i Til K J .
"tl.EVCFIKM); RFriMCA."
. i iTAUI.IKlli:u in tAit,
Tho largoct circulation of any News
papar in North Control '
Pennsylvania.
Tonns of Subscription.
If paid in r tUk t month..... 13 00
If paid after 3 and before 6 month! 4 So
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Rates of Advertising.
Jnoiieot edv.rtiacmcnte, per Kptara of 1 0 line, or
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Job Work.
BLANKS.
at,,. qlre-..l...l M qwi.pr.qnir,$l T6
I .iiee,P'i " 1 I Over S, par quirt, 1 60
1IAXMIILL8. !
j., 15 or leu, $2 00 j aheot, 11 r leu, 00
Jraiet, Her leaf, 9 00 I 1 iheet,J5orlf.l,0 00
Orer 15 ef ek of above at proportionals rates.
GEO. 11. (IOOPLAVPER,
. Editor and Proprietor.
Cards.
ot. i. aocl'liwBM un L. IIIII.
McCULLOUGH & KREBS,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
(Km adjoining the Clearfield County Bank, Id St.,
Clearfield, Penu'a.
aa-All lefal bu.inea. promptly attended to.
feeieltatioe. in both Kngliak aud German.
H. W. SMITH,
ATTORNEY-AT-LAW,
jl riearfield. Pa. 1,
WILLIAM A. WALLACE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa.
0-Lerel tniinee, of all kind, promptly and
arnraul attended to. ireylft-y
A. W. WALTERS,'
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa. '
TS-Ottc. In the Court Home. (decS-lj
ISRAEL TEST,
. ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, Pa.
TOfflee In the Court Ilouae. Jyll.'eT
JOHN H. FULFORD,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield, P..
01m Market St., ever Haruwlck A Irwin',
Drag Stora.
"Prompt attention to the eeeurlng
if Beauty, Claims. Ac, and to all legal buain.aa.
March 18, 18(17. Ij.
WALTER BARRETT,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
dee on Second BU, Clearfield, Pa. niTll.no
JOHN L. CUTTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW
And Real Katate Ageut, Clearfield, Pa.
OSr. tn Merkot itreet, oppcalle tka Jail.
J-Rapeetfullj offere hie eerrieei la telling
ui buyleg landt ia Clearfield aad adjoining
malic. ; and with aa eiperieaea of ever twenty
yiin aa a aurveyor, (altera himielf that ha eaa
mitt leuifaetloe. febJS.'SJtf
WM. M. McCULLOUGH,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clearfield. Pa.
tt et Market itreet one dour eail of the Clear
field County Bank. may,'".'
Ml H. Orris. C. T. Alexander.
ORVIS & ALEXANDER,
ATTORNEYS AT LA W,
Bcllefonte, Pa. arpH.'es y
E. I. KIRK, M. D.,
FHY8ICIAN AND SURGEON,
Lutbereburg. Pa.
"will attend promptly to all profca.ional
ml. augl8:ly:pd
DR. Al THORN,
PHYSICIAN & SURGEON,
HAVIXO located at Kylertown, Clearfield eo.
Pa., offer, hie profeaaiooel aerviee. U the
pe.pl uf the aarroundiag oowatry. I Sept. SV,6a
DR. T. JEFFERSON BOYER,
PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON,
Second Street, Clearncld. IV
eA.narinir permanently located, he now offer,
kit profee eional aarrleee to the cKllena of Clearfield
end riioity, and the pablia geaorally. All ealia
ptitnplly attended to. octJV y
F. B. REED,' Me D.,
TIIYSICIAN : AKD SUROEON,'
M-IIaeinc remoeed to TVilllmrroTe. Pa
ln kia prcfeaeienal eerrieei to tka people of
liiierreanding aonntrj. Uyll.oZ
Da. J. P. BURCHFIELD,
Lu8irgeoaaftheMd Reg aient, Peamyleania
relenteerf, having returned from the Army,
It.ri hie prefemoaal eerrieei to the eltlleoi
et t leerf eld aoaaty.
M-Prafeeiloaal oalla promptly alien led to.
tare oa Seeead lUetL formerly eernpied by
Uf. Weeda. (asrt.'Ofi-U
DR. J. F.. WOODS,
PntSlCIAS eV SURGEON.
P'WI r.aorrd to Aneoneille, Pa., efferf tie
ytoiNewaal aeretaei U the people of that plane
eat iae awroaaUig country. All ealli promptly
aueededitf. Ura. 1 m pd.
DR, S. J. HAYES,
CIO EOS fe; JL. DENTIST.
Office oa Mail St, Cmnrjiirille, Pa.,
rILL make arofaaaianal eiaite, for the eon
I riaiiM. mf ta. Mklia. aommotiainaT In
't"i. tetn.aa followa. eta t -
tatk.raburg Firit Priday of rr.ry moatk.
eaiiie Firat Monday al erery moatk.
Usher City Pirat Tkuraday of erary month.
"eing t( ,,,, i, ouker place. All erdcra
'"or, aboald be praaenlad ea tha day of h i
arnral at earh place.
n- Ttk iitraetod by the apptlcatle of
'"I anvitbeiia eomparatirely without pain.
II t'tidi of fi-ntal work guaranteed.
. l.-Tbe pahlie will pleaee otiee. Ikat Dr.
".wh., act aaraged in tha ahoee etaiu, may
'nd 1, kii nffioe, ia Corwenatilla, Pa.
'w.niiu,, Feb. 4, 1M. I-'
DENTAL PARTNERSHIP.
Pa. A. M. HILLS, " '
I)..ir.. i. Irn. hi. and the
J1'" nr.lly,f.t behaaauociated with ki"
"'r'aeticrD.nllatry,
S. P. SHAW, D. D. s.,
?'" radaaU of tha Phlladelplila Tental
.M therefora kaa lb. Hthcat atteeta
f p'f..inal ,kill."AH work don, in
j ,,n ,,, meaelf peraonally rcapcnil
"e "T being, done la the moil aatiafaetory m.a-
BB blah..l .1 ,1.. .,r...lnn.
.i ,raw.. .1 i.t.i;-i". -
. " Wa-e tnablee me to apeak to tap patlantt
"' l4eaee.
. rv ai.nu from a dlrlaaea ahawld bo made
Ml. ...... J . . . tn
vwtrtt a f.a dayt bef.re the patient deaigaa
Jaae a, laea-ay. i
''J Ihe I'PMOt BiTIC ALMANAC. Only
'"ri. ktery uter rhould be one. tf !
