THE
"CLEARFIELD REPUBLICAN,"
OOODLANDEH & LEE.
CliKAHPlF.LD, PA.
.vw
war's."' . .
ttt-ntt.irta
Ibt larg-eat Circulation ef ) newspaper
In Nortli Central Pennsylvania,
Terma of Sutisohptfife.'
Tf paid la .dianea, or wltblo 1 moolba....
If paid after a aud before month. J
- If paid after tho aiplratloa of ( moothe... I tHI
Rates of Advertising,
Tronaienl edrertleem.nta, par equareof lOllnaaor
f la. a, 8 llinoi or le.a $1 0
I foretell auh.eo.uent Inaertioa .0
I Atminl.tralora'end Kiecutore" ootieoi t
6 Auditora' notieoa - ...... t 6
I Oautinni and E.traye 1 40
Ui.aolotlon notteee t M
R Profeeaional Cnrda, 4 line or lan,I year 4 00
i Loeal oolleee, par lino 10
YEARLY ADVERTISEMENTS.
t enaro M 00 I eolnmn ....ISO 00
i ajuarer 15 00 oolutnn.. TO 00
Saiuaree... 20 00 I 1 eolainn. 110 00
fl. R. GOODLANDKR,
NOEL B. I.KK,
Publl.heri.
Cards.
I on PKINTING OF EVERY DK9CRIP
I linn neatly eieeolad at thla nfllne
BROCKBANK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, FA.
Office In Court Ilou.e. ap 14,11-ly
wh. m. NocnLLuean, rain, o u ices.
MdlLI.OK.lI & BUCK.
ATTORN EYS-AT-LAW,
Clearfield. Pa.
All a-gat bu.ine. promptly attended to. Office
rn Second treat, In the Maaooio building.
JanlilTI
W, C. ARNOLD,
LAW Je COLLECTION OFFICE,
CIHWEXPVI1.LE,
e!0
Clearfield Count.tr, Peon 'a. 16y
s.
WILSON,
ATTOKNKV AT LAW,
Cfllco one diidT cnit of Wet tern Hotel haiidifl,
opposite Cimrt llouit.
iept.b,'77. CLEARFIELD, PA.
TU. B. HdRHAr. CTBUi BOftDOB.
MURRAY & GORDON,
TTORNEY8 AT LAW,
CLEARFIELD, PA.
-ir officio In I'ic'a Opera Uouac, eecond floor.
tl.WTl
FRANK FIELDING,
ATTOUNKY-AT-LAW,
L'lcartteld, Pi.
Will i.tu-inl ti. ull bunioeeo ontruelod to bin
fiotui.li ami fiilliiulljf. joiil'I
1 II LIH A- NT ALl.Aru.
It A 1(H V f. WAl.l.iCB.
DAVID L. BR BOO.
JOIIM W. WRIOLBT.
WALLACE &. KREBS,
acni'n to W'tllaoe A Fildin,)
ATTO ItXE YS-AT-LAAV,
Jil77 Cliarlitld, Pa.
IOHRPH I. If Kl ALLV. fiAlfllL W, M ODKDT,
McENALLY & MoCUEDY,
A TTORNE YS-AT-LA W,
Mcarlicld, Pa.
,ff fV Legit t boiilneM attended to promptly wllhj
iiieltty. Otiloe oa Becood itreet, above ike Pint
National Dunk. jan:l:7t
G. R. BARRETT,
Attornby and Counkelor at Law,
clkarfisld. pa.
IIavIds reiigned hi JudK'ip bas rttnmed
hn practice nf the law Id bti old office at Clear
if Id, Pa. Will attend theoourti of JelTerMn and
Kl k countlei when pocially letaiocd in oonoeetion
vitb reiidPQt enunaet. jam Ti
A. G. KRAMER,
A T T O K N K Y - A T - L A W ,
lieiil Kitata and Collaetlon Agcol,
t'l.BAKKIHM., PA..
Will prmptlT attend to all legal buiineM an
TruMeii to hi oara.
t-OBea ia Pla'a Opera Houm. Janl'JO.
H. W. SMITH,
A TTORN E Y-AT-LA W,
11:17.1 Clearfield, Pa.
WALTER BARRETT,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
tlenrfleld. Pa.
rfr-OIBca in Old Wejtern Hotel bullJIn,,
ornr of rleeond and Market Su. noTll,oo.
ISRAEL TEST,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa.
4r-O0ioe In tlie Coort Hoaaa. (jylt.'Ot
REED & II AGEHTY,
DKALnni m
HARDWARE, FARM IMPLEMENTS,
Tinware, Nails. 4tc.,
nulTT BeBd Street, Ptrarfleld, Pa,
JOHN L. CUTTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
tint Heal Batata Agent, Clearfield, Pa.
Oflee oa Third itr.et, bat. Ch.rrj A Walnot,
JSwRaapeetfnilj olfera bia laraieailB 1811101
ind bujlne landa In OloarAeld and adjaiaia,
ionatiaa and with aa oiperieaee ot e r twontf
ftara ai a aureayor, flatten bimpolf that he oaa
reader lallifaetloa. Iran i:n:ii.
J. BLAKE WALTERS,
REAL ESTATE BROKER.
AMD DR a LI R tR
Naw Ijoh anil Iiinnlort
CLEARFIELD, PA.
OHioo iu UraLaiu'i Uow. , 1:55:71
J. J. LINGLE,
ATTORNEY-AT - LAW,
119 llaeeola, Clearlicld Co., Pa. :pd
DR. W. A. MEANS,
PHYSICIAN & SURGEON,
HTIIKRSliUKU, PA.
Will attend profeiilonal ealla aromptlt. aafllO'TO
DR. T. J. BOYER,
PHYSICIAN AND SUROLON.
Offli-. oo Market Htroet, Clearlleld. Pa.
Offioa hunrli I to IS a. at , and 1 to I p.
JJR E. M. 8CIIEURER,
HOMEOPATHIC l'llVHICIAN,
Offioa ia realdvaea oa Markot iL
April 14. IW1. CleartleH. Pa
DR. J. P. BURCH FIELD,
Lata 8or,aoa of the o.Hd Kealmoat,PonniTltala
Velanteara, haaiae rataraad from lb. Ara7,
eirert hie profeieioaal eeralaaa lo the altlaaaa
of Olaarflald oountj.
ar-Prafeiileaal aalli promptljr allead.d to.
Offloa oa Beeood .treat, formarl'oaeapioa 07
Dr.Woadi. lapr4,'0U
DR. H. B. VAN VALZAH,
( I I'AHi-'IKl.l). PUNN A.
OFFICE IN MASONIC BUILDlSO.
pt- Oliea honre-Freaa II te I P. M.
Mjit, int.
IMLLIAU M. 1IENKY, Juitioi
IT ortaa PaAea tan gtmaiaaa, LVMHIH
CITY. Ciilleollone made and Boaoi promptly
paid o.or. Artioleaer afreomanl and deoda el
eooeeTanea aaatlj eeeeated and warranted ear
reel ar ao obaraw. W)H
JAMES H. LYTLE,
In kralier'a llulldlng, Clearfield. Pa.
Healer la (Iroeerlet, Proalilone, VafaUblaa,
f roll., Pli.or, Peed, eta., ate. ,
aprU'70-tf
HAItKY SNYDER,
DAHIIKR AND HAIRDRBSfllR
lbi., oa Market St.. eppo.lta Coarl llM.
A elran towol for orery oa.tenor.
A lo maaafaalnrar of I
All klnda or Arilrlra la Hiatal Hair.
Clearfleld, Pa. aiay 10, 'It.
