he had signed it unless the general as sembly, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall liecom-., a law unless he shall file the siuae. with his objections, in the office of the secre tary of the commonwealth and give no tice thereof by public pr oclamation with in thirty day's after such adjournment. Sec 16. The governor shall hve prwe? to disapprove of any item or items of any bill making appropriations of money em bracing distinct items, mid the parts of the bill approved shall be the law and the item or items of appropriat ions disap prove d shall be void unless repassed ae eording tothe rules and limitations pre scribed for the passage of otht r bills over I the executive veto. Sec 17. Thechief justice of the supreme court shall preside upon the trial of any •' contested election of governor or lieuten- • ant governor and shall decide questions i regarding the admissability of evidence and shall, upon request of the committee, [ pronounce his opinion upon other qnes- ■ tions of law involved in the trial. The 1 governor and lieutenant governor shall exercise the duties of their respective j Offices until their successors shall be du ly qualified. " Sec 18. The secretary of the common-' wealth shall keep a record of all official j acts and proceedings of the governor and ; when required lay the same, with all min utes and vouchers relating thereto, be fore either branch of the general assem bly and perform such other duties as may be enjoined upon him by law. i See 19. The secretary of internal af fairs !:nl!-exercise all the powers and) perform all the duties of the surveyor' f general, subject to such changes as shall to made by law. His department shall embrace a bateau of industrial statistics' and he shall discharge such duties relnt-' ing to corporations, to the charitable in- j stitutioas, the agricultural, nnnufae- ■ tuning, mining, mineral, limber ami oth er material or business interests of the ; suite as may be prescribed by law. lie i shall annually, and at such other times! as may be required by law, make report to the general assembly. Sec 20. The superintendent of public instruction shall exercise all the powers ; and perform all the duties of the snper tendent of common schools, subject to such changes as shall be made by law. Sec 21. The term of the secretary of! internal affairs shall be four years, of the auditor general three years and of t'u t I state treasurer two years. These officers I shall lie chosen by the qualified electors! of the state at general elections. Xo | person elected to the office of auditor j general or state treasurer shall lie capa ble of holding the same office for two; consecutive terms. Sec 22. The present great seal of Peun syh.inia shall lie the seal of the state. | Ail commissions shall be in the name' and b> authority of the commonwealth i of Pennsylvania and be sealed with the state seal and signed by the governor. ARTICLE V. Judiciary. Sec 1. The judicial power of this com monwealth shall be vested in the su-i pre me court, in courts of common pleas,' courts of oyer and terimnei aud general! jail delivery, courts of quarter sessions of the peace, orphans' courts, mag's trates'courts and in such other courts as the genera! assembly may from time to time establish. Sec 2. The supreme court shall consist j of seven judges, who sliaii lie elected by the qualified electors of the state at large. They shall held their offices for t he term of twenty-one years, if they so long be have themselves, but shall not 'oe again eligible. The judge whose commission shall first expire shall be chief justice, ! and thereafter each judge whose com mission shall first expire shall in turn be chief just i-e. tbc a. The jurisdiction of the supreme court shall extend over the state and the judge?, thereof shall, by virtue of their! offices, be justices of ovei and terminer a..d general jail delivery in the several ; counties; they shall have original juris diction in care.-.. f injunction and \iuo> a corporation isa party deft ndent. of ha beas corpus, of mandamus r,> courts of inferior jurisdiction, and of quo warran to as to all officers of the commonweall! w hose jurisdiction extend - over the state but sliali not exercise any other original jurisdiction; they shall Lave apellate jurisdiction by apical, cert iorai i or writ of error in all eases, as is now or may hereafter be provided by law. fjec 4. Until otherwise directed by law. the courts of common pleas shall" con-' tinue as it present established, except as hei< in changed; not more than four counties shall, at any t.me. be ineiudul in one judicial district organ i dfor said com l# Sec 5. Whenever a county shall con tain forty thousand inhabitants it shall constitute a separate judieial district I and shall elect one judge learned in the : law. and the general asst mbly shall pro vide for additional judg - a.> the business be attach ed to contiguous districts ..