gov
ernment leaves the question of suffrage
wnn tne oiaios, wnere ii oeiongs, or
imposes qualifications, judges who shall
voto, violate its own organic law, and
trample upon tbo Constitutions of
twenty State that aro sovereign in
this regard.
1 bold in my hand tbo Instructions
of the United Slates Marshal of New
York upon the subject to his special
doputies, in which he expressly au
thorizes and direct tue deputy mar
shal to arrest people without warrant
who may undertake to registor con
trary to the ordoa of the United States
Supervisor. This power claimed by
the Fedoral government under these
laws goes to registration, a registration
provided not by fedoral law, not nnder
tho laws or Constitution of the United
Slatos, but a registration provided for
by State law. Tbe power of the Gov
ernment is sent lo the placo of regis
tration and gives lo tho Marshals of
tho United States, supplemented by
troops to carry out tho power thus
given, authority to challenge men at
the registry, the power to judge who
hall or wbo shall not be registered.
Tbo power to judge includes the power
to reject. The power to reject is thus
absolutely given and may bo enforced
with every power. When you say a
man shall not be registered, and tbe
Stato requires registration and a pre
requisite to voting, it is judging that
the qualification imposed by tho Slate
does not exist. Tho Federal Govern-
ment in doing this keeps its Marshals
equipped with its mail-clad arm, at the
place ol registration, ana rejects tne
voter qualified by tbe State just as
Davenport or the Marshal may de
termine.
Section 2018 of tho Revised Statutes
provides that tho Supervisors of elec
tions may personally scrutinize, count
and canvass ballots. Tho secret ballot
used bv Pennsylvania and many olhor
States of tho Republic is thrown open
to publio gaze by tbo power or the
Federal Supervisors. The ballot tbat
is provided by our law is interfered
with by the Federal power and Slate
authority is utterly overthrown. "Per
sonally scrutinize the count and can
vass." What is the power to count
and canvass T II is the power to
iudtre. it is the power todotormino un
dor what law 7 The Federal power
may dotormine under Slate law. In
other words, the power that the State
of Iowa or the Slat of Pennsylvania
trivc to il election officers shall bo In
terferod with and broken down and
the vole rejected by the Marshal and
Supervisors if they In their judgment
believe it not a proper vote, aou iuus
thoy may and do add to the quahnc
tion fixed by the Constitution and
law of tbe Stale lueif own judgment.
Tbi i an interference plainly and
clearly with the right of the Slate
and with the regulations and nualinca
tion provided by the Slato.
Seolion S.B22 is hiehly penal in its
character. The Slate officer of the
election is subordinated to Foderal att
tbority. He may be arrested without
nroceea : nay. the federal omoer
Iudtre of the qualification of the vo
ter; everything tnat relate w tuo
qualifioalionoof the voters of the Stole
ia within the control of the Federal
authority.
TUB POWEE TO JUDO AND AEEEST
ITATE NOT FEDERAL.
If th power of determining who
hall b regis l red by State officials aa
voter, wbo iball or who shall not be
arrested for voting or attempting to
voto, who (loos or does not voto fraud
ulontly, be not given by Iheso soctions
to Foderal ofllcials, lunguugo cannot
givo thoso powers, i ho registration
ot a votor is the judgment ot the law
in favor of his qualification for the ox
orciso of tho right. Tho Sluto alone
can judgo, for her laws havo exclusive
control over qualifications. If tho
fedoral Government cun judgo of quali
flcations sho can create them, and we
havo Boon sho has no such power. The
powor to arrest tho toter for voting
improperly ia mo power or uoiormin
ing bis qualification! to vote. The
Fodoial Govornmont cannot do this,
for the control of suflVacu is in the
states, ana the act ot tbo Federal
Govornmont in doing so is usurpation
of ungrantod powor. The powor of
arresting volors and officials without
warrant or with warrant is the powor
to dictate the absolute control of the
elections of tho States, and as it can
only operato upon voters and officials
qualincd by the States is without au
thority in the Constitution.
THE CLAIM OF POWER.
The authority for tho exorciBe of
this usurped powor is claimed to exist
in clause 1, section 4, of article 1 of
tue Constitution of the United Statos,
which is in tbeso words:
The liaise, place, and manner of holding oloe.
tlone for Senators and Heproaentativoo sAol be
prescribed lo each Stale by tho Legl.laturo
thoroor, but tbo Uongreaa may at any time, by
law, mako or alter aucb regulations, eaocnt aa to
the plaoei of ehooiiog Senator!.