IOIIN A. STADLKK,
U P.AKKR, Market SI, Clearfleld, Pa,
Pr.b Kreed, Roah, Rotla, Plot and Cahee
on hand or made to order. A general aeeortmeat
ol ( enlaetiooarlaa, Fralta aad Kale la ttoet.
lea Cream and Oy.tara ia aeaaoa. flalooa aearly
apiHi'llt Iba P.(oOoe. Prteet moderalo.
Mareh lO-'tJ, 1
CLE.
m
' .
. - .
GEO. B. Q00DLAKDEB, Proprietor. PRINCIPLES," NOT MEN. TEEMS-S2 per arTin Advance. "
VOL. 5I-WH0LE NO. 2,541. CLEAKFIELD, PA., WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1877. NEW SERIES-VOL 18, NO. 40.
Cards.
TtiMTICBH COMTABLM KIEI
W hara printed a larra nnmbar of tba nav
PER BILL, and will oa tba raoaipl of (want;.
Ova aanta. mail a nana to ana addrava. mrM
JOHN D. THOMPSON,
Juitlee of th Peaa ni Serlreacr,
C'ar.wcniTllle, P.
tHuOoIlcatloQC moid noi mony prompt.
RICHARD HUGHES,,
JUSTICE OK TUB PEACE
foB
Dttatur TeirnjAija,
Oaeeola Hllli P. O,
All oflelal baainari antrnltad to bin will I
prompt) attended to. ' mehSt, Ti.
FRANCIS COUTRIET,
MFRCHAKT. .
frcnchvllU. CUarflfltf Covuty,' tf a,
Ktpi oontUntly on band fall tori mint of
Drv Qoodi. Hferdwaro, Orooorlci, n4 vtrrthtnc
all7 kept im ft rUil iton, wbiok will bo iold,
I0r eHt, U OBItp M IIHWnri IS IDV WHOli
rroiohvUlo Jtoo 17, tntv-ij.
THOM A8 H. FORCEE
DBALB1I 111
OENERAL MERCHANDISE,
c:rauamtoN, Pt.
Alio, itDilv mtntifoutturor nd dt&lor In 8qrt
Tinlwr nd Sawed Lumber ol ill KlDdi.
aCOrdort lollolted tod fell blllii prompt);
Hod. lJ7 "
REUBEN HACKMAN,
House and Sign Painter and Paper
Hanger,
Clearfield, Penn'a.
toajuWill eleeute Joba iB hla lino promptly and
la a workmanlike manner. arre.or
G. H. HALL,
PRACTICAL PUMP MAKER,
NEAR CLRARPIELD, PENN'A.
mar-Pump, alwaya on band and made te order
oa abort notice, ripoa oorea on reeeuoeoio itra,..
All work warranted to render aatiafaetioa, and
deiUerad If doalrad. By:lyp.
E. A. BIGLER 4. CO.,
VBALBRI IX
SQUARE TIMBER,
and maautaeturere of .
ALL klh'IMIPMl:l) LI! MB Kit
1-111 CLEARFIELD, PENN A.
JAS. B. GRAHAM,
dealer la
Real Estate, Square Timber, Boards
SHINOLKS, LATH, A PICKETS,
9:1011 Clearlleld, Pa,
WARREN THORN,
BOOT AND SIIOE MAKER,
Market ft., Clearlleld, Pa.
Ia tba abop lately oeeapled by Frank Bburt,
one door weat of Allegheny tloueo.
ASHLEY THORN,
ARCHITECT, CONTRACTOR and BUILDER,
Plana and Speeifleationa furnl.hed fur all kind.
or bundlnga. All worn arei-ciae.. Diair vuim
lag a apeeialty.
P. O. addreaa, Clearfleld, Pa. jrj IT-TTtf.
R. M. NEIMAN,
SADDLE and HARNESS MAKER,
Runbarger, Clearfleld Co., Pa.
Keen, an band all klnda of Harneal, Saddlaa,
Bridle., and ilorao Farni.bing Oooda. Repairing
promptly attaadad to.
Rambarfer, Jan. 10, 1877-tf.
AMES MITCHELL,
BaaLBB la
Square Timber & Timber Lands,
JaU1 CLEARFIELD, PA.
J. 11. M'MURRAY
WILL SUPrLT YOU WITH ANY ARTICLE
OK MERCHANDISE AT THE VERY LOWEST
PRICE. COMB AND SEE. :5:70yO
NEW WASHINGTON.
Ijlvery Wtable.
rjlllE snderalgned bega learato Inlorm thapab-
fl. lie that be ia Bow rally preparer to eeeomma
date all la tba way of fnraiahiog U..eee, Boggiei
riail.ll.. and llarnaaa. oa the ehorteat notiea an.
ao reaaonable Uraaa. Reaidenea oa Loeaat ttroet,
betwaea Third aad Poarth.
UKO. W. OEARIIART.
!leare.M. Fob. 4. 1074. .
I. SNYDER,
SRAOTIPAf. WATCIIMACKR
m a.........
iWatchca, Clocka and Jewelry,
Graham' , Jferiei Straw! ,
clkarhi:i.d, PA.
All klnda of repairing In my line promptly at-
nded te. April 171, In7i,
NEW BOOT AND SHOE SHOP.
The urtdeniirnrd would Itifiorm tba public that
he Im rrmorrd bii Boot and Bh Shop to the
rnon lately oocottiwd bf Jo. Uearioc. to Hhaw'i
Raw. Market ftlraat. whart ho ! lrprd to at
inrl m tha want, of all who aee.i anvthinc ID till
Hoe. All work don by tun will be or the beet
material, aad pruereotwd to he Brtt-elaM in over
reat.Mt. Heaairlnr Brampilv attondt-i la. AH
kiada of Lent be r and tShoo FindlngB furiale.
jonn Hunir.r E.n.
Cle.rueld, Pa., Jul; IS, IHTrtra.
WHOIJISALE UQU0B STORE,
At Ik. and of the new bridge,
WEtT CLKARFISLD, PA..
The arourUla a4 tkle eMail l.hm.al will bay
b la liqaora dlreet from ali.tlll.ra. Panlaa baying
from Ibia bona, will be ear. te get . par. artial.
at a email margin ebore .art. il otal aeepera eaa
ha faml.had with lloaera oa reeaonaal. terma.
Para wibm aad krudte. 4inmi. Uam..Hia, t
Vleary, at llath, Now York. fc
Clearfleld, June 10, 1.7.-U.
Clearfield Nursery.
ENCOURAGE HOME INDUSTRY.
mm darrined. karhtl aauMIAaal Rer-
J tar, aa Ih. 'Pike, aoeat half way betweM
Cleaiteld aad Carweaai-lla. la pre,.araj at Oar
aiah ail kiada e PRUIT TREBIa, l.laadard aad
dwarf.) Eerrireeaa, Bhraheery, Smem Vlaea,
m.-i.w l.win. HlMkherrv. etrawberry.
ami Maapberry Viaaa. Alan. aibarUa Ore Treee,
Waiaee, and .rlj owlet Rh.bMh, Aa. Order.
prompU, atu..ta. . . , .
aepIO flfl.y Carwmarlll., Pa.
ANDREW HARWICK,
Market tMrwrt, CWareU. Pa.,
tBorAcmBBa . aaana i .
BARNEB8, BADDLU, BRIDLES, COltARi,
aad all klnaa of
TOrtiS rVKMISHINO HOODS.
A fall atook of P.ddla' Herdw.ra, Braahn
Combo, Blaahata, Robae, eta., alwayl o b.b.
aad for aal. at the loweal aaah prlee.. All hloda
f repniriag pr.mptly attaadad he.
All klnda of kldoa take, la aaekanga fur bar.
aaai and repairing. All kind, of harnaaa UatbM
kept ob Dana, ana tor aw' . r--
LiearBoio, iaa. i. .
E. WARING'S.
LAW BLANKS
Far oak at ih. Cl.r14 Rirtano, Bee.
