o hold coiiaicllhg contractu with Nicaragua. Tlio commerce of other' nations is not to stand slid! and await the adjustment of such petty controversies. The government of the uni-, ;ted States expect no more than tins, and thoy .vrill not bo satisfied with less. They would not, if they couid, derive any advantage from, iho Nicaragua transit, not common to the rest of the world. Its neutrality and protection, for the coinhion use of all nations, is thoif on-1 ]y object. They have no objection that Nioa'-‘| ragua shall demand and receive a lalrcompcn sntloh, from the companies and individuals '■wliti inay traverse' the route; but. they insist that it shall never hereafter bo closed, by an arbitrary decree of that government.. If dis putes arise between it and those' with whom they may-have entered into contracts, these must bo adjusted by somo lair tribunal provi ded for the purpose, and Iho’route must not bo closed ponding the controversy. This is our whole policy, and it cannot fail to he accopta- bio to other nations: . . All these difficulties might ,bo avoided, if, consistently- with tho good faith of Nicaragua, the U 3« ol - this transit could bo thrown open to £cnoral competition* providing at the same time lor the payment of a reasonable rata to the Nicaraguan ■ government, on passengers and freight. 1 - In August, 1852, the Accessory transit Com pany made its first intevoccanio trip over .the Nicaraguan route, and continued in successful operation, with groat advantage to tho public, until tho 18th February, 18513, when it was closed, and the grant to this company, as well as its charter, were summarily and arbitrarily revoked by the gover'emont coresident Ri vas. ■ Previous to tills date, however, in. 1854,. serious disputes concerning Ibe settlement ol their accounts, bad arisen between the,compa ny and the government,, threatening the inter ruption of tho. route at any moment,. These the United States in vain endeavored to com pose. It would bo useless to narrate-the vari ous proceedings which took place between tlic parties, up till the time when tho . transit was discontinued. Suffice it to say that, since Feb ruary; 1856, it has remained closed, greatly to tho prejudice oi .citizens of tho. United States. Since that-(into the competition.has ceased be ; tween tbo rival routes pi. Panama and Nicara-. - gua, ami, in consequence thereof, an unjust , and,., unreasonable amount, has been exacted from onr citizens fur.their passage to and from California. , A treaty was signed on flio 16th day of No* vembor, 1857, by’ the Secretary ol' State’and miuistoV of Nicaragua, under the stipulations of which the .use’ and prelection of the transit route would have been secured, not only to the ‘ United States, but equally to all other nations. • How. and. on what: pretexts this .treaty, has failed to receive the ratification of the Nicara guan government,-will appear by the' papers herewith communicated from tho State De partment. •• The principal objection seems to have been, to the provision authorizing' the United States to "employ foyce, to .keep the route open, in case Nicaragua should .fail to perform her duty in. this respect. From the' feebleness of that republic, its frequent, chan ges of government, and its constant internal dissensions, this had become a, most important stipulation, and one essentially , necessary not only for tlio; security of the route, but for, the .safety of American citizens passing and repass ing to and from pur Paciflc poaaeSsions. Were such a stipulation embraced hi jv treaty between the United- States- and NicavagaV.lhe' know ledge pf.this fact would of itself mostprobably prevent hostile parties from committing-aggres sions on the route, and render our actual inter .ference’for it’s protection unnecessary. The executive government of this country,in its intercourse with foreign- nations, is limited to tho'employmcnl of diplomacy alone. ,-IV hen this tails, it can proceed no further. It cannot ■ legitimately resort to - force, without the direct authority ot Congress,.except in resistingandre pelling, hostile attacks. .It would haye.no au thority to enter’the territories’ of Nicaragua, even to prevent, the destruction of the transit, and protect the* lives and property of our own 1 citizens on their passage. • It is true, that on a frudden emergency of this character, the Prosi _, dent would direct any armed forte in the vicini- 1 ■’ lyto.march to their relief; would act upon his own responsibility. . Under these circumstances, I earnestly . ro r ; commend to Congress fho-passage of an act an-i ihorir/mg the President , under such .restrictions I as they may deem proper, to employ the land J nod naval forces of the United Stales, in pre .venting, fhe' transit from being obstructed or closed by lawless violence, and in protecting the lives ‘aneb property of American citizens travel ling thereupon, requiring at the same time that these forces shall bo withdrawn the moment the danger shall have passed away. . Without such ■ a provision," our .citizens will be constantly ex posed to interruption in their progress, and to lawless violence.- • " ■ ' A similar necessity exists' for'the'passage of .* such an act, for the protection of the' Panama and Tehuanfopec roUfos. . ' . In reference,to the Panama route, .the United - States, by their existing treaty with Now Grana da, expressly guarantee the neutrality of the j Isthmus, with the view that the free, transit 1 . from the one to the other Bca.raay not bo inter rupted or. embarrassed in any future time while this treaty exists.” - . . , lii regard to-.tho Tehuantepec route, .which haa been recently opened under tho.moat favor able auspices, our, treaty with Mexico of the 30th December, 1853, secures to the citizens of tiie United States a right bl transit over it tor thoir persons and merchandize, and stipulates that neither government shall «interpose any | obstacle” thereto. It also concedes to the Um-, ted States the « right to transport across tUo 1 Isthmus, in closed bags; fbc malls of the United ■States pot intended for distribution along the line of the. communication; also; the effects of the United States, government and its citizens which may bo intended for transit, and not for distribution on the Isthmus, free of custom house or other charges by the Mexicali govern mont;**' ■ These treaty stipulations with Now Granada dnd'Mexico, in additiorr to. the considerations applicable to tho Nicaragua route, seem to re quire legislation for tho purpose of carrying them into effect. ' The injuries which have been inflicted upon r our' cifrsreiis- fn-Gosta -Rica-*Bd-Nioatagniudu-. ring the last two or three years, have received the prompt attention of this government. Some of those’injuries.wore of the moat aggravated character. The transaction at Virgin Bay in April, 1836, when a company of unarmed Ame ricans, who were in no way connected with any belligerent conduct or party, wore fired