T11R ; ;.
" CLEARFIELD REPIBLICA1,"
FUauiail .HIT WBBIBIDAV, If
UitORUH H. UOUUlANURHi
CLEARFIELD, PA. , ,
GatTAIIMtHBD la IDST.
I'b largaet t'lrcalallea afaay Noarepaaor
. In Hurts Central Paaaaylraale.
, Termi of Subscription.
If paid la adtaaeo, w wilbia I attl...U 4MJ
(f paid after a ul before ( eaoaUie.... 4J
If paid elUr Iho eaptrioa f BMealhe.,. 1 4MI
Ratei oi AdTertuing.
franalenl edaartlaoeaoeU, per Mannar II lienor
loaa, I tliuee or lee. $ II
rurenea eubeBqueutiBeorelwB.....,,,.M, II
Idtalnlatretora'ead Eseeelr,re'Bollooe I
Aadilore' antleee ... WM g .
Ceatlnne lad Rilrays if
Pteootitioa notiMi w H it
Prufeaalonal C.rda, I liaee or loaa,! year.... I tl
(.oae! aotloea, par liae ,.
, YKAHLY ADVERTISEMENTS.
I iur... ..,. Oi I J cl.......s M
l auuaree.....,..ll II i iolui. 71 N
I ueree la eolo..........lll u
ti RO RO R B. G00DLA NDR R,
Editor aad Pablteher.
ittt.
root. i. hub bat. . i crave aeaaoi.
MURRAY & GORDON,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
WU CLEARFIELD, PA.
FRANK FIELDING,
ATTORNKY-AT-LA W,
Claarfleia, Pi,
Will attend to all baalnaat entreated to hia
piomptly and faithfully. aovfl'71
WILLIAV A. W4LLACI.
I1UI r. WALIACB.
hArm a. ft-mia.
JOSS W. WBieLIT.
WALLACE 4. KREBS,
(Su weoaoro to Wellae. A Floldiae;,)
ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW,
IIU'71 ClearHald, Pa.
A. Q. KRAMER,
ATT OUNEY-AT-LAW,
Haal Estate anil Collodion A(eat,
CLE AH PI 12 1.1). PA.,
Will promptly lUaid tl all legal biainaaa al
trotted to hia aaro,
tfrOfllno in Pia'a Opera Hoaao. eteoad loor.
epril l-loi
main i. M'iaALi.r. iaiibl . a'coaor.
MoENALLY & MoCUBDT,
ATTORN BY8-AT-LAW,
Clearfield, pa,
jfIrfKat limine attended lo promptly wlthj
itl.il it jr. offiue oa Stouad etreet, abefe the Pint
National Bank. J..B.1.M
G. R.. BRfStT,"
Attornry and Cuunhklor at Law,
clkaukikld, pa.
I tiring mlrae. hi Jud(ihip, hu menetj
the pruotiof the law in bii old offli at Clear
VM, I'd, Will alUad Ihe mrte of Jeffwra nd
Klk oountlei when iaoilljr ittkinud in eunnvrtloa
aitn reixient sunoivl.
. wmT m7mccullough
ATTOUNBY AT LAW,
(MearOcld. Pa.
AXr-OHic. In Court lluu.a, (KhorMT'a OBe.).
Lpyal tioaiuaa. iiroinplljr atlvndad tu. H.al a.tato
bought and WI4. Jall'TI
A . W. W A LT E R 8 ,
ATTOKNEY at law,
Clearllold. Pa.
t-tuOnioa In Orahan'a K.,. daol-l;
HTWrSMITH,
ATTOBNEY-AT-LAW,
11:1:7.1 1-learHeld, Pa.
WALTER BARRETT,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
Clearfield, Pa.
tHr -OH. In Old Wealarn Hotel bolldlnf,
eornar of Second and Market Bla. iotII.M.
ISrrAELTE8T,
ATTORN KY AT LAW,
Ctear0ld, Pa.
jHTOflel la Pll'a Opera Boaai. Jy I lT
' JOHN H " F UL.FORD, "'
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa.
rr"0foea in Pia'a Opera lloaie, Room No. a.
J.o. , lall.
" JOHN L" CUTTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
.ii.l Heal Batata At;eiit, Cleirfleld, Pa.
UtHne oa Tblrd itreet, beLCberrjr A Walnit,
Keapaetfill offera bla aorrteaa la aalliag
ild baaing laada la OUarleld and adjoining
vantlel and witb aa elparleaee ol over Iweat
feare aa a anrreyor, Aattera biaaaelf that he eaa
render aatlafaotioa. IFeb. !l:"Jilf,
J.
BLAKE WALTER8,
REAL ESTATE BROKER,
Aan paALia ta
.Haw Log and IaUiuber,
CL1ARFIKLD, PA.
Boa In Orabaln'l Ron. 1:11:71
J. J. LIN OLE,
ATTORN EY-AT - LAW,
1:11 Oereola, Clearfield Co., Pa. t pd
J? 8 rBAK NHARTr
ATTORNKY - AT LAW,
Bellelutite. Pa
Will prartioa la Clr field tnd all or tb Court of
the 2MB Judicial district, Kal titiat batioMa
aod eollMtioB of ola,, m Hftdo tpMiiallia. ml'H
DR. W. A. MEAN 8,
PHYSICIAN & SURGEON,
LCTHRR8DIIR0, PA.
Will attend profeeaionat sella promptly, aagll'71
DRTfTjTYoYERr
PHYSICIAN AND SURUEON,
OBoe oa Market Street, Clearlleld, Pa.
at-Offloe boarai I to II a. ai , and 1 lo p. aa.
'fJll"'B- M. HClIEUKEIt,
IIOMOiOPATIlIC PIIYSICIAN,
OBee Ib realdeBee oa Merket al.
April 71, 1171. Clearlald. Pa.
, J. H. KLINE, M. D., "
PHYSICIAN it SURGEON,
HAVINU located at Peanleld, Pa., otfera kia
pruraaaiiinal aeraleea to the people of tbat
plaoanndanrroundingoountry. Alleaila promptly
attended to. oet. II if.
DR. J. P. B U RC H FI E L D,
Iit Surf eon of tb 8Sd fteglmtat. PaBBivlvaala
Volaateere. havla rataraad froa ta Armr.
oiTere bit profeeetoaal rv.tae ta tbteltisea
af Oltartaldaoaaly.
jW-Profavlloaal aalll ftumpilf atteaied ta.
OBee oa gaaoad street, roraterloeeaelea j
Dr.Woodt. (ar,'ia-tf
DR.H. B. VAN VALZAH,
CLKAKFIEI.I), PavNN'A.
OKK1CK IX MASONIC BUILDING
JW OBoe Boare-Proaa It to I P. M.
May 'M'lL
DU. J ekkkiwon" LITZ,
WOODLAlin, PA.
W ill promptly atlead all call, lo the like of bia
proieeioi. nor.io-.a
0. W. WEAVIB a CO.',
DRUGGISTS & APOTJIKCAKIES,
rl'HVTKS'HVILLK, PA.
Dralrrs la all blmli of Drag., Mrdlrleer, Pea
ay Uoods and liraglata' Bondrirr.
Curwanatil Malrh 17, Ilia.
GEORGE M. FIBQDSON,
WITH
V. V. LII'PIMOTT ft CO,
deatera la
HATS A CAPS, II0OTS & 8UOKS,
3:17 t.1l Market irret, Philadelphia. 71 tf
A. H. MITTON,
Manufaetarar nd deafer la
Harness. Saddles and Bridles,
('!l.r.f Wtiipa, llraih-e, Fly Nrla, Trimailaga.
H'.r. bunkrti, ia
Veau, FrMik Millrr'i and Rrat-fift OIK
Agiat for lie i ly and WfUoa'l Haggle.
"nitre and npairlBg pmaiptly a Mended ta,
fhop a Uaikat rrt. UMitWId, Pa., Ib rooai
furwtrly -MHki-d by Jaa. Atasaader. 4:H'7
Idlvery Ntbl.
rPHK andenlgnad bage leave ta Inform ibepab
X lie that be ia now (ally pnpared to aaaaaaaaa
dair ell la tba wayaffaralefatng Httaaa. Baggtet,
Baddle and Haraaaa, aa tifea ahotiaat avtwa aad
ta reaioaahle toraia. Kamideaea oa Uaaaat atfaat,
batweaa Third aad Feaiih.