It is to bo remembered at the outset
that this provision is in a Constitution
that gives the control of suffrage and
of tho qualifications ol doctors for
members ot Congress and ot Senators
to the States.
POWER TO FIX MANNER UIVES NO POWEB
TO REJECT VOTES.
These authorities abundantly prove
that there was no intention at the
time of tho adoption of the Constitu
tion to do aught else by the insortion
of this provision than to assert the
right of self-preservation in tho Federul
Government. That the regulation of
tuo manner, places and time ol hold
ing Congrossional elections was con
trolled by the Sluto almost exclusively
until since the war adds force to the
argument. But even if we admit
(which wo do not) that Congross may
exclude tho Slate entirely by its own
action as to fixing the times und places
and regulating the manner of holding
elections for members ot Congross,
still, in attempting to rogulute the
manner oi election, if cannot change the
qualifications of the electors.
luis is an entirely ditterent proposi
tion. Ihe manner of holding the
elections bus nothing to do with the
icgalation of the qualifications of
electors. That still remains with the
Stales. Tho qualifications are regu
lated, as 1 have already shown, by
Slato Constitutions and Stato laws;
and tbe Fedoral Government, in every
branch ot it, from tho House to tho
Judiciary, depends upon tbe criterion
found in the Constitution itself ; that
the elootora of tbe Stato Logialatures
are the strata upon which the Fedoral
Govornmont finds its authority. The
qualifications of electors vest with tbo
State Govornmonta. State Constitu
tions nnd Stato laws regulate and con
trol this subject from the bottom lo
tho top. A power to regulate the
mannor ot voting given by ono clause
surely novor waa intended to authorize
tbo parly doing so to take irom anoth
er tribunal tho right to fix the qualifi
cations of tho voter which had in ex
press terms boen granted to that othor
tribunal by other clauses ot the same
instrument. Such a result would be
absurd. Such a legal result no lawyer
will contond for. If Congress may,
undor tbe powor to rogulate the man
ner of eloction, say who shall registor
and who shall be arrested for fulso
registry and who shall voto and who
shall bo arrested for fnlso voting, and
assort its rights so to say by arbitrary
arrests, it is plain that tho exercise of
regulating tho manner ol voting takes
from the Stato and its officials every
particle of control over the qualifica
tions ol volors.
The power asserted by those statutes
and these voto messages broadly is,
that the Federal Govornment is a con
solidated government ; it can regulate
the qualifications of voters ; it has the
right to judgo who shall voto, and it
assort thisrlghtand power through
United Slates Marshals and Fedoial
troops. Tho powor granted by the
fourth aoction of article 1 is to regu
late tho mannor of holding the elec
tions, not to regulate tho qualification!
of votor. Tho jurisdiction over tbo
question of voters is vested elsewboro,
and any exercise of power to affect
tbem is unwarranted. Mannor means
method, way tho way lu which bis
voto shall bo given. The method of
voting, whether dim twe or by ballot,
and not the right to say who shall
voto, is tho plain meaning of the
word manner, as used in this clause.
Bv this interpretation both clauses ot
tho Constitution stand, by tbat inter
pretation which gives validity to those
statutes this clauso override throe
others and destroys tbem.
I heso laws do not seriously aneci
tho people of tho South ; their objective
points are the cilios of tho North.
Thev are to be dominated ana over
ridden by Federal powor undor this
machinery In 1 HSU, and New lorKana
Cincinnati are the two focal points.
M a tubals are to bo used as lltoy wero in
1878 in Philadelphia to enlorce State
restrictions and to compel tbe voter to
obey State law as interpreted by Fod
eral power. All ol our saieguaraa are
to bow to unconstitutional power in
the hands of disreputable Marshals ot
the United Slatos. A contrast of the
number of cities of the class in th
North shows plainly the purpose ot
the law.
Sixtv four cities of the North, with
total population of 7,617,795 and but
ten cilios of tbe South, with a total
population of 6.13,000, aro subject to
"tho universality of eanal suffrage"
a administered in "the National elec
tions" through Marshals, Supervisor
and Federal troop. ' a;
bill or Eiaura broeen down.
Sixty-four cities in nineteen North
ern Statos are to have the guarantee
of the bills ol rights and Constitutions
of their respective State violated and
overthrown by military Interference
ith the freedom ot election on tne
oallot Marshals of th United Stale ;
to bave their electors and election
official arrested on eloction day in
violation of their cnarantoe tbat no
one ahall be arrested on election day
except for treason, felony, or breach ol
the peace. Th power given to these
Marshals I to arrest, both with and
without warrant, on election day, those
whom they see fit; not thi alone,
but tbcv may lake the judge of eleo
tion duly chosen and sworn from bis
placo on election day, and thus dictate
wbo shall conduct tbe eloction. Tbi
was in fact don by a Doputy Marshal
in Ph ads Inn ia. in .November, ihtb,
and yet then I a provision ia th
TEEMS $2 per annum In Advance.
