VOL. 12.
The Huutinffdon Journal.
J. R. DURBORROW, - - J. A. NASH,
PUBLISHERS AND PROPRIETORS.
°glee in new JOURNAL Building, Fifth Street.
THE HUNTINGDON JOURNAL is published every
Friday by J. R. Dratioratow and T. A. NASH, under
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Regular quarterly and yearly business advertisements
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3m 16m 19m Ilyr I l3m 16m 9m I lyr
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JOB PRINTING of every kind, Plain and Fancy Colors,
done with neatness and dispatch. Hand-bills, Blanks,
Cards, Pamphlets, &c., of every variety and style, printed
at the shortest notice, and everything in the Printing
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Professional Cards
_
- FI R. J. G. CAMP, graduate of Pennsylvania College of
1/ Dental Surgery. Office 228 Penn Street. Teeth ex
tracted without pain. Charges moderate. [Dec7 '77-3m
n, CALDWELL, Attorney-at-Law, No. 111, 3rd street.
/. Office formerly occupied by Messrs. Woods & Wil
liamson. [apl2,'7l
T R. A.B. BRUMBAUGH, offers his professional services
I. to the community. Office, No 523 Washington street,
one door east of the Catholic Parsonage. [jan4,'7l
- 151 C. STOCKTON, Surgeon Dentist. Office in Leister's
U. building, in the room formerly occupied by Dr. E.
J. Greene, Huntingdon, Pa. [apl2B, '76.
rtEO. B. ORLADY, Attorney-at. Law, 405 Penn Street,
lT Huntingdon, Pa. [n0v17,'75
G.
ROBB, Dentist, office in S. T. Brown's new building,
. No. 520, Penn Street, Huntingdon, Pa. [ap12.71
•C.TI
Street, li.kDD
Huntingdon,tor n ey }. - a a t . L -La w. Office, N o Penn
1 T
SYLVANUS BLAIR, Attorney-at-Law. Huntingdon,
13 • Pa. Office, Peon Street, three doors west of 3rd
Street. [jao4,'7l
T W. SLATTERN, Attorney-at-Law and General Claim
ef . Agent, Huntingdon, Pa. Soldiers' claims against the
Government for back-pay, bounty, widows' and invalid
pensions attended to with great care and promptness. Of
fice on Penn Street. Dan4,7l
T S. GEISSINOER, Attorney-at-Law and Notary Public,
L
Huntingdon, Pa. Office, No. 230 Penn Street, oppo
site Court House. [febs,'7l
t,;: s l E. FLEMING, Attorney-at-I aw, Huntingdon, Pa.,
. office in Monitor building, Penn Street. Prompt
and careful attention given to all legal business.
[augs,'74-6mos
lITILLIASI A. FLEMING, Attorney-at-Law, Hunting
don, Pa. Special attention given to collections,
and all other legal business attended to with care and
promptness. Office, No. 229, Penn Street. [apl9,'7l
School and Miscellaneous Books.
GOOD BOOKS
FOR THE
FARM, GARDEN AND HOUSEHOLD.
The following is a list of Valtiablesi.liadaa s se4sich will be
supplied from the (Alice of the Huntingdon JOURNAL.
Any one or mere of these books will be sent post-paid to
any of our readers on receipt of the regular price, which
is named against each book.
Allen's (R. L. & L. F.) New American Farm Book 52 50
Alleu's (L. F.) American Cattle.. 2 55
Allen's (R.L.) American Farm Book . ...... 1 50
Allen's (L. Is) Rural Architecture
Allen's (R. L.) Diseases of Domestic Animals 1 00
American Bird Fancier
American Ge n tleman's Stable Guide* ......
American Rose Cnlturist
American Weeds and Useful Plants 1 75
At woucl'w Country and Suburban Houses... ......
Atwood's Modern American ';oniesteads* 3 50
Baker's Practical and Scientific Fruit Culture* ..... 2 50
Barber's Crack Shot* 1 75
Barry's Fruit Garden
Bell's Carpentry Haste Easy* 5 00
Benrent's Rabbit Fancier 3O
Bicknell's Village Builder and Supplement. 1 Vols l2 00
Bicknell's Supplement to' Village Builder* 5 00
Bogardus' Field Cover, and Trap Shootiug* 2 00
Bummer's Method of Making Manures 25
Boussingault's Rural Economy 1 60
Brackett's Farm Talk.* paper, .Otte.; c10th.... 75
Breck's New Book of Flowers 1 75
Brill's Farm-Gardening and Seal-Growing 1 00
Broom-Corn and Brooms Paper, ;pmts.; cloth 75
Brown's Taxidermist's Manua1*.......... ...... ...._.. 00
tiruckser's American Manures* 1 50
Buchanan's Culture of the Grapeand Wine mat:legs 75
Beers Cider-Maker's Manuals
Heist's Flower-Garden Directory 1 50
Heist's Family Kitchen Gardener 1 00
Burges' American Kennel and Sporting Field* 4 00
Burnlia.m's The China Fowls 1 00
Burn's Architectural Drawing Book* .. 1 00
Burns' Illustrated Drawing 800k*.... ....... ....... 1 00
Buret' Ornamental Drawing 800k*.........
Burr's Vegetables of America* 3 Ou
Caldwell's Agricultural Chemical Analysis 200
Canary Birds. Paper 50 cts Cloth
Chorlton's Grape-Grower's Guide
Cleveland's Landscape Achitecture*...
Clok's Diseases of Sheep*
Cohbett'e American Gardener
Cole's American Fruit Book
Cole's Americans Veterinarian 75
Cooked and Cooking Food for Domestic Animals 2O
Cooper's Game Fowls* 5 00
Corbett's Poultry Yard and Market*pa.socts., cloth 75
Croft's Progressive American Architecture...—.
Cummings' Architectural Details ' 10 tel
Cummings & Miller's Architecture* lO 110
Cu pper's Universal Stair-Builder 3 50
Dadifs Modern Horse Doctor, 12 mo 1 50
Dadd'e American Cattle hotter, 12 mo 1 50
Dadd's Americas Cattle Doctor, Bvo, cloth* 2 5 0
Dield's American Reformed Horse Bock, vo, cloths 2 50
Dada's Muck Manual
Darwin's Variations of Animals & Plants. 2 Yobs*
[new ed.]
Dead Shot; or, Sportsman's Complete Guide* 1 75
Detail Cottage and Constructive Architecture* lO 0(1
De Voe's Market Assistant* 2 50
Dinka, Mayhew, and Hutchison, on the Dog* 3OO
Downing's Landscape Gardening, 6 50
Dwyer's Horse 800k*... ......................
Eastwood on Cranberry 75
Eggleston's Circuit Rider* ...... ........... ................... 175
Eggleston's End of the World 1 50
Eggleston's Hoosier School-Master I 25
Eggleston's Mystery of Metropolisville... 1 50
Eggleston's (Geo. C.) A Man of Honor
Elliott's Hand Book for Fruit Growers's Pa., 60c.; clo 1 00
Elliott's Hand-Book of Practical Landscape Gar
dening* e •.. 1
Elliott's Lawn and Shade Trees*
E liott's Western Fruit-Grower's Guide .