UKU. W. OlAHQARt.
Oletrleld, FiW. 4, IIT4.
::c
IT
CMAMIELD
GEO. B. QOODULSDEE, Prepriotor,
VOL 49-WHOLE NO.
Cards.
JOHN D. THOMP80N,
lattUawf ta Poaaa aad ftcrivvatr. .
CarwanivllU, Pi.
WaCollaetloai
Mftlt unci mwf protil
paid urr
Iei1i.r7.tr
O. ALBMRf IBVar ataBKBTeoH . ALBKBT
W. ALBERT a BR08.,
UaaaraetaranAaatoBalelaalereta -
Stwed Lumber, Square Timber, &o,
WOODLAND, PlfiWA.
aT-Orderl eolleltoil. 8111a (lied oa abort aotlae
md reaaoaable terma.
Addraat Woodland P. 0., Clearlald Co., Pa.
etJ-l, ; W ALUKHT A IIRU8
FRANCI8 COUTRIET,
, . MERCHANT, '
I fraMkiUaa, CUartoM Ceaatr, Pa.
Kaopa eoBatantly on aaad I fall BaeoHaeat f
Vrj uooda, Hardware, urocenai, ana ererrinina
aaaajlj kept II I retell atore, wmen win do eoleT,
fur earn, aa eieap aa eiaewnere ia eeaaij.
rreaekrllle, Jam 17, 18171.
f 6Wash7 f o iRC e"e
piAbia ta
GENERAL M EUCU AND1SK.
(iBAHAMTIIN, Pa.
Alao, utonelve nanafaetarer and dealer In "quart
Tiaaber and sawed Lumbar or all kloda.
aVOrdera olielled and 111 bill, proniptljr
lied. riJim
' REUB e nh ackm an,
House and Sign Painter and Paper
Hanger,
Clearfield, Prun'a.
ex,Wlll eaeeate Joba la bla Hue promptly and
la a wuramaallke manner. at ra.ar
Q. H. HAL 17,
PRACTICAL PUMP MAKER,
NKAR CLKARFIKLD, PRNN'A.
ffPnnpt alwkjrp on fand and aid to order
an ihort aotiot)a Piii bund on rsaionalile tern.
All work a-auranted to render aliifertloB, end
delUerwd If dcitrcd. tnjfl5:l ypd
E. A. BIGLER 4. CO.,
DBALBBB II
SQUARE TIMBER,
aad aaanufMturere or
A 1.1. KINIM OF 8AWKII 1,11 M HICK.
t-t'71 CLRAHKIELU, l'KNN'A.
' J AS.. B. GRAHAM,
dealer iu
Real Estate, Square Timber, Boards,
SIIINOLKX, LATH, A P1CKRTS,
t:ll'Tl - I'lriraVIJ, Pa,
JA MRS 41 ITCH ELL,
BKALUB IB
Siiaro TimbcT & Timber LiukIh,
J.I1'73 CLEAHiTIKLD, PA.
H p- N AUGLE -
WATCH MAKER & JEWELER,
end dealer la -
Watcbt'B, Clocks, Jewelry, Silver
ana rlaled Ware, sc.,
ioll'TI CLKAHFItLD, PA.,
8. I. SNYDER,
PRACTICAL WATCUMAKbR
' ' ABB DBALIB IS
WIodo, Ulocaa Md jewairy,
tymlom'a Ifoia, ilmkmt Areef,
rLKARKIP.II, PA.
All kinds of repairing in my Una nnitnptly it
ded to. April M, 1171.
HKMOVAI.. "
REIZENSTEIN L BERLINER,
wboleaalt dtlr la
BESTS' URMSIIHG GOODS,
Hbvb reaovvd to 1ST Chunk klroet. brltni
Pranhlln aad White et , Mew York. jrM'Tl
TjAMES H. LY T L E,
Ha. 4 Pla'i Opera lloaae, Clearfield, Pa.
Doaler la Orooetlea. ProvlaloB. Vmatablea.
Prnita, Flour, Feed, ete., ele,
aprK'71-lf
JAMES E. WATSON A CO.,
REAL ESTATE CK0KK1I8,
CLEAKrIKLU, PKNN'A.
Ilnuaoa and OBeea to let. Collftkoaa proaintle
made, and Iret-elaee Coal and fire-Clay Landa
and Ti.wa properly for aala. Olfiee la Weatvra
Hotel landing (Id tour), Seooad ft. mjl J74y
D. M, DOHEETT, "
FA8III0NARLR BARBRH A HAIR UREDSER.
CLEARFIELD, PA.
Shop aeal door lo Weaaor A telle' More,
awooad .treat.
inly 14, 74-y .
HARRY SNYDER, ""
(rormerly with Uw aehuler.)
BARBER AND HAIRDRESSER.
Hhopoa Market St., eppoilte Court House.
A deal towel for eeery euitoaaer. may lit, '",
JHATZER 4 LYTLE,
AOENTS IN CLEARFIELD COHNTT FOR
IdOIlIIdldAltD'N
CHabratrd.Braada af
SmoklnK ft Chewing Tobaccos,
Wa are aaabled to wbalvtala to dealara throaah.
oat Iba eountj at tl-jr print.
fcKATXKH m LYTLE,
M:74 tr C'laarlield, Pa.
TJNDERTAKi;
ERTAKINO.
Tba anJereignrd an aa fully aroiiared to
aarry aa tba bueiaea of
ILMKUT AKI.AG, .
. AT REAS3NABLR RATES,
Aad reepoetrally aoliett tba patroaage of thoee
aaedlog aaeb aarrlcea.
JOHN TROUTMAK,
JAMEM L. LEAVY.
Clearlald, Pa,, Frb. II, 1171.
I
IMK1 MMK!
Tba a a dart lgnd ta new prtparrd ta furaUb
taa pablie with aa aiteltent quality af
Bellwfonte Wood-Burned Lime
for pltrWrlng pan.oirf, by tha targe or email
quantity. Caa na fonnd for tha pra'eat at Pia'a
new building, an Market afreet.
aati-tr it. h. an'uri.Lin tin.
MITCHELL GONS.
The Best ii tha Cheapest I
Tbowai Rpilly baa rvfrlvad ana) her large (t of
Mitehell Wagane, whlab are among tba very
beet Baaaafaetand, aad which ba will eelt at lha
Bloat reavoaabla ratea. lib itoek laaludaa alaaart
all deeeripiloaa f wagoBe largeand mm all, wide
aad aarruw Iraak. Call aa t tee them.
apmye TIlOMAfl HEILI.T.
JOHN A. PTAIUdKU,
RAKKM, Uaibat du Clearleld, Pa.
Freib Breed, Kak, Rolla, Plaa aad Cakaa
aa band ar aaada ta order. A general aaaortenrnt
of I'enlealieaarlae, Finite aod Kuta la rlork.
lea L'reaB aad tytare In eeapaa. PalooB atarly
wppoaii tha foaitiaiea. rmte asoarrat.
Merrk l-7.
C. S7 FLECAL
Ironsides Store,
PUILI.IPKHI.kd, PA.
iSALKM IN
HARDWARE, fTOVE.1, HEATERS, RANd-
El, WOOIJ Ailll BILLOW WARM
. AND MANUtACriWKM Of '' ' "
TIM, lUKtT-MO AND COi'l'KRWARC.
PhlMlo.bnrr. Centra Co . Pa. '
M,Ni; 1171.
2132.
HCLPINQ PAPA ANO MAMMA. ,
ItanllBg the earn an potetoea,
Hatpipf to Matter the leada, V
f edin lha beu and tba ebialivBi, ,
t'raeiajt tba gardea froct vaada,
Drivlag lha eowe to naatur, ,
Feeding the bra Iu the Mill,
Wa little ehlldiea ara lu-; i
Kara there it work for hi all, "
, Helping pap. t t , ,
Bjirradlag iba bay la the MahlM,
KakiBg it ap whaa 'lU dry,
Pioklag lha applea aad aeaebaa -lwMa
la taa areuard hard b, . -Picking
tba grape ta tha rlaarardi
1 Uatharing the acta 1b tba Fall,
We little ahiidrea ara baa; ; . . .
