he had si -wd't unless the general as sembly, l.iy H: ir adjoin im *.t. pn vent i : i return, ia which case it shall Income u law unless he shall Ilk- the s un.", Willi his objections, in tlmiKfico d the seero t try of i!." i iiuimniWi alth and give no tice tb( r< of by public proclamation with in thirty days after such adjournment. Stin. The governor shall have power to disapprove of any item or items of any bill mukkigapp; opriations of mom y em bracing lii.-tinct items, and the parts of the biii approved shall lie the law and the item or items of appropriations disap prove i!(*li-eli:u;g;-s as shall 1 • n:: : I' -.v. His department shad i mb:a* e:. : are; it oi' ileitis: rial statist ies ;, d drill discharge sucli duties relat ing to c 'H-ratioi:s. to tic-charitable in s. dip.! . „h ul,: .a!, lu.lliufac turiiig. ; e i".Muiu*Tal. timharand oth er ni i**; i.il or business interests of the state as may be prescribed by law - . IK- S' l i:l : e.uii'.lly. iin*l at Mich other times ma 'e rt ;■. red by \v tnako report i i lite g . av-i mbly.. : e SI!,-: i illU'i -!. !.t ' i public . * an ! perform all the duties of the snper t . i at f eoiiimon schools subject t* s-;c!t e!.;ti:g's as Shall b. ta.ee- by law. - e -1. T!:i- b riu oi' tin rtiaiy -f interna! alTaiis shall be four \i u; nl the and;!,-i . rul Hun ye.;: - and ->f the state treasur* rt wo years. These officers .! 1* s. ii 1 \ the qualiiieil i-lectors N < person elected to the othee of auditor g it* i: o. ' ite 11 aasotvr si tall he capa ble of holding the same olliec l'or two consecutive term See T- t pr- sent gn-a! seal of I'enn s... mia sh.ol he the si ai of the state. Al! cm: m—a us i„. in ue nanie and by authority of the < oiutii..iiwealth of IVni-syh aia ami In- sealed with the - A.: rn i i: v. . roonw alth -hail he Vested in the su j : 1 .. t. i oiu ■> ol (ainiiiioii pit is. i out ts oi over and terminer and genera! ja;l (U li i iy. i. uris of quarter sessions if the ii ie. orpiians" courts. magis-; t.abs' !" ami in sueh o:h*-i courts as the g sal as----m!ly may frotu time ' to time establish. ih* Up'.Yine ei :,. i .-bail * usist Oi - veil indgt >. Wis) - ' ail l-e eii . h d i>y t'.- i ; .l dei'-clot'softiiestate-it large. 1 1 "I t\vt . - ■:<<■ \ ears, it liiey mi long !*.*- eiigii-: . The judg,- w a-- commission shall 1 1 -st evpire shall U- chief jusriee. and tin . ..cr las . judg;- whose enm ' , t th. 1! '.l*;.*! ins r t!a* state and the in . ; ; 'sail. ! y virtue of t hell ■ as! •: s :. ! jail ik lin ; , in the si -.era] ' *'Ci!' ,: • bey shall haw original juris liieti- t" injunction ;.:;*! where ; an; b party d-h mb-nt. • !'ka li !-• :p. : ina-idat.ms to courts of inf-.-i ;o,- j.t: i diet iiiii, a ail oi tp;** warnin ' > 11 ialii r.s of the common w< alth v !i -tiolle vtell-is-.v ! t lie st alt* 1-'. - - a . i;- t >. -re.se a.: otliei original ■ arisiii -b >u P-. sop. ;i. ■ .-rtiorari or writ of t-rro, ia ail eases.; - :s now or may . rn--- I. 1 ni a otheru i-edirected by law t :f c ittsoi eomm-'U p'*shall eon la .i • a pres. lit i - .11 . diet i ai and ' b-d !.- e. mis a ill c ••i . - i i e U.'.iio : jil.-,*!> -nbjeet to e. as may li osale b this eoi st a a ,n , law . -hali I•. in I'nil ;-ai- 1; lis'", ami in Al'.eg!:-- t'v -. . o drnti; rt an ! separab- i-mirtn 0. i.. ; ual .md i ordmuie jurisdiction. i :: Ipiii.. -iiall lx* designa -1111 it -p-. 11\i : as the eo;;i tot common 1 i-.a • uiiadi r t wo. i. itnlx r i .ee I t. -— 1 r i sir, . i in A!U gh< ny - th--e ins . 1 couuuoii i>!i-as uumiier .1 liuuib;;- two: but tin- uuiulM*r ' s is :a i\ be I - i iner* as-d, a t:ue to te. and -iial 1 in- in iike S I t aniiii r iif judges i u any of said - or ii ,ur. county w .ere the .s --fahi ami ul . : , u additional court tnay beaut!: ri. d iy law. may in-in n-astd ! time :o tuui : and whetii-Mf sueh I.ai'i-:.--' 1 enmnni to ti.rec. such ttin ; ai.es shall ei im, os a distinct-and - 1- tni in reti asatbri 1. In I'niiadel ( 1 a all sttiis shall l- institutio in t,,e s- 1 ' .-.Ms of emm i i i-...s \ ill,out i - g p :g i i numbt r ~t said court, and to > >.,! ioi.,i.s shall distribute and a] portion ; i--1.,- . -- ~aiong tin m in- i niamu ras s! ,!1 b* provided by i ult -of eoa . . u*l each . ourl to wlneii ■ t ■ :.g. I venue, as siiall lie provided ! v 1: Ai! glit-: each eo ut shall Is. i- ■ \iu ,s;\e jurisdiction oi al! pro < gsat 1: w ami iiii ' M, - 0., r- . in; olc- pi o b ii ! , oiirts. t*. ix- up -1 out t>. .. 