Eveleth's School /Souse Architectures
Eva4ry Herne Owner's Cyclopasclias .
Field's Pear Culture
Flax Culture. [Seven Prize Essays by practical grow
ers ] .. . .
FlintlCharles L.) on Grasses* 2 50
Flint's Mitch Cows and Dairy Farming* 2 50
Frank Forester's American Game in its Seasons 3 00
Frauk'Forester's Field Sports, 8 C0.,2 v01e5 ...........,6 00
Frank Foresters Fish and Fishing , , 100 Engs* 3 50
Frank Forester's Horse of America, s vo., 2 vols* lO 00
Frank Forester's Manual for Young Sportsmen, Svo 3 00
French's Farm Drainage
Fuller's Forest-Tree Culturist 1 50
Fuller's Grape Culturist
Fuller's Illustrated Strawberry Culturist
Fuller's Small Fruit Culturist
Fulton's Peach Culture
Gardner's Carriage Painters' Manual
Gardner's How to Paint*
Geyeliu's Poultry-Breeding
Gould's American Stair-11u ildc es*
Gould's Carpenter's and Builder's Assistant.
Gregory on Cabbages
Gregory on Onion Raising*
Gregory on Squashes
Gueuon on Mitch Cows
Guillaume's Interior Architecture* 3 00
Gun, Rod, and Saddle*
Hallett's Builders' Specifications* 1 75
Ilallett's Builders' Contracts* lO
Itarney's Barns, Out-buildings, and Fence,*............6 00
Harris's Insects Injurious to Vsgetation—Plain $4 ;
Colored Engravings 6 50
Harris on the Pig
Hedges' on Sorgho or the Northern Sugar Plant* l5O
Helmsley's [lardy Trees, Shrubs, and Plants* 750
Ilenderson's Gardening for Pleasure s 1 50
Henderson Gardening for Profit 1 50
Henderson's Practical Floriculture 1 50
Herbert's Hints to Horse-Keepers 1 75
Holden's Book of Birds paper 25c.; cloth.. 50
Hooper's Book of Evergreens ••• 3 Ist
Heoper's Dog end Gun paper 31k.;; cloth
Hooper' Western Fruit Book* 1 50
Hop Culture. By nine experienced cultivators 3O
How to get a Farm and Where to find Oue 1 2.1
Husmann's Grapes and Wine* .. 5 ,
Hussey's Rothe Bti Ifll ZS* ..... ...... .........
Hussey's National Cottage Architecture
Jacques's Manual of the Garden, Farm awl Barn-
Yards
Jennings on Cattle anal their Diseases..
Jennings' Horse Training Made Ea5y*.............,
Jennings on the Horse and his Diseases*
Jennings on Sheep, Swine, and Poultry*......
Jersey, Alderney, and Gusensey Cows._
John Andress (Rebecca Harding Davie)........
Johnson's How Crepe Feed
Johnson's How Crops Grow.
Johnson's Peat and its U.%
Johnson's Agricultural Chemistry
Johnson's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry..
Kern's Practical Landscape Gardening*
King's Beekeepers' Text Book.. Paper
Rlippart's Wheat Plant*
Lekey's Village and Country Houses. .....
Leavitt's Facts about Peat*.........
Leuchar's How to build Hot-Houses
Lewis' People's Practical Poultry Keeper*..
Long's American Wild Fowl Shootings
Loring's Farm-Yard Club o fJotham*....
Loth's Practical Stair Builder*
Lyman's Cotton Culture
Manual of Flax Cultures
Marshall's Farmer's Hand Book*
( iittrtsts.
ANNUAL MESSAGE
-OF THE -
GOVERNOR of PENNSYLVANIA.
Gentlemen", of the Senate and Rouse of
Representatives :
Many important and grave questions will
occupy you during coming
the session.
Among these, the fiances of the State, be
ing of first importance, will claim a cor
responding share of your time and atten
tion. Fortunately, they are in such ex
cellent conditima, and the credit of the
State so high, that you will probably have
little difficulty in re-adjusting the funds to
meet the ordinary and extraordinary ex.
penses of the yell., without imposing addi
tional taxation.
Total Receipts and Disbursements During
Fiscal Year, Ending November 30, 1877 :
Balance in Treasury, November 29, 1876 994,997 62
General fund 4,324,905 43
Sinking fluid, ordinary receipts 2,063,513 24
do. new loan, 5 per cent 8,0(01,04)0 00
do. premium on rew loan 261 922 33
do. interest on sale of new loan 9,161 44
DISBURSEMENTS.
Ordinary expenses 54,010,381 30
Loans redeemed 8,035,196 n
Interest on loans 1,414,6A 63
Premium on gold 13,726 3$
Compensation, Farmers and
Dlechxnles' National Bank. 6,090 00
Coupon i nt. paid at Treasury. 2,497 50
13,482,453 19
Balance in Treasury,Nevember 30,1877. $2,162,046 87
Public Debt.
FENDED DEBT.
Over-due loans, upon which interest has
been stopped and not presented fur pay
ment
Redeemable loans of 5 and 6 per cent. loan,
upon which interest has been stopped and
not presented for payment
Five per cent. payable in 1878 273,000 00
Six per cent. payable in 1879 400,000 00
Five per cent. payable in 18B' ,
Four and one half per cent. payable in 1882 87,01;0 00
Six per cent., redeemable in 1877, and pay
able in 1832 2,472,200 00
Six per cent., redeemable in 1882, and pay
able in 1892 9,995,800 00
Five per cent., redeemable in 1892, and pay
able in 1902 8,000,000 00
Six per cent., Agricultural College paya
ble 192' , 7)0,000 00
Relief notes in circulation... $ 96,174 00
Interest certificates outstand-
jug
Interest certificates uuclatim-
ed
Domestic creditor cert;ficates 25 00
Chambersburg certificates
Outstan ling 52 21
Clianibersburg certificates
unclaimed ll4 60
Total debt, Dec., 1, 1077.
Pen nsylva railroad bonds,
representing an indebted
ness, January cl, 1878, 0f... .51,686,413 06 •
Allegheny Valley railroad
bonds 3,200,000 00
Balance in Sinkingrund, No
vember 30, 1887
9,501 ,427 03
Indebtedness unpruvided for
NEW FIVE PER CENT LOAN,
The new five per cent. eight million
loan, for the redemption of the maturing
loans of the Commonwealth, authorized
by act of March 20, 1577, was duly adier
tised, and the bids therefor were opened
on the first day of May, 1877. The bids
above par amounted to over $17,000,000,
and the premium realized was $261,922 33.
Of the eight millions of bonds redeemed
with the proceeds of this loan, over five
millions were six per cent. currency inter
est bearing bonds, and the remainder were
five per cent. gold interest bearing bonds.
This reduction of the rate of interest will
save the State more than fitly thousand
dollars annually.