Blmnki pitmm ntm.
Tk.aa Rh,k. are aettaw aa la aaaerlwr rtykt,
ar. a aifora aiaa, aad hralah-d at reey ta
tgano fee eeah. ' ' ' ' '
Call at lb. FrrratiM. ome. aad ooaajia
tktm. Ordarf kf aaaH Brotaplle llled. ,.
8.
i
Addreaa, UUVPttAI.irr.r4
ally I), Hit -It Clearfl.14 P.,
a d in t
PROF. WAYLAKDOX TRAMPS.
a I.BAHNED D18BGRTATION ON A CROW-
INQ AND ALARMING EVIL NATURE
OF TUB TRAMP HOW (111 ALL HE
BE D18P08KD OF?
Jl too Social Scionco Coiivcnlion, at
Siirntoga, a phort timo ago, I'rol'uasor
Waylund, of Yale CoIIcl'o, rend a pa
per on that wonderful individual, the
tramp, winch ia attracting much at
tention. Xbei'roio9nor8aid:
THE TRAMP.
Faupure, or thoao who aro unubloor
unwilling to proviuoior tueirown mp-
port, may be divided, broadly, into
three cluanoa. Int. Tlioao who have
been reducod to poverty by physical
infirmity or monlal imbecility or pos
itive insanity, and whono condition
Tenders it pruotioelly oortoin tLrtttltcy
wui ue jwrmanoni paupers, za. l'er
sons fairly entitled to what is called
"out-door relief." 3d. Able bodied nor-
aons without homes and without regu
lar occupation, who are either unablo
to find employment or are unwilling
to labor. Tho second subdivision oi
this third clans, the ublc bodied pau
pers who aro tinwillinir to lubor. uro.
unfortunately, loo well-known to us
all undor the familiar designation ol
tramps.
FICTUUE OP THE TRAMP.
And, as wo utter the word "tramn."
tliore arises etraiirhtwav before us the
spectacle of a lazy, shiftless, sauntor-
mfr or swasrccnnir, ill conditionod. ir
reclaimable, incorrigible, cowardly, ut
terly depruved savago. Ho fears not
(iod, noithor regards man. Indeod, ho
seems to have wholly lost all tho bet
tor instincts and attributes of man
hood. Ho will outraco an uiiiirotuct-
ed femulo, or rob a defenseless child,
or burn an isolated barn, or einllo
fruit trees, or wreck a railway tram,
or tot fire to a railway bridire. or mur
der a cripple, or pillier on umbrella,
with equal indilterenoe, it reasonably
sure of equal impunity. Do you ak
why the aid ot tho low is not invoked,
nd why prompt punishment is not
visitod upon these high handed offend,
ore? I answer, that your question
touches one ol tho moat trying uxptcls
of this painful social problem, viz : the
difficulty ot detection. Tho tramp hua
become Inch a common leaturo of our
daily life that he excites littlo remark.
To-day thero are two or three seed v.
sunburnt, ragged, dirty loafers lining
mg aoout your streets or begging li om
door to door. Meanwhile an atrocious
orimo bas been committed in that quiot
neignoortiood. instant and vigilunt
investigation fuils to fasten suspicion
on any member of the littlo communi
ty. The conclusion then seems forced
upon ycu that the offense was pome
tinted by somo ono of tho trauips so
recently seen in tho village: but what
tramp? Arrest ono of tbeso sons of
lielial tho ono to whom vairuu sus
picion most plainly points and what
will you be able to prove against him ?
LONDON TRAMPS.
In the summer ot 1870. 1 visited, at
different times, various casual wards in
London, nt tho hour when tramps or
"casuals apply for a night s lodging.
r.ocn applicant is examined by a po
lice officer or detoctivo, and tho an
swers aro taken down. The inquiries
aro according to tho tollowinglorinula:
WDntIS vour name 7 How n il nrn
you T Where were yon born ? What
is your occupation ? Where did you
Biecp last night ! horo aro you go
ing to-morrow 7 I heso inquiries aro
made because prescribed by law, but
not the slightest credit is ever given
to tho answers. '1 bo tramp can liuvo
no concoivablo motive tor lying, and
must 1 10 from sheer force of liubit
Nearly all had tho stereotyped, pro
fessional, indcacribablo sir ot habitual
laziness, and a majority wcro moro or
less in liquor. J hey wercalmon with
out exception, able-bodied men and
women. I conversed with- many of
them. Jsuch told a very plausitile
story, with groat fluency and much
show ot earnestness. They wcro will
ing, and even anxious to work, and
bad worked until Within a tluy or two,
being idle Only because it was impos
sible to find employment. But, when
compelled by the officer to show tho
palms ot their hands, tt was at once
apparent that a long timo had elapsed
ainco they had pcrlormcd any manual
labor. I boy certainly were not "horny
handed sons and daughters of toil.'
Indued, whenever, on the occasion to
which I liavo referred, I encountered
a collection of "casuals," 1 wasinlorm-
ed by tho detoctivo in nttendanco, that
there was not ninon? them a single
deserving poraon.
A TRANSLATOR.
To my unpraeliced oyo, there was
at one of these interviews with the
"casuals," an applicunt whose appear-
nee led mo to believo that ho might
no an exception to tho general rule.
Hi occupation, as be informed mo,
was that of a "translator." lie was a
young man, wilb a mild, modest,
rather intelligent, and generally pre.
possessing lace. I said to myself:
"hero is, porhaps, a precocious bul'im
fortunato linguist, Buffering tho too
frequent fate ot unnppruciativo genius."
It was, however, explained to mo tliul
luo translation was not of the sumo
maatcriiioco of human thoiiuht. from
a fureiicn into" our English tongue, but
of old boots (begged or purchased fur
trine) into shoes. I Was subsequent
ly informed that much money is often
made in Ibis way, aomotimos from 20
to HO shillinira sterling per week. The
young "translator'1 confessed to liav-
ing ueeii Ull IIIU IMUnu, UIIV PUIU III
Was tired of lending tho fife of a tramp,
and would gladly go to work again, if
ho bad money with w hich to puixhuse
the tools of his trade.
the paupEsauu iiaxiiviu.
There was so much pathos in his
tone, so much sadness in his tearful
face, ao much apparent sincerity in his
frofofwonfl of a desire to reform, thai
coald not help lioliuring that 1 had
tiund, at last, a genuine ease, deserv
ing assistance. The detective shook
bia head, caulionod mo against tho
anger of being inipoactl upon, and
even went ao far as to any that the
man was a palpablo fiaud, but 1 still
hold to my moro honevoletit belief.
Accordingly, I informed tho youth
that if bt would tall on me at a given
hour on tile following day, with any
ono of tho numerous testimonials to
nrevious irood character which hosla
ted his ability to produco. I would
givo him such assistance aa ho needed
to sot him Hp in business once moro.
lie was profuse In his expressions of
gratitude, but ho did not keep bio ap
pointment, and I have novcr seen him
since that Aral conversation. Il ia cer
tainly unnecessary to provo that tho
same general principles, with relerenco
to tramps, hold goou in mis ennmry,
which ar applicable to Great Britain.
If such nroof wort) demanded, I have
only to pienl to the observation and
experience oi every ono wnu ii iw
anv attention to tiaaperism in tlie tnt-
led Mate.
t. i
WUAT SHALL BR DONE WITH THEM ?
What shall bo dono wilh vagrants ?