upon by tho troops of Costa Itica, and numbers of them hilled ami wounded, was brought to the kno.w -■ ledge of Congress by my predecessor soon after its occurrence, and was also presented to -.the govarmne.nL of Costa Rica, for that immediate investigation and redress which the nature of the case demanded. A similar,course was pnr flfied with reference to other outrages in these countries, some of which were, hardly less.ag ' gravated in their character than the transaction at Virgin Bay. At ,tho time, bbwerer, when our present minister to Nicaragua was appoint ed; in Dfeeember,■ 1857, no redress hart been ob tained- fof any of these wrongs, and no reply even had, been received to tho demands which had boon made by this government upon that of Costa Eioa, more than a year before. Ourrain ister was instructed, therefore, to lose no time in expressing to those governments the deep re. grefwith which the President had witnessed this-inattention to the just claims of tho United States; arid' In demanding' their prompt and sat. isfactory adjustment. Unless this demand shall be complied with" at an early day, it will only remain- ior this government to adopt such other measures as may ho necessary, in order to ob tain for itself that .justice which it has in vain at tempted to secure by peaceful moans, from tho governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica*— While it Ims shown, and willcontimie to show, the most sincere regard for the rights and honor of those republics, it cannot pormft.Jhfs regard to be met by an utter neglect, on their part, of what is due to the government and . citizens of the United States, Against New Granada wo have long-standing causes of complaint, arising out of tho unsatis. tied claims of our citizens upbd that republic ; and'to these have been more recently added the outrages committed* upon our citizens at Pana ma in April, 185 G. A treaty for tile adjustment of these difficulties, was concluded by tho So- State and tho minister'of Now Gra nada, In*September, 1857, which contained just ftnd acceptable provisions for that purpose— This treaty was transmitted to Bogota, and was ratified by tho government oi Now Granada, but wjth certain amendments, ItwasnoQbow ever, returned to this city until afte> the close of tho last session of tho Senate. It will bo imi mediately transmitted fo that body for their ad vico and consent; nud should this bo obtained, it will remove oil our existing causes ot com plaint against New Granada on tho subject of claims. Questions have arisen between tbo twogovorn mpnls, as to the right of Now Granada fo levy a tonnage duty upon tho vessels of tho United States in Us ports ot tho Isthmus,- and to levy a passenger tax upon our citizens arriving in that country, whether with a design to remain there of- to pass from oyean to ocean by the transit routo ; and. also a tax upon the mail of the United States transported over the Panama railroad. The government of New Granada has been , inlormed that the United States would consider the collection of cither of those taxes, as an act in violation of tho treaty between the two counties, and as such would be resisted by Uni United States. At tbo same lime* wo are prepared to discuss these questions in a spirit ol amity and justice, and with a sincere desiro to adjust them in a satisfactory manner. A ne gotiation for that purpose has already been com menced. No elVort has recently been made to collect these taxes, nor is any anticipated un der present circumstances. With the empire of Brazil onr relations aro of the most friendly character. The productions ol the two corintrios, and especially those of am agricultural nature, are such ns to invito exten sive mutual exchanges. A large quantity of American flour is consumed in Brazil; whilst more than treble the amount in value of Brazi. Man coffee is consumed in the United States. — Whilst this-is the case, iv heavy duty has been levied, until very recently, upon the importation ol American flour into Brazil. Xam gratified, however, to bo able to inform you that in Sep tember last tins lias been reduced from SI 32 to about 49 cents per barrel, and the duties on other articles of onr production have been di minished irt noarly the same proportion. ■ I regret to stele that the government of Bvar.il still continues to levy an export duty of about 11 percent, on coffee, notwithstanding this arti cle is admitted, free from duty in tho United States. This is a heavy charge upon the con sumers of coffee in our country, as we purchase half'of the entire surplus crop of that article raised in Brazil. Our minister, trader inslrnm tions, will reiterate his efforts to have this ex port duty removed; and it is hoped that tho en lightened government of the Emperor will adopt this wise, just, and equal policy. In that event,, there is good reason to believe ibat the com merce between .the two countries will greatly increase, much to tbo advantage of both. The claims of bur citizens against the govern ment of Brazil aro not, in the aggregate, of very, large amount; but some of these rest upon plain principles; of justice, and tbeiv settlement ought not to bo longer delayed. A renewed aupVish .ttte~ object uf-bts—then no alternative, will remain, but the employment, of force to obtain.“just satisfaction” from Paraguay. In view of this contingency, the Secretary of the Navy, under my direction, lias fitted out .and despatched a naval., force, to rendezvous, near Buenos Ayres, which,- it is believed) will prove sufficient for the occasion. It is my earnest desire, however, that it may not be found’ no- M cessar.y to resort to this last alternative. . Wien Congress .met in December last, the | business of the country, had just been crashed,. , by one of those periodical revulsions,,which are j the inevitable consequence of onr unsonnd and , extravagant system of bank credits and ’inflated j currency. With all the elements of national wealth in abundance, onr manufactures were suspended, our useful public and private enter prises were arrested, and thousands of laborers Were deprived of employment and reduced to want. Universal distress prevailed among the commercial, manufacturing, and mechanical classes. This revulsion was felt the more se verely iu the United Stales, because similar causes had produced the like deplorable (-fleets throughout the commercial nations of Europe. All were experiencing sad reverses at the same moment. Our manufacturers everywhere suf fered, severely,not because of the recent reduc tion in'the tariff.of .