... 1 Ou
Receipts during fiscal year• ending 117-orein
be; SO, 1877 :
Balanre in fund November 29,1876
Revenue 4,324,905 43
Total roceipts
Papneuts
Balance ;n fund November n1 , ,1877 $ 454,775 50
Estimated revenue for IS7B
Total available fund
Estimated expensed.
$ 268,925 50
Appropriations fur last year not paid 665,000,00
Deficit
The depressed condition of the indus•
trial interests forbid the attempt to meet
this deficit by increased taxation. I, there•
fore, recommend that one third of the rev
enue derived from the corporation tax be
diverted from the Sinking Fund and paid
into the General Fund for the present year
There will still be ample funds, after pay
ment of interest, to more than comply with
the constitutional provisions for the re
demption of the debt. The one-third so
diverted will, in part, pay the extraordi
nary expenses oithe July riots, which are
estimated to be about five hundred thous
and dollars. The balance of the deficit
can only be avoided by the closest scrutiny
of all appropriation bills, and the strictest
economy in all Departments of the govern
ment.
50
Receipts and paynzents for fiscal year end.
ng November 30, 1877 :
Balance in fund, November 29, 1876 $ 839,992 25
Two-third tax on corporation stock 1,391,013 24
Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, (int
erest on bonds) 112,500 00
Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, (bonds
redeemed,) 100,600 00
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, (commit
tation tax,) 460,000 00
New 5 per cent loans, issued by act, March
20,1877 8,01)0.000 00
Premium on sale of new loan 261,922 33
Interest on sale of new loan 9,161 44
... 8 00
... 3 75
1 25
Five per cent. gold loan re
deemed 53,1(36,000 00
Six per cent. loan redeemed 4,80,188 38
Relief notes 8 00
1 5
1 50
...* 1 00
I 00
1 25
400
.paper 3O
.....paper 3O
paper 3O
Total amount of loan re
deemed : 7.8,035,196 38
Premium on gold fur pay
ment of interest
Amount of interest paid dur
ing fiscal year 1,414,651 63
Compensation Farmers and
Mechanics' Bank, Phila 6,000 00
Balance in fund, Nov. 20,157; sl,7 05,014 87
Amount payable on demand :
Over due loan 60,981 58
Called in loans (A5.050 (10
Relies notes, etc 113,080 73
Available forpayment of public debt No
vember3o, 1877 5885,200 56
Coupon account, 1876 $ 4,794 00
Coupon account paid, 1877 2.49; 50 _ _ _
' 2,256 50
Estimated receipts and payments of Sink
ing Fund for Fiscal year 1878 :
Corporation tax...,, 51,300,000 00
Less one-third heretofore rec
ommended for diversion for
general purposes.. 433000 CO
$ 567,000 04
Commutation of tonnage tax 460,000 00
Allegheny Valley railroad Co. 300,000 00
Total receipts, 1673
Interest
.... 1 75
.... 1 75
... 1 50
... 150
.... 2 00
... 2 Os
.... 1 25
... 1 75
lic debt 51,225,000,00
Coupon account
of 1877 2,256 50
Surplus for 1878
Available fur payment of public debt during
1678 51,327,200 56
cloth 75
1 75
fi 00
The Constitution provides that the an
nual reduction of the public debt shall not
be less than two hundred and fifty thous
and dollars. It would appear, apparently,
by the record of the debt cancelled, that
the indebtedness of the State had only
been reduced, during the fiscal year just
.... 1 50
.... 1 50
... 200
3 50
10 00
.... 1 50
,- - . ;1 --- :
:-, -.. r tot•O'
14 „r r . 1 1 ' ,s , 'S
....... 'az
.. 1
....,
~.
- ..
,_ ..
f.a.k. . ..
„,-
..4.._ .4
_
11 11 .
f ..,
. , f
..
.: . - •1 , I .--,
.:. .. -..: It___ i n i' ./: -. _ Z , ' ,, ' .. '''• 0
. , .
~ ..7..4.- . .-i:„.,
...
RECEI T 8
$15,6r44,i;00 @6
113,882 73
$13,352.386 38
GENERAL ruND.
£4 .465 , 1 5 6 80
4,010,381 30
$4,998,075 50
4,367,000 00
$ 933,925 50
SINKING FUND.
RECEIPTS.
:.:11,174,589 26
PAYMENTS.
9,4 69,574 39
820,814 31
$1,667; 1 00 00
1,227,256 50
439,743 50
closed, in the sum of thirty-five thousand
one hundred and thirty six dollars and
thirty.eight cents. But, by a further ex
amination, it will appear that the Sinking
Fund Commissioners called in for redemp
tion the following loans, viz :
Registered, 10x15, 8 per cent., call of
May 18, 1877 51,710,400
Redeemed to November 30, 1877 4,565,350
Registered G per cent., call of Jelly 6,
1577 $ 250,300
Redeemed to November 30,1677- 220,9,0
Coupon, 10:15, 6 per cent., call of May
38, 1577 $ 369.000
Redeemed to November 30, 1677 2,000
367,000
Coupon, May 4, 1552, 5 per cent., call
of May 18, 1577.....
Redeemed to November 30, 1877 2,726,000
-59,06 C
Registered, May 4, 1652., 1 per cent
call of May 18, 1877 $ 460,500
Redeemed to November 30, 157 7 415,000
$15,500
Amount of loan, on which interest has been stop
ped and not redeemed 5845,950
The call contained the notice that in
terest would cease at the end of ninety
days. These loans not presented in ac
cordance with the notice have ceased to
draw interest since the time given in the
call has expired. The principal will be
paid, without interest from that time, when
presented practically, the constitutional
provision as to the annual reduction of the
State indebtedness has been more than fully
complied with.
Under the several acts constituting the
Board of Revenue Commissioners, the law
is very defective for the purpose of obtain
ing a fair and equal assessment of the sub
jects of State taxation, and for ascertaining
and determining the vable thereof. When
the Board was organized in 1844, it con
sisted of one member from each judicial
district, together with the State Treasurer,
and the principal subject of taxation was
real estate. The Board now consists of
the Auditor General, State Treasurer and
Secretary of the Commonwealth, and per
sonal property only is liable to taxation.
The law, as applicable to real estate, is not
adapted to the valuation and equalization
of personal property.
The reports from the commissioners of
the several counties of the returns made
by the assessors are so unequal in the val
uation of the property, and some of them
so deficient in returning full assessments
of the various kinds of property taxable
for State purposes, that great injustice is
done to the Commonwealth, as well as to
many counties, in consequence of this want
of uniformity in valuations and complete
ness of returns. The power of the Board
of Revenue Commissioners to remedy this
by going behind the returns to make cor
rections from information derived from
other sources has been questioned, and a
bill was introduced into the Legislature at
the last session to remedy this defect, and
to define the powers and extend the duties
of the Board of Revenue Commissioners.
But the bill was not passed. The triennial
meeting of the Board will take place this
winter, and without such legislation, under
the construction of the present law, which
is contended for. the duties of the Board
will be only clerical, and
.the meeting a
useless ceremony. If revenue is to be de
rived from that source, there should be
adequate power to ascertain the amount,
and to enforce its collection, and this law
should be passed without delay, in order
that the Rever,ue Commissioners, at the
approaching meeting, may avail themselves
of its provisions.