Il seems to follow that they shall be
placed in a situation which will, first,
provido for their necessities; second,
compel them to perform useful work ;
third, prevent them from committing
crime; fourth, render it impossible lor
them to propngato paupers. This, of
courso, involves the nfea of confino-
ment, with onfiireud labor. Now, such
confinement, with enforced lubor, may
bo under tho immcdiuto direction and
control of tho town or county or State
authorities, and for ft longer or shorter
period. I ho laws ot Massachusetts on
this point, rocently enacted, permit
each town or city within its borders
to givo temporary relief to vagrants
unuer such regulations as to labor,
with cortain limitations, as tho author.
itioo vt aiiuli towu or city may aoe tit
to presenile, vr hercver tins plan lias
been thoroughly tried, it has greatly
diminished tho number of vntrrunts in
festing that particular locality.
A BTATK LAW Si:OOESTED.
So far as I am aware, tho wisest
and most feasiblo plan yet devised for
dealing with tho vagrant dilemma is
.'ontuiiied in a bill prepared and otter
ed to tho last Assembly of tho Stitto
of New York, by tho State Charities
Aid Association. (Jmiuinir. tor the
suko of brevity, many minor, but most
essential details, its main features are
asionows: Adopting the existing ju
dicial districts of the Suae as the ba
sis of distribution, il provides for tho
appointment ot a Uoardol seven man
agora for each district, euch manugers
lo uo reimbursed lor their actuul and
necessary expenses w hile employed ill
tho discbarge of their olliuial duties,
but to receive no compensation fur
incir lime or services. It is made the
duty of t aeh Hoard of manugers, with
in six months of tbo time of their ap
pointment, to hire buildings suitable,
lor tho confinement and employment
ol vagrants.
HOW TllliY SHALL HE MAKAUKD.
Proper provision is to bo niudo for
the separation of tho sexes, by placing
them, respectively, in buildings so tar
removed lrom ono another that all
iuter eomniunication is practically im
possible, t'ho managers aro lo open
an account wilh ull vagrants duly com
mitted by tho local magistrates lo tbo
workhoiisos in their respectivo dis
tricts, charging them with all tho ex
penses incurred by the managers fur
iheir board and maint.ennnco, and
crediting Ihetn wilh a fair and reason
able compensation lor the labor per
formed by them, and at tho expiration
of their terma of sentence, paying to
them such balance as shall be found
due to them nt the tinia of tbo dis
charge,. The so-called "contract sys
tem" is slrielly prohibited, and no per
son is lo bo allowed lo oveiseo the la
bor ot tho inmate, who is not employ
ed mid paid by tho managers. Tho
managers of each district, huving hir
ed two or more buildings, and land
Hiiittibla fur tho rnutluomciiL and em
ployment of vagrants, sbull ninko an
estimate of all necessary expenses to
bo incurred in establishing, equipping,
and maintaining said workhouse for
tho year ensuing, and shall then ap
portion tho expense, so estimated,
umong tho several counties composing
tho district, lor which said munagers
wcro appointed, pro rata, to tho prop
erly tax of each county, as the same
sbull bo determined on.
WHAT MAT HE INFERRED.
Wo have, I think, a right lo infer ;
thai such a legislative enactment, rig
idly enforced, would drivo beyond llio
confines of tho Ktnto so protected all
tramps who succeeded in escaping ar
rest, and disperso them over adjoining
States, where no such laws hud been
adopted. Surely, alike on
morul and oconomiu grounds, such an
experiment is well worth being put to
the test of a thorough trial.
117 Y JV-0 T Til Y PUXISUMRX T t
Wo aro not among those who look
only upon tho evil, and have no eyes
for the good that thero is in the world.
Wo think it belter, tit all limes, to take
a hopelul view ot things, than to in
dulge in melancholy reflections upon
the present or discouraging anticipa
tions fur tho fill uro. But it is not nec
essary to bo pessimists in order to sec
that wo have, iu somo respects, fallen
upon evil times. Human wickedness,
and especially that which is technical
ly called crime, has become peculiarly
rampant. There have been periods
when particular forms of criino have
brokoji out liko epidemics, and prevail
ed for n time, but, ut tho present, al
most all forms uro fearfully common.
The day was, nnd not long ago, when
every mnn and woman coulil pursue
their tluily avocations without fear of
molestations, and lie down at night in
conscious security, but now the walls
ot our city homes are no barriers
against the robber or tho assassin, and
there is not R ham let in the count rv
whero tho inhabitants are not alarmed
by tho approach ot strange feet. There
aro thousands ol men roaming over
tho country to-duv, or lurking unuiiiil
cities and villages and Iui hi houses, wlm
would not hesitate to take lite, or re
sort to any form ol violence that might
be necessary lo tho consuminuliou of
the lesser crime of ronbery. In tins
respect wo seem nlmost to have gone
back to the days of barbarism, when
every man's hnuso must needs be his
castle, and when even that must bo
ortilio I to malm tile and propurLy so
cure.
Tlie police records, especially of our
cillta, uru Idled with Iresh reports ol
murders and other crimes of violence
Assaults more dreaded by the weaker
sex than murder ilself, have become
shockingly frequent in town and coun
try. Tho public hnvo ceased to bo as
slounded by tho repeated revelations
it ruses of cmbcrzlcincnl and breaches
of trust, in which tho money of wid
ows and orphans, und of hard-working
mon und women, hnvo been stolen
or squandered wilh the larger accu
mulations of tho wealthy. 1'eoplo now
only wait for tho next development nf
a similar nature.
Hut tho most alarming evidence of a
growing spirit of demoralization and
ol tho increase of crimo Is tho recent
outbreak nominally of tho laboring
classes, In which tho worst leaturo of
tbo Puna cotnmuno were re-enacted In
somo of our cities. Those scenes pro
ved that there ia among na a largo
class who have boon oducutod to crime,
or in whom I ho morul sense, is so des
troyed that they areripo for tho com
mission of any outrago, and that they
aro restrained only by forro, or tlie
fear of punishment, or tho want ol a
lavornblo opportunity.
In Una atulo ol things, tho question
has been coming up to every thinking
mind, What con bo dono to arrest
this tidnnt evil? This question lias been
discussed In all Its forms, but chiefly
itb reference to tho mornl reforma
tion of the evil element of society. In
the meanwhile tho tulo of crime flows
- r-irrirjcn"' ?rm
on, and it will flow on unless a check
is put directly upon tho evil itself. In
our view, the very first reformation lo
bo effected is in the administration of
law and justice. Ono great cause, if
not tho groat cause of tho evil, lies just
ucro, in tuo laxness with which oxisU
ing laws have boon cntorcod. Wo do
sire carnostly to proposo tho quostion
to an tneso who are looking tor a rem
edy for thii Btuto of things: Why not
try Punishment? Without any fear
ot contradiction, wo assort that this
has not been fairly tried not for many
long years, vt t navo our Btato pris
ons und our city prisons and county
jails and penitentiaries for juvenilo de
linquents, and they aro uniformly fill
ed to overflowing, but we do got hesi
tate to say, in tho faco of all thoso
fuels, that wo have not tried punish
ment as a preven'stiv to crimp. '
Tho popular notion lt regnrd wine
design of punitive laws is very defec
tive. Many social refotmors and phi
lanthropists regard tho penaltios of
criminal law at designed simply to
promoto tho reformation of convicted
criminals, and tho sympathy duo to
society is, in consequent-., largely ex
pended on its enemies, to say nothinir
ot tho nttor sinking of the idea of jus
tico. Efforts liavo been directed rather
to tho amelioration of the punishment
of the guilty, often to surrounding
mem wnn comioria anu sources ot en
joyment. Tbo rigor and terror of low
has thus been lurgely taken away.
