\TOL. VIII.
THE PEOPLE'S JOURNAL.
?ctn.:nub tvErcvTtSDAY MORN/NG, BY
ADDISON AVERY.
). f e r a o r m . land capable . ofyielding a whole
one. If you are a poor man you can
not afford to fence two acres to secure
the crop that ought to grow on one;
you cannot afford to pay .or lose the
interest off thecost of a hundred of
acres of land to get the crops that will
grow on fifty. No man can afford to
raise twenty bushels of corn to an
acre, not even if the land were given
him, for twenty bushels to the acre
will not pay the cost of the miserable
cultivation that: . produces it.
No poor man can ailbrd to cultivate
his land in such a manner as N ' v i 1 I cause
it to deteriorate in value. Good farm
ing improves time value of land, and
the farmer who manages farm so
as to get Cie largest crog/it is•capal?le
of yielding, increases its value every
God huh c Ined—he kumveth 1,04. .
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Village subscribers, 125
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LITTLE ONES
I=
tVeop not, mother; o'er Lis bro;e4t
l'uld the little Irunli to re:t ;
Ronud the de.ol thou Inw st
Brig!)les: angels come anti ;
Is it well thou tveepei; so
Canst %hint guard ns. nnge!s rfln,
And thine eye the scan
Leaping up Crow boy to uctu ?
Panst thou na . rk the chaining, fears,
And the ever-failing
Well as he that weaveA rSie years?
Is thy lot so tier to titeP,
All its sin and ini,cry—
wooldit ;c td thy child by thee
Braid garlands that iicoead
.01 ihe rtloont so coveted,
Bind boa thorns :thou: his head ?
2i ether smite and hrewhe a priyer,
Thanking Gad for hi , du.r e.tre
(Jr thy ntre—
Froihng as yon bmv,
Lis: to kiis the d brow.
Saying, "Aoge!, now
For my eileri•dwil one is lifted
From me paili where snows hive drified—L
rruta to h !art so we dc and rifled—
SVltare. tut c.i.f.:li t ght can appall,
Or a tany:ed
Where ;ha keepetlt all.
Now ruy little oue i, ;
For ha tie.4oa; oo a Prv.l,l
Never ha trial itareq
Anti 116, face that s . !eotly
Turns its cit:ilite tt. up to me,
I, a sweeter to see
Tirin a min-L row rough clrf.
I;earing mign.; of L'igiti and ,nare,
La: ;iu:e ;0ve•!ig4,114.n,:.
Ipc me rwher-:-I 1,14.0.
nn. ti,r:inz on Thy breas
C. 1 ,1 for Wit 11,
It tha' we , 11.) . .1!kiPI)
%VP, %N \VA'Cile 4
11 ' IJC/1 a pure cUi'd f4;:i
Bet'er let a , ini!e br qprnt,
And !I l i: pr.n or 11l !IVA; Oil
In S WPI`!
GREELEY'S ADDRESS IN EaU CO
foiiowiag is a I.4i)•)rt \h
rem Irk; at the Erin Cu . atity -
F:dr, at 11-Im!,ur4l). It will no doubt
be ro;:a ‘vith intc , re4t :
I p 'reoivc G.) that the
turret t:r.ient*,:." of • C.lO arrallg,3lllollt',
fur l',lllCll 1, or courSol, am Tlut ru-TOTISI
- Will Ilut Uf my lj is heard
by any inn %Ye nurniwr of CllO-1-3
present, and a; this gathering is re
garded by in ,st of you as a festival, l
advise all such as find themselves
Tither unaldo or di-inclined to bear
what I have to offer, to go to other
parts of the grounds, and amuse them
selves in the Manner which is most
congenial to their taste, taking care
nut to disturb th0. , 0 tt•So prefer to re- .
main around the stand. (Nobody
:vent even those who could not hear
him seemed to think the orator the
most remarkable production on exhibi
tiun.)