Many appropriations are asked for an
nually for the benefit of the classes of per
sons who pay these taxes, but to pay ap
propriations it is necessary to have revenue.
The accounting and financial officers of the
Commonwealth should be provided with
the means of ascertaining and collecting
the amount of taxes which the laws have
imposed. To declare by law that a subject
or article of property, is liable to taxation,
will produce no revenue unless the means
of assessing and collecting the taxes are
provided.
SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES,
An examination of the many failures of
these institutions during the year demon
strates that to allow them to be used as
banks of discount is fatal to the interests
of the depositors, even where the business
is conducted with ordinary integrity and
prudence. Banks of discount and ex
change, although entitled savings banks,
must be conducted as a business and can
not be managed as a trust. Money must
be loaned to business men upon business
paper subject to the fluctuations of trade,
and invested in speculations, which, while
perfectly legitimate for a business man,
involve risks which ought not to be taken
by a trustee. The law should separate banks
of discount for business purposes from in
stitutions designed fur the safe keeping of
the earnings of the people, and ought not
to allow them to be deceived by the name
of savings banks, applied to what are, in
reality, simply banks of discount and ex
change.
A movement is on foot to organize a
national postal savings fund. Such a
scheme is a subject for serious reflection.
It involves not alone questions of a pecu
niary nature, but those of a profound po
litical character. It invests the Federal
government with a vast trust, and clothes
it with corresponding influence. It would
add intense interest to our elections, and
give the dominant party the weight of the
conservatism of a great vested interest
On the other hand, it offers the people the
securest depository for their savings, and
excites an abiding interest in the perpetuity
and integrity of the National government.
Upon the whole, it seems to me to promise
enduring benefits to the people individually,
and to the n,ation, and to be worthy of
support and co-operation.
Pending the discussion and organization
of such a system, which much, of necessity,
require time, I most earnestly renew my
recommendations of last year, and urge
upon you the passage of a law, embodying
the principles and provisions therein set
forth. The State cannot be held stainless
of these failures. Its charters, incorpora
ting as "savings banks" what were really
banks of discount, had much to do with
the respect and faith the people felt for
them. It is, therefore, a duty to draw, at
once, the line between a business and a
trust, and to prevent hereafter the enor
mous losses accruing to the wcrthiest of
our people by a deceitful and dangerous
combination.
As a further safeguard, I believe it
would be a most wise provision to create a
Bank Examiner or Commissioner, with
duties analogous to those of the Insurance
Commissioner, who would periodically
make an examination of the banks of the
Commonwealth, and report their condition.
His powers and compensation might be
defined and fixed, as thoseof the Insurance
Commissioners now are.
EDUCATION
The views of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction correspond so nearly
with my own that I need do little more
than call attention to his report. He re-
HUNTINGDON, PA , FRIDAY, JANUARY 11, 1878.
peats the recommendation for a revision of
the school laws, and, I trust, you will see
the advisability of bringing the original
ena'...tinents, supplements, usages, and de
cisions into ono concise and logical code.
The money appropriated to pay the in
debtedness of the Normal Schools was ap
portioned among those institutions, in ac
cordance with the intention of the Legis
lature. Although relieving them from
temporary embarrassment, it will be neces
sary to provide for their future welfare.—
Normal Schools are an essential part of a
public school system, and the Legislature
will, no doubt, see that those of Pennsyl
vania are not restricted in their sphere of
usefulness by the want of funds. I fully
recommend the trial of the cautious system
of compulsory education of vagrant children,
proposed by the Superintendent, and have
elsewhere given my views of the subject
of industrial schools and workshops, which
he fortifies by his arguments and facts and
examples, proving the feasibility of the
scheme.
$145,050
29,400
The report of the Superintendent of
Soldiers'. Orphans presents a satisfactory
record of the progress and heaiith of the
wards of the State, and conveys the grati
fyinr intelligence of the welfare of those
who have completed the course,"nearly all
of whom are at work—many engaged in
the simpler kinds of hand labor, but many
at trades, on farms, or in the professions."
Under the laws, the Orphans' Schools close
finally on the first day of June, 1579, and
it will be necessary for the present Legis
latnre. if it desires to continue the bounty
of the State, to provide for the two thous
and children between the ages of four and
sixteen years, who will then be left in
them. Of the three plans set forth by the
Superintendent, it seems to me that either
the first, to repeal the act closing the
schools in IS - d9, and allow the system to
run on to its natural end, or the third,
discharging all children over a certain age,
or for whom suitable homes can be found,
and providing for the rest in the homes
for friendless children which exist in
various parts of the State, will close this
noble undertaking, as it was begun, in
charity. The pride and pleasure they have
felt in the work, the satisfaction they have
derived from its happy results, leave no
doubt that the adoption of either course
will meet the warm approbation of the
people of Pennsylvania.
THE JULY RIOTS.
In the early part of July, I arranged for
a trip across the continent. At that time
the peace of the Commonwealth seemed
assured and all classes seemed to have ac
cepted with resignation the results of the
continued depression in business. As a
precautionary measure, however, in con
sultation with the Adjutant General, I
gave him instructions, in cas: of any un
expected outbreak requiring prompt and
vigorous action, to order troops to the as
sistance of the local authorities, in accord
ance with the policy heretofore adopted.
On the sixteenth, I left for the West.—
Shortly after, trouble arose between the
Baltimore and Ohio railroad and its em
ployes, which culminated in the strikers
seizing the road at Martinsburg, West
Virginia. On the nineteenth of July,
the train hands of the Pennsylvania rail
road at Pittsburgh also struck, and stopped
the passage of all freight trains east and
west. All attempts of the municipal and
county authorities to restore traffic failed,
and by the evening of the twentieth, a
large number of trains, containing thous
ands of head of live stock and merchandise
belonging to citizens of the State au 1 other
States were massed at Pittsburgh. Every
effort to move freight by the company,
with the workmen that remained in service,
was resisted by intimidation, and where
persisted in, by violence. In the menu
time, early on the morning of the twentieth,
upon the call of the sheriff, the Adjutant
General, ordered the Sixth division of the
National Guard, General Pearson com
manding, to assist in restoring order. Of
this division, aggregating one thousand
and eighty-two officers and men, but six
hundred were gotten together by the
evening of the twentieth.