In saying that punishment bus not
been tried us a preventative to crimo,
wo navo in view lucta which aro pa
tent to all. Crime is now committed
to a great extent, with absoluto impu
nity ; and where it is not, punishment
is so uiray and otlen so out ol propor
tion to tho offences, and so trcmicntly
mitigated, or altogether set aside, that
it seems to lie ot little account in tho
eyes of evil doers. Tbo following is a
history of cases without number: A
crimo is committed ; perhaps tho of
fender is arrested (although in num
berless instances ho escapes arrest
through the aid ol friends, il not of tho
officers ot tho law). Months elupso
beforo ho is brought up for triul, and
then, under ono pretext and another,
tho trial is postponed until months
again hnvo elapsed und tho ovidenco
against him has become dissipated. All
sorts ol technical obstacles aro allowed
to interpose between the offender and
tho punishmont bo deserves. II ho is
convicted, another long delay occurs
in an effort to obtain a new trial, which
is frequently successful; and whon
months or years have passed away,
justice is worried out and yields up
nor claims altogether, it ho ia con
demned, then comes tho strugglo lor
commutation or unconditional pardon,
and tho Irccdom with which pardons
havo been disponfed by tho executive
powora bin become a scandal to tho
public. Wo presume that vory few
who aro now Bentenced to prison, ex
pect to soivo out their timo.
flow many of the most noted crimi
nals escape punishment, altogothor?
W but a mockery of jusiico have we
bad in the flvo years' dallying with the
notorious gang nf robbers who plunder
ed our city treasury of millions ol dol
lars, anil added tens of millions lo its
debt ! A year ago tho nation was in
formed that tho public rcvonuo had
been defrauded to tho extent of mil
liona of dollars by a combination of
whiskey manufacturers, comprising
scores if not hundreds of dealers, and
that tho evidence against them was
complete. Threo hundred of thoso
mon were indicted, but not one of
them is to day suffering merited pun
ishment. One man who had boon sen
tenced, was Bet at liberty a few days
since, on a pardon by tho President,
and tho rest aro enjoying tho perfect
freedom of citizenship. What has bo
como of all who havo embezzled pub
lic and private funds, United States,
Slate and municipal officers, and other
custodians? What has been dono
with tho thousands that rose ap a few
weeks since, sotting all law at defl
auco, committing murder and arson
nnd robbery ? A few have been brought
to trial and sentenced, but not one of
thorn, wo believe, for the term of ay Jar.
Ono of tho avowed leaders was sen
tenced to five days imprisonment. If
such gross offenders escape, what re
Btrainl can thero bo on petty crimi
nals .'
We do not pretond now to indicate
where the blame for Ibis state of things
lies, but wo wish to ox press tho con
viction Unit tho first thing needed for
tho protection ol society and tho aup
prcssiou of crimo is a reform in the
administration of laws of the land, and
in dispensing justice to criminals. Tho
reform must begin here, or all attempts
at tho reformation of criminals will
he a lailure. Tho civil magistrate is
us much "tho minister of (iod," in his
sphere to protoct society, as is the
minister ot ttio gospel to promote
moral reform, nnd tho lutter will not
bo successtul while the former ncglecls
his high duty. Wo reiterate the con
viction that what is most needed to
day, in the wayol accomplishing both
moral reform and tho suppression of
crime, is tho ovidenco that certain,
swift, adequate and relentless punish
ment will ovettako offenders ugainst
the laws of tho land. Tho evidence
now is in tho contrary direction.
AVie York Obtrrvrr.
OAM H LA MVS' OF PEXXSYLVA
XIA. POR SPORTSMEN TO CON RY ROTIORI'ULL
OUT OP TI I K I It POCKET AND READ UtroRE
EACH CONTEMPLATED SHOT.
The following digest of tho game
laws ol Pennsylvania, compiled lor tho
(liristol) ifwc,o (bunty Ua:Me, is so in
turosting and useful to sportsmen Ikat
wo take tho liberty of transferring it
to our columns. Tho Act of Assembly
passed at tho session of 1K7(1 to amend
and consoliilalo tho gamo laws ia tbo
law now governing in IhU Common
wealth, iho only amendment mado at
tli o session of 1H77 being an additional
clause in section 1, rolieviiig certain
western counties from tho provisions
ot that section so fur as il relates to iho
running of deer with dogs. All the
important feature of tho gamo laws
are embodied in this compilation.
Section 1. lvlk and tleor may bo
killed front October 1 to January 1.
Tho running of deer with dogs and kill
ing of fawns ia prohibited ; penalty, 150.
Sec. t. Squirrels may be killed be
tween July 1 and January 1. Penalty
for killing at other seasons, (3.
Sko. 3. 1 lures, commonly called rab
bits, can only bo shot between tho 15th
tiny of October and the 15th day of
December, undcraponalty ot. Hunt
ing with ferrets ia prohibited ; penal
ty, 110. Trapping or snaring ia pro
habited by section 15 ; penalty, f 10.
Sec. 4. Wild ducks and geese can
only bo killed with ouch guns aa are
liibitually raised at arm's length and
fired from the shoulder; penalty, 110.
HeO. 5. Wild turkeys and wood ducks
or oummor duck from October 1 to Jan
nary 1 ; penalty, 110.
DJD
XiTjGJT
Sec. 6. Upland or grass plovor from
August ia to January i ; penalty, I1U.
bee. 7. Woodcock from July 4 to
January 1 ; snares and nets prohibited
by section 15.
Seo. 8. (Juail or Virginia partridge
can only bo shot between the fifteenth
day of October and tho filtoenlh day
of Doccmbor ; ponalty, $10. Traps.
snnrosnnd nets prohibited by section 19,
Seo. 9. Huffed grouso, commonly
called pheasants, and pinnated grouse,
commonly called prairie chicken, from
uctobcr l to January i ; penalty, (IU.
Traps, snarcB nnd nota prohibited by
section 15.
Sec. 10, Rail and rood birds can on
ly bo shot during tho months of Son-
tomber, October and Novembor, under
a penalty ot la. Snares and nets pro-
uinueu uy set-lion ia.
Sec. 11. Tho killine of any insectiv
orous birds prohibited; penalty, 15
etc. 13. 1'crmitsthe killinirot inseo
tivoroua birds for the purpose of sc-ien-
ii il o investigation.
oeo. 1 J. Robbing or destroying ogiis
ui Hi-bib ui wnu uiiub pniuioiteu ; pen
any, io.
Seo. 14. No person shall kill, catch
or discharge any firearms at any wild
Eigeon while on ita nesting ground, or
reuk up or in any manner disturb
such nesting ground, or the birds tboro
in ; or dischurgo any firearms within
ono fourth of a mile of such ncstinir
place of any wild pigeon or pigeons, or
snoot at, maim or Kin any wild pigeon
or pigeons within their rooslings, un
der a penalty of 120.
Sec. 15. Prohibits tho killing or tak
ing, at any timo or place within tho
Stato, any wild turkoy, ruffed grouso
or pheasant, quail or Virginia par
tridgo, woodcock, rail or reed bird, or
rabbits by means of any blind, trap,
snuro, not or dovice whatevor, under a
penalty of $10 for each and every such
bird or rabbit trapped, snared or takon ;
provided, that individuals or associa
tions lor the protection, preservation
and propagation of game may gather
quails or partridges with the written
consent of tho ownor of tho land, from
December 20 to February 1, for tho
solo purpose of preserving them alive
over the winter.
Sec. 10. Prohibits hunting or shoot
ing or fishing on Sunday ; penalty, $25.
Sec. 17. Prohibits catching or kill
ing speckled trout except by a rod,
hook and lino, except for purposes ot
propagation and scientific investiga
tion ; ponalty, $25.
Sec. IS. Prohibits catching or killing
any salmon or speckled trout, except
during April, May, June, July and the
nrst htleon uuys ot August; penalty
$10. This section shall not prevent
any person lrom catching trout in
waters owned by bimsoll to stock other
waters.
Sec. 19. Permits the catching ot lake
trout from March 1 to November 30.