NEW SERIES-VOL. 20, NO. 25
Constitution or bill of rights of each
ol tbo following named States which
is in these or similar words: "Electors
shall in all cases except treason, felony
ana Droacn oi too peace to bo privileged
from arrest during tho attendance on
elections and going to and return
ing therefrom."
This is found in the Constitution of
Culitornia Colorado, Delaware, Georgia,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana.
Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska,
Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South
Carolina, lennossee, Toxas, Uonnecti
out and Kansas.
The growth of Federal power, the
absorption to itsell ot tbat which prop.
erly belong to local rulo, is tbe vice
of this legislation. It is destructive of
tho Bystom of govornment created by
tho Conslitution and tends to produce
consolidation and imperialism. We
bave traced "National Elections" and
shown their non-existence as a part
of our written Constitution. Wo
find thorn all outgrown lof false
oonstruction, of the theory of con
tralization, and identical in thought
witn tne tenets ot IV TO, aa well as
vicious in practice. We find that troons
at tho polls wore votod for by the ad
vocates ot a consolidated Uoveroment
in 1800 aathey are by the same party
now, and that packed juriosand Federal
Marshals wero tbe agents then ot
wrong a tbey are now of force and
fraud. Atrainst these our onlv defense
is in tho reserved right ot the Statos
and the people. The Foderal Govorn-
mnnt. ie not tl.A, .,,vAr.ii,n k.i! im thm
sorvant of the people, and1 it ha no
right but tuoso delogatod to it or neo-
ossary to carry out the powors grant
ed, and tho Status and tbo Governments
of tho States aro essential to tha por-
lection ot the system. Suffrage is
under the control of the Statos ; the
Federal government can noitborcroate
a votor nor imposo qualifications upon
ono. National elections, if such there
be, bavo no National electors, and the
voters of the Unitod Statos are the
peoplo of the States, qualified undor
tbe btato Constitution and Stale
laws. The statutes pronosod to be re
pealed judgo wbo shall voto, register
voters, reject voters, enforce restric
tions and impose penalties, all without
authority and in plain violations of tbe
rights reserved to the States and to
tho people.
Marshals are created and used to
enforeo State laws and Stato restric
tions in State Constitutions. Tho Fed
eral power gives the marshals tbe
power of Fedoral troops to aid them
thus to enforce Slate rules and State
restrictions ; and they are vested with
the right to judge and dctormine wbo
are qualified understate Constitutions
and State laws. This system of national
elections contended for in these veto
messages may do aptly doscribed by
saying that Federal marshals and Fed
eral troopers are necessary and again to
he used at the ballot box. Tbey bave
been placed there to dominate and in
timidate the votor, to decide how be
shall vote and what qualifications are
necosaary. Federal troops and Federal
marshals bave boen used and are to be
preserved to protect Returning Boards
in the States, to aid and defend them
in thoir work of fraud and wrong, and
fedoral troops bave boen brought to
the capital of tho United States to de
fend and protect the oounting into of
fice of an official who was novor chosen.
The Republican party has been
and is again to be protected by mar
shals at the polls without authority of
iuw auu in violation oi tue provisions
fixed in State Constitutions and by
Stato laws, to be sustained by Federal
power unwarranted by tbo Constitu
tion. May wo never again see, under such
system ot laws as we possess, the polls
controlled by force and intimidation,
the Returning Boards protected in
fraud and wrong by Federal troops
and Federal ofllcials, and an ultimate
tribunal powerless in its own opinion
to repel tho boldest fraud, while tbe
ltcpresentatives ol tbe people were
menaced with military force if they
dared to do right and protect an hon
est count, "national elections" are the
outgrowth of a systora that has foist-
orod into power a man against whom
a majority ol the peoplo had votod, and
who now present to the American
people, through the argument of hi
veto mossagoB.thedoclrinesol foroo and
fraud concealed beneath tho cry of "na
tional elections," in which is wanting
the first element of their oxistonce, a
national voter.
TUB WAR IN SOUTH AMERICA.
