<r«i ii?t.l ivy-. ,! if-iai'iijh. &' ; j ! ••' / ■ , o> > •’•' i: >:
.cM ddM.ow ( ? feAß.ip advance, , «iro
• • iion^t.;;" .1.85,
'Wmiiti.Bii 'months.- :. 'itf
ip NOT PAID. MOHTHS. ' ' -'lt*
f MJoffPA'to 1 tyITHIS tWEtVfi' MOliTfaflft ‘' 18 W
“JpSWiibivi aiil6&alal «hol» «f
WJWlifl tba 6tptej»nd>WHH><> ««Wi 1/
Nodliaaallananoe will baallowcd-ontiipll »rrtprcS«<ha*(
.betapaid. , . , . • • •
“ '|ju^« C op’ (
PoSniitwV aeaiiitiaii to rtolilV w'whfei
br law. of the fact that paper* are not lilted br t hot# to WMiaJ
tbarara al rested* arvthtmielTei held ireiponiibio loii toe
arnottataftßtfadbiolWroatnonelJ.i' 1 , .
C&Vbiptr lihdw'caitfedbV malrthtoMhout tboogdntr
■mtfownn : .!.'■■
;^7;'»SSRBB: ;r . ; ,
JMTfOFTBti S. 3f, BUTCDMAS
yita&w-'A'liitlo learning Id li'danßoVoua lhingi'.,
My Hearers: — As you pass ulong'tho
pUgritoPgß'bf Lifeii you necessarilymdct
'rfthn.ns /many wirieties of characterlas
tHer© nrd suitors; to apretty heiress ;■ arid
of thbso ebftiQ'ard desirable acquaintances,;
wfiileloth'ers i are '.disagreeable and annoy
ing osibufs among the wool of a petpoodlc.
BOtofall boreß, my hearers, defend me
frorana creature who possesses just suffi
. cient learning to entertain one - idea at a
time,icwithohtiilho / ordinary: ihlelligeftce
thdtban look at both sides of thoquestion.
Suqh men.' my friends, ate. likelEsop's
jackass’,who, seeing the; spaniel tfatvn ’ up-
onrhis;master, thought that:he; might fol*
low his oxdmple,!and. thereforo received a
wnll;merited drubbing,; (orforgeUing ■ that
he tpizs wjackass. ; ;;There are. many - men.
now in the phlpit, .my friends, who might
hdve’; made respectable i mechanics, had
tjiby possessed intelligence/ enough to hnvo
stuck'ta'the. honorablo: calling they have
deserted. (Many a hiccupping- driveller,
•who porinds the Bible in a mahogany pul- j
pit, might have been honored had he stuck |
to the sledge and anvil,,at whichho was;
brought up, arid not, in his envying crim j
ceit, have coveted the trude of preaching.:
‘ fAlittle learning is a dangerous t/iwg/' \
So it is, my friends, for many npologiesof
mankind know just enough to make them
selves fools, but do . not know enough to
perceive the fact. For instance, the red
mouthed abolitionist “knows a littlo,” but
onlv just enough tp keep one solitary,idea
fn-his cranium at a time. He judges that
the Negro is oppressed,, because some fel
lqw has sent him a tract Upon the subject,
dnd forthwith he feebr very deeply for tho
“pobr colored brother”— every fthere else,
but in his pocket-book. My hearers, in
the city of New York, in the street called.
Broadway, opposite ,to the city Hospital,
stands every day, with his hnnd extended
for.charity, a blind qnd'attenuated Negro.
The: abolitionists pass him by'without a :
look.-' He is free, say they, what does he
need more? No pity,'has the red-mouthed
mnn'ofono idea—nopiiy
dr compassion on the swarms of starving
blacks that fester and rot iu-corruption in
the dens of-this huge city 1 But like a vile
diBunionist,,he'skulkB x around the home of
the Southorn planter, and,.there into the
mind of the'sleek arid happy tiegro, who
■ jp a king compared to the free black, he
instils 1 the poisbn Discontent, entices him
; dWriy,* arid then to wb the‘ home where h'o
has been born,‘ and fed; and reared 1 Dan
gerous* indeed, is ri 'little' learning. ' It
Causes respectable mechanics td' degrade,
' theriiseives intdmiseniblejhovVlirigprcach- j
■ cfs; , It cdriveris theapbthecary’s boyin
’ to cr quack Mi Dj. It makes al rascally';
i'.;- pettifogger of tho lad who sweeps, out an
: flttbrrioy’s office. No one my hearers, res
' ' or literary attninme'ntd
than I do; but a professional man!