Sec. 20. Trespasa on any lands tor
tho purpose of taking Ash from any pri
vate pond, stream, or spring used or
improved by tho ownor or lessooa for
the propagation of fish, aftor public no
tico on tho part of tbo ownor or occu
pant thereof, is prohibited ; penalty,
$100 in addition to damages rocovora-
blo by law lor trespass, all ot which
penalty sbull be payable to tho ownor,
lessee or occupant.
Sec. 21. Set note, fish baskets, pond
nets, gill nets, eel weirs, kiddles, brush
or fuciue note, orany other permanent
ly set means ot taking Ash or other
wise in tho nature of seines in any
waters of this Commonwealth, are pro
hibited ; penalty, $25 ; provided, that
nothing in Ibis act shall prevent the
fishing with gill nets in any of the tidal
wators of this Stato.
Sec. 22. Prohibits tho killing of black
bass, pike, or pickerel, or Susquehanna
salmon, except by rod, hook and line,
outline or scroll, and prohibits tho
catching of them in any manner be
tween the first day of March and tho
first day of July, except to stock other
waters ; penalty, ,10.
Sec. 'Si Prohibits tho catching or
killing ol fish in any of tho inland
witters of tho Slate, inhabited by speck
led trout or black bass, by moatiB of
any nut, or dovice in the naluro there
of, or loss than three inch mesh, under
a ponalty of $25. Speckled trout to bo
cuuglit only by rod, hook and line, ex
cept for propagation and to slock other
wators.
Sec. 24. Prohibits Iho catching of
speckled trout, black bass or othor fish,
In any ot tbo waters ot tho Stato, by
shutting or drawing off any portion of
said waters, or by dragging or drawing
sinull nets or seines therein when the
wators shall bo wholly or in part drawn
off, except by order of tho Stato Fish
ery Commissioners ; or placing, or caus
ing to bo placed, in any stream, any
torpedo, ifiant powder, nitroglyoerine
orothercxplosivosiibstanco, with in tent
to catch any such tisb ; penalty, $.i0.
Sec. 25. Authorizes tho employment,
by tho board ol Fish Commissioners,
upon application in writing of ton or
more citizens of any county, of ono or
moro fish wardens, whose duty it shall
bo to onlorce by information or prose
cution, tho laws now in force or that
may hereafter bo passed, for tbo pro
tection of fish in any of tho interior
waters of tho Stato. Tho Common
wealth not lo bo liublo for any salary
or compensation for tho services of
such fish wardens.
Sec. 20. Permits tho salo ol ruflod
aud pinnated grouso and quail, for a
poriod of fifteen days alter tbo timo lim
ited for killing tho sanio has expired,
provided it can bo proved that such
birds were killed during tho open sea
son, or wore brought from somo other
Stnlo where tbo law did not forbid the
killing ol tho sumo.
Seo. 27. Defines tho duties of jus
tices, provides that one half of tho pen
ally aliall go to tho informer, limits tho
timo lor conviction to one year from
the time of committing tho offence, and
permits the delondant to givo bail to
answer before court on a charge of
misdemeanor. In default of paymont
of penalties, the court shall commit the
delondant to the common jail of the
county for poriod ol not less than ono
day lor oach dollar of penalty imposed.
Sec. in. Provides lor the Blocking ot
othor waters with fish from waters
owned by privato partira.
Sec. 29. Nothing in this act shall bo
so construed as to prevent tho ratobing
of bait fish by moans of hand nets or
cast nets, for angling or scientific pur
poses. Sec. 30. Provides that the act shall
not be construed to apply to any stream
forming the boundary lines between
this and any Stnlo over which this
Stato has concurrent jurisdiction wilb
such Stale, ao fur as aucb streams form
such boundary lino, nor to any lako
Sartly within tho boundaries of tbia
tato.
Her. 31. Itepeala all acts or parts of
acta inconsistent herewith.
Still Around. Adam, ol Iho Oar
den of Kden fume, tins been finely done
Into marblo by the young' German
sculptor, J. llildebrand, and told to the
town rnnsenm in 1eipr.ig.
JLr JLJ X
IliailER MEDICAL CULTURE.
WHAT 18 NEEDED TO RESTRICT THE
WHOLESALE MAKING. OF DOCTORS.
A correspondent of tho Now York
World gives an interesting account of
a new departure tukon by the medical
dopartmont of the University of Penn
sylvania, to restrict the number of new
ly fledged physicians turned loose upon
the community, the multiplication of
which clasB in this country Is largely
duo to the fact that an association of
doctors can form a college and derive
large profits from this proceeding in
two waya: first, directly from tho fees
oi tbo Btudonls, and, secondly, from
the professional advertisement which
their connection with tho college ren
ders possible. btudontB aro also at
tracted in two ways a lew by tbo
educational advantages ofTurod by the
institution, but tho greater number by
a wish to obtain tho right to practise
an honorablo and lucrative profession.
Under such a system the number of
physicians annually graduated In this
country is about 3,000 fivo-fold the
proportion to the population that are
yearly graduated from Germany's
great universmos. no tnai in uio lan
guage ot a distinguished physician,
"the facts are becoming known through
out the world, and Amorica is fust bo
coming the promised land for the quack
aud impostor in medicine." The men
who tuil to pass tho government hoards
for license, either in Kuropo or South
America, flock to tho I'niied States tor
an opon field. Prof. Wood, of tho Uni
versity ot Pennsylvania, baa directed
public attention to tbo evils resulting
lrom this system and tho immense
amount of mal practice among the in
competent quacks. Tho World corres
pondent continues:
All that is required front the candi
date for a medical decree is attendance
upon two courses of lectures beginning
in October and ending iu February,
and nearly or quito identical, lie is
also expected to dissect a little. No
othor practical duty is required of him.
lie has thon to undergo an examina
tion before a body ot physicians to
whose direct immediate personal inter
est it is that as ninny men as possible
should be allowed to pass. No prelim
inary examination is required and no
evidenco at tho end of Iho timo that
tho student is capable of practically ap
plying even such slight knowledge as
ho may have acquired.
these remarks apply to nearly all
modical colleges in tho United Slates
with the exception of Harvard and tho
University of Pennsylvania, and havo
boon made appropos to tho changes
which havo recently taken placo in the
faculty and management of tho Is'.tor
venorublo institution. If they aro not
of interest to tho general reader, it is
certainly not due to any lack of intrin
sic importance, as the subject is ono of
truly vital significance to any ono who
ever expects to bo sick or to need a
physician.
In all other enlightened countries
tho practice of medicine is rigidly con
trolled by law, and tho citizen is pro
tected from incompetence in tho physi
cian. Tho various methods employed
with this view ull agree in recognizing
certain principles of modical education
general education must prccedo tho
special ; tho technical instruction must
bo graded ; it must not bo purely theo
retical, but must give also practical
knowledgoand training; sufficient timo
must bo allotted for tho course; the
fitness of the candidato for the honors
must be decided by men who havo no
interest either in rejecting or admitting
him.
Aa lci'islative action in such matters
is so slow and so uncertain in thit coun
try, tho only way to rapidly substitute
this system for the old ono is lo raise
tho standard in tho colleges. The Uni
versity of Pennsylvania bus finally tak
en the decisive stop, and its medical de
partment is at least ontitled to rank
with that ot any college in tho world
n thoroughness and efficiency. Sever
al years ago the faculty of medieino,
desirous of ronduring medical education
moro syotomnlio and thorough, estab
lished a voluntary graded course of
study extending over three years. Ac.
cording to this plnn, during tbo first
year the students paid attention to tho
l'u ndamvntal sciences ol anatomy, chem
istry and physiology, and to materia
mcdica and therapeutics whilo during
tho second year they attended lectures
on tho applied branches also, and in
tho third year devoted themselves to
tho Intter exclusively, as an Immedi
ate preparation for the degree of M. D.