Being informed by General Pearson of
the gravity of the situation, and that he
feared the majority of his troops were in
sympathy with the strikers, the Adjutant
General ordered the First division of the
National Guard, General Brinton com
manding, to report to General Pearson at
Pittsburgh. The Adjutant General had
previously set out for Pittsburgh, receiving,
on the way, my telegram to proceed there
and keep supervision of all troops ordered
out. He arrived at one o'clock on the
morning of the twenty first. All traffic
was then stopped on the Baltimore and
Ohio, the Fort Wayne, the Allegheny
Valley and the Pennsylvania railroads.—
The force in the city was then about three
hundred and fifty men, the Eighteenth
regiment being at Torrens. During the
morning, just before daybreak, the Four
teenth and Nineteenth regiments and
Brcck's battery, under Brigadier General
Brown, were moved to take position upcn
the hill overlooking the tracks at Twenty
eighth street, with instructions to keep
the hill-side free of people, in anticipation
of the attempt contemplated in the after
noon, upon the arrival of the Philadelphia
troops, to clear the tracks and open the
road. This movement was successfully
executed and the hilt occupied, at a time
when there were few or no people upon it,
but, owing to a failure to carry out the
instructions, the hill side was covered by
noon with an excited crowd of men, among
whom were many women and children.—
The Pittsburgh troops were surrounded
by the crowd, and, in fact, became a part
of it. The main body of the strikers were
assembled on the tracks in the neighbor
hood of Twenty-eighth street. The sur
rounding streets and tracks, above and be
low, were also covered with people. At
two o'clock, in the afternoon of the twenty
first, the first detachment of the Philadel
phia division, six hundred and fifty strong,
under command of General Brinton, bring
ing with it two Gatling guns and a large
quantity of ammunition, arrived at the
Union Depot. After a short delay, to
feed the soldiers, the movement to open
the road began. Preceded by the sheriff
and accompanied by the guns, the troops
were marched down the tracks between the
lines of freight cars, For some distance
the road was comparatively clear, but, as the
column approached Twenty eighth street
it met a constantly increasing crowd through
which it forced its way into the dense mass
at the foot of the hill. The lines pressed
the crowd slowly and with difficulty back
on either side of the road, until that por
tion of the tracks enclosed by the hollow
square so formed was clear.
An attempt of the sheriff to arrest some
ringleaders who had been prominent in
the previous outrages raised a commotion
daring which stones were thrown by the
mob. The troops were ordered to charge
bayonets and in doing so came in immedi.
ate contact with the pressing and excited
mass. Several pistol shots were fired and
a volley of stones thrown from the crowd,
from those on the hill-side as well as others,
and violent attempts were made to wrest
the muskets from the soldiers. Having
been wedged in among a surging body of
rioters, growing more and more aggressive,
many of whom were attempting to crowd
the soldiers from the ranks or wrench the
muskets from their hands, and as a few
moments more would have broken the
ranks and involved the individual soldiers
in inextricable and helpiess confusion
among their foes, the soldiers fired. Under
the circumstances they did right to resist
the attempt to disarm or overpower them.
A soldier is stationed or commanded to
move as a soldier, and has the un
doubted right, in the execution of his
order, to prevent himself from being forced
from his post or disarmed. As soon as
relieved of the pressure, the commands of
the officers at once stopped firing. From
proximity to the crowd, the firing was
wild and high, as well as desultory, and took
effect, principally, upon the hill. Panic
stricken, the crowd upon the hill-side and
adjacent streets and immediately surround
ing the soldiers, scattered in all directions,
carrying with it many of the Pittsburgh
soldiers, and the main body of the rioters
fell back along the track. In the melee,
fifteen or twenty soldiers were wounded,
the majority with pistol balls, and a num
ber of the mob killed and wounded.
At this time the troops were undoubt
edly masters of the situation, and a deter
mined advance in all directions and co op.
eration of the civil authorities, would have
driven away every vestige of the mob, and
by activity and care might have prevented
it from re-assembling. As it was, though
unskillfully executed. the movement pro•
duced the result intended; but, though
offered a guard for each one, the railway
officials were unable to move their trains
from the impossibility of finding engineers
and crews who were willing to man them
at that time. The troops held their
ground an hour or two during which time
the rioters gradually returned and collect
ed about in squads. About six o'clock the
troops were withdrawn and placed wholly
within the roundhouses and adjacent
buildings. No pickets or guards were left
outside. From this time on, the troops
were kept on the defensive, which gave
the mob a groat and fatal advantage. The
mob, rapidly increasing in numbers and
boldness after dark, broke into various gun
stores and armories, arming themselves,
and a desultory firing was kept up during
the night, without effect upon the soldiers
and with considerable loss to the rioters.
At nine o'clock General Pearson and staff
left the round-house, and General Brinton
remained in command of all troops at that
point. About midnight they resorted to
the expedient of burning the soldiers out
by setting fire to the freight cars standing
along the tracks below the round houses.
The . Adjutant General—with a few civil
ians and officers in citizens' clothing and
ei4h , .eca ,dismounted cavalry, without
carbines, and during a part of the night a
few members of' the Fourteenth regiment,
guarding the provisions and ammunition
—remained all night at the Union Depot
hotel,about a mile from the scene of action.
The Adjutant General, as soon as he was
informed of the position of the troops,
labored zealously during the night to bring
up the other detachments of the First di
vision, en route from Philadelphia, and
the Eighteenth regiment, stationed at
Torrens. Owing to the want of ammuni
tion in these comwands and the delay in
transporting it by wagons and the inability
of the railroad compauy to furnish engi
neers to move the trains, making it neces
sary to march some wiles, the movement
could not be executed in time,
At eight o'clock on the morning of the
twenty second, General Brinton left the
round house, and marching rapidly, crossed
the Sharpesburg bridge over the Allegheny
river and passed into the open country.
On this retreat, four soldiers were killed
and a number wounded. The Adjutant
Genera? had directed him to effect a junc
tion with Colonel Guthrie at Turrens,
about five miles from Pittsburgh, and
await the arrival of his other detachments,
preparatory to other movements. Acting
upon his own discretion, the General dis
regarded this instruction.
The stoppage of all lines running into
the city prevented the arrival of the other
divisions ordered by the Adjutant General
to the scene of the disturbances, and he
was, consequently, left in Pittsburgh with
out troops. Finding that General Brinton
would not effect the junction designed, in
the afternoon of Sunday, the Adjutant
General arranged for provisions to be sent
to his command, and directed him to con
centrate his division at Altoona, as the
most available point to secure supplies for
a large body of troops. In the meantime,
disturbances having broken out in various
railroad centres throughout the State and
country, and all the railroads being ob
structed, and fearing a failure of telegraph
ic communications, the Adjutant General
decided to return to Harrisburg, to prepare
and concentrate the troops for a marching
campaign. General Sigfried was directed
to move to Harrisburg, to take charge of
the State arsenal, which was reported in
danger. Having made these dispositions,
General Latta, late on Sunday evening,
left Pittsburgh and returned to Harrisburg.
The Legislature and people are familiar
with the scenes of arson, pillage and de
struction of property enacted by the mob
during Saturday night and Sunday morn
ing.
From the time the trouble commenced
on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, I was
constantly advised of the situaton ; and
gave general orders to meet the emergency.
In consequence of telegrams from Gener.d.
Latta, received at Ogden, at six o'clock,
Saturday evening, I determined to return
to the State on the next train, leaving at
ten o'clock Sunday morning. At Salt
Lake City, at nine o'clock P. M I received
a dispatch from Secretary Quay, and im
mediately made arrangements to return in
a special ear, and started at twelve o'clock,
midnight, Saturday. The next morning
at Creston, I ordered out the entire force
of the State, and called upon the President
for regular troops. Traveling continuous
ly day and night, the latter portion of the
journey by sufferance of the strikers, I ar
rived at Pittsburgh on the twenty-fourth.