1!y law and paid by said county : all fees colledtfcd in said office, t .v-epi such as may fe law due to the eoiniuonwealth. shall lx* paid by the pro tbonotary intothei-ouuty treasury. Kaeh court siiall have its separate dockets, ex cept the judgment docket, which shall contain the judgments anil liens of all tin* said courts, as is or may be directed by law. See s. The said courts in tlie counties 1 of Philadelphia and Allegheny respect ively shall, from time to time, in turn, detail one or more of their judges to hold the courts of oyer and terminer and the courts of quarter sessions of the peace of said countii-s in such manner us may l>e directed by law. See 9. -I udgesot the courts of common : pleas learned in the law shall be judges of i .he courts of oy -rand terminer, quar ter sessions of the |x*aee ami general jail ileliv* ry and of the orphans" court, ami within their respective districts shall ( he justices of the peace as to criminal matters. See 10. The judges of the courts of common pleas, within their respective counties, shall have power to issue writs of certiorari to justices of the peace and other inferior courts not ot record, and to cause their proceeding to he brought before them anil right and justice to be done. See 11. I'xeept as otherwise provided in this ci >n>l it ut ion. just ices of t ie peace or aldermen siiall lx* elected in the seve ral wards, districts, boroughs and town ships at the time of the election of cou slnl ties. by the qualified electors thereof, in such manner as siiall be directed by law ami shail be commissioned by the governor for a term of live years. No township, ward, district or borough shall . Jeet more than i wo justices of the peace or aldermen without the consent of a ma jority of the qualiiieil electors within such township, ward or borough: no per son shall be i leeteil to sueh office unless . in* shall have resided within the town- • ship, borough, ward or district for one \ arm \l precediughisclei! ion. I licit ies containing over fifty thousand inhabi tants not more than one alderman siiall ; be elected in each ward or district. Sec Id. lit Philadelphia there shall lx established, for each thirty thousand in habitants. one court, not of record, of police ami civil causes, with jurisdiction not exceeding one hundred dollars: such court - shall be held hy magistrates whost term of office shall be the years ami they ' shall be elected <*n general ticket by the qualified voters at large; and in the elec tion of t he said magistral* s no voter shall vote for more I liau I wo-thirilsof theniim : lx-r of persons t-> IH- elected, when lnon* ;ban one are to he chosen: they shall 1x • •oinp usiit' d oi !y by li vd salaries, lolx paid b\ said county, ami shall exercise si;, h j , isdietion, civ il ami criminal, ex ec pt a> herein provided, as is now exer i- ii i \ aldermen, subject to such changes, not involving an increase of civ ii "pii '.-diet ion or conferring polit ieal dill ies. as may be made by law. In Phil adelphia tin* office of alderman is abol ;shed. . ; >ec lb. All fees, tines and pelialt ies in said courts si all be paid into the county 11 . See 14. In all eases of summary eon- 1 \ ietionintl is common wealth, or of jndg ! m(-iit in suit for a penalty lx fore a magis t rate or court not < >f record, either party niav ajipeal to sueii court ol record as •ne In- pr* scribed by law. upon allow ance of tiie appellate court or judge thereof, upon cause shown. See 10. All judges required tolx le.irn "-thirds of each house of the gen-; ral assembly. st-c 1>. Whenever two judges of the , su]n me court are to lx- chosen for the same term of service, each voter shall vote for one only, and wlieu three are to in- chosen lie shall vote for no more than , two: candidates highest in vot* shall lx-- •i* dared elected. S c 17. should any two or more judges • f i'm- supn me court, or any two or more jtnlges of the court of common picas for the same district, be elected at the same t intc. the. slut!!, as soon after the elec tion in conveni* nt. east lots for priority of eiiiiiniis-ion and certify th*- result to I .■ governor, who shall issue their com missions in arcontance tlierewitli. sec l v . The judges "1 the supii-me i nurt and the iu*ig* s of the several courts .il common pleas, and ail other judges required t'* be learned :u t!:<- law. shall, al stat*-il times, rceive for their ser vices an adequate compensation, which shall be fixed by law and paid by the stale. -I'i.i > shall receive iio other com pel! atioii, fees or jx-npiisiti s of office ;,i|- tiieir services I'rolu any source nor hold any other office ot proiit under tlie i iiiteii -states, tliis state or any other slat.