Kucii succeeding your the number who
availed themselves of this more
thorough and systematic instruction
has increased, and thoso who pui'sued
it havo illustrated its value by the qual
ity of their inaugural theses and the
merit of their examinations for the de
gree. Whon the now medical hall was
erected provision was made in advaneo
for a change in the system ot leaching,
and laboratories were constructed in
connection with the chaiie of anatomy,
physiology, materia mcdica and patho
logical anatomy. As tho three years'
course was, howevor, not obligatory,
the lacully bas not been able so to
grade aud arrango tbo pencil ol studies
us to dispose to tho best udvantngo of
tho timo of thoso students who studied
throe years from choice. Hut now tho
trustees have resolved that "all luturo
matriculate of tho University of Penn
sylvania shall attend threo courses of
lectures previous to their examination
for their degree . The courses will, as
heretofore, bo ot fivo months' duration,
and tho studies will bo so graded as to
allow tbo contest Introduction ol new
matter as the student progresses, nnd
at the same timo lo secure at least aa
much reputation of tho moro essential
subjects as in tho former system of
leaching."
The present reform in the Universi
ty of Pennsylvania is designed chiefly
to Introduce into thoeurrlctilumof med
ical study tho methods which have long
beon used in European schools and
which in all other departments ot
science havo given vitality and prac
tical utility to the older didactic ays
tern. In addition to tho important lea
lures of a lengthened period of study
and a graded curriculum, It requires
systematic laboratory instruction in
tho fundamental medical sciences, aa
well as the personal teaching ol tho
student in all important practical sub
jects such as physical diagnosis, mod
ical, Btirgcry, diseases ot women, Ac.
Tho increaso in cost to the student is
trifling, whilo his greater Illness for
practico at the time of graduation, tho
advantage ovor competitors which his
clinical experience and practical in
struction will cooler, tbo senso of pro
fessional Alness which will give him
confidence in dealing with disease all
these mora than counterbalance both
in time and money tho slight addition
al cost and tho lew moro months re
quired by the new system.
The recont liberal endowment of
the medical department ol the Univer
sity justifies the belief that thia is due
VI
1 .11
to tho lad that It ia being placed npon
a proper professional basis. One of its
protessors, some years since, bestowed
upon tho University a largo gill ftir the
purposo of establishing a post-graduate
courso in sciences allied to medicine;
but tho medical departments proper, in
tho hundred yeara of existonco, bud
rccoivod no endowment, and had accu
mulated no property beyond the build
ing it occupied and the collections left
lo il by successive professors. I he new
Trgime, not yet fairly inaugurated, al-
ready begins to bear rich Ihiit, Over
$00,000 were, at tbo inception of tho
movement, subscribed as a guarantee
fund to maintain tho Bchool during the
transition period. Theroaro,howevcr,
to day more matriculants than at tho
corresponding period lost year, so that,
while it ia too early to draw nositivo
conclusions, it seems probable that
luer will uo no sucb tailing oil ol in-
como as was expected. Hocently al
most all ot the subscribers to the guar
antee fund have expressed thoir will
ingness to carry over portions of their
subscription, not called for in current
expenses, to the endowment, so that a
very largo amount may possibly accrue
to the permanent fund. A separate
gilt of $50,000 for the endowment ot
tho Klica Jjurton professorship of sur
gery is also announced. Mrs. liarton,
tho donor, is tho daughter of tho late
John Jacob liidgway, who left a very
large Ibrtuno to bedividod between his
two dttughtoin. Jly the will of Dr.
Hush, the husband ol ono ot those ladies,
duo share of tho estate founded the
liidgway branch of tho Philadelphia
library-, and finds an expression in South
broad street in an exceedingly beauti
ful and substantial granite building.
Dr. iihea liarton, in w hoso honor tbo
chair of sure-cry has been endowed.
w us the boh of Dr. Heniamin Smith
Barton, who held at eiiccessivo periods
of his life tho chairs of natural history
aud botany, materia medica and phar
macy and theory and practice ot med
icine in tho University. Dr. Rhea liar-
ton himself was ono of tbo most bril
liant surgeons and operators this city
has over produced. His long connec
tion with tho Pennsylvania bospitul
afforded an abundant field for his tub
cut, and lor many years his skill com-
manued tor bun a nrst placo upon a
briliant surgical staff. Ho is perhaps
most widely known by a fincturo of i
tho wrist culled after him, nnd by tho
very useiut bandago which he devised
for the treatment of fractures of tho
lower jaw.
But moro important contributions to
surgery than these woro his bran
dressing for compound fractures ; boc
lion of iho femur for long anchylosis
of tho hip, and tho cutting out of a
wedgo shaped piece of bono for a siini
lur condition of tho kneo. Ho was a
great surgeon, and no monument could
have been found more fitting for such
a man, as no man could bo found moro
fitting for such a monument.
At present everything looks moro
favorable to tho new plan than was
hopod for by its muni nuugulno adher
ents. Fifty students have already
matriculated tinder tho new regula
tions, while a class of more than a hun
dred aro attending tbo preliminary
lectures which were commenced a few
weeks since.
WEST POIXT CADETSMPS.
Thero aro at West Point ono cadet
from every Congressional district, one
lrom each Torritory, ono from tho Dis
trict of Columbia, and ten from tho
United States at largo. Tho latter are
considered as Presidential appoint
ments, as also that of the District of
Columbia, while tho Congressmen
select tho district candidates ; though
all appointments arc mado by the
President. Thero aro 301 Congrcs.
sional appointments (including Terri
ritorial) and 1 1 Presidential appoint
ments (including District of Columbia)
making in all 312 cadets.
Tho law provides that " cadets shall
bo appointed ono year In advance of
their admission to the Academy, ex
cept in casus of vacancy by death or
oilier cnuso which cannot bo provided
for by appointment in advance. No
1 .. ...
pay or no allowance is given until the
cadet has been regularly admitted.
Tho appointees must be between the
ages of 17 and 22 at the timo of Iheir
admission, and not of their appoint
moot. Tho law also requires iliat the cadet
shall bo examined under regulations to
be prescribed by the Secretary of War,
and ovun though bo wins the cadetsbip
at the contest hero, tt docs not loliow
that he will pass tho examination at
tbo Academy, though tbo chances are
nino lo one that ho will. Tbo appli
cant must bo well-versed in reading,
writingaud arithmetic," and also "have
a kiiowledgo of tho elements of Eng
lish gram mar, of descriptive geography,
particularly that ol tho United States,
and ol tho history oflbeUiiited States."
Alter ho ahull have been selected,
and before ho can be admitted into the
Academy, ench cadet is compelled to
lako tho following oath :
I, , do aolemnly .wear that I will
.tipport theCnnalllollon oi the Potted Hialea, and
hear true allrgi.oe 10 llie National Government ;
that I will maintain and di-fend Ihe .oeereianly
of the United titele, paramount to any other alia
ilnnee, .overeioty or fealty I may owe to my
Sinta, oonnly or e. unlry wlmlanerer i and that I
will at all limee ols-y the legal ordera of my
.urriirufltier., an-l tla mire andarliukr gurern
ing the anoie. nf tho Vnited Slatea.
Each cadet is required to sign arti
cles, with the consent of his parents or
guardian it a minor, to servo eight
years unless sooner discharged.
Tho pay of tho cadet is $500 per
year, and ono ration per day, which
consists of ono nnd one-loiirth pounds
of Irref, or thruc-lburtha ol a pound of
pork and eighteen ounces of broad,
with ten pounds of coffee, filteen
pounds of sugar, two quarts ol salt,
four quarts of vinegar, two ounces of
I . n 1 .
popper, four pounds ot soap, and one
and one-hull' pounds of randies to every
cue hundred, rations. These rations
may bo commuted.