• the general :HSI mbly may provide. The office of :.s --socuto judge, not learned in the lav is ; abolished in counties forming ,eparat< districts; but the several associate judges in office when this constitution' shall b ■ adopted shell sci vt for Uieir uu ! exnired terms. Seet>. la the counties of Philadelphia ' and Allegheny ali the jurisdiction and | -powers now vrsud in th district courts , ur.J courts of encmon picas, subject to ! such changes as may be made by this •constitution or by law, shall be. in Phil- j adclpliia, vested in four, anu in Aileghe-; nv in two distinct and separate courts of equal and co ordinate jurisdiction, ! composed of three judges each; tiie said j courts in Philadelphia shall be -designa ted respectively as the court of ccmhion i pleas number one, number two, number | three and number four, and in Alleghe *iy as the court of common pleasnumber one and number two; but the number' of said courts may be by law increased.' from time to tim°, and shall be in like! manner designated by successive num- i tiers-. the number of judges iu any of said courts, or in any county where the es tablishment of an additional court may be authorized by law, may be increased J from time to time; and whenever such j increase shall amount to three, such three judges shall compose a distinct and ' separate court as aforesaid, which shall be numbered as aforesaid. In Philadel phia all suits shall be instituted in the! said courts of common pleas without designating the number of said court, and the several courts shall distribute and apportion the business among them in such manher as shall be provider! by rules of court, and each court to which any suit shall be thus assigned shall have exclusive juristiiction thereof, subject I to change of venue, as shall be provided 1 bylaw, in Allegheny each court shall have exclusive jurisdiction of all pro ceedings at law ami inequity comujeliccd therein, subject to change of venue as xftay le provided by law. Sec 7. For Philadelphia there shall le one prothonotary's office and one pro--- thoriotary for all said courts, to be ap •..•>in. Ib> the judges of said courts, and to hold office ivi three years, subject to removal by a majority of said judges; the said prothouotary shall appoint such a&sistauts as may be necessary and am tborized by said courts, and lie and hi> assistants shall leeeive fixed salaries. to be determined by law and paid by said county; all fees collected in said office, except such as may be law due to the commonwealth; shall be paid by thepro tlionotaryintothecounty treasury. Each court shall have its serrate dockets, ex eppt the judgment docket, which shall contain the judgments and liens of all the said courts, as is or may le directed bv law. Sec 8. The said courts in the counties of Philadelphia and Allegheny respect ively shall, from time to time, in turn, detail one or more of their judges to hold the courts of oyer and terminer and the courts of quarter sessions of the peace of said counties in such manner ;is may be directed by law. See 9. Judges of the courts of common pleas learned ill the law shall lie judges of t he courts of oyer and terminer, quar ter sessions of the jieace and general jail delivery and of the orphans'" court, and within their respective distrietsshall lie justices of the peace as to criminal matters. Sec 10. The judges of the courts of common pleas, within their respective counties, shall have power to issue writs of certiorari to justices of the peace and other inferior courts not of record, and to cause their proceeding to lie brought liefore them and right and justice to be done. See 11. Except as otherwise provided in this constitution, jnstieesof the peace or aldermen shall lie elected in the seve ral wards, districts, boroughs and town ships at the time of the election of con stables. by the qualified electors thereof, in such maimer as shall be directed by law and shall be commissioned by the governor for a term of live years. No township, ward, district or borough shall elect more than two justices of the peace or aldermen without the consent of a ma jority of the qualified electors within such" town ship, ward or borough; no per son shall be elected to such office unless he shall have resided within the town ship. borough, ward or district for one yra; next preceding hiseleetion. In cities containing over fifty thousand inhabi tants not more than one alderman shall lie elected in each ward or district. Sec 1.2. Iu Philadelphia there shall be established, for each thirty thousand in habitants, one court, not of record, of jiolice a;.d civil causes, with jurisdiction not exceeding one hundred dollars; such courts shall be held by magistrates whose term of office shall be five vearsand they shall be elected on general ticket by the qualified voters at large; and in the elec tion of the said magistrates no voter shall votefi>r more than t wo-thirdsof the n uui ber of persons to be elected, when more than one are to be chosen; they shall be compensated only by fixed salaries, to be