-. . p). I'he judges of the supreme •■nut. during their continuance in <>f ii'-c. siiall I'-siii*- within this eoMinoii wealtli : and the other judges, during their continuance iu office, shall reside \v i. !.i:i the (list; icts fm- -,\ hieli they shall be rcsjieetively elected. . _'* i. The several courts of eom- U!'n pleas, besides the powers herein cont'd red. shall have anil exercise w ith m their respective districts, subject to siicli changes as may be made ly law. -ucii chancely pow* rs as are now vesU *1 b\ law in t lie several e*urts of eomnioii pleas of this commonvvcalt h. *n- as may be: ratter le conferred upon theinby law. Sec l!l. No dutii - siiall Ix* imposed by law upon the supume court or any of tin judges thereof, except such as are judicial, nor shall any of the judges there of < xereisi any power**!' appointment ex cept as herein provided. The colli tot' nisi prills k In rel'V ni "dished and no court of original jurisdiction to ix- pre-' sidtd over by any one or more of tin supreme court shall be established. "-et- g'g'. In every county wherein the imputation shall exceed one hundred an* I lifty thousand the general assembly shall, and in any other county may. establish a separate orphans* court, to consist of • lie or im >re judges who shall be lea rued ni the alvv. which court shall exercise ail the jurisdiction ami powers now vested imorwhi h may hereafter I*e conferrt-d ii j.oil, the oi piuuis' com Is. ui'l tin l c;;p *>u th. jui i ii:< tioii of tin- judgi sot ti.e court of common pleas w itliin sueh eoim ly. iu oipoans" court pioeeediiigs. shall cease and *l* tei iniuc: in any county iu v\ hieli a separate orphans" court shall lie , stablislu-il tlic register *1 wills siiall lx clerk of such court ami subject to its di rect ion in all matters |x-rtaining to his iffiice: he may appoint assistant clerks, but only with the consent ami approval ot said court. All accounts lih-d with hint as register or a- clerk ot the said separate orphans" court shall lx* audited by the coin t without e\|x-nst* to parties, t \e. pt where all parties in interest iu a pending proceeding shall nounnate an auditor whom the court may, in its dis- j eretion, appoint. In i very county or-', plains' courts shall possess all the powers ' and jurisdiction of a register's court, and separate registers' courts are hereby j abolished. Sec -3. Tiie style of all process shall be "The Commonwealth of Pennsylva nia.' 1 All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and conclude against tlre jreace and dignity of the same. Sec 24. In all cases of felonious homi cide, and in such other criminal cases as ' may be provided for by law, the accused, after conviction and sentence, may re move the indictment, record and all pro eeediugstothe supreme court for review. Sec 25. Any vacancy happening by death, resignation or otherwise, in any court of record, shall N- tilled by appoint ment by the governor, to continue till the first Monday of January next suc ceeding the tirst general election which shall occur three or more months after the happening of such vacancy. Sec 20. All law's relating to courts shall la-general and <>t uniformoperation and theorganization, jurisdictionand powers of all courts of the same class or grade, so far as regulated by law, and t lie force and effect of the process and judgments of such courts shall be uniform: and the general assembly is hereby prohibited from creating oilier courts to exercise the powers vested by this constitution in the judges of the courts of common pleas and orphans' courts. Sec 27. The parties, by agreement tiled, may. in any civil case, dispense with trial by jury, and submit the decision of such case to the court having jurisdic tion thereof, and such court shall hear and determine the same: and the judg ment thereon shall lie subject to writ of error as in other cases. ARTICLE VI. [mjh (irlnnenf and Removal from Office. See 1. The house of reprosenta . t'.vcs shall have the sole power of impeachment. See 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate; when sitting for that purpose, the senators shall be upon oat it or attirmation; no person shall be convicted without tee con currence of two-thirds of the mem bers present. See 3. The governor and all other civil officers shall be liable to im peachment for any misdemeanor in office, I nit judgment in >iich eases shall not extend further than to re moval from otiice and disqualification to hold any otiice of trust or profit un der this common wealth; the person ac cused. whether convicted or