The truth which I am most anxious
to impress (continued Mr. G.) is, that
no poor man can anrd to be a poor
t'artner. .Wheu I have recommended
.3gricultural improvements, I have often
been told, "this expensive farming will
do well enough for rich people, but
ive who are in moderate circumstances
can't afford it." Now, it is not orna
mental farming that I recommend, but
profitable farming. It is true that the
amount of a man's capital must fig the
limit of his business, in agriculture as
in everything else. But however poor
you may be, you can aft'ord to cultivate
land well if you can afford to cultivate
at all. It may be out Of your power
to keep a large farm tinnier a high
state of cultivation, but then you should
sell a part of it, and cultivate a small
one: If you are a poor coati, you can
not afford to raise small crops ; you
anuot afford to accept half a crop
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No farmer can anvil to produce
weeds. They grow, to be sure, with
.out cultivation ; they spring up spon
taneously on all land, and especially
rich land but though they cost no toil,
a farmer cannot afford to. raise them.
The same elements that feed them,
would, with proper cultivation, nourish
a crop, and no farmer can affird to ex- .
peed on weeds the natural wealth
which was bestowed by Providence to
fill his granaries. I am accustomed,
my friends, to estimate the Christianity
of the localities through which I pas,
by th e absence of weeds on and about
the farm... When I see a firm cover
ea by a gigantic growth of weals, I
take it Ea. granted that the owner is a
heathen, a heretic, or an infidel—a.
Christian he cannot be, or he wOuld
not allow the heritage which G,d gave
him to dress and keep, to be so de
formed and profaned. And if you will
allow are to make an application of
the doctrine I preach, I most be per
mitted to say that there is a great field
for missionary efErrt on the farms be.
tWeell here and litifralo. Nature has
been bountiful to you, but there is
great need of better cultivation. To
nrevent the growth of weeds, is equiva
lent to anrichiag your land with manure,
fir to retain hi it the elem,mts of which
crops are harped, is as profitable as to
luring them there. It is better that
weed 4 shonld not grow at all; but
when they exit, and you und.;rtalte to
- destroy than, it is economy to gather
them up and carry them to your barn
yard:, and convert them into manure..
You will in thii runner restore to
your farms the fertility of which the
weed drained. it.
Farmers cannot aGrd to grow a
crop on a soil that (1.)(.!s not contain
the natural elements that enter into its
composition, When you burn a Vega:
tahle, a larg.o part or it. 3 bulk passes
away during the proce.;s or combustion
into the air. But there is always a
residue of mineral m ttter, c msisting
of limo, p..itaih, and other ingredient.;
that entered into its composition.
Now, the plant. drew these materials
out of the earth, and if you' attempt
.to grow that plant in a soil that is
deficient in there ingredients, you are
driving an unsuccesstid business. Na
ture d )es not mike vegetables out of
n and you cannot expect tri take
c rop after crop off from a field that
does not contain the elements of which
it is lhrnied. if you wish to maintain
the fertility of your farms, you must
constantly restore to the m the materials
which are withdrawn ail cropping.
No farmer can afford to sell his ashes.
You annually export from Western
N. Y. a large amount of potash. De
pend upon it there is "nobodyin the
world to whom this is 'worth so much
as it is to . yourselves. You can't af
ford to sell it, but a farmer can well
afford to buy ashes at a higher price
than is paid by anybody that does
not wish to use them as fertiliiers
of the soil. Situated as the farmers
of this county aro in the neighbor
hood of .a city that burns large quanti
ties of wood for fuel, you should make
it a part of your system of farming. to
secure all the ashes it produces. When
your -teams go into town with loads
of wood, it would cost comparatively
little to bring bock loads of ashes
dud other fertilizers that 'would im
COUDERSPORT, POTTER COUNTY, PA., OCTOBER, - 11, 1855
prove the productiveness of your
RIM
No poor farmer can afford to keep
fruit trees that do not bear good
fruits. Good fruit is always Valuable,
and should be raised by the farmer,
not only for market,' but large con
sumption in his own family. As
more 'enlightened views. of diet pre
vail, fruit is destined to supplant the
excessive quantities of animal food
that are consumed in this country.
This change will produce better health,
greater vigor of body, activity of mind
and elasticity of spirit, and I cannot
doubt that the time will come when
farmers, instead of putting down the
large quantities of meat they do at
present, will give their attention in
autumn to the preservation of large
quantities of excellent fruit, for con- I
suruptiou as a regular article of duty,
the early part of the following summer.
Fruit will not then appear on the table
as it does now, only as dessert after
dinner, but will come with every meal,
and be reckoned a substantial aliment.
