AY HASAN
BECAUSE it was prosecuting an un-
declared war on Ethiopia, Italy
was condemned as a violator of the
covenant of the League of Nations
and virtually de- "
clared to be an out-
law against which
economic and finan
clal sanctions are to
be applied. That was =
the decision of !
members of the league ©
in a memorable meet-
ing of its assembly in
Geneva, Three na-
tions, Italy itself and
‘Austria and Hungary,
refused to assoclate
themselves with the assembly's action.
The Austrian and Hungarian repre
sentatives already had announced that
they would not participate In any sanc-
tions against Italy because of their
political and economic relations with
the Fascist government,
If any of the nations concurring in
the league's decision wishes to declare
war on Italy, it now has the legal
right to do so. The nature of the pen-
alties to be Imposed and the manner
of procedure was to be determined by
a committee including all members of
the league council, except Italy, and all
Italy's neighbor nations except Austria
and Hungary.
The meeting of the assembly first
heard an eloquent speech on Italy's
behalf by her chief delegate, Baron
Pompel Aloisi, He charged that the
league had been unfair, that it had
used “two weights and two scales” In
its work, that it had acted against Italy
where it did not act against Japan in
the Manchurian crisis, that it did not
even consider Italy's complaints against
Ethiopia.
“Why not Japan? he asked. “Why
not Bolivia and Paraguay in the Chaco
war? Why Italy?
Before the decision nation after na-
tion registered
league covenant,
“I shall make only a brief declara-
tion,” said Pierre Laval of France.
“France will face her obligations. I
sald this before the council. 1 repeat
it before the assembly. The covenant
is our international law.”
“Action must now be taken" mld
‘Authony Eden of Great Britain. “I
déclare the readiness of his majesty’s
government to take full part io such
action®
Viadimir Potemkin of Russia an-
nounced that his government was de-
termined to fulfill fits obligations.
Switzerland also emphasized its will
ingness to participate.
“No other delegation has asked fo
speak,” sald President Benes quietly,
“1 interpret the silence of all as indi
cating the concurrence of their gov-
ernments with the opinion of the
members of the council. The assem-
bly will place this on record.”
Austria and Hungary canoot of
themselves supply Mussolin! with much
in the way of raw materials for war;
but there is tif chance that be may
receive, through those countries, ma-
terials from Germany If the neutrality
proclaimed by Hitler does not pre-
vent. Already the big packing com-
panies of Brazil have suspended nego
tiations for the sale of 22,000 tons of
meat to Italy, and Greece has stopped
the shipment of donkeys to the Italian
armies, The economic sanciions also
will put an end to much of Italy's ex-
port trade, as well as her imports
52
Baron Aloisi
ARING good on bis threats and
promises, Benito Mussolini sent
his armies crashing across the border
of Ethiopia, starting a war that gave
all Europe the jit
ters. Under the com
mand of Gen. Emilio
De Bono, chief of the
Italian colonial ar
mies, the Italian troops
laboriously advanced
from Eritrea, crossing
the Mareb river fron-
tier and capturing Adi
grat and other towns
; that had already been
practically ruined by
Gen. De Bom 4 iardment from
planes. The immediate objective was
Aduwa, the scene of the terrific Italian
defeat 89 years ago. After several
days of bard fighting against the de
fending Ethiopians, who lost prab-
ably 2000 killed, the Invaders
marched into Aduwa, and considered
that the disgrace of 1806 had been
avenged. The Itallan soldiers of Gen-
eral Marivigna's command enterel
first, carrying to the principal square
and there erecting a big stone monn.
ment Inscribed “To the fallen heroes
of Aduwa.”
Italy officially announced that all of
Tigre province was in Itallan hands,
and at the same time her columns
were advancing Into Ethiopia from
the south and east, with the city of
Harrar and the country's one railway
as their objective. Squadrons of
bombing planes were flying here and
there, destroying towns and killing
many of the inhabitants.
Recent reports from Addis Ababa
sald the Italian minister, whose de
parture had been requested by the
extparat, announced that the Italian
forces In the porth sector had ocep-
pled the holy city of Aksum, the an-
client capital of the queen of Sheba.
There was no resistance, and the Ethi-
oplans saved thelr sacred relics.
The king of kings asked that other
Italian legation officials depart with
the minister. The legation, he de-
clared, had kept its radio communl-
cations In use after being requested
to desist.
In Rome It was announced that Mus-
solinl would retort by giving passports
to the members of the Ethlopian lega-
tion and would launch a new drive to-
ward Addis Ababa,
Ethlopian cavalry made a daring
raid Into Eritrea, killing some Italians
and capturing others; but there was
a report that a son-in-law of the em-
peror and another Ethloplan general
lost thelr lives In this operation.
fst giving assurance, in his
speech at San Diego, that the Unit-
ed States would not be drawn into
any foreign war, President Roosevelt
issued two important proclamations.