On graduating in tho Academy, the
graduate will be cpanlcttcd a Lieuten
ant, and if a vacancy exists ho will be
put on active duty if not, ho may be
attached as a supernumerary to some
company. Tho pay ol a I.ieutonanl Is
$1,400 to 11,5011, according to the
branch of service, with rations. Cum
bfrlaml (.lf.) Timr.
Oregon is the groat fish canning
Stato of tho Union, and last season tho
vnltio of the product of her salmon
canning establishments alone exceed
that nt tho immonso yield of her grain
fields. During the period namod no
less than 700,000 cases of canned sal
mon were put up and ahipied to all
parts of the civilized world, and to fill
I heso odd niUJiona ol cane no less than
aoO'1,090 fish-were killed.
An old bachelor, who died recently,
Telt a will dividing all his property
equally among the surviving women
who had refused him ; " Because," said
bo, "to them 1 owe all my earthly
happiness." . .
HISTORY OF COTTON.
Of tlit earliest history of cotton w
know but very little. Four hundred
years before Christ, Horodotufl wrot :
" Thero i a plant in India which pro
duces wool finer and bettor than that
it -hiw.fn-sit"y.ia,tiu;i. JV ' I Hi
Tb.. was cotton, of course ; in fact,
there ia no quostion about It, for Alex
ander soon alter brought it into Persia,
Arabia and Egypt. So yon aoe, w
bavo positive proof that cotton waa
grown aud used for the aame purpose)
as now used, about twenty-three bun.
drod years ago.
Eighteen bandred years ago calico
was being manufactured from cotton,
so history tells ua. Possibly it waa
not callod calico. Tho historian! do
not post us on that point ; they merely
mention it as -"cloth constructed of
wool that grow on plants, and embel
lished in a rude fashion wilb a fantastic,
representation of flowers."
Most writers mention cotton aa na
tive to India. Columbus found cotton in
Unyti, and Cortcz found cotton "cloth
of lino and firm texture," in common
use among tbo original Mexicans ; all
of which naturally leads te the conclu
sion that cotton was as much a native
ol the New World aa the Old.
About the year 1400 the manufac
ture of cotton cloth began in Europe,
At first it "was decidedly an up-hill
business, being bittorly persecuted at
ovory band. For two hundred yeara
the wcavora wore forced to conduct
thoir operations in secret. It was
woven mixed wool, on a band loom, in
a slow and tedious mannor. Ihe per
secution waa based npon the grounds
that cloth waa to be made of neither
wool nor hair, lis introduction was
simply an adulteration and hence a
fraud.
Tho first cotton grown in what is
now known aa the United States, waa
introduced into Georgia from Bnrba-
does, about the middle of the seven
teenth century ; but its cultivation did
not becomo general nntil over a hun
dred years after.
In 1730, a Mr. Wyatt, of England,
worked the first cotton made into
cloth or thread by machinery. In
1.41, the t.nglisb people were lairly
Interesting themseh
Ives in
in the matter.
and a report published in 1741 shows
tho imports of raw cotton for that year
to have amounted to 1,900,000 pounds.
The first cotton spinning mill was
erected at Birmingham, Jiogland, in
1742. In 1761, Arkwright (allerwards
knighted,) obtained the first patent
for spinning machinery. It spun but
a single thread, but in 1767 James Har
grove invented and patcned a new
machine that spun eight threads in
stead of one.
In 1775 the power loom was invent
ed. In the sarao year it was discover
ed that chloride could be employed in
bleaching cotton. In 1790 the cultiva
tion of Sea Island cotton began in the
United States. In the same year waa
erected at l'awtuckct, Rhode Island,
tho first A mericun cotton mill. In 1792,
the first cotton gin waa invented, in
Georgia, by JKli Whitney. Up to that
timo the seed had boon eoparatod from
the lint by band picking.
The first power loom working cot
ton in tho United States, waa started
at Wullliam, Mass., in 1805. From
that day on to the present there has
been in this country, with a briof in
terruption during tho late war, a steady
increase in both production and man
ufacture. Tho production has been
confined to the South, of course, while
the manufacture has, np to lata yeara,
been mainly confined to the North.
A clmngo in the labor systom of the
Southern Slates ia now bidding fair to
work a change in our people, cauaing
them to turn their attention moro to
manufacturing and machinery. Tbia
fact, associated with tbo advantage
for manufacturing presented by our
section, will in a few years to come,
most likely, make us emphatically the
"Cotton States." In other worde, it
will carry the manufacture of cotton
almost exclusively to the region where
tho cotton is produced. The South.
GOVERNMENT AS AN EM
PLOYER. Tho little Republio of Switzerland
has ita "labor troublos," and has made
an experiment of the paternal theory
of remedying them. The Minister of
Public orks baa issued a report de
tailing the experience of the Govern
ment in providing employment for men
out of work. The distress originates
in a great measure from the employ
ment of labor-saving machinery in the
United States in tbo manufacture of
watchos, thus destroying the market
for Swiss watchos, which for their ex
cellence bad a largo ode in this coun
try and in othora where tho American
article, moro cheaply made, ia now
supplanting them. Tho stoppage of
; w.- musmgana joweiry ousines.
iiiiliiei.il the Nwian linTflrnmint tn nn.
dortako the establishment of public
workshops at Gonova laat spring.
There were 312 workmen employed
by tbeso establishments in tho month
of June last ; each manias allowed
3 franca 80 contimoa a day by tbo
government when he waa at work and
1 franc 90 contimoa whon there was
nothing lor him to da. In one placo
tbo amount paid lor a certain work on
which filty men wcro employed on
tbia system was 15,000 franca, while
the M inister Buys it might easily have
been done on the usual terms for 1,000
francs. Tho cost of another under
taking ordered by the government
was estimated at 4,000 franca: the
work is not yet completed, and it baa
already cost 32,000 franca. Klsowhero
38,000 cubic loot of ground bad to be
levelled fur making a new road. Tba
government engineer, knowing that
tho work was to bo done by tho cAnn
ti'ert nationaux, estimated It at tho
maximum cost of 12,000 franca. Up
to the 1st of June, whon only 20,000
cubic mot res had been levelled, the ex
penso of wages alone had already
reached tho enormous aum of 138,000
francs. "It may bo therefore safely
assorted," concludes the report, "that
tho works on which tbo so callod na
tional workmen ar employed cost
from eight to twelve times as much as
those which aro performed by ordina
ry workmen. Our men spend tbo
greater part of thoir wages in drink ;
thoir families do not donvo the small
est advantage from tho spocios of Stats
aid. Besides this the men now per
ccivo that the work which is given
Ibom is only a disguised form of chart-
V "" " l"-''-
hot), nnnn thorn anil nn I hair Ti.llnw.
... H.LlnU 1. .. - i HU:..J::-l .A .
citizens. The moral ovil of tbia tys-
tern is therefore considerable ; it would
oven havo boon bolter to give a little
less money and not lo require any
work at all." A commissioner baa
now been appointed to inquire into tb
subject. Philadelphia Record.
David Wanted. Mr. David Rat
tler, of Napoleon, O., loft boms three
years ago tor Pennsylvania, to engage
in Belling patent posts for fencing, saw
glimmers and circular and cross cut
saws, sincv which time nothing has
been board ot bis whereabouts. Ur
gent business and lamly relations do
mand his immediate presence at home,
and any information concerning him
will be gladly and thanklully received
by hla heart stricken parents. Ad
dress D. Saltier, Mifflin, Ashland conn
ty, Ohio.
The Continental Street Railway
Company, of Philadelphia, has adopted
tho plan of registering ita corporation
stock In a fiduciary Institution of a re
sponsible character. With tbia regis
ter accessible to tbs public, noons Mwd
be Imposed upon by unauthorized oar,
tiflcates nf stock.