No poor farmer can 'afford to work
with poor implements, with
meats that either do not do the work
well, or that require an unnecessary
expenditure of power.: A. farmar
should use not merely ono kind of
hoes adapted to the various kinds of
work he wants to accomplish with
them. The ordinary old-fashioned
hoe is an indispensable i mph:ln:3ot, but
the-scufile hoe and various other hoes
should be t egardod as equally so, as
they are adapted to uses for which the
old-fashion - dd hoe is wholly unfit.
Nvei y farmer should also keep a vari
ety of ploughs- adapted to a variety ,
of uses for which that implement is
wanted. Ploughs for green sward,
Lfor'arable laud already broken, fur
sub -soil, for wJrking.among growing
crops, and-formther purposes, should
differ from each other in size and
form, and it is alvaj•a good economy.
for a firma•. to work with the very
best implements, and those bast adap
ted to tlia particular business in hand.
I regret, gentlemen, in g over
your ground>, to notice, that there is
so great a lack of agricultural imp'.e
meats on. exhibition. It is true the: 0.
are a number of patented machines,
but of imprtant agricultural imple•
meats I see scarcely any. In this re
spect, think your, fair is greatly 'de
ficient, for nothing is in-/I'o laillipCl
- to grad fuming that proper iui
plements. To illustrate this, it will
be necessary to ask your attention to
the nature and office of the Mechani-
Cal operations requisite for the pro
duction of good crop. •It a preva
lent but false idea that plants derive
theirtintriment principally from :the
sail in which they 'grow. It is true
they need the soil as a sort of- anchor
age, and that they draw from it a part
of their ingredidnis. Bat not mire
than a twentieth part of the weight of
a vegetable is supplied by the earth
in which it grows, It is from the atmos
phere and the clouds that plants draw
he greater share of their nutriment.—
Carbon, which enters more largely
into the composition of vegetables than
any other ingredient, with the excep
tion of water, exists iu the atmos
phere in small quantities in the form
of carbonic acid gas. This gas is de
composed by the plant, by the action
of its leaves, and through these, which
are in fact its lungs or breathing or-
gans, it receives a great part of maxe
rial whit.li enters into its composition.
Oxygen is another important ingredi
ent of vegetables. This likewise all
comes either immediately or indirect
ly from the air ; but the portion that
is received through its roots in the
form of water falls into the bosom of
the earth from the clouds, and the at
biosphere must be regarded - .as its
source. It is essential to the thrifty*
growth of a plant that'the air should
haVe free access to every. part of it,
the roots as well as the leaves, and
that the soil in which it grows should
be moist, but nit too moist, and should
have a certain degree of warmth.
These necessities of vegetation will
enable us to understand the mechani-
cal operations on the soil demanded
by good farming. -
The soil should lie light and be me
ly pulverized in order that theAittle
fibres sent out by the roots in search
of nourishment may easily permeate
in all directions. It should be porous
to be easily penetrated.by air and wa
ter, and as its oivn weight and the
filtering of rains tend constantly to
bed. it down into a compact mass, it
needs frequent stirring..
One of the most important means of -
putting the soil in a proper mocha M
eal condition, but one which, as yet,
scarcely begins to be appreciated as
it deserves in this country, is draining .
lam convinced that all the farm; on
the Atlantic slope of this continent
would be benefitted by draining, the
too dry as well as the too wet. As thFs
may seam paradoxical, it is necessary
that I should explain it.
.Thorough draining is the only
means.by which the deep ploughing
which I consider indispensible to good _
farming can be rendered enctive.—
Thete is a constant tendency in sub
soils, where the descent-of the water
is arrested, to settle into a comp ac:
rims and solidify into a hard-pan.—
But when you lay-a drain at a consid
erable depth, the water penetrates
tha subsoil that has been stirred by
the plough, and leaves it pervious to
the roots of plants. In dry weather,
when all the m dstare of the surface
soil has been evaporated by the sun,
the advantage Of a deep penetration
ofthe roots is incalculable. They ca
bring up moisture from a great depth,
and with this, kind of cultivation I am
convinced that a protracted drough;
would never prove fatal to the mo t s.