One proclaimed the embargo on all
shipments of war material to the bel-
ligerent nations. The other warned
Americans that travel on Italian or
Ethiopian vessels would be at thelr
own risk. Since Ethiopia has no ship-
ping, the latter proclamation was di-
rected solely against Italy, In.yet an-
other statement the President revefsed
our national policy by declaring that
Americans who engage in “transac.
tions of any character” with either of
the warring nations “will do so at their
own risk.” In the past the United
States has argued for the right of nen-
tral citizens and commerce to “freedom
of the seas
The task of preventing shipment of
American arms and muuoitions to Italy
and Ethlopla was undertaken by the
coast guard and customs service,
NANIMOUS decision of the New
Jersey court of errors and sp
peals is that Bruno Richard Haupt.
mann was given a fair trial on the
charge of murdering
Col. Charles Lind
bergh’s baby son; that
his conviction was In
accordance with the
evidence and that his
death sentence was le
gal. Every contention
raised by the defense
was overruled. In its
opinion the court sald:
“Our conclusion Is
that the verdict Is not
only not conirary to
the weight of the evi-
dence, but one to which the evidence
inescapably led. . . From three
different and, in the main, unrelated
sources the proofs point unerringly to
gulit—viz:
“{a) Possession and use of the ran
some money.
“(b) The handwriting of the ran-
som notes,
“{¢) The wond used in the construe.
tion of the ladder.”
Hauptmann's attorneys Immediately
began preparations for an appeal to
the Supreme Court of the United
States. Their only way is to ask that
tribunal for a review of the New Jer
sey court's action.
To prevent the death sentence being
carried out while such a petition was
pending in the Supreme court, it would
be necessary to have a “stay of execu
tion” issued by the New Jersey courts
or by a justice of the United States
Supreme court. If a review Is denied
the case will be closed and Hauptmann
probably will die in the electric chalr
late In November or early in December.
Bryno
Hauptmann
REECE changed back from a re
public to a monarchy overnight
in a bloodless coup delat engineered
by the royalists In the armed forces.
Led by Gen, George Kondylis, the army
officers demanded that Premier Taal-
davis immediately proclaim restoration
of the monarchy. He refused and re
gigned, and a new government with
Kondylis as premier took hold. This
former minister of war then forced out
President Zaimis, abolished the repub-
lican constitution, decreed the restora.
tion, and was named regent by the na-
tional assembly pending the return of
King George Il, who was called back
from exile. Though the change of form
of government thus seemed completed,
the assembly directed that a plebiscite
on the question be held November 8,
and in London the Greek king's equerry
sald George would await the result of
this vote,
UITE inadvertently, Secretary of
the Navy Swanson revealed the
fact that our government ls prepabing
to take part in another naval confer-
ence in London within three months,
Mr. Swanson, replying to some ques
tion at his press conference, sald he
would send Admiral Willlam H, Stand
ley, chief of operations, to the London
meeting as the navy's representative
because of his good work.at the last
eonversations on naval limitation, It
to
AMILTIN Fr ISH, IR, congressman
from New York, is ‘going to be a
candidate for the Republican Presi- |
dential nomination and will throw his |
hat Into the ring about |
ber,
western,
and southern states,
formally
told an
he were elected he
Rep. Fish
would Include the best brains In the
country regardless of political afilia-
tions, He even went so far as to give
out a long list of the men and women
Inet members. For Instance, his sec-
retary of state will be either Senator
Borah, Senator Hiram Johnson, Baln-
bridge Colby, John W, Davig or New-
ton D. Baker. For secretary of com
merce he would hgve either Herbert
Hoover or Frank Philips of Oklahoma.
Senator Carter Glass heads the list for
secretary of the treasury; Edward A.
Hayes for secretary of war; RB,
Creager of Texas for postmaster gen-
eral; Judge Charles Lockwood of
Brooklyn for attorney general ;Al Smith
for secretary of labor; Frank O. Low-
den for secretary of agriculture; Theo-
dore Roosevelt, Jr., for secretary of tha
navy, and Former Vice President
terior,
MERICAN FEDERATION OF LA-
BOR opened its annual conven
tion in Atlantic Clty with many prob-
lems up for discussion. In Its report
the executive council advocated pres
ervation of the national constitution,
as best for industrial recovery. It sald:
“That some control must be exerted
over the former system of laissez falre
cannot be denied.