‘duties on imports, but be cause there was no demand at any price for their productions. The people were obliged to restrict theuisclvcs, in their purchases, to arti cles of prime necessity. In-the general prostra tion of business, the iron manufacturers in dif- j feront Stales, probably suffered more than any other class, and much, destitution was the in ; evitable consequence/among the ■ great jiumber of workmen who had been employed in this useful branch of our .industry.. There could be no supply where there was no demand. To present an example, there, could be no demand for railroad iron, after our magnificent system of railroads, extending its. benefits to every portion of.the Union, had been brought to a dead pause. The same consequences have re sulted from similar causes to many otbey ■braiicbcs of* useful-manufactures; —U-is-self- evident. that where there is no ability to pur chase manufactured articles, these cannot be sold, and consequently must ceajto to bo pro duced; , ", No government, and,especially a government, of such limited" powers as that -of tiio United Stales; cmild have prevented the late revulsion. The whole commercial world seemed for years to have been rushing for this-catastrophe. The same ruinous consequences would have followed in the United States, whether t,He dirties on for eign impbrfs itad remained as they were under the tariff of 1846, or had been raised ton.much higher standard. The tariff of 185/ had no agency m the result. The , general causes ex isting throughout the world, could not have been controlled by-the legislation of any parti cular country'. The periodical revulsions which have existed in onr past history, must continue to return at intervals, so long as our pres.-nt unbounded system of bank credits shall prevail. They will, however, probably be (he less severe in future ; because it is not to be expected, at least for many years to come, that the commer cial nations of Europe, with, whose interests onr own arc so materially involved, will expose themselves lb similar calamities. But this sub ject was treated so much at largo in my last annual message that I shall not now pursue it further. Still, I respectfully renew the recom mendation, in favor of the passage of a uniform bankrupt law, applicable to banking institu tions. This is all the direct power over the subject which, I believe, the federal government possesses. Such a law would mitigate, though it mighttiot prevent the evil. The instinct of self preservation might produces wholesomore straint upon their banking business, if they knew in advance, that a suspension of specie payments would insvitably produce their civil death. But llio effects of the revulsion are now slow ly but surely passing away. The energy and enterprise of our citizens, with our unbounded resources, will, within the period of aaolher year, restore a state of wholesome industry and trade. Capital has again accumulated in our large cities. The rate of interest is there very low. Confidence is-gradually reviving, and so soon as it is discovered that this capital'can be profitably employed in commercial and manu facturing enterprises, and in. the construction, of railroads, and other works of public and pri vate improvement, prosperity Will again smile throughout the land. It is, vain, however, to disguise the fact from ourselves, that n spec il lative inflation of our currency, without a cor responding inflation in other countries-wlioSe manufactures come into competition with our own, must ever produce disastrous results to our domestic .manufactures..'.,-.No tariff, short of absolutes prohibition, can prevent these evil consequences. -■ lii connexion with this subject, it' is pi'opei to refer to our financial condition. The same causes which have produced pecuniary distress throughout the country, have so reduced the amount of imports from foreign countries, that the revenue has proved inadequate to meet the .necessary expenses of the government. To supply the deficiency, Congress, by the act of the 23d of December, 1857, authorized the issue of £20,000,000 of treasury notes; and, this proving inadequate, they authorized, by the act of June 14th, 1858, a loan of $20,000,000, “to be applied to the payment of appropriations made by law.” No statesman would advise, that we should go on increasing the national debt to meet the ordinary expenses of the government. This would be a most ruinous policy. In ease of war our credit must bo our chief resource, at least for the first year, and this would be great, ly impaired by having contracted d large debt in time of peace. It is our true policy, to in crease our revenue so as to equal our expendi tures. It would be ruinous to continue to bor row. Besides, it may be proper to observe, that the incidental protection, thus afforded by a revenue tariff, would at the present moment, to some extent, increase the confidence of the manufacturing interests, and give a fresh-im pulse to our reviving business. Tp. this,surely no pe'rs'bh will object. In regard to the mode of assenting and col lecting duties under a strictly revenue tariff, I have long entertained and often expressed the opinion, that sound policy requires this should ; he done by specific duties, in cases to-which these can be properly applied. They are well adapted to coinodities which-are usually sold :by weight or by measure, and which, from their nature; are of equal, or nearly equal value,. Such,, for example, are the articles of iron of different classes, raw sugar, and foreign wines and,spirits, , ' In my deliberate judgment, specific duties arc the.best, if not the only means of securing the revenue against false and fraudulent invoi ces, and such hits been the practice adopted for this purpose by stlier commercial nations. Be sides,specific duties would afford to the Amer ican manufacturer the incidental advantages to which he is fairly entitled under a revenue tar iff. The present system is a sliding scale to his .disadvantage. Under it,'when;prices are high and business prosperous, the duties rise in amount when he least requires their aid.' On the contrary, when prices fall and he is strug gling agidnst adversity, the duties arc dimin ished in the sumo proportion, greatly to,bis in jury. 1 ' Neither woidd there bo danger, that a higher fate of duty than that intended by Congress, could be levied in the form of. specific duties, U would bo easy to ascertain the average, value of any imported article for a senes of years; and, instead of subjecting it to an ait'valorem duty at a certain rate per centum, to substitute j iii its placc an equivalent speeifio'duty. - By such an arrangement the consumer would not be injured. It is true, he might have to pay a little more duty on a given article in one year : but if so. he would pay a little less in another, and in n aeries of years these would counterbalance each other, and amount to the same thing, so far as his interest is concerned. This inconvenience would be trilling, When con*-, trasted with the additional security thus afford ed,against frauds upon the revenue', in which every constiiuer js diYectly_interested. r-tiavc thfown out these suggestions as the fruit of my own observation, to in their better judgment," will give such weight as.they may justly deserve. 