I found the city in a state of great anxiety,
and all the railroads obstructed, and, in
some instances, run by the strikers. I was
immediately waited upon by a deputation
of professional men, merchants, editors and
prominent citizens of all classes, who asked
my stay to organize the militia and take
charge of the situation. They particularly
urged the necessity of immediately open
ing railroad communications, representing
most earnestly that, unless this were done
very shortly, the supply of coal and pro
.wisions would be exhausted; the gas works,
mills and factories must be stopped; a
large number of idle people thrown upon
the streets; the water supply could not be
pumped, and the want of provisions among
the poor and unemployed, would inevita
bly precipitate bread riots. After a short
consultation, I left on Wednesday morning,
and arrived that evening at Philadelphia,
accompanied by the Adjutant General,
who joined' me at Harrisburg.
At Philadelphia, I met Generals Han
cock and Schofield, of the United States
Army, who informed me that they had been
directed by the President to support the
State authorities. As the necessity of
opening communications, for the reasons
given, was very urgent, it was determined
that I should proceed at once to Pittsburgh
with the State troops, and that General
Hancock would forward the regulars as
fast as they could be made available.
In accordance with this programme, on
the twenty-sixth, with the few troops of
the First division remaining in the city, I
set out again for Pittsburgh, and gather
ing the detachments and divisions scatter
ed along the road, arrived there at day
light on the twenty eight. The force
taken was apparently large, but as it was
probable that, in opening the roads, it
would be neccessary to guard many depots
and several miles of track, it was thought
best to be prepared for any contingency.
Se fearful were the citizens, even at that
time, of a renewal of the outrages, that in
spite of the necessity for opening traffic
which they had formerly pleaded, they now
through the committee of public safety,
begged me to influence the Pennsylvania
Railroad Company not to attempt to move
freight trains. I replied while it was not
my duty to run railroads, if the Pennsyl
vania Railroad Company desired to pursue
their business, and were prepared to do it,
I would support them with the whole
power of the State. On Monday morning
the railroad companies and their employes
resumed business; the freight trains were
started, and communications opened with
all parts of the country.
In the meantime, the disturbances
spread rapidly over the State. In Phila
delphia, by the courage and activity of
the mayor and police, supported by the
great body of the citizens and the press,
and in Harrisburg, through the coolness
and promptness of the sheriff of Dauphin
.county and the mayor of the city and the
public spirit of the citizens, who respond
ed to the call of the authorities, the dis
turbances were speedily quelled before my
arrival. In Reading, the costly railroad
bridge over the Schuylkill was burned on
the evening of the twenty second and
freight trains stopped. The sheriff of
Berks county, proving unequal to the sit
nation, General Reeder, with two hundred
and fifteen muskets, of the Fourth infantry,
National Guard of Pennsylvania, was sent
there by General Bolton, and in a severe
street fight, after dark, on the twenty
third, in which many of his command were
injured more or less severely with stones,
and eleven of the crowd killed and above
fifty wounded, the rioters were dispersed.
These troops having been subsequently
demoralized by the action of - the Sixteenth
regiment, were withdrawn; but the
,next
day, the twenty fnirth, upon the arrival of
a detachment of United States troops, un
der Colonel Hamilton, the road was re
opened.
In the middle coal field of Luzerne coun
ty, the miners, under the prevailing ex
citement, struck on the twenty-fifth of
July, and all trains were stopped upon the
roads running through that region. At
Scranton, on the first of August, a large
body of men, endeavoring to drive the
workmen from the railroad shops and fac
tories, were courageously dispersed by the
mayor and his posse, in which conflict that
officer was severely injured and three of
the rioters killed and a number wounded.
As the trouble was serious and threaten
ing, and rapidly growing beyond the con
trol of the mayor and his small force, brave
and determined as they were, I directed
the First Division, under General Brinton,
to hasten the proposed movement to that
region, following immediately with other
forces; and on the third of' August, the
railroads were once more put into regular
operation. A body of troops, regular and
militia, were stationel there until the early
part of November, when all fears of any
disturbances being removed, they were
withdrawn. Slight outbreakes which had
occurred in various other places had been
easily suppressed, either by the local
authorities or the presence of the United
States or State troops; and before the mid
dle of August all the railroads throughout
the State were running on schedule time,
and by the early part of November, all
manifestations of lawlessness had disappear.
ed. For full details of the military move
ment here outlined, I refer you to the re
port of the Adjutant General and accom
panying documents.
When called upon, the Federal govern
ment promptly responded, and throughout
the troubles the State was greatly
indebted for the co-operation and moral
support of the regular troops. Upon their
final withdrawal, I addressed letters to the
President and General Hancock, (which
will be found in the Appendix,) acknowl
edging our sense of the services of the
army, and the increased respect and appre
ciation of our people for its admirable c m_
duct in the State.
CAUSES AND RESULTS
Thus ended the great railway strike of 1877
in Pennsylvania, which resulted in violence,
murder and arson; which caused the death of
over fifty civilians and five soldiers, and the
wounding and maiming of a hundred or more,
and the destruction of millions of dollars
worth of property. While it is true that the
workingmen, who began it, contemplated no
such terrible results, it cannot be denied that
the manner in which theyproceeded to enforce
their demands, by stopping inland commerce
and seizing the property of corporations and
individuals and driving citizens from their us
ual occupations, in defiance of law, made the
breach through which the lawless elements of
society poured to plunder and destroy. By
thus inconsiderately inviting the co-operation
of the criminal classes, labor did itself a great
and grievous injury, and it will be long before
it can remove the suspicion and distrust with
which the people will view its strikes and or
ganizations. Into the merits of the contest, it
is not necessary to go ; whatever be the rights
of labor, the duty of the Executive is impera
tive. In the Message of 1876, were set forth
the principles which govern the present ad
ministration in the discharge of this onerous
duty, to which recent events have given addi
tional emphasis : "No disobedience of regu
larly constituted authority will be permitted,
whether on the part of individuals, corpora
tions, or combinations of men. No sense of
wrong, however grievous, will or shall justify
violence in seeking indemnity therefor. The
rights of property must be respected, and no
interference with its legitimate use will be l i
tolerated. Every man must be allowed to sell
his own labor at his own price, and his work
ing must not be interrupted, either by force or
intimidation. For grievances, fancied or real,
redress must be sought in the manner the law
provides, and no one must attempt to override
its process. If citizens will recognize these
principles as binding upon their consciences
and actions, there can be no necessity for Ex
ecutive interference to preserve the peace, and
it mutt be understood, once for all, that any
violation of private rights, or resistance to
public officers when in the discharge of their
duty, will be summari!y dealt with, and if the
civil authorities and the power of the county
,cannot maintain the supremacy of the law,
tl en the whole power of the Commonwealth
shall be employed, if necessary, to compel re
spect for authority."