Fow Amoricnn readers havo any
clear conception of the magnitude of
tho connict now pending in south
Amorica, and still tower are sufficiently
acquainted with the causos and ante
cedent of the etrugglo betwoon Chile
and the allied Republics of 1 oru and
Bolivia to have tlieir sympathies very
strongly enlisted on oilher sido. Tho
current maps of South Amorica are on
a acalo so much smaller than that em
ployed tor Europe and North Amorica
that II will probably bo a surpriso lo
many well Informed pontons to loarn
that the Pacitio seaboard of the throe
Republic extends in a nearly uniform
direction through fifty degree of lati
tude, a distance as great as that from
nMn..l.n In tha I .i I i I m it n AC l.n.m.
or that from Liverpool to tbe Gulf of
Guinea. The South American States
have Such an ill-rcpnto for revolutions
that it will be no lea a surprise to
learn that one of tbem, Chile, baa a
history of nearly nay years of Coosti
tntional govornment undor only fire or
six Presidents, not ono of whom has
been overtbown by a revolution, while
each has quiolly served out a second
term.
These facts naturally carry with
them great weight lo determining the
direction of tho sympathy of neutral
nations, and tbe leading Kuropaao and
North American periodicals bur al
ready pronounoed in favor of Chile.
The oxcellent standing that Republic
has always maintained In tbe money
markets of Europe, the reputation she
enioys lor tbe tulelligonoe ol her citi
zens and the gallantry oh displayed
fifteen years ago in coming to th res
cue of l era against spamsn aggres
sion, are important factor in forming
a conclusion opon the -merit of th
present conflict. Moreover, Chile has
especial claim upon American aympa-
tbiea for tbe uniform friendline of
ber diplomatic relations with th Uni
ted States, for ber liberal patronage of
American citizens engaged in develop
ing ber commercial and Industrial re
source, lor ber adoption of many of
our Conatitutional tradition ana lor
her hearty good will during th trying
period ol tbe American civil war. Tbe
first statute erected to the memory of
Lincoln waa nlaoed not at Washing
ton or New York, but at Santiago de
Chile, and the name of Washington
and Franklin are thero held In a rev
erenc which ban lost no of It fresh
and tb diplomacy of Cbile
Th pn
hav boen actively employed to popu
larize tha Chilean version of the causes
ol the present quarrel, and tbe posses
sion of cable communication with En
rope enable that Rcpublio to be first
in the field with tbe bulletin of naval
or raillitary engagement. Hence it i
to be expected that the earliest report
of the progress of tbe war received
by Brazilian cable in Europe will be
srongly colored with the tints prevail
ing at Valparaiso and Santiago de
Chile. On the other band (be tele
graphic new which may be received
via Panama may bo expected to bear
the imprimatur oi the Peruvian Cabi
net, and it will be well for the reader
dosirous of forming accurate opinions to
awan toe uiruy arrival oi mail aavicos.
We have prosontod this summary oi
antecedents favorable to Chile, not fur
the purpose of bespeaking American
sympathies in hebalf of that Republic,
nor yet with the intention of demolish
ing them by a country statement in
favor ot tbe Peru-Bolivian alliance, but
simply to cloar tbe way for an intolli
gent appreciation of tho actual situa
tion in South America. It would be
useless to disguice the fact that, ith
tho exception of Hrasil and potaihly of
Venezuela, public sentiment in lbs
neutral countries of S..uth America
regards the existing war as one long
premeditated by Chile for purpose ol
territorial aggrandizement. In re
spect to tho original title to the territo
ry in dispute in the Desert of Ata
oama the map makers hav almost in
variably assigned it to Bolivia. There
was, indeed, a lack of precision in the
title deeds, which ha been akilfully
utilized by Chile on more than on oc
casion to empbaaize her doubtful
claims ; but no impartial student of
tbe question oan doubt tbat it was ea-
fierior wealth, enterprise and maritime
acililio of Chile which gained her a
foothold in territories traditionally be
longing to Bolivia.
Tbat the conduct of Bolivia In plac
ing an export duty upon the nitrate
of Antolugasta and Mejlllones was in
violation of tho treaty of 1874 there is
no necessity here to deny. That in so
doing Bolivia aoted opon tha instiga
tion of Peru and that the ultimate
motive of the latter liepublio was
desire to monopolize the nitrate de
posits is exceedingly probable. The
secret alliance concluded between Peru
and Bolivia lu 18TS was doubtloee in
tended to apply to an eventuality such
as has now occurred, and the instinct
of the Cabinet of Santiago was at fault
in discerning that the real quarrel was
not with Bolivia but with Peru. The
statesmen of Chile are far-sighted and
well read in international law, and
they have secured tho groat advant
age of placing both tbeir antagonist
technically In the wrong.