JUARBELD MS REPUBLICAN,
GEO. B. G00DLANDER, Proprietor. " . " . . :
V0L.12WII0LEN0.2115.
Cards.
JEFFERSON LITZ,
PHYSICIAN & 8UKGEON,
KAVIN8 leoatad at Oieeola, Pa., offer, hi.
profetcional .errloea to the people of that
,i!aee and eurrounding country.
t,-ejAll call! promptly attended to. OSoe
and residence on Cunin IL, formerly eouupkd
hy Dr. Kline. mylll ly
DR. M. L. KLINE,
SURGEON DENTIST.
HAVING looated in Wallanelon, Clearfield
eomity, l'a.. offrn hia profeaeional aervioee
to the people of that place, and the eurrounding
oountry. All work guaranteed, and charge, mod
rate. . , ut.U,'fiV-tf.
J. H. KLINE, M. D.,
PHYSICIAy.A SUBGKOK,
nAVINO located at Pcnntirld, l'a., offer! hit
proCeaaional acrvioee to the people of that
place aud lurrounding eouutry. Alt call, promptly
attcudod to. oct. 13 IL
AUCTIONEER.
THE untWaiffnod will attrnd totheeallinpfUKt
crying of i.les nrwher within lb liinili or
Cieri). eoutty, nbort nolire. Churffw rv-v-unable.
Ad'lrr.i CH ARLKH H. Ili:.NKl.,
n24-3mpa fcmitt Milli, CtMrfidJ Co.. P.
CHARLES SCHAFER,
LAGER BEER BREWER,
Clearfield Pa
HAVING rente. Mr. Entrrt Brtw-iy he
hopes by strict attrntion to buiineefi and
ih m.natafture of a iupflrior article of UKKK
to reetiva tha patrvnaga of all the old tod many
new clu turn era. Aug. 2i, tf.
THOS. S. WASHBURN,
SCALER OF LOGS.
CI en Hop, Clearfield County. Pctin'a.
rilHR avWaribfr baa dTofJ narh time and
X atUDtioato tbHCALINJ Of LOUH.and
tahri tbia BaCtfaod of tiler lug fata rrie to tboaa
who naj need theu. Any furthar ioformatloa
ean Va bad by addrsulog at abgva. je20-tf
. SURVEYOR.
rilHR undvrrigntd offrrt hit aerviwa at a Fnr-
teyor, and may lie found at hit rfuMcne!, In
lawrrnrta townihip. Letter, will roach him di
rected to Clearfield, l'a,
nay 7 -If. JAMES MITCHELL.
THOS. W. MOORE,
Land Surveyor and Conveyancer,
T J" AVI NO rvently located In tha boroujrh of
J Lumber City, and rmutnrd tha practice of
Land Surveying, renpectfully traders hn profva
donal terrier, to the owners of and peculator! in
landa in Clearfield and) aI.Mnlng count lei,
Ieeic of conveyance neatly executed.
Offioa and rciideoea one door eaut of Kirk A
Fpcoeer't itore. aprl4:pd4m.
DANIEL M. DOUGHERTY.
BAEBER & HAIR DRESSER,
BECONO 8TBEKT,
jyl.l C 1. 1: A R F I E I. I, P A. tf
N . M. HOOVER,
Wholeaale A Ketail Dealer la
Tobacco, Cigars and SnufT.
Two doorl ea.t of the Puit Office,
MARKET STREET, CI.EARHELD, PA.
t.A large aMortment of Pipei.Clgar Caaea, Ae.
alarayi on hand. myl-ly
J. K. BOTTORF'S
PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY,
Market Street, Clearfield, Pa. ;
"VyEOATIVE8 made in cloudy, aa well aa In
IN clear weather. Cunalantlr on hand a good
uwrttaent ef FIUMES, SIKIIKIISCOPKS and
MTEKF.ttprflPIC VIEWS, k'rainee, from any
tyle of moulding, maJe to order. epr2ti-U
REUBEN HACKMAN,
House and Sign Painter and Paper
Hanger,
ClearOeld, I'cnn'a.
Vf,TCill eieeutc Jol.i ia hia line promptly and
in a workroinlike maoner. af rt,a7
7."BLAKE WALTERS,
SCRIVENER AND CONVEYANCER.
Agent for the Palohue and Sale of Landa.
learlli M. Pa.
ePrompt attention gieen to all hnilneal
connected with tha county alSoea. Office with
Hon. Wm. A. Wallace. IjanlM-tf
THOMAS H. FORCEE,
DBALaft in
GENERAL MERCHANDISE,
c;raiiamtk, Pa.
Alto, exteniiee manufaetarrr end dealer In Ftjaare
Timber and Sawed Lumhercf all ktndt.
r-Ordera aollcited and all billa promptly
filled. j.vlfilj
sio. ALatRT nasnr at.ainr.
,.W. ALaBRT
W. ALBERT 4. BROS.,
Manufaetarcn A elieoiive Icalerain
Sawed Lumber, Square Timber, &c,
WOODLANfi, PENN'A.
-Or.ltra aolieited. Bille filled on ahart notice
and rcaaoaable term a.
Addreal Woodland P. O., Clra.firld Co
Pa.
JeJ-ly
w
ALHkKT A bHUS.
FRANCIS COUTRIET,
MERCHANT,
FrenchTllle, llearflcld rounty, Pa
7 ,.: "' ea l,i '
. V 1 . ...ll . f nf
Heepe eon..... , . , M
fr.r eaih, a cheap aa cl.ewherf In the county.
FrenchtlUe, June 7, Ifff ly.
C. KRATZER fc SONS,
MEUCHANTS, '
naanna ti
Dry Qoodo, Clothing, Hardware,
Cutlery, Queenaware. Groceries rorlaloae nd
. - - rbtn-raa) -
; Clrarfleid, Pena'a;
. wsr-AI their new at"re rwom.oa) fleaowd atrwet,
ear Herrell .glr i Hardware (tore. (JawH
M0SHANN0N LAND i LUMBER CO.
OSCEOLA STEAM MILLS,
KUtrraCTt-nKS
LUMBER, LATH, AND TICKETS
n If. FIIIM.IStlFORD, Prident,
0Jce-Fre.t riae,. V. 124 . d'h '
i.mv I .WMttlt nnljerioten'lrnt.