paid by. said county, and shall exercise such jurisdiction, civil and criminal, ex cept us herein provided. as is now exer cised by aldermen, subject to such changes", not involving an increase of civil jurisdiction or conferring political duties, as may be made by law. In Phil adelphia the office of alderman is abol ished. Sec 13. Ail fees, fines and penalties in said courts shall lie paid into the couuty treasury. Sec 14. In all cases of summary con viction in this common wealth, orof judg ment iu suit for a penalty before a magis trate or court not of record, either party may appeal lo such court of record as ma' be proscribed by law, upon allow ance of the apellate court or judge thereof, upon cause shown. -eo 15. All judges required Lobe learn ed in the law. except the judges ot the supreme court, shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective dis tricts over which they are to preside and shall hold tiieir offices for the period of ten years, if they shall so long behave themselves well; but for any reasonable cause, which shall not be sufficient ground for impeachment, the governor may remove any of them on the address of two-thirds of each house of the gen eral assembly. Sec 16. Whenever two judges of the supreme court are to be chosen for the same term of service, each voter shall vote for one only, and when three are to :k' chosfn he shall vote for no more than two; candidates highest in vote shall be declared elected. of the supreme court, or any two or more bulges of the court of common pleas for the same district, be elected at the same time, they shall, as soon after the elec tion as convenient, cast lots for priority f commission and certify the result to the governor, who shall issue their com missions in accordance therewith. Sec Is. The judges of the supreme . ourt and the judges of the several courts of common pleas, and all other judges required to be learned in the law. shall, at slated tunes, receive foi their ser vices an adequate compensation, which riiall be fixed by law and paid by the state. They shall receive no other coni > ion, tees or jierquisites ui office ;dr their services from any source nor hold any other office of profit under the United "States, this state or any other -late. See ID. Toe judges of ilu* supreme cVitrt. during their continuance in >f f;:e, ifcaU reside within this common .'.-oaltii; and the other judges, during • heir continuance in office, si tall reside ; within the districts for which they shall , be respectively elected. ; bee Ah The several courts of com-; ! mon picas, Itesides the powers herein ; conferred, shall have and exercise witli • in their respective districts, subject to such changes as may be made by law, ! such chancery powers as are now vested ; I by law in the"several courts of common pleas of this commonwealth, or as may i hereafter be conferred upon them by law. Sec 21. No duties shall be imposed by ; law upon the supreme court or any of the judges thereof, except such as "are ' judicial, nor shall any of the judges there ' of exercise any power of appointment ex- j > oept as herein provided. The'court of i nisi prius is hereby abolished and no court of original jurisdiction to be pre sided over by any one or more of the ; supreme court shall be established. Sec 22. In every county wherein the 1 ! population shall exceed one hundred and tifty thousand the general assembly shall, ' and iu any other county may, establish a separate orphans' court, to consist of 1 one or more judges who shall be learned i in the law, which court shall exercise all the jurisdiction and powers now vested j in. or which may brtvafter be conferred ; iqon, the orphans" courts, and thereup on ihe jurisdiction of the judges of the court of common pleas within such coun ty, in orphans' court proceedings, shall cease and determine; in any county in ; which a separate orphans' court shall be estaldished the register of wills shall be clerk of such court and subjei t tuits di rection in all matters pertaining to Ins office; lie may appoint assistant clerks, but only with the consent and approval of said court* AH accounts filed with him as register or as clerk .of the said -separate orphans', court-almll be audited by the court without expense to parties, except where all parties in interest in a pending proceeding shall nouuu.au an auditor whom the court tuny, in its do cretion, appoint. In every county 01 pbans 1 courtsshall possess all the power and jurisdiction of a register's court, an separate registers' courts are lieieh abolished. Sec 23. The style of all process stial be "The Common weattfi of Pennsylv* nia." All prosecutions shall be carrie on in the name and by the authority o ' the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania an conclude against the peace and dignit of the same. Sec 24. In all cases of felonious lioim j cide, and in such otlier criminal cases a may lie provided for by law, the accused after conviction and sentence, may it move the