0a, than la ork fur at all, ,
. . Kelp lag papa. i . '
Swarplag, and weablng the dlibea.
Uringiag tba wood froa tba ahad,
Ironing, aewing aai halltiag, . '
Helping to aiaka ap tha boa, '
Takiag good oara of tha bob,
Watahiag her taat aba ahiMikl fall,
We little ehildnn ara lun i
0, lb era u work tor aa lit Jr '
Helping maiBiaat
Work nakaa at abaarful and bappjr J
Mahea aa both aotiva and atrotig ;
Pla we enjoy all tba batter
Whea wa bare labored ao loag.
Mindly wa b)p oar kind pateaia)
Quickly wa ome at their aall
CbildreB iboald loo to be buiy i
There If much work for oi all.
lUlping papa aad aiatana.
The Declaration of Iadepeudonce.
SPEECH OF
HON. A. H. STEPHENS,
mxiviimi 71V BrgtlKBT
M Atlanta, V., July HI A, 1NT.V
flOVIRNOR SUITII I HPKCCR
liunml tho oxcrclnci ny returniiifr
tliankn for the donor of Iwing delected
lo pivstilo on aitori tin importitnt occa
sioii. Ilu ttaid tho ohlect of tliiii aasvin
bluira win to eclclirnto tliennnlvprsurv
oi our nntionai inilppeiiariice. .Meet
ings lor tins iiiirposo tiuve not liecn
frequent In the South for a -few yetirs,
but this inl'requoucy has not boon for
want of appreciation of tho principles
oi iu on tne pan oi mo pcopio ol the
,-soutn. 1 liesc irreitt aiidLNiiriotisprincl
pies the South has ever cherished. Wc
have an especial property in them and
an especial rii'lit to bo iiroud of and to
celebrate tlieiu. The Declaration was
drafted hy a Southern man. The propo
silioti was lirxt made by Southern men.
1 ho army ot the revolution was led to
victory hy a Southern man, and the
South had always tlevotcdly cherished
the immortal principles embraced in
tho Declaration. I shall not allow any
oiio to deprive too of the privileges of
rajoifing; on this anniversary. The
principles of tho Declaration are tho
platiorm npon winch I stand and upon
which the Southern people stand, and
1 am willimr for everybody to trot on
it. I shall not he- run off, no matter
who cets on. I am clad to know that
tho northern iicoplu are very larirely
getting upon it. It is one upon which
an rrooa people can siand. I am glad
to have the Northern and Southern
ueoplu asxeiiiblo and commingle to
gether tin this platfbritt Tho people,
the real people, of the North are not
opposed to it, and trey lack only tho
opKriunity to manliest their duvotmn
lo it unmistnkably, 1 tell you, when
the pcopio, the honest massee) of both
sections, meot and striko hands, the
tricksters and soulless demagogues had
better get out of the way, lor their
doom will bo sealed.
Kev. A. T. Spalding was then intro-
dnccd and led in a short and appropri
ate prayer, during which the baud
kept playing and thcartillerymcn firing
salutes. Captain John Mille!gf,whoso
maternal and paternal ancestors were
revolutionary soldiers, ami were among
the immortal thirty who captured the
..... . i... J. i." .
j,unui:i nmj, b . uu iinu, vi aua tiiuu
introduced, aud read, in highly rrodittv
ple manner, tho Declaration of Inde
pendence. Col. Stewart, poet of thoday,
was then introduoed, as a patriot who
was Horn and reared in a short distance
of tho Hermitage, and as one who still
retained hia old principles as a Jackson
Democrat, hicli ho imbibed lor forty
years under tho teachings of Old
Jlickory. lie occupied twenty-three
minutes in its delivery, reviving the
memories of tho by-gono days of the
Republic in every versa, i .
, MR. STKFHEN8. '
Sidney Dell, Chuirman of the Com-
tnittooon Arrangements, then nrosoand
introduced tlio orator of the day, as
follow, I '
1 have the pleasure of introducing lo
mi as orator of the day, a man whose
irivato virtues and public worth have
made bint a central figure ol the Ameri
can history of this era a man whom
future ages will bless aa the author of,
that twin palladium ol liberty, the
"Uonstiuitional view ot tho War be
tween States," winch ililiticts those of
mature years, and of tho "School His
tory ot the United Mates, which
teaches tho principles of liberty to the
rising generation a man w ho was
once the penniless invalid Isiy, but
w hoso iiersistcnt will triumphing over
poverty and physical ills, lie to-day,
ujKin his crutches, gives direction to
the thought of million of bis fellows
a lover ol the Lmon under the Con
stitution, but ever true to (ieorgia the
advocate of peace and the tmaltrrablo
Incntl ol the liberty ot Ins (State the
eloquent orator, the sagucious states
man, the "Sago of Liberty Hall.".
Mr. Stephen, spoko as follows :
- - RXoapinia). I " 1
This, fellow-citizens, is no meaning
less show. It is no demonstration
gotten up barely for scenic or less
worthy effect. lis object is to do honor
to the day on which, ninety-nine years
ago, our ancestors proclaimed those
truths and principles, from the main
tenauco of which havo sprung ,11 our
t ree Institutions, and everything that
bus added lustro to the renown of our
country. In honoring the day wo
treasure a grateful and reverential ro
incmbraitce of tho deeds of our fathers.
Tho occasion is one for thought, medi
tation, reflection, and a close reckoning
of fuels and cvoiits-n examination
into tho balance sheet of progress
rather than one of entertainment fur
nished by any display of rhetoric or
oratory; oven ifyour speaker possessed
the requisite qualities, and Were in
physical condition to attempt such a
display. All ho proKcs to do, Is to
exhibit, as he promised you ho would,
il able, a manifestation of the oaroest
Interest he feels iu your demonstration,
ami the profound sympathy that stirs
w 1 1 1 1 1 it Ii i in In accord w ith your move
ment to keep alive and purpetuute in
memory these great truths ami princi-
Iilus which have just been rend in your
learing ; and which lio at tho founda
tion of tho entire structures of our
matchless svatein of civil and reliiiona
liberty. The 4th of July, 177, was
one ol tin grandest, political cpochi in
the anntki of nanliind. Individuals
had ao written and spoken before, but
il was reserved for our ancestors on
that day lo announce by the highest
pohlicaJ authority, that is, the sorer-
CLEARFIELD,
eign will of organized Slates these
true doctrine,: "that all men arc
created equal ; that they ait) endowed
by their Creator with certain inaliena
ble rights," etc., and "that lo secure
these rights, governments are instituted
among men, deriving their just powers
from iho consent ol tho governed ; that
wiion any lorm ot government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is tho right of
tho people lo alter or abolish it, and to
institute a new government, laying its
foundation on such principles, and or
ganising ila powers in such lbrin as to
thorn shall seem moat likely to cll'ect
litoir tuiiuiy and happiness.
Those doctrines, if maintained and
adhered u by all similar bodies, as well
aa by all law-makers and law-expound
era, will secure "peauo on earth and
good will to men, or, as some render
it, "peace on earth to men of good will."
lu piaaeiiilug bucIi thoughts and re
flections as seem to be portiuent lo the
onjuct Dad in view hy ting imposin,
demonstration, 1 shall pursue suti
method as my feebleness, under tho
pressure ol crowding suggestions, may
allow and direct.
THE MKANINU OF THE DECLARATION.
My theme is the patter you have
just heard read thut Declaration of
independence, with ila truths, princi
ples and doctrines which wore sent
birth to tho world on the over memora
ble birthday of all real Constitutional
Liberty, with tho ringing of bells, the
firing of cannon, and the joyous shouts
from the hearts of millions from the
Penobscot to tho Altamaha. This
Declaration, with its principles, em
bodies tho text of nil I shall atlonipt to
say. natovor reflections may lie
offered in relation to tho past, the pres
ent, or the future, will be closely perti
nent to the absorbing theme.