acquit ted, shall nevertheless be liable to in dictment. l rial, judgment and punish ment according to law. Sec 4. All officers shall hold their oltices oil the condition that they be have themselves well while ill office and shall be removed on conviction , of mi behavior in otiice or of any in famous crime. Appointed officers ; other than judges of the courts of re cord and the superintendent of public instruction, nun lie removed at the pleasure of the power by which they shall have been appointed. \ii of ficers elected by the peoph . except governor, lieutenant governor, moni tors of the general assembly and judge-, of the courts of record, learn ed in the law. shall be removed by the governor for reasonable cause, a tier due notice and fuil hearing, on the address of two-thirds of the senate. AIITK LE \ 11. Oath of Off re. Sec I. Senators and representa tives and all judicial, state and coun ty officers, shall, before entering on the duties of their respective ollices, take and subscribe the following oath , or alii'mat ion: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will support, obey and defend the constitution of the I'nited States and tlie const it ul ion of this common wealth. and that 1 will discharge the duties of in \" office with fidelity; that i have not paid or contributed, or promised to pay or contribute, eith er directly or indirectly, any money or other valuable tiling, to procure in\ nomination or election (or ap pointment), except for necessary and proper expenses expressly authorized by law; that I have not knowingly violated any election law of this com monwealth, or procured it to lie done by others in my behalf; that 1 will not Knowingly receive, directly, or indirectly , any money or other valu able tiling for the performance or non performance of any act or duty per taining to my office, other than the compensation allowed fi\ law." I'lie foregoing oath shall be admin istered by sonic person authorized to administer oaths, and in tht; case of slate olliccrs and judges of the -u --prenie court, shall be filed, in the of fice of the secretary of the common wealth. and in the case of other ju dicial and county olliccrs. in the of fice of the protlionotary of the count v in which the same i- taken; any per son refusing to take said oath or af firmation shall forfeit his office, and any person who shall be convicted of having sworn or affirmed falsely, or of having violated said oath or affirmation, shall be guilty of perjurv and !>e forever disqualified from hold ing any office <>l trust or profit with in this common w ealtli. The oath to the members of the senate and house of representatives shall be adminis tered by one of the judges of the supreme court or of a court of com mon pleas, learned in the law. in the hall of the house to which tiie mem ber- shall lie elicted. ARTICLE VIII. S"ffro c. 1. Kvery male citizen twenty one years of age. possessing the fol lowing qualification-, shall be entitled to vote at all elections: First, lie shall have bet n a citizen of the I'nited States at least one month. Second. He shall have resided in the state one year (or if, having pre viously been a qualified elector or native born citizen of the state, he I " ' „ ~ : j shall have removed therefrom and . j returned, then six months) imrnedi- ■ ately preceding the election. Third, lie shall have resided in | the election district where he shall otl'er to vote at least two months im mediately preceding the election. Fourth. If twenty-two years of age or upwards, lie shall have paid within two years a state or county tax. which sliall have been assessed i at least two months and paid at least one month before the election. See 2. The general election shall lie held annually on the Tuesday next follow ing the first Monday of Novem ber, but the general assembly may by ' law fix a different day, two-thirds of all the members of each house con- 1 ; senting thereto. Sec 3. All elections for city, ward, borough and township officers for regular terms of service, shall be held on the third Tuesday of February. Sec 4. All elections by the citizens shall be by ballot. Every ballot voted shall be numbered in the order in which it shall lie received, and the number recorded by the election of ficers on the list of voters, opposite the name of the elector who presents the ballot. Any elector may write his name upon his ticket, or cause the same to he written thereon and attested by a citizen of the district. The election officers shall be sworn or affirmed not to disclose how any elector shall have voted unless re quired to do so as witnesses in a ju . 