As a sequel to the riots, the grand jury of
Allegheny county entered upon an investiga
tion, and summarily demanded the attendance
of the Governor and the civil and military offs
cers of the Executive Department to testify
before it. As I did not think it the time or
place for an impartial investigation of the
troubles, or concede the right of the courts to
command the attendance of a co-ordinate
branch of the government, I refused to attend,
and directed the civil and military officials to
refuse also. The question was submitted to
the Supreme Court, and its decision according
with the views of the Department, all appear
ance of conflict between the judiciaiy and ex
executive was happily averted. Should the
Legislature deem it expedient to investigate
the subject, all information in the possession
of the Governor or the Department, if any, in
addition to that contained in the Adjutant
General's report, and the appendix herato, will
be promptly given.
Passing from these secondary matters, to
the broader and deeper lessons of the strike,
while there is much to cause solicitude, there
is much, also, to awaken confidence in the fi
nal solution of the problem. While capital
held labor in ignorance and bondage, strikes
were rare. Their 'frequent occurrence is a
proof that labor is growing, more and more,
to an equality in strength and importance to
capital. Intelligence has spread itself among
the laboring classes, they have learned to read
and write, and to interchange their views, and
formed associations, according to their new
lights, for their protection and advancement.
And if in this, as in many other cases, "A lit
tle learning is a dangerous thing," it is yet
better than no learning at all, and is the pro
gressive step to higher intelligence. On the
other hand, under the influence of civilization,
wealth became more and more diffused, and
corporations grew tip to collect the large and
small amounts of unemployed capital, to build
the gigantic works and conduct the great in
dustries required by modern society. These
two results are the inevitable consequences of
increased intelligence and civilization. These
great corporations, from the character of the
enterprises, are of necessity, in most cases, mo
nopolies. As such, the people have a right to
demand that while the profits may accrue to
private individuals, their management shall
rise above merely selfish aims, and consult al
so the public utility and welfare. It has come
to pass that in the conflict between capital and
labor, the former is almost wholly represented
by corporations and the latter by various or
ganizations. .
The attitude of the people towards these two
forces during the great strike has also deep
significance. In the general sympathy for the
strikers, dulled only by their own unlawful
acts, the workmen have assurance that in all
right and lawful efforts to better their condi
tion they will have the aid of nmrly all class
es of their fellow-citizens. And in the preju
dices against the corporations, those who con
trol them may realize that the possession of
great wealth and the control of great enter
prises imposes obligations to the public
which they cannot afford to ignore. In these
facts, we can discern the two roads that may
eventually lead to the final settlement of the
contest—the diffusion of higher education
among the workingmen, and the conviction,
on the part of capital, that it has now to deal
with an equal competitor, whose claims and
rights, together with its own, must be decided
and adjusted by arbitration. fu this contest,
the primary duty of the State is to keep the
peace, and secondarily, so far as laws will
avail,to hasten the consummation of the result.
INDUSTRIAL AND SCIENTIFIC TRAINING.
It i 3 impossible to read the industrial histo.
ry of the country without being struck with
toe decline of the system of apprenticeship,
the decadence of skilled labor ; and the rapid
increase of common day laborers. Many causes
may be assigned for these results. The inven
tion of labor-saving machines, the minute sub
division of labor, and the intense competition
among producers and manufacturers have, no
'doubt, served to lessen the pride of the work
man in his work, and made it impossible, in
many instances, to give any time or opportu
nities to mere learners. To counteract these
influences, the assistance of the State will be
required. But another cause, arising from the
misdirected efforts of the workingmen them
selves, can only ba removed with their co-op.
eration. Trades unions and various labor or
ganizations, which profess to elevate the
conditimf of the laboring classes, have, in re
ality, materially contributed to impoverish
and degrade them. Millions of dollars have
been collected from workingmen and squan
dered in profitless strikes, during which other
millions have been lost through enforced idle
ness, without even a transient effect upon the
natural fluctuation of wages. The independ—
ence of individuals has been sacrificed to time
tyranny of a class and they have gradually
learned to depend for prosperity upon other
agencies than their own personal industry and
thrift. The regular education of skilled me
chanics has been restricted by the same agen
cies, forcing the growing generations into the
undistinguished mass of day laborers, the low
est and poorest paid of any class, and redu
cing the nation to the necessity of supplying
its skilled labor from foreign countries. These
things strike at the welfare of labor and the
prosperity of the State. Even from the work
ingmen's standpoint, no good that it seems
possible to derive from such means can com
pensate for their deteriorating effects upon
the condition and morale of the laboring class
es. The growth of the individual is dwarfed,
his substance wasted and his children depri
ved of their rights. The doors of his own trade
and all others are closed against them by his
fellow-workmen, and they must enter another
calling, or become the mere drudges of socie
ty. As long as the trades are closed, as at
present, we must ever complain of over crowd
ed professions and commercial pursuits, of a
lack of skilled mechanics and an excess of
common laborers.
In this question, not only the workingmen,
but the State, also, is deeply concerned. "The
great warfare of the nineteenth century is in
dustrial warfare ; the struggle between great
nations for supremacy in various industries,
and for control of the various markets." Sev
eral foreign nations and a few of the States
have foreseen the conflict and begun to edu
cate their people. Pennsylvania has unrival
ed resources, but unless she prepares for the
competition, she must content herself with
the production of raw materials, and her peo
ple become the hewers of wood and drawers
of water for more highly cultivated communi
ties. The means must be the diffusion of
technical knowledge among the laboring class
es ; securing the co-operation of the work
ing men; creating new industries and diver
sified interests, and throwing the ways to
honorable and lucrative employment open to
all. The work of the school master must undo
the work of the demagogue, and the State
supplant the bigoted organizations of labor
with industrial schools and workshops. If the
working men will spend the money now used
in keeping up such organizations and lost in
strikes, in keeping their children at such in
stitutions and co operating with the State, the
dignity and average value of labor will be
rapidly raised. Heretofore public education
has been too much in the interests - of a class.
The influence of the old scholasticism has been
powerful enough to overbear the force of mod
ern industrial and scientific demands. The
resultant has learned too much in one direc
tion and undue prominence has been given to
professional and classical education over in
dustrial and scientific training.
A thorough system of industrial training
must embrace the children, the workingmen
and the people. The children of skillful and
prosperous mechanics might find in the pri
mary schools instruction in mechanical and
free hand drawing; and to those who are cir
cumscribed by harder conditions, free night
schools could furnish the opportunities of a
slower advancement, Reform industrial
schools, under a wise system of compulsory
laws, could gather the children of utterly des
titute or vicious parents and educate them for
a useful calling, without contact, on the one
hand, with acknowledged paupers or orimi.
nals, or lowering the public schools, on the
other hand, with offensive poverty or low as
sociations. In addition to th.. tbeory, it may
be necessary for the State to afford practical
training in the mechanical arts. It is not
probable that the old system of apprentice
ship, which has gradually fallen into disuse,
can ever be generally restored. Two causes
alone would seem to be sufficient to prevent
it. In the extensive modern workshops, the
proprietor, or master mechanic or foreman
can never find time to devote to the instruc
tion of apprentices, who are consequently left
to pick up, in a desultory manner, what little
they learn, and in many industries the neces—
sity of producing articles at the least labor
and expense, to compete with others in Os
markets, requires the highest skilled laborers,
for which they must depend upon the over
stocked labor markets, of the old countries,
as they cannot afford to educate new hands.