• I cannot insist with too much ear
nestueS6 on the importance of dead
ploughing. Farmers often show a
foolish ambition to enlarge their farms ,
by purchasing •those of their neigh
: hors, or as people sonmtirimi express
it, thy wish to own all that . loini them.•
But if farmers want mere land they
cln get it at a cheaper rate. They
ty • extend their farms downward;
and double the amount of• soil they
cultivate by doubling its depth. A
farm of. fifty acres cultivated to
tha devil of two feet, is worth more
thaa one of • a hundred. acres cul
tivated to the depth of one foot, for it
rcquire.s less fencing and will produce
a -greater amount of crops. Instead
of ploughing to the depth of only Fix .
or sever inches, as is the practice of
too many American farmers, it is my
deliberate opinion, the result of long
observation, that the subsoil plow
should work to the depth of full three
feet. You of course will not misunder
,,,tand me as saying that the . subibil
f-om that depth should be .brought up
to the surface and turned over. What
I mo-ui is that it should be stirred and
rendered pervious to air, water and
the roots of plants. Tim way I man
' ;Igo on my own farm is this. Igo over
my land with a large surface plow,
which cuts a furrow fourteen inches
- deep and turns it over. Directly, he
hind this follows another plow in the
same furrow, which stirs the subsoil
to a considerable depth, but leaves it in
the same position, neither turning it
•over nor bringing it up to the surface.
The subsoil plow is an implement
too , little known. I am pleased to
notice that there is one on the grouild,
and I advise every farmer to take a
good look at it before leaving. Deep
culture is more particularly important
for fruit trees. Trees cannot make
fruit out of nothing, and if you expect
them to give you a crop every year,
you must give them. the materials to
make it of. Great attention should be
paid to the preparation of the land
before you plant your orchard. You
want it mellowed to a depth of four
or five feet, and enriched with all the
ingredients that enter into the compo
sition of trees and their fruit. Fruit,
with proper 'management, is the most
profitable of all crops, and you may
as well have 'a crop froM each fruit
tree every year; as to let it bear one
year in two or three. All attempts to
cheat Nature aie utterly vain ; for Na
ture wont be cheated. She - will repay
you all you bestow upon her with in
terest; but she insists that you shall
furnish her the materials out of which
she elaborates crops, and that you
shall remove all obstructions to the
freedom of her operations.
Moses, the lawgiver of the Hebrews,
taught his countrymen that every sev
enth year theyshould allow their lands
to lie fallow.. This regulation was
founded on the. principle that a con:.
staut series of cropping exhausts i lhe
fertility of the soil, and that it feqtTire
periodical recruiting, The principle
is a sound one, but by the progress of
Modern agriculture, we aro enabled
to accomplish the same result by dif
ferent and better means. Instead of
allowing the land to lie idle and im
bibe the elements of ucw fertility from
the atmosphere, wo supply to'it the
ingredients of which it has become
exhausted. One of the most approved
modes of doing this is by green crops.
particularly clover. Clover sends its
long roots down deep into the -earth,
and brings up the essenee.of manures
that have been carried by water lower
than.the roots of other crops penetrate,'
while its numerous leaves drink in
from the atmosphere large quantities
of carbon and other elemets of fertili
ty. When this crop is plowed under,
it enriches the surface soil with a
great deal that it has derived from
other sources, and is a most valuable
means of recruiting its exhausted pow
ers of production, Turnips is another
valuable crop for the same purpose ;
and a constant rotation of crops is a
most important means of sustaining
the continued fertility of the
Different crops exhaust the land of
different materials, and' by growing
them in such an order that crops of
similar composition shall not imniedi
ately succeed each other, the elements
of fertility are greatly economized.
It 'is important that farmers should
understand the composition of the
crops they raise. They will then be
enabled to replace directly the ele
ments which they have taken from
the laud: Farmers should likewiie
understand the composition of the
soils of their farms, or they may incur.
unnecessary expense in procuring
manures.• Suppose, fur example, that
a man's farm is not deficient in sul
phates, but lacks lime, and that in his
ignorance of its composition, he en
riches it with plaster of Paris.. He of
course procures in this manner the
lime which he needs, but in a form
that renders it much-more expensive
than if he had purchased merely the
lime he wanted.
In comparing our own agriculture
with that of. Europe, there is probably
only one crop in which our trails-At
lantic brethren au not excel us. That
is Indian.corn, a crop whose value is
appreciated in Europe, but the cli
mate does not permit its successful_
cultur3 there except in countries
where they don't know enough to
raise it. Having alluded to corn, I
will state my ideas of the
. manner in
Which it ought to be cultivated. No
crop is aided more by deep plowing
and frequent stirring of the soil during
t he early stages of its growth.