JecVM 1
Oaeeola Mil la. I'lcarSel.l county. Pa.
V)MIITI kTVH' M,TrF.-Not.oe
ii hereby gleen fhl lellera nf .drini.tr.li..a
in, 'f M. MeKN IIIMT, de..a.ed.
oi U. bceongh of CIcarncM. .'""T'""' ;
having b. dn.e granted u
. ..j ihnM harlnff flaima of mn-u
naTinf nt. anfl tnoee ""R ,isi f-art-
7 17-" wT"c
jpw- A BREKX B8,
1 wTB AT. rame trr.pi.1f cn r"""""
ih. iaat of Srptemlier, I I " " 1 " '
the laai c . 1 ,1, tu Laud having
otne larwarM, , -r 1 , Ib.
t.ke him away, or ke enu oa I . L
M .lt'iiw.Aip.X'"- l.,l
. t . rmiMuiPLES) NOT MEN.
CLEARFIELD, Ta.
WEDNESDAY MOUNIXO, DEC. I, 186J.
TIII3 TOAST FOH 1.AROK.
Ilerr'i to the mrtn with hornT hand.
Who tuara nt the hriihing beliuwij
here anvil) rins in ever? fund,
Jie'i lovod by all good fellow a.
And herr't to him that goeiafiuhl,
And through the glebe in plowiiifct,
Or will, ituui arme iliu a. duth wioid.
While ani'lrut ocki are leowiug.
Here! to the delvar in the mine.
The Mi lor on tho ooean,
M'ith thoae of crory era ft and line,
Who work with true devotion.
Our love for her who toil, in gloom,
Vb:re orai, k a and ahoelg are clanking;
He nft ii she ul nuturc'tt liloota,
let Uud in patacnue thanking.
A curte for him who aucer al toil.
And fliuni hia eh are of WfOf i
The knave hut rubi hn native aoil.
While leaning on bia neighbor.
Here may tint truth ! ln-onght on earth,
Urow mure and more iu favor J
There it do wmltb but owe ilf worth
To handicraft and labor.
Thru plcdire the founder! of our wealth
The huildera of oar nation f
We know their worth, and now their health
Drink we the aoi laination.
SYNOPSIS OF COUNTY INSTITUTE.
The leather.' Institute of Clearfiold"
county, convened in the public school
nonse, at mrwennvnio, on Tuesday,
October 12th, at 1J o'clock, P. M.
George W. Snyder, County Superin
tendent and ex-offieio President of the
IiiBlituto, urgod upon tho teachers, if
they would matte tho Institute in
structive to themselves, to como for
ward and tako an active part in its
procccdini'g. Mr. Joseph Spencer, of
l'iko township, was then introduced,
who onterininvd the audieneo for it
considorublu time, sneukinir of the
tenchcr's tltitios and responnibilitics.
"Application of Squaro Jtoot," by Mr.
31. Clark. On motion, tho hours of
moeting wero fixed as follows: Open
at 0 a. ni .nnd close at VI; open at 1)
p. in , anil closo at 4, and open at 7
in the evening. Adjourned.
TirsPAY EvEMNti. Mr. M. L. Gu-
lich lectured on Rcadinir. Jlr. J. S.
Smith lectured on Geology. Select
reading hy Mr. Gulith. Adjourned.
Wfdnpspat Mornino. Iiiscossion,
"Whal deposition should a teacher
make of his titrto out of school hours?''
Participated in by many of tho teach
ers. JOcluro on 1 cnniannliip, by Mr.
O. K. Ciidy, of How York. JIo said :
"Tho principles should bo well under
stood Peloro an attempt bo nimlo to
form letters. That system should be
chosen which is easiest understood.
Tho pupil should commence the study
at a very early age. Let llio teacher
make the principles upon tho board
and the young pupil imitato them
upon Ins slute. Ureal faro should be
taken in the eeloction of tho mnteriul
the pupil is allowed to use. Writing
should bo tnught in classes, the sanio
as any othor branch oi study, and the
teacher should allow no number higher
than number three of any system to be
used w hich is supposed to include all
the principles of any ByHem also,
to assist his pupils in criticising his
writing. .Mr. Oulich continued his
lecturo on Elocution, dividing it into
articulation, emphasis, inflection and
tono. Lecturoon "Animated ?f attire,"
by Mr. C. C. Shulti. Adjourned.
- Wephkhpay Afternoow. Lortnre
on the topic, of Geography, by Mr. F.
W. A. Shultz. Essay, by Mr. Katlmn
Comstock. Class-drill in writing, by
C. K. C'aily. Ago questions, by Goo.
W. Snyder. Select reading, by Miss
Clara Leonard. IMscussion, "How
shnll wo aecuro better attendance of
childicn in our schools V After being
thoroughly discussed, is win generally
thought tho best way to operate was
by decorating and otherwise rendering
the school room agreeable to the pupil,
so that ho might regard it as a place
of plcnsnro rather than a prison, and
by interesting the parents in tho work
of the school, and making tht m under
dimd the importance of regularattcnd
anco by their children. Adjourned.
Weonebpav EvExiNa. Public read
inr; entertainment by Mr. M. L.Gulich.
Notwithstanding the admission fee of
twenty five conts, the school room was
crowded, and tho audience was, per
haps, the largest nf tho session, except
on Thursday night. Tho readings
were excellent, and gave evidenco of
caieful stuily. Jlio voiul ' music, leu
by Miss V. S. Boucher, was also ono of
the best features oi llio entertainment.
of Cube IltWl, by Mr. E. llson. Dl
"n
Dis
ciiscion, "'Miouia teacners siiiartcs ne
iiniforin? If not, what shoulj bo the
basis for fixing them?" It was gen
erally llionght they should not, and
Iho only true criterion for fixing thorn
by directors, was tho grade of rerlifl
enles Kssay, by MissShipion. Sclent
reading, by Mr. Gulich. Tho following
committeo was appointed on finance:
A. V. Iionghorty, George. Colo and C.
C. Shultt. Adjourned.
Thurspay Aithrnoo!. Mr. E. G.
Kays gavo instruction on Iho verb.
Kssay, I'V ilic Cecelia Leonard. Mr.
W. S. Luther gave instruction on
Lomriludo and Time. Class-drill in
writing, by Mr. C. E. Cady. Address
"Education in Clearfield," by F. W. A.