Believing that, under these circumstances, no
remedy can be found except through the di
rect agency of the State, I renew my recom
mendation, contained in the message of 1875,
for the establishment of workshops in connec
tion with industrial schools, and beg leave to
refer you to the current report of the Super
intendent of Public Instruction for the proofs
he has collected of the feasibility and advan
tages of the plan.
It will perhaps, be a slow and difficult task
to secure the co-operation of the present gen
eration of workingmen. But, in all the large
cities and towns, where that class is princi•
pally congregated, lecture and draughting
rooms could be added to the night schools and
such instruction given as would interest and
benefit adults. Everything that will tend to
recognize the importance and dignity of labor ;
that will excite the pride and emulation of the
artisan in his work ; convince him of the
interest of the State in his welfare and the
welfare of his children, and secure the fruits
of his industry and thrift, should be done;
and I am convinced that nothing' will con
tribute so much to these results as the estab
lishment of industrial and scientific schools
and workshops by the side of our present high
schools and academies. Finally, the appreci
ation and demand of works of art and skill
must keep pace with capacity to create them.
Museums. art galleries, and other public col
lections, are also important factors in indus
trial education. Accordingly, I took occasion
last year to recommend the arrangement, for
public exhibition. of the specimens colleoted
by the Geological Survey, and to suggest that.
you consider the advisability of extending
State aid to the Philadelphia Museum and
School of Industrial Art. The latter institu
tion pas, during the year, opened free schools
of drawing and design, and as the State, if it
decides to add industrial education to the
public school system, will need competent
teachers in these branches, this fact. gives ;t
additional claims to the recognition of the
authorities. I venture to hope that this sub
ject will early engage your labors, and that
the public schools system will receive a sym
metrical development correspouding with the
conditions of a highly industrial age and the
large and varied resources of Pennsylvania.
ARBITRATION.
It is to the interest of the Republic that
litigation should cease, it is still more to the
interests of the people that the conflicts be
tween different classes should be brought to
a close. As it is becoming the public opinion
of the civilized world, that the nations cannot
afford to submit their differences to the costly
arbitrament of the sword, so it is becoming
the settled conviction that nothing can be
gained by a war of classes, to compensate for
the loss c inset' by the disturbance of all in
dustrial relations.:and the dangers threatened
to individual independence and free institu
tions. And in many places the same idea is
gaining ground among the trading classes for
adjusting the conflicting claims of individuals.
Since, therefore, arbitration has been success
fully used to settle international questions, and
even the petty disputes of individuals, why
cannot the same peaceful agency be invoked
to adjust the relations of capital and labor?
The subject, though important, is not new,
but has floated in public discussion for some
time, and no apology is needed for calling
your attention to the suggestions made in the
message of 1876. "Does it Arm practicable
to appoint a court of arbitration, composed of
three or more of the judges of our courts, as
many operators, and a like number of the rep
resentatives of the working men, to whom
could be referred the disputes arising between
employers and employes, so that, at least, a
full, fair, and impartial discussion could be
had, and the public enlightened upon the merits
of the controversy ; and, if there was no legal
remedy, the force of public opinion would
constrain the parties whose claims were ar
bitrated, to do justice to those who were
wronged." Any plan is surrounded with
difficulties, from the constantly changing re
lations of the great interests involved and the
doubtfulness of securing a stable settlement
with the proper opportunities of revision ac
cording to these varying conditions; but since
labor now has organizations, and representa
tives by whom these organizations will be
bound, it seems practicable to devise some
plan by which all relations and disputes of
capital and labor can be harmoniously ad.
justed.
POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OT LOCAL CIVIL
I have repeatedly represented to the people
the reluctance with which the Executive re
sorts to military power, and urged upon the
Legislature the necessity of devising some
means of fixing the responsibility of suppress
ing local outlfreaks upon the local civil author
ities. At present, any sheriff or mayor can
escape under the ambiguous provisions of the
law, without having made a single honest ef
fort to preserve the peace. Asa consequence,
there is growing a pernicious tendency to rely
upon the State. It has even been curiously
argued that the arrival of the State troops
supersedes the local civil authorities, and
thereby suspends their functions as peace
officers, and relieves them of all responsibility.
The military is called in to aid, not to super
sede, the civil authority. It would be estrange
construction of the law by which the desertion
of their sworn duties by the peace officers of
municipalities would make the State authori
ties, who answer their call for aid,responsible •
for outrages committed by a mob in a police
less city.
The Office of sheriff was formerly one of
dignity and power; it has degenerated, stand
ing without change in new conditions, until
its main duties are those of a jailor and
auctioneer. Some means ought certainly to
be taken to clothe the office with its original
importance and responsibilities. If, upon the
written request of a certain number of com
petent freeholders of any city or county, hair
ag the qualifications to assure their standing
and respectability, it was made obligatory
upon the mayor or sheriff, under penalty of
forfeiture of office, and fine or imprisonment,
or both, to summon a sufficient number of
citizens to lay aside all business, and serve
under like penalties, I am satisfied that many
disturbances which nowrequire the interference
of the military could be sette without its
use. Any citizen of the Co monwealth can
now be compelled to leave !us business and
travel its length or breadth in the interests of
justice ; surely, the preservation or order and
the protection of life and property, will justify
the exaction of the same service of a citizen
within his own county. Such a law would
also serve to fix the status of the inhabitants
of the county. All who were loyal to the laws
would at once respond ;' those who refused
would thereby indicate their syrnpateies for
the rioters. If such an attempt should fail,
the sheriff or mayor, or in default of these
officers, the citizens themselves could, with
reason, call upon the Executive, and no ques
tion, so far as the State was concerned, could
ever be raised as to the necessity fo- the use
of troops.
The people have ; happily, been so unaccus
tomed to the use of troops to enforce the laws,
that much misconception exists regarding the
real position of the military power in thepelicy
of the government, and the relative ditties of
citizens and soldiers. A simple statement of
these relations may enable the line between
the friends and enemies of law and order to
be drawn hereafter with precision and ad
vantage. For the presence and use of troops,
the Executive i•responsible ; of their necessity,
he is the judge. The law clothes him with
that power, and the discretion to use it ; for
its use or abuse, he is responsible alone to the
representative of the people. The presence
de facto of troops at the scene of a disturbance
is prima facie evidence of their presence de
jure. Whether they are there by authority or
not, whether their presence is necessary orun
necessary, is no affair of the rioters or their
sympathizers. The tribunal to dtcide that
question is not a mob, or then ; but the Legis
lature or the courts, and afterwards. For the
time being, it is the duty of the authorities
and all law-abiding citizens to co-operate with
them in restoring order or suppressingrioisace.
To resist them by force, aeon any Petexi, ii
(Concluded on fourth page.)
II
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NO. 2.