Admitting this fact, it remain to
inquire whether the apparent cause of
the war is the real cause, and whether
the raaladroitnes oi Pern and Bolivia
may not have obscured some real
grievances recoivod at the band ot
Chile. The Cabinet of Santiago i
fond of enlarging upon the assistance
rendered to her present antagonist in
securing their independence nearly
sixty years ago. Without disparaging
tbe eminent services rendered to Peru
by San Martin, O'Higgins and Coch
rane, in command of Chilean armies
and squadrons, it is evident tbat sucb
aid was a measure dictated no less by
sound policy than by fraternal sympa
thy. Chile could never enjoy an as
sured independence while tho Spanish
flag waved over the Castle of San
Felipe in Callao, and she would have
waged war upon the Spaniard for her
own safety irrespective of the rosult.
The only occasion wben Chile ha
heretofore crossed swords with Pern
was in 1838, wben tbe Bolivian Gen
eral Santa Cruz bad conquered tbat
Republio and established the Peru
Bolivian Confederation, consisting of
threw. HtAtee North Ptvrn, Hnnth Pern
and Bolivia. Discerning in this move
ment a peril to tbe independence of
the surrounding Republics, Cbile de
clared war upon Santa, Cruz and soon
shattered his ambitious confederation,
restoring to Pern and Bolivia their in
dependence. For this good service
Chile received but scanty gratitude
and has be regarded for forty year
with a jealousy proportionate to ber
gallantry and success. The assistance
rendered by Chile to Pern in the
Spanish conflict of 18C4 was an act of
magnanimity which dosorved a better
return than it has received. Never
theless it is an open qnestion whether,
with all her gallantry and ber valua
ble services in the past, the recont con
duct of Chile ha not savored o arro
gance and of an appetite for territory
which justified the apprehensions of all
her neighbors. In the long pending
dispute with tbe Argentine Republio
concerning the Torrltory of Patagonia
tbe Chilean pretension have been ex
orbitant and bave more than once
brought tbe two countries lo the brink
of war. It Chile is now ready for war
with Peru and Bolivia it is because she
has boen making ber preparations for
several years with a view to a conflict
with tbe Argentine Republio, and it I
by no means impossible tbat she may
yet bave to rock on with the govern-
montot fJueno Ay re as snfantagonist.
Our Republio is a sincere friend of
all the States of South America now at
war, and would gladly render any
good offices which might terminate
the struggle witb honor to all tbe com
batants. Rumor of European inter
vention are already rifo, but it is high
time that the world should again be re
minded tbat tbe "Monroe doctrine"
still lives. The friendly mediation of
the United State would seem to bo
tho most acceptable solution of a
lamentable contest wherein all tbe
parties bavo so many fraternal tiea
that reconciliation should be easy
AVer York Herald.
How Gbn. Shield was Ci rzd. An
oxchango states tbe following: "Gen.
Shiolds, at tbe battle of Cerro Gordo,
in Mexico, was soverely wounded while
leading his men, but he refused to quit
the field. He advanced to tbe cbarg
when be waa (truck in the chest by a
copper grapesbot that passed through
his lungs, lie loll Into the arms ol
Oglesby, at present United Stato
Senator from Illinois, and was carried
from th battlefield to all appearance
lifeless. Obituary notices appeared
afterward in nearly all the paper of
the country, o convinced were hi
brother officers of the ImposaiBitity or
hi surviving snob terrible wound.
For weeks ho lay at tbe brink of death
in the neighborhood Of the battlefield,
and hi care soems abort ol miracle.
The army surgeons had given him
over for death when s Mexican doctor
aid he would live if he would let him
remove tbe coagulated Mood from th
wound. Shields, a a kill or cure reme
dy, told bim to try, and a fin ailk
handkerchief waa worked In and fla
ally drawn through th wound, remov
ing tb extravaaated Blood, when nay.
light could b aoen tbroagk th bole.
lie livod to be a hale and nearty man,
tree from disease or any inconvenience
from bit wound, which wa considered
at that time mortal."
Lccxr. William 11. Mores, a De
troit banker, tells tb Fret ft us, oi
that city a curious story, keeping back
tbe names for reason that will b ap
parent. Nin years ago t Cincinnati
manufacturer died, loaving an etU
valued at $100,000. Hi widow and
children were iwiodlad la th admin
istration oi the tatal and th widow
moved to Detroit, in which city h
baa reoently been reduced to abjeet
poverty. A isw day ago fcer ton,
rummaging among sum paper thai
bad been stowed away ia tb garret,
found a bundla of railroad bond worth
I&0 000. Tbe widow took th bond
I to Mr. Moran and wm overwhelmed
to ascertain their value. ,