'Metal proceeding. Sec y. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach or surety of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance on elections and in going to and re turning therefrom. Sec 6. Whenever any of the quali fied electors of this commonwealth shall be in actual military service, under a requisition from the Presi dent of the I'nited States or by the authority of this common wealth, such electors may exercise the right of sulfrage in all elections by the citi zens, under such regulations as are or shall be prescriled by law, as ful ly as if they were present at their usual places of election. Sec 7. All laws regulating the holding of elections by the citizens or for the registration of electors shall lie uniform throughout the state, but no elector shall be deprived of the privilege of voting by reason of his nainc not being registered. Sec 8. Any person who shall give, or promise or offer to give to an elec tor, any money, reward or other val uable consideration for his vote at an election or for withholding the same, or who shall give or promise to give such consideration to any other per son or party such elector's vote, or for the withholding thereof, and any elector who shall receive or agree to receive, for himself or for another, any nionev, reward or other valuable consideration for hi- vote at an elec tion. or for withholding the same, shall thereby forfeit the right to vote at -uch election, and any elector whose right to vote shall bo chal lenged for such cause before the elec tion officers shall be required to swear or nllirm that the matter of the chal lenge is untrue before his vote shall lie received. S. efi. Any person who shall, while ' a candidate for otiice, be guiltv of| bribery, fraud or willful violation of anv election law, shall IK* forever dis qualified from holding an office of trust or profit in this common wealth; and any p< rson convicted of willful violation of the election laws, shall, in addition to any penalties provided by law, lie deprived of the right of siill'ragc absolutely for a term of four years. See 10. In triiils of contested elec tions. and in proceedings for the in vestigation of elections, no person shall Ik-permitted to withhold his tes timony upon the ground that it may eliminate hi nself or subject him to public infamy; but such testimony shall not*aftei w arf- be used against him in any judicial proceeding, ex cept for pcijury in giving such testi mony. Sec 11. Townships and wards of cities or boroughs shall form or be di\ ided into election listriets of com pact and contiguous tei ritory. in siu-li manner as the court of quarter ses sions of the city or county in which the same arc located may direct; but districts in cities of over one hundred thousand inhabitants-hall be divided by the courts of quarter sessions hal - ing jurisdiction therein whenever at the next preceding election more than two hundred and fifty vote- shall have been polled therein; and other election districts whenever the court of the proper county sliall he of opin ion that the convenience of the elec tors and the public interests will be promoted thereby. See 12. All elections by persons in a representative capacity sliall be \ iva voce. Sec 13. For the purpose of voting, no per-on shall he deemed to have gained a residence by reason of hi presence, or lust it by reason of his absence while employed in the ser vice. either civil or military, of this state or of the 1 nited States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of the state or of the I'ni ted states, or on tlie high seas, nor while a student ot any institution of learning, nor while kept in any poor house or any asylum at public ex pense, nor while confined in public prison. Sec 14. Pistnet election boards shall consist of a judge and two in spectors. who shall be chosen annu ally b\ the citizens. Each elector shall have the right to vote for the judge and one inspector, and each in spector sliall appoint one clerk. Ihe first election board for any new dis trict -hall be selected, and vacancies in election boards filled as shall be provided by law. Election officers shall be privileged from arrest upon i days of election and while engaged in making up and transmitting re turns, except upon warrant of a court of record or judge thereof for an elec tion fraud, for felony, or for wanton breach of the peace. In cities they may claim exemption from jury duty during their terms of service. Sec 15. No person sliall be quali [ tied to serve as an election officer I who shall hold, or shall within two months have held any office, appoint ment, or employment in or under the ! government of the United States, or j of this state, or of any city or county, or of any municipal board, commis sion. or trust in any city, save only justices of the peace and aldermen, notaries public, and persons in the militia service of the state; nor shall any election officer be eligible to any civil office to be tilled at an election :.t which he shall serve, save only to such subordinate municipal or local offices below the grade of city or county offices as shall be designated by general law, isec lfi. The courts of common picas of the several counties of the common wealth shall have power within their respective jurisdictions to appoint overseers of election to supervise the , proceedings of election officers and to make report to the court as may be required; such appointments to be made for any district in a city or coun ty. upon petition of live citizens, law ful voters of such election district, setting forth that such appointment is a reasonable precaution to secure the purity and fairness of elections; overseers sliall lie two in number for an election district, shall be residents therein, and shall be persons qualified to serve upon election boards, and in each ease members of di lie rent polit ical parties; whenever the members of an election board -hall differ in opinion, the overseers, if they shall be agreed thereon, shall decide the ques tion of difference; in appointing overseers of election, all the law judges of the proper court, able to act at the time, shall concur in the ap pointments made. Sec 17. The trial and determination of contested elections of electors of president and vice-president, meio liers nf the general assembly, and of all pubtii officers, whether stale, ju dicial, municipal or local, shall be by the courts of law . or by one or more of the law judges thereof; the genera! assembly sliall. by general law. des ignate the courts and judges by whom the several classes of election contests shall be tried,and regulate the manner oftri'al and all matters incident there to; but no such law assigning juris diction, or regulating exercise, sliall apply to any contest arising out of an election held before its passage. ARTICLE IX. Taxation and Finance. Sec. 1. All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects with in the territorial iiinits of the author ity levying the tax,and shall be levied and collected under general laws; but the general assembly may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public property used for public purposes, actual places of religious Worship, 1 ! places of burial not used or held for private or corporate profit, ami insti tutions of purely public charity. Sec 2. All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the proper ty above enumerated, -ball be void. See 3. The power to tax corpora tions and corporate property shall not lie surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to w ..ich the state shall be a party. See 4. No debt shall be created by or on behalf of the state except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, repel invasion, suppre— insurrection, defend the -late in war,or to pa\ ex isting debt, and the debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall never exceed in the aggregate at an\ one time one million of dollars. Sec 5. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money by andonliehalf of the state shall speedy tiie purpose lor which tlm money i- to be used, and the nionev so borrowed -hall be used for the purpose - pee i lied and noother. Sec The credit of the common wealth sliall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company . corpora tion or association. See 7. The general assembly shall not authorize any county, city, bor ough, tow nship or incorporated dis trict to become a stockholder in any company-, association or corporation, or to obtain or to appropriate money foror to loan its credit to any corpo ration, institution or individual. See 8. The debt of any county, city, borough, township, ichool district or other municipality, or incorporated district, except as herein provided, shall never exceed seven per centum upon the assessed \ alue oft he taxable property therein, nor shall any muni cipality ordistrict inetirany new debt or increase its indebtedness to an amount exceeding two per centum upon such assessed valuation of prop erty without the assent of the elect ors thereof, at a