Lct us, In the outset, inquire into tho
nature and character of the paper, the
meaning of its language and principles:
as woll as the true purport of its an
n iinceinenls.
First, then, what ia tho meaning of
tho words "that all men are created
equal ?" Is It that all men aro created
equal in size in physical, mental, or
moral structure 7 xvot at all. Wo all
know this is not truo. Does it mean
that they are all equal in their indi
vidual and social relations or rights 1
1 hat thoso relations and rights between
parent and child, guurdiun anil ward,
employer and employed, teacher and
pupil, governor and governed, are ull
equul r Jot tit ull. J hls meaning
would destroy tno very organisation
of society, and defeat the objocts for
which all governments should be
formed, as announced in the text. The
grettt truth littered by these words is
Unit ull men all mankind of what
ever sire, race, color, or clime, have an
equal right to justice in tho adminis
tration of civil affairs, and fiat no one,
however high, has any rightful power
to wrong another, however low. The
rule of justice here laid tlown is the
Scriptural rule : "As ye would that
men should do to you, do ye also to
them likewise." Again, what is meant
by tho word "people," where it is an
nounced thut it is the right of the pco
pio to alter or abolish their form of
government when they think proper
to do so ? Does it mean any pro
miscuous mass of discontents ? Not at
all. 1 1 means the people of any organ
ised Stnto - or Kingdom, speaking
through thoir properly constituted or-
ganio channels. It means, further, tlml
all powors ol government ure public
trust,, and that all rightful powers of
government emanate from tho people
composing any Mate, Kingdom, or
Commonwealth, and that it is tho sov
ereign, uncontrollable right of every
sucu elate so organised, to institute
and maintain such forms of govern
ment founded on such principles and
organism with Bitch powers ns such
Suite may think best liir tho protoction
of all the natural inalienable rights of
it, constituent elements, and in such
way as lo each shall seem most likely
to effect the safety, peace ami happi
ness ni tno entire community, 'iho
doctrine is, that human beings, singly,
aro separate and distinct organisations,
endowed by natute with all those
right, necessary lor their individual
salety and happiness, and that as men,
ugly, cannot protect these rights as
ell as in organised society, and hence
governments aro instituted. , Society
so formed constitute, an aggregate
organism known as the State, which
thereby becomes a political aud moral
person, and that tho sovereign rights
of this associated organism to exercise
its fiduciary powers for tho best inter
ests of the whole, is of tho sumo char
acter and of like limitations as the
ntural right, of tho individual organ
isms ns to each singly before they en
tered into the social compact of govern
ment So much on this point.
Again is this a Declaration of Ameii
can I ndejiendonce, as it is so commonly
styled 1 Hy no means. A moricu em
braces two continents, Sonth as well ns
North. Was it tho Declaration of the
Independence of North America?
With equal emphasis, I repeat, by no
means. It related to only a small por
tion of the North American continent
that small portion which embraced
only some; not all, of the llritish colo
nies established thereon. Was it n
Declaration of tho lndiendeiice of evon
those thirteen colonic, so embraced,
merged and consolidated into one na
tion, which is the inoro common as
well as the more insidious method of
statement, for tho purpsie of pervert
ing the true Import ? Again 1 repeat,
with greater emphasis, by no means.
Far from It. , So do not speak the
wonls. So doe, not stand the record !
, J.et ns turn to tho language of the
text Wo do "solemnly publish and
declare, that those United Colonic, are,
and, of right, ought to bo Kreo and In
dependent States: that they ro ah.'
solved from allalleglancotothe llritish
Crown, and that all political connec
tion between them and the St Ate of
(ircat Ilritain Is and ought to bo to
tally dissolved ; and that as Free and
Independent States, they havo full
power to levy war, conclude peace, con
tract alliances, establish commerce, and 1
to do all othor acts and things which
Isnn'i.Niir.NT States may of right do."
This was the Declaration of the Inde
pendence, not of a siitL'le Nation nor of
a single State, but tho Joint Declaration
of tho scparato 1 ndependenco of several
States. Who werotho"Wx"thutmnilo!
.1... Il !..,! mi ., ii I
am. I'cvitirnunii r i ney wore tne itep
rcsentatives of the then thirteen llritish
Colonics of North America referred to,
lo wit! New Hampshire, Massachu.
setts Hay, Ilbotle Island. Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Marjland' Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
The Itcpresciitatirr, of these Colonies
in tno name and Iwhalf of tho good
people ol the Colonies severally, and 1
ny tne special authority of each Colony,
k-ix-n u, un ireiciraiion In tho I mirrrcsa
of the Colonic, then assembled, pnb-
i.nueu aim uuciiircii mat these thirteen
United Colonic, are and of right ought
to b, not a Free and Independent Na
tion, but Free and I ndependent Stales,
. i ; . .
PRINCIPLESrNOT MEN.
PA., WEDNESDAY, AUGUST II, 1875.
which was but anotlicrform of expres
sion for dcclnring thai they are and of
right ought to bo rreo and independ
ent Nntions. The word State in this
connection, is but asynonim for Nation
1 1 means any separate and distinct,' self-
suslainiiig commonwealth, wliatove
be the form or nature of its govern
inunt, or the nnmo it bears. In Iho
very sentence in which It wus declared
these formor Hritish Colonies wore
thereafter, and of right ought to bo,
rrco and independent mates, the king
dom of Great Britain is properly, in
the same meaning, styled "tho Slate of
lireat Jintnin. I speak lrom the re
cord. K
Tho "We," therefore, that spoke and
mado tho Declaration wore in reality
tno i amine, incmsives, proclaiming
tne Declaration throngn tneir Hopro-
sentnlivcs each J'clegntinn bein
clothed with lull' fownr to do so B;
their several Colonic, rcspeclively.
Tho very caption of tho paper, as i
stands on the jouriuls of tho hotly that
in mle it, ib in tnesu words:
"In Congress, July 4th, 1776
"Tho unanimous Declaration of the
Thirteen United Htntos of America."
It was tho joint Declaration of the In
dependence ol thirteen sepnmto ntatct.
severally, of which Georgia was one.
Who composed tho Congress through
which or by which tho United Slates
thus spoke? hat was Iho origin,
the nature, aad powers ot this body :
and how tlid they thus become the
United Maten ol Amoriear
lilllEP COI.OMAI, HISTORICAL SKETCH.
This leads to a brief review of con
tomponincous history outside of the
text, out wlncu is necessary lor a
thorough imdcrolHiidihg of its inclin
ing. Ho it remembered, then, that
these Thirteen Colonics were distinct
and separate political Societies ; planted
or then existing under bcpnralo char
ters lrom tho ISritish Crown, which
secured to each the full right of perfect
government overall their local, internal
aflan-s respectively, i n thoirorgnniza
tion they had no more relation to ouch
other, thitii have the prcscn.1 Colonies
of Jamaica and Australia: and their
political relations towards the mother
country were not different from those
which connected the kingdom of Hun-
over in (lermnny with tho Crown of
r.ngliuui. All tho llritish Colonies in
America, or elsewhere, acknowledged
a common allegiance to the snmo llrit
ish ( Irown. This was tlio only connec
ting link between them, and tho only
tie that bound them in any way to Ihe
(iovernment of lireat liritaiu. The
pcopio of these thirteen American
llritish Colonies were no more subject
to the control of the llritish Parliament
in the regulation of their internal,
municipal affairs, aud no more subject
to rightful taxation, than were the
Peoplo ol Hanover. Tho People of
Massachusetts, under her churtercd
rights, Btood in tho some political rela
tion towards England and his Parlia
ment as did tho People of llanovor.
So likewiso stood tho Peoplo of Now
Hampshire, V irginia, and all down to
(ieorgia the youngest, and smallest ill
population on tho list. Alt tlic Colo
nics hud crown up and prospered un
der tho acknowledged and iticstlmnblu
right of Local Self-Government, with
exemption from legislation of taxa
tion or other kinds except uch as re
ceived their own voluntury consent.