indictment, record and all pr< | ceedingsto the supreme court for review f Sec 25. Any vacancy happening h death, resignation or otherwise, in an court of record, shall lie tilled by appoint meat by the governor, to continue til the tinst Monday of January next sue ceediug the first general election whic! shall occur three or more months atte the hap|ening of such vacancy. Sec 26. All laws relating to courts shal be general and of uniform operation am the organization, j urisdietiouaiul power of all courts of the same class or gradt so far as regulated by law. and the fore and effect of tlie process and judgment of such courts shall be uniform: and th general assembly is hereby prohibits from creating oilier courts to exercis the powers vested by this constitutioi in the judges of the courts of commo pleas and orphans' courts. See 27. The parties, by agreement tiled may, in any civil case, dispense wit trial by jury, and submit the decision o such ease to the court having jurisdii tion thereof, and such court shall hea and determine the same; and the judg iiient thereon shall be subject to writ o error as in other cases. ARTICLE VI. Impeach me id and Removal from Office. Sec 1. The house of represents tires shall have the sole power o impeachment. See 2. All impeachments shall b tried by the senate; when sitting fo that purpose, the senators shall b upon oath or atlirniation; no persoi shall be convicted without tie con eurrence of two-thirds of the mem hers present. Bec 3. The governor and all otlie civil officers shall be liable to itn peachmeiit for any misdemeanor ii office, but judgment, in such case shall not extend further than to re moval from office and disqualiticatioi to hold any office of trust or profit un lor this commonwealth; the person ac cused, whether convicted or acquit Led, shall nevertheless be liable to.in dietinent, trial, judgment and punish inent according to Law. ;See 4. All officers shall hold t'neii offices en the condition that they he have themselves well while in offic* and shall be removed on convietioi >f misbehavior in office or of any in famous crime. Appointed officers other than judges of the courts of re cord and the superintendent of public instruction, may be removed at tin pleasure of the power by which they snail have been appointed. All ol tieers elected by the people, cxccpi governor, lieutenant governor, mem tiers of the general assembly anc judges.of the courts of record, learn ed in the law, shall be removed by tin governor for reasonable cause, aftei due notice and full hearing, on tin address of two-thirds of the senate ARTICLE < 11. Oath of Office. Sec 1. Senators and represeuta tives and all judicial, state and coun ty officers, shall, before entering oi: the duties of their respective offices take and subscribe the following oatl: or afli r mation: "I do solemnly swear for affirm; that 1 will support, obey ami defend the constitution of the United States and the constitution of this common wealth, and that 1 will discharge tin duties of my office with fidelity; that I have not paid or contributed, oi promised to pay or contribute, eith er directly or indirectly, any mones or other valuable thing, to procuit my nomination or election (or a~p pointment), except for necessary and proper expenses expressly authorized bylaw; that I have not knowingly violated any election law of this com monwealth, or procured it to be dom by others in my behalf; that I will not knowingly receive, directly, <>i indirectly, any money or other vain able tiling for the performance or non performance of any act or duty per tainit to my office, other than the compensation allowed by law." The foregoing oath shall be admin istered by some person authorized te administer oaths, and in the case ol state officers and judges of the su preme court, shall be tiled in the of fice of the secretary of the common wealth, and in the case of other js dicial and county officers, in the of flee of tue prothonotary of the county in which the same is taken; any per son refusing to take said oath or af firmation shall forfeit hi 9 office, and any person who shall be convicted of having sworn or affirmed falsely, or of having violated said oath oi affirmation, shall be guilty of perjnry and be forever disqualified from hold ing any office of trust or profit with in this commonwealth. The oath to the members of the seuate and house of representatives shall be adminis tered by one of the judges ot the supreme court or of a court of com mon pleas, learned in the law, in the hall of the house to which the mem bers shall be elected. ARTICLE VIII. Suffrage and Elections. Sec. 1. Every mate citizen twenty one years of nge, possessing the fol lowing-qualifications, shall be entitled to vote"at all elections: First. He shall have been a citizen of the United States at least one month. Second. He shall have resided in the slate one'year (or if,'having pre viously been a qualified elector or native born citizen of the state, he ■- shall have