Shu It)!. Essay, by Miss Clara Harrett.
Tho President appointed tin following
eommittcoon resolutions: Mr. Nathan
Comstock-, Mr. McGovero and MissD.
Head. Adjourned. . '
Thsrspay Evewt-nLectorf', by
F. W. A. fShultx. Music. Lecturoon
"Popular Education," by Hon. J. P.
Wickoraliam, Ktalo Ktiperintendont.
lie said ; 1 did not come with pro
pared or flowery sproch, bat intend to
loll you, in the plainest Anglo Salon
I can muster, jour Julio. Vou have
Poms curiosities that should be pur
chased, by subscription, and preserved
In the scholastic cabinet of the county.
I mean these old log school houau and
their defective apparatus, winch preju
dice tho minds of your children, and
what should b. the happiest, are tho
mostdetestod hours of their lives. He
said it was just essential to bare
iwa'a.n.a iwim
CLEARFIELD, PA, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 1,
apparatus in tho school bouses for
teachers to use, ns it was for a car
penter to have tools. If directors fall
to perform their duties in this, as well
as any other respect, tho pnoplo should
seo that men woro elected who would
do their wholo duties, irrespective of
any outside influence. Mr. Wickur
sluim spoke an hour and a hulf, to a
very largo audieneo. If all tho direct
ors of tho county had been present,
they would havo leurncd that they
wero, in a great measure, responsible
for tho defects of tho school system in
this county. Lecture, by Mr. W. 11.
Prideaux. Subject, "In what does our
liberty consist, and how should it be
preserved V . Musio. Adjourned.
Fripat Morvino. Mr. Gulich gave
a class drill in Articulation. On mo
tion, tho regular business was suspend
ed for half an hour, and Hon. J. P.
IVitkcrsliani lectured oa tho Art of
Teaching. Class drill in writing, by
Mr. Cndy. Essay, by Miss MuGovern.
Mr. Kirk, of Edinboro, was called for,
and the gentleman delivered a lively
and spirited address. Adjourned.
Friday Afternoon. Mr. J. W. Corp
gave instruct ions on common fractions.
Select reading, by Mr. V. II. Prideaux
Essay, by Mr. George Colo. Mr. J. S.
Smith gavo instruction on the globe.
The annunl election resulted as fol
lows : Vice Presidents, Messrs. M. L.
Gulich and J S. Smith. Recording
Secretary, Mr. J. W.Sohofiold. Treas
urer, Mr.Goorgo W.Colo. Committee
of Pormancnt Certificates, J. S. Smith,
W. II. Prideaux, F. W. A. Shulta. Miss
Clara Barrett and Miss Hitttio Swan.
Tbo following appointments were
mado by tho Presitlent: Examining
Commilteo. E. O. Hnys, M. L. Gulich,
Miss E. J. McGovcrn and Miss llaltie
Swan. Committee of Arrangements,
Miss Mary Walters, Miss Louisa 11 ei
sey and J. W. Corp.
Select reading, by Mr. Rishcl. Ad
journed.
f ripat Evenino. Oration on Hap
piness, by Mr. W. II. Prideaux. Select
rending, by E. G. Hays. Oration,
"Washington at Valley Forge,'' by
Mr. Itishel. Committee on Resolu
tions reported tho following:
Rrmlred, That wc eitend our thank, to Hon.
J. 1'. V'ickeraham, C. K. fndy, lino., Mr. Kirk,
Mr. Fpencer, of Pike town. tup, and Mi.a V. ti.
Uoiiehvr, for eervlrca rendered during the week.
Reaolvod, That we Itelieve it to be the duty of
every teacher in Clrarlirld oouuty to take a copy
of the Srhiiol Journal.
Reeolvod, That the tcerhere who hare wilfully
alt.entixl themaelvea from our In.lilutc, dewrvc
the undivided con.ure of all, fur manilestuig eo
little profe.aionnl interert.
Rrfolveil, That the teaeherl believe that the
intortata of our ouuimon et-hoola demand thnt the
length of uur prexent aeboul term ahould be ex
tended to aix month..
RpMtlrrd. That Wdialer'a t'naliridirr-d Diction
ary ahonld be fnund in every arhool rMint plnei-d
there by the local eehool board, at the cxpenae of
the di.triet.
Hepolved. That a course of profea.lonal reading
la eaftcntia! to the greateft aueeeia of every true
teacher.
Kceolved, That we extend our thank, to the
eitiaena of I'urwcnevillo for thrir kiti'luvea and
ho.pilality during our atay in their town.
Reached, That Huprrinlendriil Uim. W. Pnyiler
haa our hearty approval for advuueing the work
of education in tine county,
Rceolve!, That we k,lge outeelvea to rank, the
next ln.litute the largi at and mort iiiUTe.luif ever
yet hi Id in thia or any other of the northwi-.tcm
countiei. m
Select reading, by Mr. M. L. Gulich.
Adjourned.
No doubt a great mistake was mado
in holding tho Institute, tho week of
the election. Wxty-fivo teachers, how
ever, woro present All appeared to
bo highly delighted with its success.
Tho citizens spoke in a praiseworthy
manner of the proceedings, and many
good wishes wero exchanged for each
others success.
FORMATION OP COAL.
The following aro tho remarks of
Mr. J. S. Smith, on the formation of
Coal, tlolivorod beforo tho Toachors'
Instiluto, al Curwonsville, as referred
to in llio foregoing proceedings:
I havo considered al somo length, the
different series of rooks in their ascend
ing order, from tho Azoic to the Car
boniferous or Coal System j and 1 shall
touch more minutely upon somo sys
tems of conks ahovo tho Coal Forma
lion. Euforn proceeding further I
will remark, that though wo may find
ample fields for investigation among
tho rocks of the Old Hod Sandstone,
that wo may view with wonder the
impressions of tho lirontozmnn (liijnnt
eum and Otozum Mooili in tho valley
of tho Connecticut ; that tho skeletons
of these mammoth cctuccaus pachy
derm, and butrachians found in this
and other countries, appear almost
incredulous, j-ot in point of wonder
nnd admiration the Carboniferous
System stands superior to all.
Tho ago of eoal is reprosentod in
nearly every country of tho globe,
and though the rocks of this syctem
exist iu somo countries, and not any.
or but very littlo true coal 19 found
among thorn, as in liussia, yet there
is no gill of tho Creator so manifold
as tho universal dilTusul of coal.