| With a'fifth part of an education, is sure
ii to’be,either a one-idea abolitionist, a quack
•| "doctor, a ranting preacher or a knavish
i phttifbgger. Generally speaking, you will
/Sjfiftd'meirof'this callibro, starting dot ns
fefdrtnefs, inventing new systems of
Shedibirie, now itlCasofnegro-hugging, now
ijiotioris' in Theology, or some new fangled
of philosophy 'or ethics.'' My breth
?;®‘n, shun thern all, and they wil l soon sink
hyto their proper level. You will find the
' /irofireeir of bVory knave terminate j6st as L
. i^Sive' predicted. And,"beloved,, while
;;i®riOr merit, though clothed. in rags; arid
. though unappreciated arid impov
‘Sfished, let’iis turn away from qUackery,
it develops itself. And so
.;*&B-it ever. Amen I
Saltpetre Explodr?’—The <
Bowing paragraph appearsin Mr, Hale’s (
k;»ttnsbpr.of 1 - 7 ; v ' ,
I“Accidents from cnmphme are becom- .
U so .frequent that we have tbpusht the
Stld jhignt forget that theVe : Mte.aTso!daß ?
K ; Jn handling other explosive 1 sybstdm
fa, <dUtih-'a's' the old fashioned ! gun ; powdd*
Tile singular akcidetit which
eij£htlV;qccijtrdd; at the Sulphur
Wf&nd'to pdt the public : orvllteir' guard,. |
ife visitors at thh h^rthcte,' wlto
® l&Wlfybtt of faithfully drinking the
fotetii ertHe spring, partook at, night, of
S®&°fiilMteaibe4f, which Kdd'heon pro:
KdedWthe dvbnifag sUppbr, and Os usu T
brW it'dhwh’with some of the \ydter
R^fi%^yr^W6d'^ith;Buli|hi>fc J Oti .to-
Charcoal powder, arfd oti turning tonnd to
®low.out lho~candle hie heito burst assun
ller VritH l a : 'teri , tfic ! explosioh, I ' ir A i cottoner s
hlMniWps l summpnedy which>reported :aver-
Mjorid aoconJanceiwUhvtheipbovn facts';
;b|atn°o^ a ? W 1?? ■$
P ;':{•?(!?' we!'s
I i T Bigler
!^ l Xpto9 v^;rtaS.;M;P.WaWjrE^3.,qf
'has annulled: and declared! Void the
jeommission issued to him. This is _the
Mirst removal under the omended constitu-
waa'dode because iMr. HI Donald
Kfußßdtoiobeyl the; order aafiheGourt 1 iof
,^lea» -of'nc«m»fec?B*
Kvinachim
jpeijnify hifcptoseni su tet\sin*My<mesl
' : i • iil-.'.'ii "HiT
liiim
* . : :m, •■•• : i ....' -vi' \. . *
< A WEEKLY PAPER: DEVOTED TO LITERATURE, AGRICULTURE, M6RALITY, AND FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC INTELLIGENCE.
Volume 4,
.... SLANDER.. ~
“Who stabs my name, would stab my
persqti |toO|.diil not tho hangman’s axo lie
ia the wav.
; “The man yho attempts; tp rise in the
world by. pulling /his neighbor down, is
unfit to bo tcieyatea/and mankind will do
well tp keep, him wh?,rf he is, unless
wish to make a heartless tyrant. The wo
man who can go from.house to house'and
us she.opens her budget.of evil reports,
begs you not to mention it bn any account,
it wduld• so 'grieve her that it would get
abroad, and the poor crenturd would bo in
juredprintJ iepcats tho same wherever she
goes,'is not only a suspicious character,
but sjio proclaims herself a very vixen.”
1 1 Rev. T. G. GArver.