removed therefrom and returned, then six months It iintnedi -5 ately preceding the election. Third. He shall'have resided in jtbeeleeliop district where he shall 111 offer to vote at least two months iin mediately preceding the election. | Fourth. If twenty-two years of j age or upwards, lie shall have paid y within two years a state or county tax, which shall have been assessed " at least two months and paid at least , one month before the election. ,1 Sec 2. The general election shall i-; lie held annually on the Tuesday next . following the first Monday of Novein y her, but the general assembly may by j j law fix a different day, two-thirds of 1 all the members of each house cou - seating thereto. li' Sec 3. All elections for city, ward, 1 borough and township officers for I regular terms of service, shall lie held { on the third Tuesday of February, s; Sec 4. All elections by the citizens - shall be by ballot. Every ballot voted e I shall be numbered in the order in P ; which it shall be received, and the \ number recorded by the election of e tieers on the list of voters, opposite 1 the name of the elector who presents ' j the ballot. Any elector may write j his name upou his ticket, or cause >i the same to be written thereon and f attested by a citizen of the district. ■ The election officers shall be sworn 1 or affirmed not to disclose how any j elector shrill have voted unless re quired to do so as witnesses in a ju j iicial proceeding. : . See 5. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach or ; surety of the peace, be privileged - from arrest during their attendance © f on elections and in going to and re turning tberetrom. e | Sec C>. Whenever any of the quali r lied electors of this commonwealth e shall be in actual military service, i under a requisition from the i'resi - dent of the I nited States or by the - authority of this commonwealth,such ; electors may exercise the right of i suffrage in all elections by the citi - zens, under such regulations as are l or shall be prescribed by law, as ful s ly as ii they were present at their - usual places of election. i Sec 7. All laws regulating the - holding of elections by the citizens - or for the registration of electors - -hall be uniform throughout the state. - but no elector shall be deprived of - the privilege of voting by reason of his name not being registered. Sic S. Any person who shall give, - or promise or offer to give to an elec ■ tor, any money, reward or other val i liable consideration for his vote at an - election or for withholding the same, • or who shall give or promise to give - such consideration to any other per • son or party such elector's vote, or • for the withholding thereof, and any • elector who shall receive or agree to receive, for himself or for another, ; any money, reward or other valuable - consideration for his vote at an elec [ j tion, or for withholding the same, ,-ihuil thereby forfeit the right to vote • at such election, and any elector • whose right to vote shall be chal • lenged for such cause before the elee , tion officers shall be required to swear or affirm that the matter of the chal lenge is untrue before his vote shall be received. See 9. Any person who shall, while ■ a candidate for office, be guilty of i bribery, fraud or willful violation of , any election law, shall he forever dis qualified from holding an office of : trust or profit in this commonwealth; i and any person convicted of willful violation of the election laws, shall. ! in addition to any penalties provided by law, be deprived of the right of • suffrage absolutely for a term of four - \ ears. .See 10. In trials of contested elcc-' • tions, and in proceedings for the hi ve.-, titration of elections, no person • shal! be permitted to withhold lii tes timony upon the ground that it may i criminate hi.list If or subject him to ! public infamy; but such testimony' shall not afterwards be used against him in any judicial proceeding. < x cept for perjury in giving such testi mony. Sec 11. Townships and wards of cities or boroughs shall form or lie divided into election districts of com pact and contiguous tei rit-ory, in such manner as the court of quarter ses : sious of the city or county in which the same are located may direct; but districts in cities of over one hundred thousand inhabitants shall be divided • by the courts of quarter sessions hav ing jurisdiction therein whenever at the next preceding election more than two hundred and fifty votes shall have been polled therein; and other election districts whenever the court ! of the proper county shall be of opin ion that the convenience of the elec tors and the public interests will be promoted thereby. , i Sec 12. All elections by persons iu a representative capacity shall be 'Viva voce. Sec 13. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his : presence, or lost it by reason of his | absence while employed in the ser vice, either civil or military, of this state or of the United States, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of the state or of the Uni | ted states, or on the high seas, nor j while a student ot auy institution of j learning, nor while kept iu any poor i house or auy asylum at public ex-' petise, nor white confined in public prison. - Sec 14. District election boards shall consist of a judge and two in spectors, who shall be chosen annu ally by the citizens. Each elector shall have the right to vote for the judge ami one inspector, and each in rtpeotoE shall appoint One clerk.. The tir>t election board for auy new dis trict shall be selected, and vacancies i jgmh -m in election boards tilled as shall tie provided by law. Klectioti officers shall la' privileged from arrest upon days of election and while engaged in making up and transmitting re ! turns, except upon warrant of a court of record or judge thereof for an elec- I tion fraud, for felony, or for wanton breach of the peace. In cities they may claim exemption from jury duty . during their terms of service. Sec 15. No person shall be quali fied to serve as an election officer who shall hold, or shall within two mouths have held any office, appoint ment, or employment in or under the ! government of the United States, or ! of this state, or of any city or county, or of any municipal board, commis • sion, or trust in any city, save only justices of the peace and aldermen, notaries public, and persons in the militia service of the state; nor shall any election officer be eligible to any civil office to be liiled at an election at which he shall serve, save onl\ to such subordinate municipal or local ! offices below the grade of city or county offices as shall be designated by general l;iw. Sec 1(5. The courts of common pleas of the several counties of the common wealth shall have power within their respective jurisdictions to appoint overseers of election to supervise the proceedings of election officers and to make report to the court as may lie required ; such appointments to be made for any district in a city or coun ty, upon petition of live citizens, law ful voters of such election district, setting forth that sucli appointment is a reasonable precaution to secure the* purity and fairness of elections; overseers shall be two in number for an election district, shall be residents , therein, and shall be persons qualified to serve upon election boards, and in each case members of different polit ical parties; whenever the members of au election board shall differ in opinion, the overseers, if they shall be agreed thereon, shall decide the ques tion of difference; in appointing overseers of election, all the law judges of the proper court, able to act at the time, shall concur in the ap pointments made. .Sec 17. The trial and determination of contested elections of electors of president and vice-president, mem tiers of the general assembly, and of all public officers, whetuer stale, ju dicial. municipal or lucai, shall be by the courts of law, or by one or more of the law judges then of; the general assembly shall, bv general law, des ignate the courts and judges by whom the several classes of election contests shall be tried, and regulate the manner ol'trial and all matters incident there to; but no such law assigning juris diction, or regulating its exercise, shall apply to any contest arising out of an election held before its passage. ARTICLE IX. Taxation and Finance. Sec. 1. All taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects with in the territorial limits.of the author-j ity levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws; but | the general assembly may, by general laws, exempt from taxation public! property used for public purposes,' actual places of religious worship,' places of burial not used or held for \ private or corporate profit, and insti tutions of purely public charity. See 2. All laws exempting property from taxation,other than the proper-' ty above enumerated, shall be void.' See 3. The power to tax corpora tions andcorpoiate property shall not l>e surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the state}, shall be a party. See 4. .No debt shall be created by or on behalf of the state except to supply casual deficiencies ot revenue,, repel invasion, suppress insin lection, defend the state in war,or to pa\ ex isting debt, and the debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall j never exceed in the aggregate at any one time one .million of dollars. See f>. All laws authorizing the. borrowing of money by and on behalf of the state shall specify the put pose for which the money is to be used, and the money so borrowed shall be used for the purpose specified and no other. Sec ('. Ihe credit of the common wealth shall not lie pledged or loaned to any individual, company,corpora tion or association. See 7. The general assembly shall not authorize any county, city, bor ough, tow nship or incorporated dis trict to become a stockholder in any company, association or