1 1 The report of the Secretary of the Treasury will explain iti detail the operations of that de partment of the government. The receipts in to the treasury from all sources during the fis -cal year ending.3oth Juno, 1858, including the treasury notes authorized by the act of Decem ber 23,1857,.Were seventy million two hundred and seventy-three thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine dollars and fifty-nine cents, ($70,- JJ73.809 59,1) which, amount,-with’ the balance of seventeen million seven hundred and, ten thousand one hundred and fourteen.dollars and twenty seven cents ($17,710,114:27) remain in'* iifthe treasury at the oommencenlbnt of the year, made an aggregate for the service ot the. year of eighty seven million, nine hundred and eighty-three thousand nine hundred and eighty three dollars and eighty-six cents,'(sB7,9B3,-. 983.86.) ' , . ' The public expenditures during the fiscal year, ending June 30, -1858, amounted to eigh ty-one million five hundred and eighty-five thousand stx hundred and sixty-seven dollars and -seventy-six cents. ($81,585,667 76,) of which nine million six hundred and eighty-four thousand five hundred and ■ thirty-seven dollars and ninety-nine cents ($9,684,537 99) were ap plied to the payment of the public debt, and the redemption of treasury notes with the in jercst thereon! leaving in the treasury on July 1, 1858, being the commencement of the present fiscal year, six million three hundred and nine ty-fight thousand three -hundred and sixteen dollars and ten cents, ($6,398;316 10.) The receipts into the Treasury, during the first quarter of the present fiscal year, com mencing the Ist-July, 1858, including one half; of the loan of twenty millions of dollars, with premium upon it, authorized by the actof 14th- June, 1858, were twenty-live million two Hun dred and thirty thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine dollars and forlyvix cents, ($25,-. 230,879 46.) and the estimated receipts for the remaining three quarters to the 301.1 v June, 1859, ordinary -ourocs, are thirty-eight .million, five hundred thousand dollars, ($38,- 500,000.) malting, with the balance before sta ted, an aggregate of seventy million one hun dred and twenty-nine thousand one hundi-ed anil ninety-five dollars and fifty-six cents, ($70,- 120,195 56.) . The expenditures, during the first quarter of the present fiscal year, were twenty-one million seven hundred and eight thousand one hundred and nmety : eight dollars "and fifty-one cents, ($21,708,198 51:) of which one million snd ton thousand one hundred and forty-two dollars and thirty-seven cents, ($1,010,142 37) were applied to the payment of the public debt, and the redemption ol treasury notes and the inter est thereon. The estimated expenditures, du 'riug the remaining three quarters to 30th June. 1859, are fifty-two million three hundred and (iftty-seven thousand six hundred and ninety eight dollars and forty-eight cents, ($52,357,- 698 48,; making an aggregate of seventy-four million sixty-flvo thousand eight hundred and ninety-six dollars and ninety-nine cents, ($74,- 065,896 99,) being an excess of expenditure be yond the estimated receipts into the treasury from ordinary sources, during the fiscal year I to the 30th June, 1859, of three million nine I hundred and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and one dollars and forty-three cents, ($3,936,- 701 43.) Extraordinary means are placed by law within the command of the Secretary of the Treasury, by the reissue of treasury notes redeemed, and by negotiating the balance of the loan authorized by the act of 14th of June, 1858, to llie extent of eleven millions of dollars, which, if realized during the present fiscal year, will leave a balance in the treasury, on the first day of July, 1859, of seven million sixty-three thousand two-hundred and ninety-eight dollars and filly-seven-cenUi, ($7.003,298 57.) The estimated reoeigts dining the next fiscal year ending 30th June. 1800, are sixty two millions dollars,' ($02,000,000,) which, with the above estimated balance of seven million sixty‘three thousand two hundred and ninety eight dollars and lifly-seven .cents, ($7,003,- 298 57,) make an aggregate for the service of the next fiscal year, of sixty-nino million six ty-three thousand two' hundred and .ninety- eight dollars and fifty-seven.” cents,'(s69,o63.- ™ ail shall bo carried in such vohicloa as will ao -208 57.) The estimated expenditures during commodate;passengers rinaw.llbmdone with tile next fiscal year ending 30th Juuo IBGO. l arc seventy-thrco million one hundred and thir- w,l r" ' . tj-nine thousand one hundred and forty-seven Oi ij beso recommendations deserve the grave dollars and forty-six cents, ($/3,139,147 40.) consideration of Congress. , which leave a deficit of estimated means; coni- j would again call your attention to the con pared with the estimated expenditures for that B t r uctlon of a pacific railroad. Time and re year, commencing on the Ist of July, 1859, Of flection have but served to'confirm me in the' four million arid seventy-five thousand, eight trll t b mid jnstico of .the observations -which I hundred-an_d forty-eight dollars and eighty-’ made, on this subject, in my last annual mes ninc cents, (54,075;848 89.) sago, to which I beg lo.wo respectfully to ro- In addition to this sum, the Postmaster Gen- for. . ~, • oral will require from the treasury, for the ser- It is freely admitted, that it would ho moxpo vice'of the Post Office Department, three million diout for this government to exercise Hie power eight hundred and thirty eight thousand seven of constructing the 1 acilio raiU'oailUyitaewn hundred and twenty-eight dollars, ($3,838,- immediate agents. Such a pehey, wuhi n- ( 728,) as explained in the report of the Sccreta- oleaso tho pntronago of . of . ,‘ ob . ryof thoT.caßury.whichwill tndreaso the es- , v hioh no'vigUanco onthe timntcd deficit on the 30th Juno, 1800 to sev- | f fedcral could either prevent or cn million nine hundred and four ten thousand This can only ho done by the keen eye five hundred and seventy six dollars and eijrh- and aotivo llnd cavoftll supervision, el individual ly-nino cents, ($7.914,576 89.) lo provide alld private interest. Tho construction of this for the payment of this estimated deficiency, road ought, therefore, to bo committed to com which will be increased by such appropriations panics incorporated by tho States, or other as may be made by Congress, not estimated for agenems Whoso pecuniary interests would bo in the report of the Treasury Department, as directly involved. Congress might then assist well as to provide for the gradual redemption, them in the work by grants ofland or ol money, from year to year, of the outstanding treasury or both, end or ‘such conditions and restrictions notes, the Secretary of the Treasury recoin- as would se’cufo tho transportation of troops mends such a .revision of the present tariff as an d munitions of war tree from, any charge, mid will raise the required amount. After what I that of the United States mail at a lair and roa have already said, P need scarcely add that I sonablo price. • . ; . .’