public election, in such manner a> shall bo provided In law, but any city, the debt of which now exceeds seven pcreentum of sin-li assessed valuation, may be authorized by law to increase the same three per centum in the aggregate at any time upon such valuation. Jh'c fi. The commonwealth shall not assume tlie debt, or any part thereof, of any city, county, borough or tow nship, unless such debt shall have been contracted to enable the state to repel invasion, suppress do mestic insurrection, defend itself in time of wa.. or to assist the state in the discharge <>l any portion of its present indebtedness. Sec 10. Any county, township, school district or other municipality incurring any indebtedness, shall, at or before the time ofso doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax suf ficient to pay the interest and also the principal thereof within thirty years. See 11. To provide for the payment of the present state debt and any ad ditional debt contracted as aforesaid, , the general assembly shall continue and maintain the sinking fund suf ficient to pay the accruing interest on sueh debt, and annually to ieduce the principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; the said sinking fund shall consist of the proceeds of the sales o!" the public works or any part thereof, and of the income or proceeds of the sale of any stocks owned by the com monwealth, together with other funds and resources that may be designa ted by law, and shall be increased from time to time by assigning to it any part of the tuxes or other reve nues of the state not required for the ordinary and current expenses ofgov ornment; and unless in case of war. invasion or insurrection, no part of • the said sinking fund shall he used or applied otherwise than in the extin ■ guishnicnt of the public debt. ScC 12. The moneys of the state, ovei and above the necessary reserve, shall be used in the payment of the debt of the state, either directly or through the sinking fund, ami the moneys of the sinking fund shall nev er be invested in or loaned upon the security of anything except the bonds of the I'nited States or of this state. Sec 13. The moneys held as ncces-' sari reserve shall be limited by law to the amount required for current expenses, and shall be secured and kept as may be provided by law. Monthly statements shall he publish ed showing the amount of such mon eys. where the same are deposited, and how secured. See 14. The making of profit out of the public moneys, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any officer of the state or member or office of the general as sembly, shall Ik.' a misdemeanor, and shall be punished as may be provided by law. hut part of such punishment shall he a disqualification to hold of fice for a period of not less than live years, ARTICLE X. Education. See 1. The general asternh|y shall provide for the maintenance and Mip port of a thorough and efficient sys tem of public schools, wherein all the children of this commonwealth above the age of six years, may be educated, and shall appropriate at least one million dollars each year for that pur -1 iose. See 2. No money raised for the sup port of the public schools of the coin ; uionwealth shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any secta rian school. Sec 3. Women twenty-one years of age and upwards shall be eligible to : any office under the school laws of this state. ARTICLE XI. J lit it ia. See 1. The freemen of this com ' nionwealth shall be armed, organized and disciplined for its defense when and in sueh manner as may be direct ed by law. The general assembly shall provide for maintaining the mi litia by appropriations from the treas ury of the commonwealth, and may exempt from military service persons ! having conscientious scruples against bearing arms. • I ARTICLE XI!. Public Ojfictrs. Sec 1. All officers whose selection is not provided for in this const itutioii shall be elected or appuinleo as may ' be directed by law. Sec 2. No member of congress from this state, nor any person holding or exerci-iiig any otliee or appointment of trust or p:otit under the I nited ( States, shall at the saiue time hold or exercise any office in this state to which a salary, fees or perquisites shall be attached. fhe general as sembly may by law declare w hat of fices are incompatible. See 3. Any person who shall light a duel or -vin 1 a challenge for that purpose, or be aider or abettor in lighting a duel, shall be deprived of the right of holding any otliee of hon or or profit in this state, and mav be otherwise