corporation, or to obtain or to appropriate money furor to loan its credit to any corpo ration, institution or individual. Sec S. The debt of any county, city, borough, township, tchool district or other municipality, or incorporated district, except, as herein provided, shall never exceed seven per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein, nor shall any muni cipality or district incur any new debt or increase its indebtedness to an amount exceeding two per centum upon such assessed valuation of prop erty without the assent of the elect ors thereof, at a public election, in such manner as shall be provided by law, but any city, the debt of which now exceeds seven per centum of such assessed valuation, may be authorized by law to increase the same three per centum in the aggregate at any time upou such valuation. Sec fi. The conimouwealth shall not assume the debt, or any part thereof, of any city, county, borough or township, unless such debt shall have been contracted to enable the state to repel invasion, suppress do mestic insurrection, defend itself in time of win, or to assist the state in the discharge of any portion of its present indebtedness. Bec !0. county, township, school district or other ratmufpality incurring any indefitedness, shall, .'it or In-fore the time of so doing, pro\ ide for the collection of an annual tax suf ficient to pay llie interest and also the ! principal thereof within thirty years. See 11. To provide for the payment 1 of the present state debt and any ad -1 ditioual debt contracted as aforesaid, the general assembly shall continue and maintain the sinki.ig fund suf ficient to pay the accruing interest on such debt, and annually to ieduce the principal thereof by a sum not less than two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; the said sinking fund shall consist of the proceeds of the sales of the public works or any part thereof, and of the income or proceeds of the sale of any stocks owned by the com monwealth, together with other funds and resources that may be designa ted by law, and shall l*e increased trom time to time by assigning to it any part of the taxes or other reve nues of the state not required for the ordinary and current expenses of gov ernment; and unless in case of war, invasion or insurrection, no part of , the said sinking fund shall be used or applied otherwise than in the extin guishment of the public debt. See 12. The moneys of the state, , over and above the necessary reserve, shall l e used in the payment of the debt of the state, either directly or through the sinking fund, and the moneys of the sinking fund shall nev er be invested in or loaned upon the security of anything except the bonds of the United States or of this state. Sec Id. The moneys held as neces sary reserve shall be limited by law to the amount required for current expenses, and shall be secured and kept as may be provided by law. Monthly statements shall be publish ed showing the amount of such inon eys, where the same are deposited, and how secured. Sec 11. Tne making of profit out • of the public moneys, or using the same for any purpose not authorized by law, by any officer of the state or member or olfice r of tile general as sembly, shall be a misdemeanor, and , shall be punished as may lie provide*] by law, but part of such punishment shall be a disqualification to hold of fice for a period of not less than live years. ARTICLE x. Education. Sec 1. The general assembly shall provide for the mairteiiance and sup port of a thorough and efficient sys tem of public schools, wherein all the children of this commonwealth above the age of six years, may lie educated, and shall appropriate at least one million dollars each year for that pur pose. JSec 2. No money raised for the sup j port of the public schools of the coiu : mouwealth shall he appropriated to ; or used for the support of any si cta rian school. Sec 3. Women twenty-one years of age and upwards shall be eligible to any office under the school laws of this state. ARTICLE XI. Mititia. Sec 1. The freemen of this com monwealth shall be armed, organized and disciplined for its defense when and in such manner as may be direct ed by law. The general assembly shall provide for maintaining the mi litia by appropriations from the treas j ury of the commonwealth, and mav exempt from military service jiersons having conscientious scruples against bearing arms. [ ARTICLE XII. Public Officer*. Sec I. All officers whose selection is not pro\ ided for in tiiisc institute n shall be elected or appoint en as may lie directed by law. 2. No inembcrofcongress from this state, nor any person holding or exercising any office or appoint nu-nt of trust or p olit under the United States, shall at the same time hold or exercise any office in this state to wiiieli a salary. Ices or perquisites shall be attached. The general as senibh may h\ law declare what of fices are incompatible. Sic 3. Any person who shall fight a duel or send a challenge