It was upon this principle that most of
mo emigrants miner, nau quilted tno
Monarchical (iovernment, of the "Old
World," and had sought rcfugo in these
Colonics where they could enjoy tho
great natural rights of civil and inligi
oub liberty as set forth in tho paper wo
are commemorating.
Upon these principles these Thirteen
t. clonics had sprung into existence, un
der separately organised (iovcrninciits,
within tho period of a century and a
half proceeding, nnd had greatly pros
pered ; not, however, without many
intervening struggles between them,
the Crown, and tho Parliament, over
tlio great essential rights upon which
they were founded : and to which their
growth and prosperity were due.
This stnigglo approached tho culminat
ing crisis in 17M '05, upon tho pass
age of what is known ns tho slump
Act. Ily this Act of Parliament all
contracts, notes, deeds, bonds, writs
ami public, documents were required
to bo written on (iovorninrnt stamped
pnier, which was to bo sold by officials
at a fixed price ; nnd from tho sulcs of
which a largo revenue was expected to
bo derived from tho Colonics. Tho ex
citement produced by tho passage of
tin, Act, especially in JNorth Carolina
.Massachusetts, and Virginia, showed
clearly that an attempt to enfbrco it
would lend inevitably to armed resist
ance Do not grow weary under a re
hearsal of these details ; they are nec
essary for a bill understanding of the
text, and they lead to tho life-springs
ol our Institutions.
n tho month ol May, 17C5. tho
llouso of Hurgcsscs of Virginia passed
their famous resolutions declaring
(among other things) tho exclusive
right ot that Assembly to tax tho In
habitants of that Colony. It wns In
tho course of tho debate on theso reso
lutions that Patrick Henry, in one of
nis bursts ol eloquence, exclaimed :
"t n snr Had In, llrutus, Chnrlca Iho
First had lain Cromwell, and lieurifo
tho Third," (when being interrupted
by tho cry of "Treason I Treason I"
with antl undaunted eye npon the
speaker, ho continued) "may profit by
tneir exam uu 1 il that lie treason
make tho most of ill" (ieoriro the
Third, as well a, tho Parliament, did
'prolll, at least, tor a while, bv these
resolutions and similar one, adopted
about tho same timo hy tho Lcgialutivo
Assembly ot Massachusetts (known us
her General Court), and tho general
spirit of armed rosistunco manifested
throughout all tho Colonies. Such was
tho discontent produced by tliis usur
pation that il was soon abandoned.
Tho Act win repealed in March, 177tl.
Tho princml, UMin which il rested,
however, was not abandoned. The
Parliament still claimed tho right and
power to bind tho Colonics in all rase
whatever. Other acts of liko but less
offensive character wero passed. Tho
struggle went on. Allthoso other ucls
wero also after awhile repealed, except
one Imposing a duly on lea. This had
but little effect in allaying tho excito-
ment. in 1773 tne duty on ten wns
reduced to three pence per pound
. . . . . 1 1 . '
which wnsn less tax than the people
of Kngliind paid on the snmo article.
It was thought this would pacify tho
Colonies. Far different, however, was
the result. The conciliatory measure
was based upon tlio odious, niialutn
doned "preamble" declaring "the right
of the Parliament lo hind the Colonies
In all cases whatsoever." This was a
favorito doelrino of Lord North, thei,
nt Iho head of tho Tory Adminslra-
lion. Willi nil of his disposition lo
conciliate, ho would not yield this prin
ciple. 1 1 ii views of policy wore found
ed upon tha assumption lhat Parlia
ment possessed the sovereign right to
govern the Colonies In all cose, what
soever, if in their judgment circum
REP
stances should require It. Subject to
this right, hia policy was to conciliate
as far as possible. - This abstract prin
ciple was just what the Colonic, would
not yield. The principle, they main
tained was thut taxm were tho tree
contribution of tho peoplo through
tneir representatives, even In England
undor Magna Charta: and that taxa
tion and representation should ever go
together, in other words, that, with
out being allowed representation in
Parliament, they could not rightly be
subject to taxation by that body. The
struggle, therofore, still went on.
At the port, of New York and Phil
adelphia, vessels laden with tea were
not permitted to enter. In Charleston,
South Carolina, the tea was landed, but
stored away in damp cellars, where it
was quietly permitted to rot. In Bos
ton, a py of men disguised as
Mohawk Indians boarded ihe ships
laden with tea, broke open all the
chest, containing it, nnd cast their eon
tents into tho sea. I n North Carolina.
nt Wilmington, a nuinborof men under
tlio lead of Cornelius Harnett, John
-ftsno and llugh Wadilcll, in open day
without any disguise, boardod a ship
similarly laden, and destroyed tho tea;
wlnlo m lialtimoro the obnoxious
article mot with a similar fate. For
all these oiitrages,so-called, Boston was
tho place selected by the Lord North
Ministry to mako an oxample of, in tho
maintenance of theirpolicy. This was,
nornaps, oocause they had already col
lected more a considerable military
loree. r.any in 1174 the port ol Bos
ton was closed by an Act of Parlia-
mont. The chartor of tho Colony of.
ji assacuusoiuwuaavmn alter effectual v
auroguieuuy another Act oi t-arliainenli
and tho lioyal Governor was author
ised to send persons accused of crime
to England for trial. Theso Acta of
Parliament caused an excitement
amounting to fury in Mussachnsetts,
which spread rapidly throughout the
other Colonies. Tho House of Bur
gesses of Virginia being in session In
.nay, when tlio pows of tho first of
theso Acts reached them, aud boforo
thoy had heard of the seoond. appoint-
cd the first day of June ensuing, a a
nay oi "tasting, humiliation and pray
er," aud "to invoke tho aid of Almighty
Gh1 tosavotholilicrtioaol tho Colonies."
This was at tha instance of Mr. Jeffer
son, then a member of that body. Tho
noyai tiovcrnor, liiinmoro, immediate
ly dissolved tho llouso of Burgesses
tor tins act oi disloyalty, as he con
sidercd it to ho. W hureution, the
members resolved themselves into a
Committee, organised an Association.
and passed liesolution, declaring that
me iiiicrests oi an tno colonies wero
equally concerned, and advisinir the
appointment of a Virginia Committee
of Conference to consult with the
other Colonic, on tho oxpedioneo of
nowing a uenerai t ongress of all tho
other Colonics, to deviso mean, for
their common protection. Tho attack
upon tho Chartered rights of i assa
chusetts might bo followed hy a liko
attack upon those of all tho othor
Colonic in turn. The Virginia Com
mute of Ouiferamwj was appoint!!.
It was at this time that the cry raised
in ine -via J'omimon ' went through
all the Colonic, "Tho Cause of Boston
is the Cause ol us All." The appeal of
Virginia wa, rcsiondod to favorably
iv tho Colonies generally. Pbiladel-
hia was the place, and the 6th of
rcpteinbor, 1. 14, was the time fixed
UJiou for this Convention of the Colo
nies, j ne nrsi iinng settled by tho
body, on its meeting, was tha nature
or its own character and organization,
It was settled to be a Congress of
a,.,,ut..il., .i;u, !....! ..l:,:1 :
o. uinuuii ih'iiuim organism!.
It wns styled by them "tho Congress
oi mo i inicu colonics oi America.
In ull its delilioralions, each Colony
was to bo considered as equal ; and
each was to havo an equal voto on all
questions coming before it without re
gard to sine, wealth, population, or the
number of Delegates sent by them re
spectively ; for tho object of all was
defense and preservation, hy loint ac
tion and cooperation in Council, 'of
what, was claimed to be tlio inestimable
and inalicnablo right ot each, that Is,
tho nlwoltito right of Local Sulf-Gov-ernmcnt.
The voto on ,11 questions was count
ed, nut r ciiiia, or according to tho
number of Delegates, but by Colonies.
Georgia was tho only one ol' the Thir
teen not represented in this, tho first
Congress of tho Colonies named. The
reason of this was her distance from
tho scones of preparation, and tho
want of those facilities in the trans
mission of intelligence necessary tor
sicoly organisation. This Congress
so originated, so constituted, so organ
ised, did their work well. They did
all that could bo honorably done to
presorvo their connection with tho
mother country, consistently with the
maintenance of their own inestimable
rights. In speakingof thoir acts.their
addresses, and their appeals In setting
lorin inese ngnts, i,ord i hathatn said
in tho Brinish Parliament: "That
though ho had studied and admired
tho tree- States of antiquity, the mastor
spirits of tho world, yet, for solidity ot
reason, forro of sagacity, nnd wisdom
of conclusion, no body of men could
itsnd in preferonco to this Congress."