Tho individual who penned the follow
ing musthavo had some conception of tho
evil ofSlarider, or ho could riot have de
picted: it.rid horribiyi - '
' •“Twas night, and sucha nightasearth
ne’er saw bofore, ,Murkoy: clouds veiled
tho fnir.face ofitheihenvcnsj.urid gave to
pitchv darkness a still deeper dye. The
mooli had fled ; the stars had closed their
eyes, for deeds were doing which they
date not look upon. For a timo the pure
streams became stagnant'and ceased to
! flow, Tho' mountains trembled; tho for
j est dropped its leaves; the (lowers lost their
fragrance rind withered; all jmlriro be
came desolate; in glee serpants hissed,
harpies screamed, and satyrs revelled be
neath Upas; domestic beasts crept near
to the abode of man; the lion relin
quished his half-eaten prey; the tigorrun
howlibg to his lair, and even the hyena
quitted his repast ot dead men’s bones. —
Mnn alone of all earth’s creatures slept,
but' sleep ns if in the bodings of some half
known calamity sat brooding over his
mind. Aspiring youth would mutter of
blasted hopes, long cherished ; young, fair
arid gifted mai dens would start and trem
ble weep their injured innocence. Mothers,
too, would half awake and prees the trem
bling nurslings to their breasts,and breathe
to heaven another prayer for their protec
tion. On such a night, heir yawned'and
gave to earth a Slanderer. t
“OLD KEXTUtyi.”
A Kentuckian ut the. battle of New Or
leans, who disdaining the restraint of a
soldier’s life, when his name is Upon the
muster roll, preferred ' “gem’ it alone,”
fighting upon his own hook.- While the
battle was, raging fiercest, and the shot
was flying thick asbajl, carrying death
wherever they fell, “Kcrituck” might have
been seen stationed under a tall maple,
loading and firing his rifle', ns perfectly
uncortcerned, as though ho was “pickin
deer.” ,;Every. time,he brought his rifle
to his shoulder, a red coat- bit the dust.—
At last he happened to attract the-attention
of‘‘Ctld 1 Hickory,” who supposed, he had
become separated from his company, and
rode up to hirmto bring him behind the
redoubts, as he was in opposition.that
exposed his person to tho fire of the ene
my.
“Hallo 1 my man, what regiment do yon
■belong to 1” said the General.
“Regpflcnt h—II 1” answered Kentuck,
“hold pn,, yonder’s another of’m!” and
bringing his shooting iron to his shoulder,
bp ran his eyo ,along the barrel—a flash
followed, anomer Englishman came tumb
ling to. tho ground.
company: do-you belong toj*,
again enquired the. denernl.
“Company the d—l” was the reply of
Kentuck, as he buried himself re-londing,
“see that .or’, feller .with the gold futins
op his epat apdhoss? Jist watch me per
forate .him.!’’;: _ ,
' The. General gazed in tho dirpetiop in
dicated by his rifle, and observed a British
CplonpJ ridipg up-and down the advancing
columns pf-.thp. foe- Kentucky., pulled
trigger, pnd the gdliapt flrifqn followed his
contpanions .that his Kentucky, fop, had
laid Ipw, in death, that day. . , :
‘‘Hurralij.forold shouted the
free fighter, as bis victim came toppling
from Ids horse, : then turning, tp tbs Gen
eral, he cont|nped “I’m fightin’ on .my
Jbjyn hook, stranger!” and leisurely pro
ceeded Jo. ijeloqd.. ; .
! Exclusion of Braces snow; Ohio*—
■Mr.' SeriatordGiishing from Gallia .county,
bas; introduced into the Senate of.Obio, a
bill "to. prevent: the, further settlement of
-blacks or mulatto persons in this State ”
i"The bill provides,it-rTbat after the Ist of
January 1854, no black oil mulatto per
s6ns:shall; settle in: this State. . That afec
ord shall; bei.mado.of oUvSUcb,residents in
iher Stole: beibrftfthe itime.' Children: of
Fuch bora artenlhalitirae,qto ba, recorded
■also. : Tbat;;aU:BU(jhiperaonSj found; hero
after thut limondt recorded, afo, td be de
clared ; unlawful, tloor-tesidejit^.:guilty, of
an offence bnd punched by; imprisonment;
inrithe) <jounty.vj&ilo feom,i pi&'tp/.twelvpj
months.-Non-resident.colored persons un
der the act are declared incapable of bold
in*7,: real estate, ondi none enrp. be ..devised
.10^or held inlintst by them. All such is
forfeited ltd -t ' q ;
fHi il'o.l-’lll .Ofil-U.";.! ;■ . d k tIU- ;a; '!•_ i
admirare, wi3?
ddmVlniSciasfiJpshiasiUtrtiUt) morainehl'
friend^and/honestyfraOreprocUtionera,
w&timimn -irrr" ’
r Clearfield, Pa., January 14, 1853.
Prom pic Washington, Union.
THE AMAZON AND. tMO ATLANTIC SLOPES OF
south; America.— no. s.
( Continued .)