Coal is of vogctublo origin, and was
mado in by gone ages, hy the growth
nnd decay of vegetable matter, very
nearly similar to tho manner soil is
formed in our lorcsls nt the prosent
limo, only on a moro gignntio st alo, j
as I shall have occasion to explain!
hereafter. The prcecditiL' aires con !
laincil a predominance of animals
I T ' . - I
and strango tosay-Mn this formation,
vegetables tlcomediy predominate,
and hero ends Iho life of a species of
animals iho Trilobiles that formerly
existed, and Lave cover again np
pes red.
We may have some idea of the veg
etation of that period, when wc cn
sitlor that thoro are only filly spocies
of tho first class of acrogens, namely,
Fcrus, indigenous to tho Northern
States of our Union, and three bun-,
dred species have been ohlaiucd from
tho Coal Formation. Tho plants are
not represented by Ferns alono, but
by Astemphyllitci, Caluinites, I-pio-dendra,
Sigillaria and muny others.
It is not uncommon to find Lepioden
dro Ihrco hundred foci in lungih, and
in the roekt of Carbondale, Pa., the
remains of one shows that it niu-l
have been sevonty five feet in height,
mid two fuel iu diameter. Sigilliina
often remain upright, and in such.
cases thry retain their original circu-
lar form, as they are found in the:
different seams of Nova Scotia. I
Sometimes the woody portion h8
decayed, and hy the immense prossuti
of over-lying rocks tho bark ia pressed
together, and forms two layers of
pure thin coul. It is very hard to
assign this lat species of plants a
true position in any botanical division,
and yot they form the main body of
the vegotntion of that period. The
roots of this species of trees havo been
described under the natneofStigmtiriu.
as they wero believed to constituto u
distinct plant. But in many instances
tho rcot and tho stein tmvo been found
in a very good stato of preservation,
and being in contact provos beyond
a doubt, tho unity of tho parts as one
plant. Besides tho Bpct-ios of animals
found in tho rocks of tho preceding
nges, thcro aro many spocies unknown
to them, and one gonera of artieulules
tho Trilobiles though found in abund
ance in tho Silurian and Devonian
Systems, occur lioro only in a few
species, whilst above thin not a single
species occur, as I beforo mentioned.
Notwithstanding tho many fossil
plants mill animals that have been
found in this formation, there are not
a few who disbelieve the fuel tbitt
coul is of vegetable origin. For those
sceptics wo huve still more positive
proof. If wo tako a pioco of partially
charred ar.thrncito coal, and placing
under llio uiiscroscope we find it
divided into an innumerable amount
of lilllo colls. Tho portion of tho coul
forming tho cells, is somewhat lighlor
in appearance, than the nuttier sur
rounding it; and being silica is not
destroyed by a subjection to a moder
ate beat. The portion sun minding
tho cells is carbon, the mainly constit
uent portion of vegetable cxistonce;
and exists almost in a pure stale in
Plumbugo or Bluck Leud, lliluinon,
Charcoal and tho Diamond. The
latter being pure crystallized carbon.
These cells are arranged in duets that
lio sido hy side, as they did centuries
ago in tho woody fibre of tho plant
This evidence is not to clear in bitu
minous coul, it being softer, does pot
preserve its texture so well. I might
say in conclusion of my remarks on
tho vegetable origin of coal, that
anthrncito or non-bituminous coal, is
almost puro carbon, and bituminous
coal contains considerable oxygen and
hydrogen. It is tho hydrogen in
connexion with carbon that produces
the flames when it burns; for flume is
nothing less than tho carburrcted
hydrogen, which is evolved from coal
in our gas works, and conveyed to
our houses by meant of pipes.
I shall not color into an explanation
of tho term minoral to coal, seeing
that lbs latter is of vegotuhlo origin,
but will leave that for your own in
vestigation, for you will find that the
torin is very appropriate from the
chemical changes tliut huve occ tired
in tho transforming of vegetation into
tbo coul that composes tho most im
portant of God's gills to man.
1 remarked that coal was of various
degrcea of thickness and quality, and
shall attempt to give you my explana
tion of tho manner and the t i mo em
ployed in making coul. In the peat
Logs which are numerous in this and
other countries wo have incipient coul
beds. They are formod by plants,
tho principal ono being Sphagnum,
that grow upward, and hy a continual
dcciiniiosi(iun below, and living ex
tension upwards, bogs aro formed very
ollon of great thickness, somolimes
excocdiug thirty feet. It has been
estimated that Massachusetts contains
lit) millions of cord, and Iho.o bogs
cover uno tenth of Ireland, And extend
from small collections to immenso dis
tricts, from ton to filly miles in length
and tw to three in breadth. .Nov?
these peat bogs need only to be subject
fo the pressure of rocks, and a little
titno to devclopo thomselves into true
coal beds. For they contain all of
tho elemonts, and were it possible for
a vorlielo movomcnt of the portion of
the onrth s surlaee that t'icy occupy,
they might instantly bo subject to
inundation, and thereby stilllcieiit
matter would in time le deposited
over them, at to mako them present
tho samo appearanco that exists in
every scum of coul. Now this is the
manner in which coal wits formed,
only thnt there wore alternste up
heavals nnd depressions at different
periods of tiiuo, corresponding to the
amount of rocks that exist between
two successive teams.
llegarding tho lime that it must
havo occupied in forming this system,
oo mutter how rapid was the decay
and growth of tho vegetation, it must
not have taken years, but apes. At
tho present stato of growth and de
cay, Lichen; says: it would require
ono hundred and seventy years to
make ono inch ill thickness uf anthra
cite coal, and to accumulate x Strata
of sixty feet, would requira a poi iuj of
one hundred and twen y-lwo housand j " knows mnlto them turn green,
?our hundred yearn. Aud loaccuuiu- I'jj"0 , y,11" U Rml V,Taa
late ll.o whole Coal Formation at the tlrth find Home.
same rale, would lake such an amount
oflimothat my arithmetic fails in
calculating. For wo mat" recoiled
thut this system is nearly three miles
in depth, ana wouiu requno nunuivun
of billions of years in forming it.