Noblo tribute, that, to their worth
and thoir memory.
This body finished Its work In Oc
tober, 1774, with a recommendation to
the Colonies lo send Delegates loan-
other similar Congress to meet at the
same place Iho Kith ol May, 1775. All
of tho Thirteen, Ineliiding'Ooorgia, re
sponded to this call by sending duly
elected Iteprosentalive. Tho Second
Congress ol the Colonies met In pur
suance of Hie recommendation. The
aspect of Piihlio nlTairs had grown no
better. Tlio immense war prepara
tions by tho British Ministry clearly
indicated that tho Lord North Policy
was to bo carried out by tho force of
arms. Three thousand, troops hail
he on sent to Boston aa early as April,
1775. Tho buttle, ol ('uncord and
Lcxington.tlio Centennial A iinivorsai-y
of which hat recently been celebrated
with so much patriotic ardor and on
thusiasin, had been lought on Ihe ll'lh
of April, nearly a month boforo this
Congress met) and that of Bunker
Hill was fought on tho 17th of June,
a litlloovera month alter their aa
semblage. Still, the Colonies, no as
sembled in Congress, wore anxious to
restore peace iiMn just principle, if
possible Kvcry means, iijion this lino,
wns resorted to, to assuago the temper
of the Tory Administration in Knglnnil.
These were nil of no avail. Tho fight
ing went on. On the 19th of June,
Washington, at tlio instance of Massa
chusetts, was unanimously appointod
Commander-in-Chief of tho Colonial
forces. Ho wa, commissioned in the
name of tho United Colonic of Amor
ica, tho name of each Colony being Net
forth In his commission. This Con
gress of the United Colonies also Issued
an address In which were act forth the
reasons for their rejiclllng fore by
force. In this, they said, amongst
other things: "Wo have no wish to
BLICA'N.
NEW
scparato from the mother country
"Wo havo not raised armies wilh mil
bilious designs of separating from
Great Britain and establishing ind
pendent States. Wo tight not for
glory or lor conquest." "Honor, jus
tice und humanity forbid us tamely to
surrender tniii irccdom winch wu re
ceived from our gallant ancestors, and
w inch our Innocent posterity havo
right to receive from us. e cannot
endure the infamy and guiU of resign.
ing succeeding generation, to that
wretchedness which inevitably await,
them if wo basely entail hereditary
bondage upon them." "In our native
land, and iu defense of the freedom
which i our birthright, and which w
havo ever enjoyed till the lalu viola
tion of it ; lor the protoction of our
property, acquired solely by tho hon
est industry- of our fbroluthors and
ouraelvea, against violence iwuiatly
offered, we have taken up arms. We
shall lay them down when hostilities
shall cease on tho part ol the aggress
ors, and all danger of their being re-
newod snail be removed, and not po-
foro."
Jt wns already apparent to tho far
seeing few, that no terms of redress or
conciliation could bo obtained by the
Colonies consistently with what they
deemed their indefeasible right, oven as
British siibiuets. upon the nrincitiles
guaranteed oy Magna Charta. Still hope
against ho was indulged by many
during tho fall and winter of 1776-76.
in the meantime tho llritmh army was
greatly rcinlorocd. There had been
ordered to America a largo fleet of
ships, with thirty-two thousand troops,
wen suppiieii wuu provisions nnd
munitions of war.
Karly in tho Spring of 17711. Wash
ington wroto lrom the head of Hi
Colonial force, at Now York : "A re
conciliation with Great Britain is in;
possible. When I took the command
of the army, I abhorred the idea of
independence but lam now lully satis
fied that nothing else will save us.
r.vents, swill in succession, soon ver
ified tho correctness of his conviction
Soon after, a formidable fleet, with
largo army appeared off Charleston
harbor, South Carolina, showing that
mo war ciouo was to burst upon the
South a well as tho North : and that
nothing short of general subjugation
was determined upon. It was on the
28th ot June, 177C, that the groat bat
tlo of Fort jloultrio was lought, in
which tho gallant Colonel whoe name
the Fort boro, and under whoso skill
it had been hastily erected, with five
hundred Carolinians, achieved a most
brilliant victory on tho Coloniul side.
against the most formidable odds,com-
mamled by the British Major Gener
al, Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir
Peter Purkor. Here it was that Ser
geant Jaswr won imssrishabla fnmo.
Civil action, in the meantime, was
keeping pace with military. Tho lost
alternative, the Sovorcign Indepond
ence of tho Colonic, was pressing to
an issue, untne 'ah ot Juno, alter
tho British troop, had beou sent to
Charleston, but before tho great vic
tory of Col. Moulu-io had been achiev
ed, iiicnard llenry Leo, a Delegate
from irginin in the Cnnirres, of tho
Colonic, moved a resolution cmbrno-
ng two grunt ends. Tho first was
T int I houn ITi.it. l (..li.u, ..... -...I
of right ought to bo, Free and indo
pendont States:" and Iho second
branch of tha sumo resolution was
That a plan of Confederation bo pre
pared and transmitted to tho resjico-
iivo colonic lor their consideration
and approlwtion." This resolution
was adopted on tho 11th of June.
ihe vol j upon it, as upon all other
questions, was taken by Colonics. Two
ommitices wore appointed under it.
One to prepare the Declaration of the
Indenendonee of aha TTnita-H f.l..,,;n.
as free and Independent Stales ; and
the other to prepare Articles of Union
ior v.onieucrauoii oeiwcrn them as
such States. The Committee to pre
pare tbo Declaration of Independence.
that paper you have just heard red
aim wmen is tno memo ,i this dis
course consisted of Thomas Jefl'ur-
son, of Virginia! John Adams, of
.Massachusetts
itr.n;..;n vMi.i:.
of Pennsylvania j Iloger Sherman, of
..u .,!. i a iaiiitiiii.
Connecticut, and Kobert It. Livingston,
ol New York. This committee ro-
orted that Declaration on tho 28th of
uno, the very day on which the arm.
of South Carolina had been so trium
phant at Kort Moultrie, but the news of
winch did reach Philadelphia for many
lay, afterwards. There wore no tel-
ogrophs, no steam locomotion, nor
evun speedy stage coaches in those
lay, 'these, and other grander ro
lls, which fill up the lull measure of
tho glories of our history, aro but the
IVuits of what our noblo common an
cestors were then doing in tho cham-
oers, as well as tbo battle-fielda. They
havo long since tutasod away, but their
deeds still live, and will live lorevor.
All honor to their memories now, and
ior an timo to come.
But not to wander from tbo text.
Please itill be patient witb dotails ol
facts. All the Colonies had. anterior
the 28th of June, duly empowered
thoir delegations in tho Congress, in
their name and bchall severally, to
vote for the Declaration, except New
l orn, Delaware and ronuaylvama.
Massachusetts had done o a, early as
January-, '7(1: but North Carolina had
taken the lead of all her sister Slate
this rospect As early as the 20th
May, 1775. tho day after roceivimr
tho new, of tho battle of Lexington,
e put forth bor coleorutod Mecklen
burg manifesto, in which she. for her
self, singly, threw off all allegiance to
the British crown, and declared North
Carolina to be a Sovereign and Inde
pendent Slate. From that timo on-
ard tlio royal authority ceased lo be
ercisod within her limits. His Ma-
osty, then Governor, Josiah Martin,
was immediately eonivlled by lha pa
triotic masse, of Wilmington and of
tne lower waters ol tlio ( ape rear to
seek safety on board tho Cruiser, a
British war-ship lying In port. From
that time on North Carolina exercised
the functions of period government
over her internal affairs, though she
continued to hold her position in the
Congress ot tho United Colonic, for
the maintenance of the common cause
and th conduct of all extra State and
fbroign affairs. Sho also lu April,
17 1 (i, onipoworod her dulcgalion in the
Congress to join tlieolhcr delegations in
the'eommon Declaration. Georgia had
don th same in April, South Caroli-
a in March, Klindo Island in Aluy,
irginia in May, Now Hampshire in
une, Now Jersey in June and Mary
land in June, New York, Pennsylva
ia and Jlelaware wore lb last to au
thorise and emKiwer their delegations
so to act It wa well known that
snob instruction and power would ba
given by them, antl might be on th
way but had not reached Philadelphia
oil the iHih of June, when the Decla
ration wa, reported by Mr. Jefferson,
tbo Chairman ol the Committee. Ac
tio, on It, therefore, wa deferred for
lew days, until such instructions and
TEEMS-$2 per annum in Advance.