“The experiment,” the report added,
(NRA), “which has been concluded,
has helped to point the way to the
goal which we must seek. How is
congress to acquire that control over
the Industry and trade of our country
which will make possible the neces
sary reforms?
“Until exhaustive studies have been
made with respect to attaining this
great objective, under our present con-
stitution, we cannot recommend just
what steps should be taken in connec
tion with this particular problem.”
The federation's determination to
keep out the Communists was empha-
sized by Ita action In refusing to seat
E. M. Curry, president of the Inter-
national Foundry Workers’ union, be-
cause he was a Communist candidate
for congress in Michigan three years
ago.
UITE without ceremony, Chief
Justice Charles Evans Hughes
and the eight associate justices of the
Supreme court of the United States
took possession of .
their new ten million
dollar home which on
the outside resembles
a Corinthian temple.
Evergthing - in the:
bandsome bullding was
new except the nine
chairs the eminent
jurists occupy, and
these would have
been replaced if the oo
architects and deco i
rators had had their Chief Justice
way. Hughes
There was a big crowd present to
see the justices open the first term of
court in the palatial structure but only
a few spectators could get inside. The
first business was the admission of
more than 150 lawyers to practice
before the court. Then the ealen-
dar was read. On this calendar are six
cases which hold the fate of the New
Deal. The most Important of these Is
one which will determine the validity
of the agricultural adjustment act
That ruling may rank with the Dred
Scott decision in its political conse.
quences,
Other Important cases are those
challenging: the Bankhead cotton con-
trol act, the Tennessee Valley nuthor-
ity, the right of the Public Works
administration to condemn land for
housing projects, the corpora.e reor-
ganization act, and the right of states
to tax the property of the Reconstroc.
tion Finance corporation,
A SArCLIS was full of navy men,
ranging from admirals down to
ordinary seamen, on October 10, for
that was the ninetieth anniversary of
Naval academy and it was celebrated
puvy under President Polk. A feature
academy under protection of a bar
rage laid down by a sub-chaser,
——————
OWN In Lower California aboard
around th
e
=»
Washington, ~~ American admirals
and naval aviators of course are all
hoping that Great Britain and Italy
but—Iif they do, they will be watching
how Mus.
solinl's terrific alr force comes out
with the superior British navy,
Britain's attempt—regarded as cer-
tain if she keeps on her present course
--{0 blockade Italy, and the
Buez canal will as surely be followed
by attempts by the Italian air force
to bomb the British fleet out of the
water,
Which is highly Interesting
Mitchell and naval aviators,
on the hand, and practically ail
American admirals, on the other,
Since shortly after the European war,
they have been fighting this question
of how important the air force was,
and primarily whether a battleship
ean live against an air attack In force,
Mitchell's part in this wordy encoun-
ter is chiefly remembered because he
refused to recognize any limitations
on his public utterances. It will be
recalled that he was finally court mar-
tinled and convicted in 1025 after he
had denounced the high command as
guilty of “treason” Hardly anybody
could be found to agree with that
word “treason,” whether they agreed
with Mitchell on the idea that battle
ships were obsclete or not,
close
to Gen,
one
jut on the main points of the fight
a great many military aviators, both
army and pavy, agreed absolutely
with Mitchell, always recognizing that
he purposely made his attacks as
sensational as possible so as to atiract
public attention.
Naval aviators, In particular, how-
ever, have been gagged ever since by
the mechanics of the navy's promotion
system. Every so often a board of
sentor officers considers the list of of.
ficers of various TAnkA. It picks out
those It considers eligible for promo
tion. All promotions are made from
this list. The selection board is
changed every time, but If an officer
twice, normally,
up
is passed
might just
over
as well give
Why They Are Mum
Now remember
admirals believe in hattleships,
regard airplanes, for the most part,
mere adjuncts. And remember that
a given percentage of younger officers
in any grade must be passed over in
the selection processes. And it be
comes clear why very few young avia-
tion enthusiasts in the navy speak
their minds in public. They cannot
afford to antagonize the men who will
be passing on their eligibility for pro-
motion,
But If worst comes to worst in the
Mediterranean, the ability of the air.
plane and the submarine to crush the
surface ships will be demonstrated
beyond any power of argument, or the
old battleships, so dear to the admir-
ale, will vindicate their faith in it
Incidentally if the admirals win, 1t
will be just too bad for Mussolini
the airplane was splendid for scouting,
and annoying the enemy-—much as the
envalry used to be In Civil war days,
when Jeb Stuart ralded all the way
around the federal army, which was
highly spectacular and profitable in
capturéd supplies, but did not change
the character of the war very much.