At tho closo of tho Coal Formation,
the eastern part of North America
was abjvo llio ocean, a pari, coin losing;
al least two-thirds of it, wliih Iho
western part was occupied by a large
M od i tori a nea n flea, such a sea ns in
tho Siluiiuii and Devonian extended
over the eastern purl also. This vast
continent had nob thnt diversity or
mountains that render it capable of
producing tho varied vegetation thot
now makes it valuable and beautiful
Ths Eocky Mountains did not vet
rear thoir bold and blackened clifl's
to look down on tho tcnantlcse waste,
nor did our vino-clad Alleglianies
stretch aloiiii the eastern ledge of our
continent, a perpetual barrier to the
encroachments to tho Atlantic. Dul
now iusttutd of finding tho coal on a
general level, it forms on anglo with
the boriron, called the dip, and is
located in our mountains or our val
1 1 evs.
leys, confiirraina in its fluxurei and
foldings with ihe goucral surlaeo ol
, our country.
Great llritian lias 12.000 square
miles of conl field, the continoiitt of
Kurope about D',000 square miles,
while Ihe United States has 200,000
foiiare miles. And from tbo Report
" Tveiit8rfle,iroi
1809.
NEW
of Prof. II. D lingers, of Pennsylva
nia, we find that North America bus
twenty ono limes as much coal as
Great Britiun.
It has been about a century since
anthracite coal was first used in black
smithing, and about forty years since
it came into general use. In 18'iO tho
amount worked in Pennsylvania was
only 380 tons. In 1847 tho State
furnished 8,00,00()ton, and 2,OO0,OU0
of bituminous eoal. Tho United Statos
produced in 1857 10,500,000. And it
has been calculated thnt at 12,000,000
produced annually, North America
has enough to lust 333,333 years.
Qualifications to Keep a Hotel.
It Is nnt every man who can keep a
hotch In fact not. one toon in a bun
drod is fit by nature or education to
fill so laborious and responsible a po
sition. Tbo old stylo of taverns of the
years agone a man might keep nnd
not hurt him much, providing there
was nothing to do but entertain two
persons a day, raiso garden stuff, tuke
euro of a borso, keep a hot firo in the
bur room in winter or a cool Bert in
summer, with an occasional change of
water in the rinsing tub, pan, pail or
slop-dish.
Date keeping is a science. It re
quires bruin and knowledge of human
nature. A man must know his busi
ness to keep a hotel successfully.
Folks ain't now as they used to be.
They go quicker travel faster, and do
not stay so long.
Two thousand miles to day is no more
than twenty miles twenty years ago.
Men act differently, think differently,
feel differently, aro different.
They are boldor, quicker, more rock
less, moro independent, and loss caring
for publicopinion. They give andro
quire moro attention now than then.
There are travelers and stay at
homes. Thcro are men who want at
tention, expoet to pay for it, aro enti
tled to it. If they do not find it at
homo, they do at a hotel, if it is well
kept.
And tho hotel.
It should be neat, clean, in ordor.
Tho best should always be given, and
in abundance Then peoplo like to
stop there, and are in lest mood to
hasten away. Tho table should be
neatly set viands clean, rooms in or
der with conveniencet handy.
And the hotel keeper.
He should bo a good nat tired, social,
well informed man of dignity, yet ulilo
to give and take a joke. Ho should
know of human nature from contact
therewith. Hoshouhl bo a good-hearted
man, who can introduce himself to
guests, and make old pooplo and timid
onus from tho country somewhat un
used to travol, to cily and hotel ways,
lo feel perfectly al home,
Thcro are thoBO who never stopped
at a hotel before who do not under
stand just how to act who aro timid
in asking for what they want, or for
information. The genuino landlord
will caro foralliuch with extra at
tention. And he should be able to givo infor
mation about roads, routes, best time
to goand como, coslof going, Ac. And
ho should do this w ithout grumbling
as if to do so with pleasure. And
ho should givo more inlormation, nev
er less than asked for.
Ami bo should art as if thoso w ho
were his gnosis wore ladies and gen
tlemen, till ho knows to llio contiary.
Should greet them kindly, bo not in
quisitive., nor yet dislant, bold, haugh
ty and stock up, as if all he wauled
was the money. ,
And ho should be in thodiningroom
beforo nnd at meal times. A word
hero nnd thrro a littlo of this one
and that ono a looking to seo that
all are well served, and tho poor wait
ed on with the rich. And then he should
speak and act as though bis guests
wero bis friends, and be interested in
their happiness and comfort. Such
men know how to keep hotel. Who
of our landlord readers can fill the
billf Wo know many w ho can a
low cannot. llrick Pumcroy.
1 o m
Kekpinu PoiATors. It is a bad
plan to placo potatoes against the
damn walls of a cellar, or to put litem
in large, deep bins, where ihey will
L. IM.L. .l a .a!.;..
be likely to gather moisture. If bins
are used, the bottom should be made
of strips, with ' small spaces left
between, to admit air. Jiurrcls or
open boxes are also good, as well as
convenient vessels, in which to keep
potatoes, and whenever it is necessary
lo look over and pick out decayed
tillers, it is moro easily done limn
when a largo number of bushels are
placed in ono heap or bin. Cellars in
which potatoes aro kept should not be
too light, because it will, as every
Wn.tT ark Woman's nioiiTs? The
following Knet set forth more Ivcaitti
fully than nil tho so called advocate!
of "woman's rights" have been able
to do, the exnllcd prerogatives nature
has bestowed upon woman :
The right to wake wken other, alerpi
The right to waleh, the riirlit to weep ;
The ritrli! to comfort in dtrteea.t
T he right to eootbc, the rtchl lo blceaf
lie riitlit the widi-e'r ln-ail to ,.hier;
'I he rirot to dry the orphan, t.ar:
The hr'it tc fi'ed and clothe the poor,
The riahl le leech them to rndaret
The liliL. ne oilier friend, have I' ll
Ami left tlieanllcrer all alone.
To kneel that rtving coach held
And meekly point to Htm who diedf
The riglit a happv home to nn.ke
In anr clime fur .Vmib' rake;
Right, aui'k ea thee, are all we crave
I util our la.l a peaceful grate.
A Sap Fcnf.rai. Apdresh. nero is
a funeral speech which a Paris paper
nosurcs us was actually pronounced al
Moiitmarlro Ihe other day by a father
at Hip gravo of his son : "Gentlemen,
said tltt) father, in a voice lull of emo
tion, "the ldy beforo mo was that of
my son. Ho was a young man in the
prime of life, with a sound const io
lion which ought to havo insured him
a hundred years. Hut misconduct,
drunkenness, and debauchery of the
most disgracelul kind, brought bun, in
i tho flower of aj;B, to the ditch which
you see befuie you. Let this bean
'example to you and to your children,
I Lot us go Itucc."
aeavajTTT' "" i-tr-7""t
TERMS $2 per annum, in Advance.