SERI ES-VOL. 1 6, NO. 31
Kwurs should bo rocoived by the del
egations from the three last named
Colonic. The instructions and pow
ers came within the time according to
exH-ctu(ion ; and tho question upon
toe i ocintin ion came up lor iiual dis
position on the 4th day of July when
it was voted on by Colonies und re
ceived tho sanction not only of every
ono of tlio thirteen Colonics, but of
every ono ol the Jioproscntutive, in
, l - j , .r.. . .
tuv rvwpeciivu ueiegaiions preseni.
You know and understand who tho
"We" was who doclared tho United
Colonic to be Free and Independent
Mutes. You see from tha facts that
it was in reality the Colonic them
selves. Wo thus see also how "tho
United Colonic of America" became
"the United States of America.
at least, bow the Decluratiou camo to
be so made.
BRIir historical sketch optiiestates
pro at '70 to '88. .
A further brief sketch of historical
ouii(uniMrneouA ovents will be neces
sary to sou how this great fact, so de
clared, waa afterward, acknowledged
and established. Hoar with me,there
foro, in these minute details. They
aro important points in our history
which should be deeply impressed up
on the mind of every one devoted to
tho lustitutionsof his country. This
is the duy and this is tho occasion for
reviving them iu the memories of the
old and fixing them in the minds ofl
tho young. All who are lover, of
liberty should recollect that three
things aro essentially necessary for
the preservation of free popular insti
tutions. 1st. The people must under.
stand tho nature and history of their
government ; zd, they must be dovo
ted to the principle of its organic
structure; and, 3d, thoy must xoulous
ly use every effort to mako tho Ad
ministration conform to those princi
ple. I n other words, the pormanencv
of all Free, licproecntative Govern
ments fa ourcoinplci system are (de
pend chiefly upon the degreo of intel
ligence, virtue and patriotism posses
sed by the people. Without theso es
scnlinl requisites no fiw) Government
can last long. Knowlcdgo education
is th first und especially education
in or Knowledge ol the grout tact, of
their own history.
How, then, in connection witb the
subioct of my theme, bo it remember
ed, lurthor, und deeply fixed in your
minus, mat the coinmittco upixniited
under tho second branch of Uichard
Henry Lee's resolution mado their re-
port ol Articles of Union and ( onfed
oration between the State bo declared
to be free and independent, on tho 12th
day of July, just eight day, alter the
Declaration of 1 ndejiendeiice had gono
lortn with such joyous acclaim. 1 lieso
Articles of Union lormed tho first
Constitution of the United Slate of
America. The first of those Article,
sot forth the name, of the Stale, and
tbo stylo ol tho Confederation as be-
lore adopted, and declared that tho
I mon under tho Articles was to be
pcrjictual. The second of theso Artl-
les i in thee word: :
A nr. II. Kaeb Stele relatna lie severelenre.
rreeauea ana independence, and every I'ewer,
Jurladiellea aad hlabl. wbieh il aot. be tble
CoBtedemlioB, eanreaale tlalenteil to the United
ctatea, ia confreeaaeacmttled.
All tho others, thirteen in number.
were in conformity to tho principles
announced in tho second, fly them.
eighteen great Sovereign Kwers were
icicgaieu py eacn Blato severally, to
11 tho States, in Congress assembled.
including tho war power, tho treaty
power, the money-coining power, tho
power 10 oorrow money, the power to
build and equip a navy, tba power to
establish posloflious, tho power to ap
point Courts for tho trial of certain
crime against the laws of nations, tho
power to fix tho number of land force
which each Btato was to furnish, and
tho quota or amount of taxes each was
to raise, and the power to appropriate
the money so raised, for tho public ex
penses, the common defense and gen
eral welfare.
These thirteen Slate so united un-
lor those Article of Union, and Fed
eral compact, battled for their right of
independence lor seven long years.
Tho conflict, at Concord. Lexington.
Ticonderoga nnd Crown Point, Hunker
Hill and Fort Moultrio, were but the
prelude of tlioso at Kort Washington,
Trenton, Princeton, Bennington. Sara
toga, Brnndywine, Uermnnlown, Mon
mouth, ftcttlo Creek, Uner Creek.
ngustn, Savannah, Camden, King's
Mountain. Cowpcns. Kutaw Springs.
and tho orowning victory at Yorktown.
Sufllco il. on Dim oncsion In aav tlmti
tho wholo ultimately resulted in the i
al.andohii.ent by Great Ilritain of her which, by somo astronomors, is sup
attempt to Biibjugato tho Colonics and ' T0" 10 11,0 ccntr0 of tho whol
llllHI acknow edireincnt on the Si of
September, 1783, of the great fact of
their Independence as btatca. Jler
recognition ol their Independence was
not that of a consolidated nation, but
tbat of each Slate, severally, by name.
ino words oi the recognition are these:
Hia Brltaaaie MaieetT aehaowledrei tha
Pilled Blatoe, ria.: New Hempabire, Maeaaehu
aatla flay, hliode I.land and I'rorideneo Plena
tloa, CoaneotiotiL Mew York, New Jersey. Peaa-
aylraaia, Pelaware, Maryland, Virginia, Kottb
Carolina, Roulh Carolina and Oeereia to be Free,
Sorereiin and ladrpeadent Suua; thai ba treat,
with llirni aa aueb i and for bia belra nnd aueeeae
ora, reiiuauianee all elatni to ,oeeraaient, pro
prietary, aad territorial rifbui lo tha sane, aad
erery part thereof."
This grand, final result is properly
in the rang of subjects for our com
memoration to-day. From what has
been said wo may have an outline view
not only of the origin, but of the na
ture and character of tbu Free Institu
tions undor which we live.
THE SEAL AND THE FLAO.
Another incident or fact in our his-
lory connected with these matters may I sl"u ''!n.u "I
bertinently revived in y.mr memo '. nc" '" P0'11'01' '"
: .i :. .. .. . .i... .i . Tin new idea was due to tho great
rii un tliia occasion.
r:,3' T I
tail ill i vi rii J J Ft tutu nu iiufi v viui'l UIV. ,
after the Declaration of the Imb-pcnd
nee . the thirteen States was carried !
th auch iornna unanimitv. a motion
wasmadeinthonowCo
for the appointment of a Committee to
report a device for a seal of "the United I
, j j , I
u...... . -1 ,ui ..... i .... ..i i: i ...
t-ieviea, in uvamM on HJVII iiuihiuuir-Uj. . .,. 1.1,1,.
men.s. TheCommittceappoi,.le.l,n.l. Among other thing. In th. letter,
aisled of Mr. Jefferson, p'oltor Frank-Lo "P"1: To mko " '! n"
hi. and John Ad,m 'The device ro- to 'Tn, oo''rn., and keep , d,s
,,rtll,v Ihetn wa. .IM-I '"ct ill domestio one, gives tho out-
emblematic.
lit Ml ftff, Imnt JUOKOR'
F 1 .