punished as .shall be pre scribed by law. ARTICLE XIII. Ac iv (' ou at it'.i. Sec 1. No new county shall be es tablished which shall reduce any county to less than four hundred square miles, or to less than twenty thousand inhabitants; nor shall any county tie formed of less area, or con taining a less population, nor shall any line thereof pass w itliin ten miles ot the county seat of any county pro posed to be divided. ARTICLE XIVT Count if Ojficcr*. See 1. Count y officers shall consist ot sheritts, coroners, prothonotaries, registers of wills, recorders of deeds, commissioners, treasurers, surveyors' auditors, or controllers, clerks of the courts, district attorneys and such others as may from time to time be established by law; and no sheriti'or treasure! shall Ineligible for the term next suceeding the one to which he may lie elected. Sec 2. County officers shall lie el eeted at the general elections, and shall hold their offices for the term of three tears, beginning on the. first Monday of .1 miliary next after their election, and until their successors shall be duly qualified; all vacancies nototlien I filled in sae'a manner as i H vided by law. Sec 3. No iiersnn sl, a i| ij, H ed to any office wiihi,, ailv I who shall not have Una a an inhabitant therein one In fore his appointment, if, I shall have been so hum if it shall not have U enAo'i ed, then within the limits, ,f, " or counties out of w hicfi s I been taken. See 4. Prothonotaries.ei,., courts, recorders of deens of wills, county surveyors' id's shall keeptheirotliecsin , I ty tow n of the county in respectively shall be ottic- |. E Sec 5. The eonipeimatiou ~| officers shall IK- regulated and all county officers W |,, may IK 1 salaried shall |, !tv whieli they mav l>e authoriz, ceive into the treasurv oftl,, or state, as may U- directed In counties containing over El | died an.i fifty thousand ii, ; || all county ottieers -dm|| \ K . , r | salary, and the salary of anv - fieer and his clerks, heict,,;' by fees, shall not exceed tli grate amount of fees earned , I his term and collected bv or: 1 Sec 6. Toe general asseuf provide by law for the stri ability of all county, tow . ■ borough otfieers, as well i;, t which may be collected l.y j for all public or municipal u which may be paid to Hum. Sec 7. Three county emu,.. I ers and three county audit,,r-. | be elected in each count v \\i .If etiicers ars chosen, in the \, r thousand eight hundred and s five, and every third year tli.-r and in theeleetion of said offi.. qualified eleetor shall vote torn than two persons, and the tin - . sons having the highest nu;; votes shall be elected; am nt eaney in the office ofcount \ < sioner or county auditor slini; ed by the court of common tbeeounty in vvfiieii suchvacai - ( occur, by the appointingnti . tor ot the proper county w - have voted for the eoinuii— auditor whose place is to In- ti ARTICLE XV. Cities and Cihj < 'A te at any general election in: >d' the same. Sec 2. No debt shall 1- >/ii. or liability incurred bv any wnin eoiiimission. cxe pt in ptir-i : ' ■ vent the general asseiuhly to ing the property of incorporate panics, aud subjecting tlu into lie use. the saiue as the pro|Ktyj individuals; and the exeici-' police power ot the state simi lie abridged or so construe! as in it corporations to conduct r: incs- in such lj-anuci asfoinbir equal rights of imliv dials ■ r: oral well being of tic stab. Sec 1. in all elections fordim or managers of a corporat member or shareiiol ei may < whole number of Ids votes ! candidate, or distiiluit* t two or more candidates. a* prefer. Sec 5. No foreign corporati • ; do any business in this - ih having one or more U11<• w ; business, and an authoriz* agents in the same, upon v cess may be served. Sec 6. No corporation fih* in any business other tl presslv authorized in its shall it take or hold any except such a- may be u< proper for it s h gitiin. '< Sec 7. No corporati-*n - stocks or bonds except ■ or labor done, or money " actually received : and increase of stock or iii'k corporations shall not : except in pursuance of xeu nor without the consent sons holding the largerain" ll ue of the stock first d't meeting to IK- held aftei - N notice given in pursuance Sec 8. Municipal an rations and individuals in the privilege if taking | erty for public iis< sliaii compensation for prop' jured or destrov ed by t tion or enlargement ot highways or improv n' compensation shall be p : : ■ In-fore sueh taking, injury tion. The general as-' r by prohibited from deprb - I son of an appeal from : M . v 1