Amaguas, seven miles below Nauta, is
an important point, (though dt present it
hdh but 240 inhabitants,) on account of its
great extent 6f fertilCdands.
Passing Amaguas with its 240 .inhabi
tants, Iquitos with its 127, and Aran with
its eighty, wo arrive, twenty-seven leagues
belotv the mouth of the Ucayalj which
comes frorn the south) at the mouth of the
Rio Napo, a tributary from Ecuador.—
There ia here a settlement consisting of
qne family of Mitos Indians and one fugi
tive-slave from Brazil—total thirty-one.
This river is 200 yards broad at its
mouth, and is navigable for 300 miles.
It is rich in gold; its batjks are inhabited
by hostile tribes of Indians, ,and covered
with sarsaparilla and other valuablo pro
ducts of the forests. These Indians make
the, finest and most beautiful hammocks
that are found in the Pampn- del Sacra
mento; price of n hammock two yards of
cotton. , Tho trade in poisons makes this
un important place.
Pebns is thirteen leagues below the
mouth of the Napo; has a population of
387, and a fine country round abbut. Its
productions are white and black wax, sar
saparilla, storax, "cham
birn,” hammocks, pitch, copal, incense,
India rubber, milk of the cow trco, and
many curiosities, which the Indians, who,
though wild and savage,- are friendly to
the white njan, usually bring in exchange
for beads, trinkets, &c.
White wax is worth two yards of cot
ton ; black, half; thirty-four poundssarsa
parilla, twenty-four yards; hammock, two i
yards ; a little pot of poison, four yards; I
one pound vunilia, eight yards. |
Thence to Loreto, the frontier town of
Peru, we have five small villages. Loreto
is 160 leagues below tho head of uninter
rupted navigation of the Huallaga; popu
lation, 122. In this village you find a
i preparation from tho wild yuca, which is
very palatable, wholesome and nutricious.
It is a gdod substitute for bread.
Sarayacu, situated on tho right bank of
tho Ucayali, #OO miles above its junction
with the Amazon, has a population of 1,
270.
This is an important point, in the midst
of a fertile region. Eight or ten miles
above this town tho Ucayali receives the
Ahuaytia, which takes its rise almost on
iho banks of the Huallaga. A few miles
up this tributary bring you to a great sar
saparillh copntry. This drug costs here
eight yards of the cotton cloth of the coun
try the 100 pounds; which 100 pounds
are.@2s in Para, and fiom @4O to @6O in
■ Europe, according to the markets. These
eight yards of cotton lor. the 100 pounds
! of sarsaparilla, according to the statement
of this clever blacksmith, are worth lour
yards only of opr coarse cotton.
Let us therefore, for the sake of illus
tration, trace this trade through its entire
course.
The American or English pedler to thd
Amazon —for trader he is not—buys in
New York or Liverpool, as the case may
bo, four yards of cotton, for which he
pays twenty-five cents. He ships thence
nround Cape Horn to Callao. Here he
pays duty at the Peruvian cuStom-houso,
and is sent thence to Lima by mule. By
etime, what with freight, trnnsporta
, and commissions, it has cost the pur
chaser fiAy cents, lit is then packed on
mule's, edrriod across the Andes, and in
about twelve months from the time of its
leaving New York or Liverpool it arrives
at,the mouth of the l/cayali, where it is
sent up by boat, vvhiclji occupies 300 work
ing hours in going up ( liOO miles to Saray
acu and ’ tho sarsaparilla cobntry. Herb
this piece of four 3/ards is exchanged in
barter, according to iHacket, the Now
England Mechanic, from whom I have
been quoting, for 100 pounds of that drug.
■A- shipment of the return cargo is then
made in 1 the rude river ornft of the coun
try, apd this 100 pounds of sarsaparilla,
.bought with four yards of “fi’-penny bit”
cfcton when it reaches the Amazon is
Avorth $9 in Nauta,slO 50 in Sabatingn,
@26 at Para, and $5O at New York or
Liverpool. The voyogo has been a long,
and a tedious, apd a round-about one, but
the profits tire enormous.
Noiv, if Pern and Brazil, instead of forc
ing qommpreo witliihetrintprior provinces
’ l to, go wound “Robip, IJpqd’s bow” tq got
there, would , open ports of , entry to •all
nations, 1 and permit them to uso the 1 navi
gation I of- the Amazon, tho citizens and
subjects of Peru and instead of get
ting fouryprds of cottoq for their IOOTbs.
of sarsaparilla, would get three or, foujr. i
hundred yards for it.', !