After everything else is swept away
tn the fighting, the admirals contend,
the battleships will still be floating,
and still able to hurl destroction-deal
ing broadsides. Their masts will have
been torn away by bombs dropped by
planes, Their hulls will be leaking In
various compartments from torpedoes
fired by submarines. But they will
still be on the job, and—and here is
the brunt of their argument--nothing
else will,
If they are right, Italy will be block:
aded—the Suez will be closed-—Mus
solinl will be unable to send supplies
to his African legions. If they are
wrong, nobody knows what the an-
swer will be. Always assuming that
in the early clashes the tremendously
superior Italian air force crushes the
British air force,
Cotton a Trouble Maker
Cotton Is apt to produce tense dip.
Jomatic situations again, with fears,
that the United States may be forced
into a world war, just as it did In the
early days of the 1014 conflict. It
will be far more important than wheat,
States this year has no wheat of con
ably buy some from Canada. Copper
may be the runner-up to cotton as a
trouble maker, thus curiously enough
effecting a possible combination of
the West and South in another polit
leal alllance. .
This situation Is far more serious
than the news from Washington or
dfiywhere else has indicated. It Is
reports from Geneva, Paris and Lon.
don, Stripped of diplomatic language,
consider just what it will in ug 2 it
France, as Washingtop expects,
on TE PA
sanctions to Italy,
It means nothing else but a virtual
of Ttaly. Not Jt Sorigeads
JL wisan tht the United
not send a pound of cotton or a plece
of machinery or a basket of food to
Naples and Genoa.
every American ship
Mediterranean would be
war zone, with
that act Involves,
Which presents a very tough nut for
President Roosevelt to erack. Either
wny he moves means trouble, either
foreign or domestic,
Save that he has made it clear he
has no intention of seeking to put the
United States in the League of Na-
tions, President Roosevelt has stuck
Woodrow Wilson
Two of were free.
dom of the seas and International co-
operation for the preservation of
peace, On the last, of course, Wilson
was willing to go the whole way, He
opposed a senate reservation to Artl-
cle X, saying that article was the
“heart of the covenant” of the league.
Article X was the one which promised
that every league member would con-
tribute armed forces to
league decisions. It is still a part of
the league covenant!
May Have to Choose
3ut the point Is that Roosevelt will
be forced to choose, unless the Italo
Ethiopian situation clears up most un-
expectedly, between two of those pol
icles. He may choose freedom of the
seas, and insist on America’s right to
trade with Italy even If the league
proclaims a blockade under the guise
of sanctions. Or he may choose co
operation to preserve peace,
traversing the
crossing a
all the possibilities
these
enforce
The first would jead to an extreme
international situation
involve the United
States In war, Even the contention
that we had the right to trade with
Italy would put this country in a curi-
ous and diffienlt diplomatic hole, For
it would be contended by league mem-
bers that their sction would force
pence very shortiy--that F could
her aggressive
cut off not only
It might easily
not possibl
war if blockaded —
from supplies from abroad but from
supplying her forces waging the war
Hence that the action of the United
States would be the one thing that
made possible the continuance of the
war the world Is so anxious to avert
To take the other course would
vast resentment among those
anxious to see the price of cotton
boosted, and the surplus of cotton
which has been banging over the
market since the Hoover days, sold at
y continne
If this seems unlikely, one has only
to remember 1015. Great Britain put
cotton on the black list, She knew it
was being used to make explosives
But even before this official act she
was interfering with shipments. So
Senator Hoke Smith of Georgia made
a long prepared speech coming very
close to demanding war against Brit
ain, on the side of Germany.
It was In reply to this that Senator
Henry Cabot Lodge, referring to the
Lusitania, commented that “a dead
baby floating on the walter Is a more
poignant sight to me than an unsold
bale of cotton”
No New Taxes
President Roosevelt has definitely
decided that there are to be no pew
taxes until after election. There are
two motives for the recent budget
statement attacking critics and say-
ing there is no need for new taxes.
1. Politics The President has
learned of the Increasing tax con
sciousness of the ordinary citizen, and
of concern even by farmers as to
where the money would be coming
from to finance the New Deal. He is
also concerned about the worry of
business over tax prospects. For ex-
ample, he has been told that one con-
new evterprises is the “play safe” at-
to gamble when the government prom-
jses to take so large a proportion of
in one year, is part of this
2. Soldier Bonus,
can be attained only if there are no
pew expenditures. He was hitting di-
rectly at the soldier bonus, and at
courts which will pass on the process
ing taxes.
He can play both reasons at the
game time in January, when the bonus
Present study of the available fig-
ures indicates that the President is
out” about half a billion
dollars, which will be unused on July
1 next, and, as congress provided
the availability of the fourbillion
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