. , „ J ... , , The.progress of events since tno-comrilence concur m the opniioi exp cssed in his report t f )llst se3S ip n has shown how soon that he pub ho debt should not bo increased by difficuMit f s - disappear before a firm and deter an additional loan, afid would therefore strong- mino(J . resolution. At' that time, such a road Ily urge upon Congress inc duty of making, at was deemed by wise and patriotic men, to bo a their present session, the necessary provision visionary project. The great distance to bo for meeting these liabilities. overcome, and tho intervening , mountains and The public debt-on the first July, 1858, the deserts in (he way, were obstacles which, in the comriieneeinent of the,present fiscal year, was opinion of many, could not bo surmounted.— $25,155,077 66. . ■ if o\v, after the lapse of. but a single year, these During the first quarter of the present year, obstacles, it has boon .discovered,-arc far loss the sum of $10,000,000 has.'been. negotiated of formidable than they wore supposed to bo ; and the loan authorized'by the act of, 14th of June, mail stages, with passengers, now pass and ro 1858—making thopresoht outstanding public pass regularly, twice in each week, by a .corn debt, exclusive of treasury notes, $35,155,977- m °n wagon-road between ban Francisco ana 60. There was on the Ist July, 1858, of treas St. Louis and Memphis. ® lea. than ury notes issued by authority of the act of Do- ‘ iayS- Iho service bib i.nhveonNew camber 23,1857, unredeemed, the sum of 519,- ‘^™ e .J.PrmTcfiV fo ™ er 3 New 754,800-making theamount of actual indebt. * b | la f J isc i ain iirig M authority to appropri eduess, at that da,e, (77 66.., To this abJ mollo „ f Ol . dIQ construction of this, road, cx - w dl be added ,$12,000,000 during the present copt tbat de ,, ive( ] from the war-making power of tfiscal year—this being the remaining half of the constitution, (hero are important collateral the loan of $50,000,000 not yet negotiated. •considerations urging us to undertake the work The rapid increase of tho public debt, and as speedily as possible. ■ . the necessity whiqh exists for a modification of . The first and most momentous of these is, ■the tariff, to meet even the ordinary expenses of that such a road would bo a powerful bond bi the government, ought to admonish us all, in union between the Stales oasfand west of the pur respective spheres of duty, lo the practice Hooky mountains. This,is so self-evident as to of rigid economy. The objects of expenditure require no illustration., 1 ... , should be limited - in number, as far as this But again, in a commercial point,of view, I may be practicable, and the appropriations consider this the great question ol the day. necessary w carry them into effic,“ought to be WHh Om oastern front of our republic stretelmig fS e* Enlightened economy does not consist in the a J a s. and ra pidinteroommm.ioation, wo refusal to appropriate money.for constitutional mast ieoossnrily command a very lalge.proper purposes, essential to the defence, progress, and tjon of . fhe trndo botb 0 f Europe and Asia,— prosperity of the republic; but in taking care o ur recent treaties with China and Japan will that none, of this, money shall bo wasted by open these rich and populous empires to our mismanagement,, in its application to the on-, commerce; and the history of the world proves, jeots designated by law. that the nation which Ims gained possession of [ Comparisons between the annual expenditure tho trade witli Eastern Asia, has always become at the present time, and ’ what it .was ten or wealthy andpovvorful. Thepoculiurgcographi twenty years ago, are altogether fallacious.— cal position of California and our Pacific pos- Tho rapid increase of our country in extent and sessions, invites American capital and enterprise population, renders a corresponding increase of’ into this fruitful field. -To reap the rich harvest, expenditure, to jsome extent, unavoiadable,— however, it is an indispensable prerequisite, that This is constantly creating new objects of ox- we shall 4iratbayenTaoi o ad,to o »ey n r penditure, and augmenting the mmount requm- r V/ o^'' 0 a railroad through ed for the old. ; The true questions hen, are. 0 £ rat 6 latitude, which .would not ho im bave these objedts been unnecessarily multi- . d(jd b ‘ ibQ ~( . o sta ant i- sno ws of winter, nor-by ■ P' rc “ ■ or, has the amount- expended upon any { h(J tro p ical ,j )oats 0 f summer, would attract to or all of them, been larger, than comports with itafclf much of the travel and the trade, of all .mi duo economy ? In accprdauoo with these prin- tions passing between Europe and Asia, ciples, the heads’of the different executive de- ,Q n tuo 21st of August last, Lieutenant J; EV partments of the government, have been in- Mafflt, of the United Statos'brig. Dolphin, cap- Struotcd to reduoptheir estimates for the next hired the slaver “Echo,” (formerly the Putnam .fiscal year, to tM lowest standard consistent of Now Orleans,) near Kay Verde; on the coast with (he efficiency of the service, and this duly of Cuba, with more than three hundred African they.bave perfoyhed in aspiiit .of just econo- negroes on board. The prize, undpr the com-: my. The estimates of the Treasury, War, Na- mand of Lieut. Bradford of (ho- United States vv. nndXhwt^P a pajLmon(s. have each been navy,.arrived at .Charleston on the 27th August; in some degree teduced : ana imlotc .n. sudden when .tlia..iiefirpos, throe hundred and six in and unforscen cehygency should arise, it is not : P; i, !' bo , r x' varo anticipated that n'£ficionoy will exist in either S fa^ 'T?. I'®**'? t .° f within the present/r tho next fiscal vear. The D; ,rollna ' They w ore Hist plated in Castle Post Office Department is placed in'a peculiar Pl ; ,c a,oy ; and afterwards in Fort Sumter, tor '*• i‘tr * *iL- % v safo-kcopingj and wore detained there until the, position d.ffereit £pm the other departments, |0(ll Sor ; tel b { )t , rj W hen the.survivors, two bun and to this I slißi hereafter refer. . drod arid seventj’-ono in number/were delivered I invito Congn 3to institute a rigid scrutiny on boa i. d t)l0 United States steamer Niagara, to to ascertain whoi cr the expenses in all the de- bo transported to the const of Africa, under the partments cannot be still further reduced ; and charge of the agent of tho United States, pur- I promise them a the aid in my power in pur- suant to tho provisions of the act of the Sd ol suing the investij ition. . . March, 1819, << in addition.to the acts prohibit- I transmit her vith the reports made lo me ing the slave trade.” Under the 2d section of by the, Seorotnrii of War, of the Navy, of the this act, the President is *• authorized, to make Interior, and oft ic Postmaster General. They such regulations and arrangements as