It vVouWbe difficult’to quote ahy r 6xh tri
ple more Strikingly UllustrativeofthA dd
ij vantages to Peril 6f that‘‘policy of com
•, merce” which calls for the-establishment
a port hf the head hf-niivlga-
I lion onitheiMaranonj asithe inain trunji of
1 the A.tm.zpnjinljqrAiiqciallsdiiififß^spta,|
jtljo jicqd of nifyigjliqp jSuallagp-;
at’tho head of navigation on- theUcayalf;
Arid at 'Piuta t , I '^luoli'' l is at'thb of!
I j!(hiB4aqt , viit6ithe'iA»ilizbn- 1 - ufil -uum'i
So, Ecuador might establish, portqof on-
moil !..)
try on her side of the Amazon, at B&rja,
if the navigation be uninterrupted that far,
and if Barja belong to her; and at the
head of navigation of each one of her Am
azonian 1 'tributaries, ns tho Pastaza, the
Nripo, tho Prltomayo, and the Japara
though'the head of navigation of the last is
perhaps in Now Granada.
Now; if any one of these republics
should declare such places free ports to
nil the world, or ports of entry to the
commerce of all nations at ponco with
them, surely Brazil would not in this en
lightened day, if on American or English
man should wish to wear his own flag
and go in. his own bottom under it on a
trading voyage to those posts—surely, I
sav, Brazil would not at this day attempt
to piny the part of Japan, and hinder those
vessels from passing by her doors toother
parts of the world.
The Pastnza, 1 am informed on the 'au
thority of my old friend General Villamil,
tho Secretnry of State of Ecuador, is nav
igable nearly up to Quito; and it is woll
known that tho sands of most of those
streams are auriferous.
.•'ll
Tabatingn is tho frontier post of Brazil
on the Amazon. Thence ascending, we
have an uninterrupted navigation along
the main trunk of the Amazon, which hero
courses through the nortborn parts of Pe
ru,and not far from the southern bounda
ry of Ecuador, Tor the distance of fivo or
six hundred miles. Thus a steamboat may
reach the foot of the Andes.
Lieutenant Herndon entered the Ama
zon four hundred and sixty miles above
tho Brazilian boundary, and he thus de
scribes the river there:
“The Amazon, where it receives the
Huntings, is fivo hundred yards broad. — j
The march of this great river in its silent I
grandeur was sublime ; but in the untamed
might of its turbid waters, as they cut
away its bnnks, tore down tho gigantic J
denizens of the forests and built up isl- ,
ends, it was awful. It rolled through the'
wildernoss with a stately and solemn air;
its waters looked angry, sullen and rest
less, and tho whole seem to awaken emo
tions of awe and dread, such as are caus
ed by the funeral solemnities, the minute
gun, the howl of the wind, and the angry
tossing of tho waves, when nil hands are
called, “to bury the dead” in a troubled
sea.
“Though the river was not at its full, it
reminded me of our Mississippi nt its top
most floods. The waters are quite as mud
dy and quite as turbid, but the Amazon
lacked the charm and the fascination
which thq plantation upon the bank, the
city upon the bluff, and the steamboat up
on the water lend to its lellow at the North;
nevertheless,. I felt pleasure at its sight.—
I bad already travelled seven hundred
miles by water, nnd fancied that this pow
erful stream would soon carry me to .the
ocean. But the water travel was compar
atively just begun ; many a weary month
was tb elapse ere 1 should again look upon
the familiar face of the sea, and many a
time, when worn and wearied with the ca
noe life, did 1 exclaim, this river seems
interminable.”
“Its capacities for trade nnd commerce
are inconceivably great. Its industrial fu
ture is the most dazzling, and to the touch
of steam, settlement, and cultivation this
i rolling stream and its magnificent water
! shed would startup a display of industrial
I results that wouljl make the valley of the
i Amazon one of the most enchanting re
gions on the face of.the earth,
i “From its mountains you might dig sil-J
! ver, iron, coal, copper, quicksilver, zinc, j
and tin; from the sands of its tributaries;
you might wash,gold, diamons nnd pieci
i pus stones; from its forests you might
gather drugs, of virtues the most rare, spe
cies of aroma, the.most exquisite,.gums
pnd resins of the most useful properties,
'dyesofhucs the most brilliant, with cabi-
I net and building, woods of ihp finest polish
land the moat enduring texturp. Its cli-
Imate is an everlasting summer, und its
harvest perennial.”