for that purpose, or lie aider or abettor in fighting a duel, shall be deprived of tin* right of holding any office of hon or or profit in this state, and may be otherwise punished as sh; 11 be pre scribed by law. ARTICLE XIII. Sew Counties. Sec 1. No new county shall be es tablished which shall reduce anv county to less than four hundred square miles, or to less than twenty thousand inhabitants; nor shall any county be formed of less ar a, or con taining a less population, "nor shall any line tin reof pass within ten miles ol the county seat of any county pro posed to be divided. ARTICLE XIV. County Officer*. Sec 1. County officers shall consist of sheriffs, coroners, prothonotaries, registers of wills, recorders of deeds, commissioners, treasurers, surveyors, auditors, or controllers, clerks of the courts, district attorneys and such others as may from time to time be established by law ; and no sheriff or treasurer shall be eligible for the term next succeding the one to which he may be elected. t*ec 2. County officers shall be el ected at the general elections, and shall hold their offices for the term of three years, beginning ou the first Monday of January uext after their election, and until their successors shall be duly qualified: all vacancies not . .filled ui suc.i maim er 19 Vute 1 by law. Sec 3. No sVi I cd to any office wj. who shall not have uJ ' 1 an inhabitant therein,, 1 lieforC his appointment Bj shall have liecn H0 ■ if it shall not have he, ed, then within the ii or counties out ofwhic .' *■ been taken. Sec 4. I'rothonotarh, courts, recorders of of wills, county >u lm I ill's shall keep theiroftj', ~v ty town of the count; I respectively shall ' ! E Sec 5. The coriqiensat officers shall he regulj, §§ and all county oftieeis may lie salaried shall which they may be auth-.j H ceive into the treasury I or staW, as may IK* DIRTR-1 I In counties containing, . Eg died and fifty thousand all county officers shall U I salary, and the salary of a ., B ficer and his clerks' here; | by fees, shall not exce*,) J grate amount of fees his term and collected h v . [ Sec f>. Tlic general as., B provide by law forthetri . ability of all county, t., W(1 ,8H borough officers, as w. H EH which may IK- collected i, OF for all public or munici;lsl which may l>e paid to thtu f| Sec 7. Three county ers and three county au.fi; || lie elected in each county * cfliccrs ars chosen, in tV - thousand eight hundred a: [ 3 five, and every third yearr 1 and in the election of said „i!j KB qualified elector shall votefo- K| than two persons, and the: H sons having the highest n„ H votes shall lie elected; am cancy in the office of COULU sioner or county auditor ed by tbe court of coran thecounty in wtiic'usyiehvi , I occur, by the npjmititniuit! tor of the proper county * have voted for tiie eoum s auditor yvhose place is tpbel | ARTICLE XV. Cities and City Chan-' Sec 1. Cities may it ■ whenever a majority of tin • anv town or borough ha\ - lation of at least ten thoiM, vote at any general election i of the same. Sec 2. No debt shall -vvnv-Bj or liability incurred by any in I commission, except in purs I an appropriation pre viois, H therefor by the inimic-ijial .■ ment. See 3• K very city shall err:i> fl ing fund, which shall lie it fl pledged for the payment of .1 cd debt. ARTICLE XVI. Prirote Corporation!. Sec 1. All existing char: grants of special or CXCIIIMV-: leges, under which a bona fid- : ization shall not have taken |> business commenced at the tin* adoption of this cots' shall thereafter have no vali Sec 2. The general ossein not remit the forfeiture of t ter of any corporation now ei* or alter or amend the same, any other general or -peciai the U-nefit of such corporation • on the condition that >uch corpe:- shall thereafter bold itscharu to the provisions of this cons'." See 3. The exercise of the rg eminent domain sliall HO' abridge*} or so construe*! w'■ vent tin* genera! assent 11}' ft* ing the pr< jierty of ine .rji -ni. panics, and subjecting t :* ini lie use, the same as tin prop individuals; and the cxitci' : police power of the state >.,:* i. IK a bridge* I or so construed a miteorporai'.ou- to conduct t:; iiu ss in such u.aiw-ci astniiiliiii. equal rights of individuals ot tl eral well being ol the state. Sec 1. In all elections foi din or managers of a <•* ipofutoi member or shanholder may -■ wliole number of liis votes to" candidate, or distiibute tl.effl two or more candidates,as * prt fer. Sec 5. No foreign ,r do any business iu this state having one or more known | business, and an authorize !:: agents in the same, upon cess may be served. Sec 6. No corporation slut. ' in any business other than '■ > pressly authorized in its char'** shall it take or hold any re* except such as may be proper for its legitimate Scc 7. No corporation • stocks or bouds except for ;1 or labor done, or money or p* actually received ; and all '■ increase of stock or indebted j corporations shall not he i!l ' , except in pursuance of gt' ri