ho may I each contain vain ihle information and import- deem expedient, for tho safe-keeping, support, ant recommeudal bus, to which I invito the at- an d removal. beyond the limits of the United tenlion ofDongn is. Stales, of all such negroes, muhitfoes, dr per- In my last am ml message, T took occasion sona of color ” captured by vessels of the Uni to recommend lb immediate construction of ten -fed Shdes, as may ho delivered to:-tho marshal small steamers, i : tight draught, for the pur- ? f tllo a . ls , trlot mto ' vl " c ’ l th °y are brought; “and pose of increasin' the efficiency of the navy— a.proper person or persons .residing k . . ■*-.. v s ,*. V , upon the coast 01-Africa, as aeont or acenfs for Congress respoml d to the recommendation, by receiving the negroes, mulaltoes,, or, persons of authorizing the o nslruetiop of eight of them, color, delivered from on boaid vessels seized in ihe progress whim has boon made in executing tho prosecution of the slave trade by command- Ims authority, islstated m the report of the ers of tho United States arrried vessels.” t purpose of pro- ,t s t e r m s thiu tile President was authorized to “f p^;ah^^ r ir lo rcc ai mend he passa 0 e of an act protection and support after they., htd reached for tms , ■ the plabe of their destination. Still; an .agent The auggeslirij I contained m the report of waB t 0 be appointed to receive them in Africa ; the Secretary off io Interior, especially those in and p CO uld not have been supposed that Con regavd to the dismsttioiv of the public domain, g rC ss intended that he should desert them at the the pension and fmmty-land system, the policy moment they were received. and : turn them towards the Indi#i and the amendment of our louse on that inhospitable coast to perish for , patent laws, are #rthy of the serious conside- want 0 f (ood( 01 . t 0 become again the victims of ation of Congress! , tho slave trade. Ilhd ihis been the intention of Tlie Post Office] leparlntent ocoupich.a posi- Congress, the employment of an agent, to re tion very different) rom that of the olho; depart- ct .i ye , ihem, who'is required to rcsicli' on the ments. For many years it was the prlicy of coast, vims unnecessary, and they might have tho government lot uuler this a- self-snsairiing been landed by our vessels any where in Africa, departmenl-vand i thiscannoLnow bcac-com. a ’,id-left exposed to.the.safferings and the.fato. plished, in the prdent condition of theioun- which would certainly await them. ; try, we ought lo nlkc as near an approach to M Monroe jn his cial mcs oof mil T b .’,l f December, 1819, at the first session after tho , The Postmaster general is placed in a b°st ac( wag p assfi j, ttnnounC ed to Congress what, embarrassing hylh • S an f in his opinion, was its true construction. He He is obliged (o these into effect jifc. believed ‘ it lo be his duty under it, to follow ? kL S « fipmSir l these unfortunates into Africa, and make pro that this cannot be fcne without h vy a Vision for them there, until they should be able upon the treasury (|er and above what is ji to provide for themselves. Tn communicating ccived for postage ; Jind .these have been p i- this interpretation of the act to Congress, he giTSSivcly year to year uJv 9 t that some doubt had been entertained ns they amounted for she last fiscal year end £ to ,ts.true intent and meaning, and ho subinit on the 30lh Juno, l|SB, to more than four mil- (.hc queslion lo them, so that they might, lions and a half of dollars : whilst it is estunat , Igbou ( d lti be beemed advisable, amend the ted that (or the present fiscal year they will , ame be f ore further piocccdings were had un amount to 36,290.000. These sums are exclu- Nothing was done by Congress toex sivoof the annual appropriation of $iO(),UOO v a j n tbo a ot. and Mr. Monroe proceeded to for “ compensation for the mail service per- V rry ( t j n t 0 execuiion according to his own in formed for the two houses of Congress and the ft,p rC ( at i on . This, then, became the practical other departments and officers of the govern- co-struction. When the Africans from on ment in the iransppr alien of free matter. bq-rd the Echo were delivered lo the marshal at Tho cause of thesa large deficits is mainly a - chirleston, it became my duty to consider tnbotablelto.tuo inert asod wpousoa ottianspo.t- dispositiofl ought to be made of them un service 6 whs'blit a fiction above four millions de | ’ ba 1«* many reasons it was expedi and a quarter. Since that year it has annually cnkb remove from that locality as spce : increased until In 1858 it has reached more than dilttts possible. Although the conduct of the eight millions and a quarter; and for tho service authbitics and citizens of .Charleston, in giv ot 1859, it is estimated that if will amount to mg doinlenanoe to tho execution of the law, more than ton millions ol dollars. was ]ti,t what mightlmve been expected from The receipts ot tho Pbst Office Department their feh character,, yet, ft prolongued contin ■ can be made to approach or to equal its expon- oanceid three hundred Africans in the nmne dituro, only by moans of the legislation uf Con- dmte Wnity of that city, could not have failed gross. In applying any remedy, care should bo to heooin a sourpe of inconvenience and anxie takon that the people shall not bo deprived of ty to i(sinhabitants, Where to send them, tho advantages, which they are fairly entitled to was tho.ijiestion; There was no portion of tho enjoy from tho Post Office Department. The coast of (Africa, to'which they could be removed principal remedies recommended to tho coiisld- with any, »gnrd to hhmaniiy, except to Libe oration of Congress by tho Postmaster General, r j a- Unde these circumstances, an agreement are to restore the former rate of postage upon was entered into with’tho Colonization Society single letters to five centSp *to substitute for the 7ib.g December last, a copy of which is franking privilege the delivery to those now on- herewith't|%vsmitted.