... n
down, the wise and tbo good have i-e-
orted to emblem, and symbol. their I
l..s,tefllciel.llnnsori,pressinggroat;
historiul facts and trull,, upon T tho
popular mind. Thc leading .inhle.i, of rcd. " Jrt,1,M "J"? ""2
the device they agreed upon wa. the '"J"?1', '' JedMMry."
ancient warrior's shield, upon which I U " "'I in onr P'" '"
they placed six longitudinal sections (-on"1lilut'" wllKh h" oxc,nwl lh"
intended todeignatr Ttbesix Kuropc.n "V "'"J ,1n""n ' M "." " ,u
countries fYom which the United S atel m1'n,t"""f, 11,0 ""t learned philtiso.
lint) been (.bicfly
...I. I . u .
land. Scotland. Ireland. Krancn (..,r J
lasmivu, luwil r.lllf-
. '
smu, ituiinini. awviunu. r nuitv. l-IUr-l.
many and Holland. Jndrawing these'?. W l" 1 'T t .T
slxseetionsonthoescntcheonorsliield'.! U"11 " U.,w" "Li''
,, ..... i .i.. -i..i...i i.i rcderal Constitutions which preceded
were t'.f eourai toll, which .5unU lor I
ikntkir. k
To thi. wo. ,'uuontTy adM
earn .tarn In renraj.,., In ,!. .mli.l...l !
firinancnt of tho world, thi new con-
. r . i.' 7i i.i. ..' I
stellnlion ot thirteen separate, distinct
and sovereign indqieudunt Stales. Tho
oaglo waa placed among Ihe emblems
not only because of its ethereal flights,
but beeauso of it, dauntless, indomita
ble spirit. To tho whole deign finally
adopted, was added tho finishing mot.
to, "A' 1'hirtbwi Uhmiii" Unit is, "Ono
of Many," or, one Federal Government
out of several Independent Slate. The
grout seal of tho United Slate so re
main! to this day. Tho Stars and
Striie oil this seal, with all thoir em
blematic moaning, were, in the year
afterward 1777 transferred to the
common flag. Wherever that flag bus
been unfurled since, this is the truo
meaning of the emblem it has borne.
Wherever to-day it is given to tiiu
broeuo in whatever distant sen if may
bo now hoisted in commemoration of
tho event wo aro celebrating, these are
the truths which its symbolic language
proclaims. In rusHinso to that lan
guage, so emblaxniied upon its folds,
who in tho South or the North, or the
Kust or tho West, or what devotee of
Liberty on earth cannot greet It wilh
expressions of joy and of hope?
CONVENTION or '87 AH AUflllST BOPV.
The next groat step in the progrcs,
of the history of our country which i
intimately connected with tho subject
of our theme, was the revisal of the
Article of the first Constitution of tho
State, so united, which took place in
1787. The leading defect, or "vice,"
as Hamilton called it, in tho first Arti
cle of Confederation was the want of
the delegation by tho sevoral State to
all the State, in Congress assembled
of tho power to levy tuxes directly np
on tho people of tho sevoral State, for
the pnrposo of raising the necessary
supplies to meet tho general expense ;
and sustain the public credit. Under
tbo first Articles the State in Congress 1
assembled could only fix the propor
tionate quota of contribution to the
common public fund, which each State
wns to raise under her own machinery
ol taxation. This, experience had
shown, was a great practical evil in
ninny ways. omo ol the States wero
too slow in performing their dutie un
der their constitutional obligation.
Some, in raising their quota, resorted
to direct taxation upon the people,
while others, in part at lest, resorted
to duties upon products imported from
foreign countries. The amount of
those duties upon the same kind of
product, or imports varied in different
States. From this sprung another evil
of no little magnitude in the prosperous
and harmonious workings of the sy.
tern. 1 1 appeared to be manifestly best
for all the State in Congress assembled
to have tho power delegated to them
to regulate trade and commerce with
foreign nations, as they then had it as
to the Indian tribe. To remedy theso
defects and a few others, another con
vocation of the States was railed. It
waa under a resolution passed by the
Congress on the 21st of February, 1787,
and is in these words :
"leeeM, Tbal la the opinion af Ceniraae, Ii
la linedieat tbat aa Iba Id Mender In Mar neiL
a Convention of tbe Pelecatet who ahall bare
been appointed bv tbe aeeeral Stalea ka b.ld .1
Philadelphia, for the aole and eipreee purpoae of
ml. in, Ihe Arlielea of Confederatlea. aad re
rmrtin, lo Coaereea, aad to Ihe aaeeral Legiala.
turea, auch alteration and proriaioaa therein, aa
ahall, wbea areed to la Coaireea, aad ooaormed
hy Iba Klal.i, render lha Federal CoaatltuUoB
adequate ta the eiieenriee of UOTerament and
the preaorratloa af the tlaioB."
All the State except Ithode Island
resjionded to this call, and Bent dele
gate clothed with plenary powors nn
der the terms of the Itoeolulion. Tho
Convention met in old Independence
Hall on tho 14th of May, 1787. It
was tho most august body of jurists,
legislators and statesmen tbat was ever
assembled upon the continent of Amer
ica. Washington was its President.
THE HEW CONSTITUTION OF 1787
was tho result of their work. In it
tbo two new powers mainly desired
were delegated, with a very few other,
of much lea importance such as the
power to establish a uniform Bysteiu
or Bankruptcy and Naturalisation
throughout all the State. No radical
change waa made in the nature of the
Government All its Federal or Con.
federato feature wore retained. It,
met striking change nro those which
provided for a division of all the Sov
ereign power, delegated, and the proper
machinery for thoir execution within
their limited sphere. Tho Legislative,
Judicial and Kxecntive power, wore
separated and placed in tho hands of
throe separate, distinct and independ
ent departments. The Legislative de
partment was also divided into two
branches tbe Senuto and the llouso.
Before, the Congress consisted of but
one body. Two separate branches, act
ing independently trl each other, now
constitute the Congress of tbe States.
They act each as a chock upon tbo
other, bet tho concurrent action ot
both is necessary uiwn all measure of
a legislative character. When this
Convention of the State met for a re
vision of th. Article of the then Fed
eral Constitution, their proceedings
were by no mean harmonious. Homo
of tho most influential members in it
wero for totally disregarding their in
structions and the pow ors with which
they were clothed, and for submitting
a plan of government doing away en
tirely with tho Federal system and
substituting in its place one consoli
dated ltopublic. They were for blend
ing tbo separate stars of tho constella
tion into ono ; and for making a sort ol
nirms "1 tho Armament Ii
instead ot tho
1 u'u, "i ooauniui constellation
W' nau iu imo in iiimraiinou-
tion Iwcn tuken per capita, their scheme
would havo prevailed ; but, in this
Convention, as in tho Congress, tho
vote on all questions was taken by
States. Tho smaller States would not
yield thoir overoign right to control
all their internal municipal affairs, as
they pleased, nor would they agree to
any plan t hat would not secure to every
State an equal vote undor tlio new or
ganisation proposed, either in tho Sen
ato or llouso, uon all matters even of
general legislation, under tho specific
antl limited powers delegated.
In this contest, after variousattompts
at compromise, tho smaller State ulti
mately succeeded. An equality of vote
was allowed in tho Senate to each
State, however small or howovcr largo.
So that now, as beforo, no legislative
act of Congress can pass against a ma
jority of States voting In tbe Senate.
So tho record stands. These met
striking new features in tbe present
philosophical mind of Mr. Jefferson,
, - ... . . . x i
,e " thun M."""tor to "oe,) tat
'.w" em.b'cJ '"
v) ' . " !" ?'r' "'""'.' v
ho J 1 . l't'vent.on ot the State
to T'"0 thc, r A.rU lM rf . 1 nion w
ten IliA I to It nt I Wnn, l.nr. 77Mn avhfln
State
a
unucr ooiiaiuerniion.
lit. A nf ihfl nninor nitrinmn nt iwtariwpa
1 ai' , a .
iMittritnti thn itwml ottH tvpt imlrtw
. ' , 11 W ? T i
'T. lo,f',,"l,le edo1
"',,1 ,oxt'""M the powcra given it,
" nK, 'tbould be organ-
luium mm ruui en ui uiu vvuriu. it
... ... . , a, ...
w ln, .wn,u. nn,ea V Aocquevi lie
.... .i "
ft njJ nUK,na(wh?Z, nm
theory, which may be consider! a
novel
a
g" JiTVZ J" M?k.Pl,,iU!.
'" H th OSIM to Which Lord
Brougham refer, in hi Political Phil.
See earta p.fe.1