With this enchanting'picture, nnd the
hope that Lieut. Herndon will soon lot us
! have in full the repott of his wonderful
Voyage down tho Amazon,'l close'this tho
1 antepenultimate ofmy numbers.
No. 6,
The Amazon onion the Atlantic thro’
n delta., The principal. tributaries from
the, south which fall into'this rpier are,
commencing at its mouth and going up,
the Todantins. the Chingu, the Tapajos,
the Madeirp, . the Parus, the Tappe, the
Hyutubp,, the Hintay, the Tavary,the
Udayali, and the Huallaga—-none of them
smaller than the Qhio, nnd some larger
thap .the.Misseufi., , U) -, . ”
FrppT the,,north come the Rio Negro
and the Japura, (two ipighty streams.) the
Potamnvo, the the Tigre-Yo,cu, and
the Pastazo. .... ,; _ -
'•.;i the present 9'ommercial.
resoprccs of; the luadeira-hryJ.the jiuaUa',.
: ga\ffptn ;denved t from Lie!}-.
I tenants’.'Hprogmr" and" Gibbon,, knifed
[ npyy, aii| from IV!, 1 jOastolnam; >' As
Itp tfle 'present v nppd ition of tnp trade ofl,d
resditt'ces pf tl]ese
,‘are' Wi! h 0
darltor , \ ,
,[i I; .. ,l| MV ■ ii *.J .1] »W..
V-M’ ‘.it: :-‘|U Pi i.4V:iiA till .i-.>
■vsiiT; l.ttn • ■■
jr.J. I
All oF them, wo know, have falls and
rapids of more or less velocity, which of-
fer obstructions more or less difficult to
steamboat navigation. Therefore, as to
the queslion of how far these rivers, may
be asccnded'by steamboats at low water,
and how far at high, that must bo led for
actual triftl to decide, I hope, therefore,
the time, is not distant wjie'n an American
steamor'will bo'sent to/make a complete
and thorough examination as to this point,
and to explore'that rich and interesting re
gion of couqtry with a view to its commer
cial resources, both present ahd prospec
tive,
In the present Btate of our information,
we can judge as to the actual resources'of
those several streams forjrade and traffic
by comparing those as to which we arc in
the dark with those which have been re-
cently explored. As the type of the
whole in this respect, therefore, I take the
Tocantins.
As you enter the southern mouth of the
Amazon, the mputh of the Tocantins is
the first but one that you pass. It travels
more parallels of latitude than our Missis
sippi does. But it is a straighter, and
therefore not so long a river. It takes its
rise in the provinces of Matto Grosso and
Goyaz, and drains these fwo provinces
with that of Para. This river lies wholly
within Brazillian territory, and was explor
ed down to port Barra by Castelnau in
1843-’44. From him, therefore, I derive
my special information with regard to it:
It drains a gold and diamond country,
and is an exceedingly rich agricultural
one. Its principal tributary is the Ara
guay, which is a most noble stream. —
Speaking of parts of the valley of the To
cantins, in which he was, Castelnau says,
“I believe that this rich and valuable coun
try willbe found one of the most healthy in
the world.
The city of Goynz, with a population of
seven or eight thousand, and the capital of
its province, is situated on the Vermilbo,
celebrated for its golden sands. This riv
er is about twenty steps wide opposite ,tho
city, and vessels from Para come up and
mako fast to the bridge below. The dis
tance thence in a straight line'to the mouth
of the Amazon is rather under than over
a thousand miles. The population of the
whole province, more than two thirds ot
which is in the valloy of the Tocantins, is
125,000, of which 25,000 are slaves.
There is a number of flourishing towns
and villages on the water-shed of this riv
er. Among these is Salinas, which de
rives its name from its salt works.
Near by the salt lake of Salinas is the
Lake of Pearls, surrounded by a beauti
ful vegetation, and numerously inhabited
by. aquatic birds. Nothing, says Castel
nat, can give one “une idee de la beaute
de cede jolie piece eTeau” Its waters are
fresh, and it abounds with a shell-fish
which contains the pearl.