- under which the. Society titled to enjoy it, of post office stamps tor thoir cngngcdf f O , tbo consideration of forty-five covrospondonco, and to diroc ho epar pie , thousand dbilirs, to receive these Africans in in making contracts for tb °' r Liberia fro|fio agent of tfie dgfent of the Uni raUsarrfo n tois single purpose, without re- ted States, to furnish them during the period quiring it to bo transported in post'coaches or ° one year tWtor. with comfortable shelter, * carriages of any particular description. Under clothing, projijons, and medical attendance, tho present system, tho expense to tho govern- causing the to receive schooling; and ment is grcaUjJncvoaHod, by requiring that the all, whether chfdrcn or adults, to bo instructed in tho arts-of civilized life, suitable to their con-; ditio'n. This aggregate of forty-live thousand dollars was based upon an allowance of one hundred and fifty dollars for each individual,; anil as there Inks been considerable mortality, among . them, and jnay bo more" before they -reach Africa, (lie. Society have' agreed, in an equitable spirit, to make such a deduction from the amount, ns under the circumstances may appear just and reasonable. This cannot bo fixed until we shall ascertain the actual number which may become a charge to the so ciety. - ■ It was also distinctly agreed, that, under no circumstances, shall this'government bo called upon for any additional expenses. . The agents of tho society manifested a lauda ble desire to conform to the wishes of tho gov ernment, throughout the transaction. They assured me that, after a careful calculation, they would bo required to expend the sum of one hundred and fifty dollars on each individu al.in complying with the agreement, and they would have nothing left to remunerate them for their care, trouble, and responsibility. At all events, I could make no bettor arrangement, and there was hb other alternative. During the period when the government itself, through its own agents, undertook the task of providing for captured negroes in Africa, the cost per head was very much greater. . There having been no outstanding appropri ation applicable to this purpose, I could not advance any money on the agreement. I there fore recommend that an appropriation. may be made, of the amount necessary to carry it into effect. Other c'apt’uVeiTof a similar character may, and probably will bo made by our naval forces; and I earnestly recommend, that Congress.may amend' the second section of the act oT Marqfc 3, 1819. so as to free its construction from tho ambiguity which has so long existed, and ren der the duty of the President plain in executing its provisions. : -I recommend to your favorable regard, tho local interests of the District ofCdlrimbia. As the residence of Congress, and the executive de partments of the government, Wo cannot fail to feel a deep concern in its welfare. This is heightened by the high character rind the peace ful and,orderly conduct of its resident inhabi tants. ■■ I cannot conclude without performing the agrceable duty of expressing my gratification,' that Congress so kindly responded ,to the re commendation of ray last annual message, by allording mc sufficient time before the close of their late session, for the examination of all the bills presented to me for approval. This change in the practice of Congress, has proved to be a wholesome reform. It exerted a beneficial in-: fluenceon the transaction of legislative business, and elicited the general approbation of the country. It enabled Congress to adjourn with that’dignity arid deliberation so becoming to the representatives of'this great republic, with out having crowded into general appropriation bills provisions foreign to their nature, and of doubtful constitutionality and expediency. Let me Warmly and strongly commend this prece dent, established by themselves, as a guide to their proceedings during the present session. . . JAMES BUCHANAN. WAsrnxoTON Cm', December C, 1858. , AMERICAN YOLUNTEEK. JOHN B. BMTTOS, Editor &, Proprietor. d^KiS7Hr/i)o£'w7iw£‘^' OCT” We arc requested In state that Hie Car lisle DepositJJaiik will be closed on Christmas and New Year days. Those having business to transact with the Bank about that time, will make a note of tins. 1, ' A Change.— At the last meeting of the Board of. Directors of the Carlisle Dcpositßank; .Mr, Hiciiaiui Paiikbb resigned the Presidency of the Bank, and the Board appointed R. M. llendeuson, Esq., in his stead. A good selec tion. Mr. Parkkii remains a member of the Board. ' Dhobdekly Conduct —Nearly every night, of late, collisions fake place between our citi-. zens and troops stationed at the Carlisle Bar racks. On Wednesduy night of last week, seve ral soldiers entered town at an early, hour in the evening, wearing sabres. After indulging free ly in whiskey, they commenced to attaek.and cut at nearly every person they mot. Mr. T. D. Ramsey, a very quiet and inoll'ensivo young man, was the first attacked. lie was very badly cut and bruised. Mr; Wm. Sx-aiir received a saber cut on the head from one of the same par ty, who mot him somewhere in Bedford street. Mr. Geo. Barnitz, when passing up Pomfret Street, was -knocked down and lay senseless in the street for half an hour before ho was disco vered. IXis right ear was cut through, his head badly cut, and was much bruised about the body. Several other persons were more or less injur ed. One of the soldiers was finally run, down apd captured, and after a little rough'handling, was lodged in prison.' . ■ On Monday night, a collision look place be tween a soldier and' a ; . young main, named Pe tek Gilmore. The .soldier, wo learn, drew- a knifo on Gilmore, when the latter Struclrdlie soldier on the liendwith a stone, fiactiiringtlio skull- , : .... v . We have no room this week to speak at any length of'those disgraceful disturbances, but shall do so hereafter. Preparing fob Christmas.— ' “ Christmas comes but oiido a year, And when'll comes, it Brings good cheer." The near approach of the Christmas holidays and joyous season of gifts is palpable. Things seem to bo rejuvinating. Preparations are al ready quite extensive in anticipation of supply ing the varied wants appertaining to holiday times. Every succeeding day adds something new to the exhausllcss storehouse of old “San ta Claus." lie seems characteristically provi dent of his many votaries; and regardless of hard times, or financial embarrassments, thro’ which pnr country has passed since the period of his visit not quite a year ago, he is deter mined there shall he no stinting, nor opporln nity left unimproved, to present his full kniok-' nackian compliment of goods and chattels.— Prom trivial toys, suiting juveniles who might bo “pleased with r rattle or tickled with a straw," up to the more costly, serviceable and beautiful articles, adapted to farther advanced tastes, can already be observed on exhibition in the numerous fancy stores, and shops, in all the principal thoroughfares.' Judge Douglas Deposed. —Tho Democratic U. S. Senators, in full caucus, agreed upon the removal of Judge Douglas from the position of Chairman of the Committee on Territories.— The names.of those Senators who voted against proscribing him are—Brown, of Mississippi; Toombs, of Georgia; Johnson, of Tennessee: Green, of Missouri; Olingman, of North Caro lina ; Shields, of Minnesota ; and Stuart, of Michigan;- Wo suppose this action has been taken because of the course the “ little giant” was pleased to pursue in regard to the Lccomp ton Constitution, It is a very small business, to say the least, for grave Senators to-be engag ed inr-r Duil.—The-weather.