SEMES - VOL. 10, NO. 20.
THE! IvIIM.UUIS KAl'liHTl'.H.
r aitrkd Ttysrao.
It i. llio millcr'a daughter,
And ahc ia grown ao ilear, 10 dear,
That I woubi be Ih. J.ui l
That trcmhlei at her ear:
For, hid in ringlet, day and night,
I'd touch ber uock ao warm and white.
And I would he the girdle
Ahont her dainty, dninty walat,
Aad her keart would beat agaioat aje
In Borrow and in real :
And I ihould kaew If It beat tight,
I d claap it round .o oloee and light.
And I would he the necklace,
And all day long to fall aud riae
Upon a or balmy boeotn,
With bar laughter or her aigha,
And 1 would Ii. ao light, eo light,
I aoareo ahould be unolaaped at night,
0B1TUAEY.
Hon. Robert John Walkor, an
American statesman, was born in
NorliiuiM,,.ll,d) Pennsylvania, July
10, 1801, and uiod.. ilio residence, in
Washington, November li, no, t
one o'clock and forty minutes. He
graduated at the University of Penn
sylvania in 1819, taking tho first hon
ors of bis class. Ho at onto com
menced the study and practice of the
law In Pittsburgh. In 1821, when
but twonty years of ago, he was made
secretary of the Young Men's Demo
cratic Association of Pittsburgh, and
in 1823, chairman of the same. In
tho full of 1823 he first proposed Gen
eral Jackson as the Democratic candi
date for the Presidency, drew up and
offered the resolution of the associa
tion, and wrote the address. In
March, 1824, he was delegate to the
Democratic Slate Convention of Penn
sylvania, which nominated General
Jackson, and drew np its address.
In 182'J he removed to Natchez,
Miss. In 1828 ho drew up the Demo
cratic address of the Stato Conven
tion in favor of General Jackson's
election. In 1832, as one of tbo Dem
ocratic Stato Convention of Missis
sippi, be drew np an address tn favor
of General Jackson's ro election. On
tho first Monday of January, 1833, he
made his somewhat celebrated address
at Natchcx, Miss., against tho seces
sion of Smith Carolina, in favor of
General Jackson's proclamation, and
advocating tho suppression of rebel
lion in that Stato by foreo, if neces
sary. Tbisspoech received tho strong
written approbation of ex-Presidents,
Madison and Jackson. Mr. Walker
was at once nominated by tho Union
Jackson Democralio party for the
United States Senate, and after a hoi
contest for nearly threo ycait, was
oleetcd on Ihe 8th of January, 1830,
defeating tho lion. George Poindexter,
the Legislature passing resolution!
denouncing nullification and secession
as treason.
On Iho 81st of March, 1830, being
then tho youngest member of tho .Sen
ate, ho introduced the "homestead
bill" substantially as it has since
passed in 1801, after a Inpso of a
quarter of a century. It was defeated
by the opposition of both Clay and
Calhoun. Subsequently, in 1841, be
originated, introduced, and passed tho
celebrated "pre-emption" act of 1841,
unrepealed lo this day.
Iu 1837 ho introduced and passed
iho resolutions recognizing the inde
pendences of Texas. , In 1HJ4 ho first
proposed in his celebrated Texas lettor
of the 8th of January the auuoxation
of Texas.
Mr. Walker took a leading part in
the Senate. Tho administration of
President Van Iluren also received
his hearty corporation at tho begin
ning, but befbre ila closo ho kept
somewhat aloof from it. After the
death of Harrison and tho installation
of Tyler, Mr. Walkor became ono of
the trustiest advisers of the new Pres.
iticnt. He had, long beforo tho meas
uro was formally introduced, advoca
ted tho annexation of Texas to the
United States; and when tbo treaty,
which had boon signed bctwocn tho
Texas commissioners and Mr. Calhoun,
was brought beforo tho Sonnto, he
used all his influence to bare it rati
fied, although bo did not disgntso his
decided opposition to the project of
h-galiising slftvery in all parts of tho
covoted territory. Tho treaty was
rejected by tho Senate-" on tho 8th of
June, 1844, hut was brought up ajatn
j enry jn 1S45, end on the L'jth of
'
February passed both housos, tho
docoiiscd taking an active part in its
passago. He also aided materially in
the acquisition tf California, two
years later; but it that titno ho was
not in the Senato.
Mr. Van Buren's opposition to the
annexation of Texas brought him in
conflict with Mr. Wulker, whose hos
tility was manifested in his efforts to
bring about ihe nomination of Polk
for the Presidency, against Mr. Van
Iluren. Jo tho success which atten
ded the effort ho contributed largely,
and in recognition of bis services
President Polk, in March, 1815, upon
the recommendation of every Demo
cralio member (with Pot a single
exception) of both houses of Congrats
Mr. Walker was appointed Secretary
of the Treasury, and was viuiiilmouily
contirmod by the Sonate.
His administration of tho national
finances met with signal success. The
first report lis made to Congress took
a decided stantl in favor of free trade
and ngninst tho protective tariff policy
of the wbi'ifs. Accompanying the
report was a plan lor a "revenue
system," w hit Ii boldly Trdiieed custom
duties on nearly all articles Imported
moro than fifty percent. Tbo repr'
and plan wero fiercely assailed by the
whtgs. Senator Evans, of Maine,
their recognised leader in the Pcnato.
in a lengthy speech opposing the bill
in which .Mr. Walkers ideas were
embodied, declared that if il passed
the revenue for the ensuing year
would not reacb f 12,000,000, and pro
dieted tho ulter ruin of iho manulao
luring interests of tho country. Dsn
iel Woltalor, we find il staled, 'fl t
memorandum wilh the Clerk of the
Senato thnt it would not product
I14.fi00.000." Prominent financier,
of tli 0 old school, among them Ahbotl
Lawreneeand nine tenth! of the New
England bankers, pronounced the
policy as destructive of tho material
prosperity of tho country. Every.
where the lnci,i OI protection in -
dj'grl ir tte s:35t ilisa! fjiftsd.rg.