It was here that the vayageurs found j
such a variety of rare and useful plants ; i
among them one, the fruit of which is used
to make ink, and it is an excellent substi
tute for nut-galls 1 another was a kind of
cane, the roots,of which make a yollow
dye of the most exquisite hup. They ob
tained, wild from the forest, all the colors
with tvhiph they painted the Brnzillian flag
that was hoisted during the descent of the
Araguay, *ho principal tributary of the
Tocantins, and far more beautiful than
the belle rivere of the West. ' They use
for tanning the bark of a tree, with which
the raw hide is converted into leather in a
month. They have two varieties of man
ioc, of great beauty, which require little or
|no labor in cultivation. It is propagated
iby cuttings, or slips; so also is the sugar
cane, which sends up from every joint a |
dozen stalks, and gives a crop irt every
eight months. The black bean, an essen
tial article of food with the Brazilians,
grows here in ! great perfection; it yields
four crops a'year. Two kinds of beauti
ful palms grow wild in the woods, which
also furnish the natives with an abundant
supply of wholesome food.
There have beeii in this province as
many; as one hundred thousand slaves era
. ployed at one time in collecting gold
i alonb. 1 1
Butas rich in mines as this province is,
its soil with its t 3 much
richer. It is well adapted to tho cultiva
tion of cotton and coflee, sugar and to
bacco, of Indian corn, rye, wheat, and
oats, of rice, indigo; pdlse and potatoes,
manioc, nuts, ipecacuanha, sarsaparilla,
vanilla, anatto, balsam, India rubber/and
a great variety of gums, spices, ornamen
tal woods, roots; drugs, and dye stuffs.
Tho of the river affords pastur
age and support to numerous herds of cat
tle and -horses; .Their waters abound in
fish. 1 Cdstelnau saw dolphins sporting in
them, 1 •
Limestone and saltpetre caves, with
salt lakes, add; beauties to the couptry, and
vptfp;y, to its respurpett;also irpn mines
.pboupd. , ■. . (i-.- . ' 1
; mode of eiil.tiyation is. and ru
inous. The scratch' the . earth
■With j a pipit, epw, and,at the epd .of,a few
months, says Castelnau, reap one [pr two
hundred fold, mWo pr; lpss, awpnilißg m
ihpifprtility of- the soil nitd thp;pxcptfwt&
of thpshaspn, ,: .4 r - ; !i;'!«/ lii&h
nn' ■i
Number 3.
I Uuoiloa, SO 6018 tqairM 4;ni(alK'«i «ft* J
1351. | ,j 0 t oaltf do dmoniU. IjJ;,'
< , M S ' do 18 mOjUIL • ? *} W.
1 iqoarM 8 nouhi, 8 bull halt coloins.Jnioo<n«.«{.t» .
■ do? enumihi.. .40011 do do iliaooih»,»ofr':
,do 18 moaihi. ;,7 00 t do do laioQnUu U OO?
8 • do .8 monrtb, ‘i< i 4 001 l columnB months, - Iw 1
do H month*. , i Sim do tf do ,
do !9 montw.Ji ■ 8 00|i do 19 do w®o
A Üb®ratr*dnotlon wlllba mndk toMotohinti
wbo advertise by the y«ar. ■ . . ’ .
Oar ptparolroolatM ia every: lirm, by
nearly every laml y to the county—and timaiore afford* a
convohuntand cheap mean* Tor tka bhilnH* men ofonr
county—the merchant. mech«mo,and all othen—tO extend'
the knowledge of their location and baeinew - Wr eHOpId
like to lotert^ACard" Tor every Mechaaiq, Mmbant.and
ProfeatlOnal* man in the cotscty. We have plenty or room,
witbontenoroaohipfcpoo onrreadlDS.colamng.aad:iomam
In a legitimate bo*Tne«» will lota by advertliinjr axtea«ive)y—
for, aia generalrole, the moreeiteniiTely,t mao axlrprUttk ■
tbofftenter ...
; BooKs, Jobs and Blanks : ■
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, PRINTEDJIN THE VERT !
BEST STYLE, AND ON THE SHORTEST ,
NOTICE, AT TOE OFFICE OFTfIE
' “CLEARFIELD REPUBLICAN.** 1
Tho ordinary prices. are: for coffee 3}'
cents the pound; seod : cotton 1 cent tho
pound .{: whitesugar, 3 cents; tobacco 4
cents; beef cattle, §2 to S 3 the head ; tan- 1
nod hides, 65 cents a-piece; green ditto*
20 cents. ' '
The exports consist, of thdso, besides
calf, kid, otter, and ounce skins, with oth* *
er productions of the field, the forest, tho
river, and the mine."
The imports are of silk, wool,
flax, and. cottpn, hats, salt, drugs, tocdU
cities, crockery; wines, brandies, farming
implements &c.