The ground should be made very
rich, and the corn planted in strait
rows four feet apart each way, for the
convenience of passing through in dif
ferent directions with plows and-cul
tivators, While -the soil should be
frequently stirred about it, it should
never bo drawn, up around the plant.
The old-fashioned method of hoeing
corn, whi - ch 1 believe still prevails to
some extent, is the verieSt.waste of
labor ; for -it does no good. - This
country has expended two, hundred
millions of dollars for; nothing, in this
useless business of hoeing corn. I
was myself brought up on a farm, and
in my - early days have spent six weeks
in a season in drawing the earth
around corn with a tile: Fortunately.
fbr the crop; I was not a very good
hand at the business, and did the
work poorly. A farmer should not
go into his cornfield with a hoe tiR
about the first of August• By this
time the crop has attained such 'a
size that he cannot go between the
rows with a cultivator, and it is nec
essary to use the hoe, but merely for
the purpose of rutting away the
weeds. During this operation the
spaces between the rows should be
sown with turnip seen, and after it:is
done the crop may be left to take
- care of- itself till after harvest, whim
you may rely on a la.i . go return both
of corn and turnips.
Wir.--A dispute arose between
three noblemen, one Irish, one Sccitch,
and the other English; as - ,to the re
spective Naits of their respective
countrymen. A wager was laid tha
the Trish were the wittiest, the Scotch
most canning, and the 'English most
frank. They agreed to walk out in
the streets of London, and the first one
of either nation met, should beiaquir
ed of as to what he would take and
stand watch all night in the tower of
St. Paul's church ; pretty soon a Joli t n
Bull came along and was accosted
thus :
"What will you take, and stand all
nizht iu the tower of St. Paul's I"
"I shouldn't want to do it shun of a
guinea, he frankly . answere - d.
The i»xt one accosted was a Scotch-
man, who answerea with his cunnning.
"And what will you give met"
Last, but not least, Patrick was in
quired of as to whit ho would take,
and stand all night in the tower of St-
Pad's. To-which Pat wittily answer
ed;
"An' sure I think I should take a
devil of asold!"
The wager. was won.
A KAN . sAs V1CT1.51.--Rev. W. H.
Wiley, who was recently expelled
from MisSouri by a mob of slave-hold
ers, was in our city last Thursday
and Friday. Brother . Wiley is a na
tive of Baltimore, and went out as a.
preacher from Maryland - las't fall, and
labored successfully and peaceably
till July !Nth, when a gang of villains
invented a against him and ordered
him out of the State,. From him we
learn that the excitement in Missouri,
.-is rather on the increase than on the
decrease. To show how nearly some
of the pro-slaVery-ites had gone mad,
• and in illustration of the absurd use or
the word abolitio i Wt, he related .an
anecdote of a vbry rich old slave
ldder, whosenan goods were SOO
111111101.0115 :be didn't know them ail
when he saw them. This rnap4vas
I
called upon to pay his share of a tax
to defray the expense ofsending voters
to Kansas, which a public meeting ,
had resolved
,should be -collected of
slave-holders in proportion to their
property, as it was to advance the
interests of the institution. In pursu
ance of the ordbr of the. meeting; •it
man called upon this rich individual,
and demanded his tax: When told)
what it was for he refused to pay it .
saying he wanted the Kansas people
to settle their own affair's as they
pleased. This sort of p+ilar sover
eignty was not what the canvasser
bargained for, and he retorted by ac
custug this ownerof a thousand slaves
of being . an "abolitionist,'!_ "a nigger
thief."— West Chu . . Adrocate.
STEWED PARSNIPs.—LWash, pare,anti
cut them in slices; boil until soft, ha
just water.euough to keep - them fro
burning; then stir , in -sweet milk;
dredge in a little. flour,
.and let theca
simmer fifteen minutes. This is - a fa
vorite dish with many'persons. :
Ear Neither wealth \ nor birth, bat
mind only should be the aristocracy of
a free people..
. .
fa s " Holiness, the most lovely thing
that exists, is sadly unnoticed and
tie
known upon earth.
127 P Lowell,-Alassachusetts, acccati.
ing to a census just taken, has 33
000 inhabitants.
MEMIND
NO. 21.