- PBESIDBNn MESSAGE. , To tho exclusion of nearly everything ' i; .wo publish this morning the second annual ; Message of President Buchanan, ’ Notwith ' standing its length; everyone should rendu/ , able State paper, and acquaint hinJf with, the leading topics of national important The Message is written in a plain and f or( , ib ,' style,-and sets forth all the prominent issue! requiring the attention of the representatives of lire people, with clearness, and precision an°i recomnfends spelt legislation as, in the on! • * of the President, is necessary to protect l°” honor of 'the country abroad, and secure mesiic peace and prosperity at home. Tltcto °' no attempt at mystification in this message.— Each point is clearly stated, and u 1(! f simply and plainly narrated as to w | t /° the comprehension of the humblest min ; n ( / Union! The whole tone and temper ot message is prudent and conciliating;, while the topics belonging to the foreign'relations of the Republic are treated in a spirit ot wise, enligS. tenedrand patriotic statesmanship, which must arrcst 'the attention arid challenge tho admits, lion of candid men ofali parties. Beyond quej. lion, it is one of tho ablest State Papers tijjt has ever emanated from the Executive Depart ment of the Government. Even the poliilcai opponents of the President admit, this, anil pm. nouncc the Message one of great power. The President’s views .in regard to the vexed Kansas question, will be read with deep inter est by all. lie re affirms his convictions of the fairness and justice of the position he ns. srnned in his first Message. He shows that, had his views with regard, to the cxpethency of admitting Kansas into the Union with the Con stitution (famed and sent to Congress for that purpose, been accepted, the sectional strife about slavery in thitt territory would have heed ' quieted long before this, anil Kansas woujd now be a State in the Union upon a perfect equality with her sister States, in all respects. The President approves of • the provision of the so-called " English” bill, requiring Kansas to have a population equal to, or exceeding the ratio required to elect a member of Congress, before she again asks for admission ns a Stale, and recommends the passage of a general act applying the same rule.to the case of all Terri tories hereafter desiring to apply lof adimfflis into the Union. With reference to the financial condition al the country, the President lays down the sate and wise rule, (hat it is “ oUr true policy to increasebur revenue so as to equal our expen ditures.” This is to be done by an increase of the duties upon articles of foreign manufacture and growth. In re-adjusting the existing tar ifl, the President strongly .recommends the suffi atitution of specific for ad valorem duties, upon artioleea of .nearly uniform value, among which he names the great staple ot onr own State- Iron. In4iis remarks upon . the .Tariff ques tion, the President proves himself a true Penn sylvanian, keenly alive to the interests of his native State, and. earnestly desirous to secure her full deyclopement rind permanent welfare. The President’s remarks in regard to Cubs, Mexico, tho Isthmus question, Great Britain, &0,, must meet a response in the breast of eve ry true American. But, we will not attempt to explain at length the President’s views. So, Cause all will read the Message arid judge for themselves. As we said befoi t, it is one of the ablest papers we have ever read, arid most heartily, do We endorse Us tone and temper. It is a document worthy the head arid heart cl “ Pennsylvania’s favorite son,.” JameS’Buoiiax jx', arid its sentiments will be responded to -most heartily-by every patriot and lover of his country. '. ' For the Volunteer. SOUTH MIDDLETON ‘ EDBCATIOSAL* ISSTITIJTEj , Met on. Saturday, Hlh inst., at the York itoad School House. Present, 3 School Direc tors and 10 teachers—abscnt. Mr. Wilders and Misses Kenyon, Bcistline, Wolf, and Bell. Minutes of preceding meeting were read and ad air. C ßnrn then delivered an excellent extern poraneous address; Subject,“How to behave, which referred very appropriately to the several moral and religious duties of parents and chu dren, teachers and scholars. ■ Miss Bell not being present, no “Essay was read, as has been heretofore customary, as a part of the business of the Institute. “Penmanship” was then taken up and d>- cussed by Messrs. Messer, Glcim. Brecbbtl, Wagner. Stuart, Gchr. Freizfi. Gdklon, and Miles.': Uniformity in the teacher s own copy writing was considered very necessary—that the height, space diidf-distance of letters ana words should be carefully observed by bill), am not have a constant change of hand-write, lea ding to confuse the scholar, and hindering him from making-due progress. That, as a. baei; ness band, a plain, legible hand should bt | taught. It was deemed unnecessary to requite f the beginner to hold his pen mechanically. Hu /, pnpij, .with,duo regard to health, should bert- In quired to sit with freedom, and as erecuspt® sible, and not with the breast against fiiCdßi -"f Some of the teaclicVs use Kirk White’s'Penib' I-,; ship ; Olliers, the old plan of commencing d v strokes, characters, and single letters; sA 5:; commence large hniid, others small—thefim y cbnsidered'as preferable,in most dnscs.- - | “English Grammar” was again yakeuj't'. j and the discussion tlie same as at last nitcW- f Mr, Gillclen, in his remarks, added much * 0 terest to the importance of this branch Ij taught with a view to its practical utility." £ an art; discarding the too free use of autno ■ !j .and, very politely alluded to the necessity teachers, teaching it by precept and esonrp - , On motion: That Coriiposition and MS?*, i be the branches for discussion at next nwu v; , Mr. Frieze to deliver an address, and Mis continued to prepare an Essay. Si On motion: That the thanks of thelnstitu * be tendered to Messrs, Hnrlzlcr, Dart, Striokler, for their hospitality to ’ s and also to Mr-Qillelen, teacher of the PU field Select School, for- the able and zealous pin k taken in the proceedings. • . a. f;, On motion: That these proceedings be lished in all the county papers- , -j On motion: That a special meeting be » at Wise’s School House, on Saturday, the : instant. | -, Reasons roa t} ; was Thanksgiving day in Ohio, wheroupo editor of, the Cleveland Plaindealer, th«» i livers himself. He says : . J( ,I Wo havo much to bo-thankful for. \ no money to speak of, and that is a gf c , • ing, as money is popularly holioyeai .j, curse. Certainly wo are not “cussed ctl that respect. Mud is three ("6et .pan!:- streets, but it might bo four—so I 0 *;”. “ 1( lul tal. Nobody hasupresonted us wdli n ,|jll as yet, but if somebody should do «“> , (l] |, make us vain, and therefore we are m j( , Soberly—wo hope Ohio will shu t ifsc > its store clothes and’try to enjoy i,sc n .moa olf row. Let Ohio oat as good a dinner• . m ns Ohio can aflbrd to, and bo thank f,i numerous blessings that have been 11 to it. Wo Joan kindly to Thanksgivi 8 is a New England Institution, and a . corpulent turkeys, luscious pumpa** j Cj lj doughnuts pass before us, „ >i a s merry panoramic view. « And tons, falstafl says, “ ends our catechism. ;C2l