The voyage up the river from Pnrit oc
cupies about five months. : The upward
freight,, is four dollars tho ono hundred,
pounds ; the downward, one dollar-r-and
the first steamer has yet to be seen upoti
thismajestic stream. '
Here, then, is a river which enters the-
Arpazon so near the sea. that the water el"
its mouth is salt, and Brazil has not ihad
the energy to put the first steamboat upon
it. ’ -
How, then, is it possible for her to trav*.
el three thousand miles up tho mighty
Amazon, and introduce tho steamboat up.
on the waters of Peru, as she has endeav.
ored to persuade the government ol Pern
that she can 7
The crew ofione of those rude vessels
that go polling up the Tocantins a 3 far as
Porto Imperial-consists of from twenty to
thirty men. They takedown, among (Ak
er things, hides, which at Goyaz are
worth fifty cents, and at Para sell for ono.
dollar and fifty cents; and so of other-
things. :
The banks of this river are. said to ho
inhabited in some parts by hostile Indians ;
and this, it is said, is one of the
its rude navigation. But the steamboat
would certainly not have more to fear than
these unwieldy hulks of Brazil as they go
creeping along the coward shores, .
There is a dozen other rivers emptying
into tho , Amazon that drain water-sheds
which ara no doubt ns rich and as fertile
ns this. • ■ .
Wo are entitled to infer, not only biy
reference to the Tocantins as a type of
them, but by reference to the quantity_of
produce that goes ,to sea from the .Ama
zon, that the volleys of its other tributaries
ore not behind that of the Tocantins.—
Produce enough comes down the Amazon
to Para, to givo that city an annual trade
of three millions of dollars! '
Bolivia sent last year from, her poll of
this great water-shed two millions dollarf*
worth of Peruvian bark alone. But.th&t
went over tha mountains to the Pacifiq.
The stoamboat, would have brought -it
down the Amazon to the Atlaptio, : It
would have brought business to Paca.,jßlld
added greatly to,the wealth of Brazil and
the prosperity of her people.,
It cer'ainly would be wisdom in Brant
were she to not only the navigation
of the Amazon free to.all the world, bqt it
would bo politic to throw open to, foreign
commerce and navigation the Tocantins nl*
so, and all her other Amazonian tributar
ies. ,
The value of the trade up and doom
the Tocantins would bo increased many
fold; the hostile Indians, which iqfest.ilv
•banks and prevent their settlement, would
bo driven away; and lands that ate now
profitless, and , produco that is valueless,,
would become profitable. . i ’
We admit the coffee of Brazil into,out
ports duty fre9. We are her best customer
and friend, and it is quite time that Brazil
had signalized her appreciation of thiSipat*
ronago and friendship by some sign.pr to
ken at least that she too would be liberal
in bor policy.
Since the subjects of Brazil themselves
haye pot judged itoxpedient to put asteam
er on the Tocantins to go up after all tb'»
coffep, and rice, and sugar, and tobacco,
&0., it certainly would be wiso in her
to permit citizens.of the United Statesj;or
of France, or of England, to do it. They
would gladly go up this river after this finP
Goyuz coffee.; . Her subjects: then would
receive double, the price thpy nqw.receive
for. it, and ihe. rest .of ; their prod.uce.rr
Those of thorn who are employed in trans
porting this.merohjindiße in the sauiboued,
by water and by - land would, then; find
more profitable employment in the cultiva
tion of the soil., Double .the, price of the
[staples of. ft country, end you- not only
double the price of labor, but. you. greatly
I enhance the national wealth. Increase
the substance of the subject, nnd, you in
crease his power to pay taxes, and this,J
imhgip o , *® what Brnzil wants. am
, .But ,this: river Tocantins liea wholly
within Brazilian territorysbeibas the
right to., open it to the commerce ofthu
world or.not, as she pleases; and herjiq
tion with, regard to: it is no just cause, of
Complaint or. offence tq any nation, ian
' Not so, however, when she keeps closed
the Amazon, and endeavors,' because'she
holds the mouth' of that river, t 6 shut it
up, nnd to cut off those five Spaniah-Amer
ican republics, Which own navigable trib
utaries ’to it»‘ from cbmmcrce. With: the.
world, and all ttye world from commerce/
withUh'em'. • 1 / ::A ; “ T /
<i.vThere «t re i physical • agencies «r< Wtfrf ,
:(ipon. the ■' great i Atlantic f slopes ofBout)
. iijpericd' 'irlP'th ; Will for 'prOvebj «