In spito t)f Ibn slroiiunus opposition
he mot wit'i, Mr Walker adhered to
bis fluuitciu! ideas and succeeded in
pushing ihe bill through both Itomies
of Congress. It was approved by tho
I'lcsidiiit and went into operation
immediately after. Mr. Walker had
entimulcd that it would yield 830,.
000,000; the actunl roturu wai 2by
OV',000 the first year aad aa xcps of
$30,000,000 in succeeding years. Until
the republicans obininod possession of
tho government, this system of im
posing duties for revenue and not for
protective purporiuj rcmainod in force
and met with marked success. When
it was ato-'rtnined that his ideas on
finances wero sound,lhc rcportsof Mr.
Walkor attracted considerable atten
tion abroad. Sir Hubert. Peel bad
them printed and luid before the
House of Commons, numerous mem
bers of which spoke loudly in pruise
of tho views they contained.
It showed ho remembored, too, in
this connection, that during Mr. Wal
ker's administration of tho Treasury
Department, the war with Mexico was
carried on. It has been claimed for
him, and will) somo show of truth,
that he had "tho honor of being the
only financial minister whom the
world has produced, w ho has advanced
government stocks and maintained
them above par, during a foreign -war
and while U was borrowing money
daily."
Ihe revenue tariff of 1856 was tin
repealed until it mot ila fato at tha
hands of the Republican Dart v iu 18G1.
Tho warehouse system, independent
treasury, and Interior Department
acts aro still in force.
Atthe date of Mr. Walker's appoint
ment to tho Treasury, in time of pro
'nd peace, United Suite, six per
cents had boon hawked over Europo,
out a sale could not be effected at par,
Beforo he went out, although the
debt had been largely increased by
the Mexican war, ihey commanded a
premium of 23 in gold a, home and
abroad. This rise was owing to con
fluence in Air. W uiaer, the mcrcaso in
revenue, ur.dcr the roveuue tariff of
1840, the publication of Mr. Walker's
reports by the Parliament of Great
Britain, aud the repeal of the odious
corn lawsof England, based, avowedly,
upon these reports by Sir Eobcrt Peel,
who mado the motion for their
repeal.
In 1840 Mr. Walker opposed most
vehemently tho giving up 54 40, and
advocated tbo acquisition of Russian
Amorica, then offered us. Ho urged
tho retention and acquisition of the
whole Pacifio coast. In 1848 he op
posed the surrender. of Mexico, aud
insisted upon its annexation, in order
to prevent, as ho then said, European
intervention. Upon this question bo
tendered his resignation as Secretary
to Mr. Polk, but at the luttor's request,
agreed to retaiu bis portfolio, with the
understanding that bo might use bis
personal strength to defeat tho treaty
surrendering Mexico. The treaty
wai passed, and the retention of tbo
wholo of Mexico defeated by Calhoun,
upon the ground that its admission
into the Union would be a fatal blow
to slavery.
In 1847 ho advocated in his reports
tho construction of tha Panama Rail
road, and tho establishing of a line of
steamers from New York to Panama,
llionce to San Francisco, tbenoo to
China and Japan. In these reports
ho first promulgated tho idea that
New V'ork would become tho centre
of the commcreo of the world. This
was much ridiculed at the time, both
in Europe and Amorica. At the close
of Mr. Polka term of office Mr. Wal
ker resigned, with the satisfaction of
knowing that the Goreinor had not
lost one dollar by default or peculation
during bis torm.
In 1851 Mr. Walker visited Europe
on behalf of the Illinois Central Rail,
road Company, and was welcomed by
Bright nnd Cobden and the Liberal
party with public dinners at London,
Livorpool, Southampton, and Man
chester. On his return homo in 1853
he was selected by Mr. Pierce nnd
Secretary Mercy for ths mission lo
open trado with China and Japan, but
was prevented Irom going by the state
of his health. The manufacturing,
commercial, and navigating interest
of New England and New York urged
mm to go, ana supported nis plan lor
reciprocal frco trado with China and
Japan.
In ls.m his address, entitled an
"Appeal for the Union," was made the
Democralio campaign document in Ihe
Presidential canvass of that year. It
was published in English, Welsh,
French, Spanish, Italian, and German,
and circulated U the extent of millions
of copies.
In ISO, , giving np Ins privato busi
ness, ho went to Kunsus us Govornor.
His mission was to prevent Iho revo
lution threatened there and likely to
extend to tho wholo oountry. Kansas
and mo country wore at ouoe pacified
by bis policy ol submitting tho consti
tution to lbs rote of tho people.
Before tho secession movement cul
minated Mr. Walker announced him
self as opposed to it, and daring the
roociiioo aiucu me government in us
coercive measures against tho South.
While tho war was at its height Mr.
Lincoln aenl him to Europo in tha
capacity ofconlidentiul financial agent,
and although tho current of publiu
opitiion thorx n-aa nirninst tho Union,
bo succeeded In influencing n demand
for Uuited Slates bonds in Frankfort,
and other cities of Germany. , This
uss tho rnly oflicial position he held
between 1 S."7 and his death. On the
return of peaco ho urged a generous
anu concilinlory policy toward the
South, deplored tho radicalism of
Congress and strenuously opposed tho
imprachmont of President Johnsou.
Ho continued practising his profession,
meeting with great success. At tho
limo of the negotiations for the pur
chase of Alaska, Mr. .talker was re
tained as counsel for tho Russian gov.
ernment, and received a heavy lno ia
gold for his services. It wiil bo
remembered that this cate gave risa
to conu'derable scandal, and Mr. Wal
ker was charged wiiti exercising nnduo
influence uKn members of Congrete.
Although tho mystery surrounding
tho Alaska purchase has not yet been
thoroughly removed, it has been
tolerably clearly ascertained thai Iho
pari ho look in tho affair was strictly
legal and professional.
PONCLb'SIOM.
As a mnn of decided ability Mr.
Walker mado his mark upon the
history of iho United States. Ho
won a w ide reputation as a practical
financier, and was regarded at one of
the ablest lawyers of the bar of tba
j Supreme Court
I-orseveralyear bo
bad been a resident of Washington.
whero he possessed a large ttninhur of
friends. It is doubtful if bo wuulj
'have ever again Ukon a prominent
position in politic had be lived lon
ger; but it is certain tnal bis InmI
. services to Ilia republie were oi ainl
tl.t.o ;J Jeo.-t to te ro..-.eabeitd
inma
aaca.