VOL. XC.
SHORT TERM FARM
LEASE IS CONDEMNED,
J. MI, Suiffier of Freeport, 111, Writes Inter
esting Article Condemning Short Term
Farm Lease,
J. M., Stiffler, Centre county native,
and who is an suthority on farm topics,
writes the following article from his
home in Freeport, Illinois, concern-
ing a subject in which land owners
are vitally interested :
The tenant farmer perhaps has re-
ceived his full share of comment and
unfavorable criticism in the past, be-
cause of a faulty system of which,
through force of circumstances, he
became a cog and part,
Many land owners give little ene
couragement for an extension of ten-
ure beyond the one year period be-
cause, they say, it might conflict with
certain other plans that may be in
process of development, The one
year guarantee gives little encourage-
ment snd affords poor opportunity, to
8 tenant, with ideas of a real construc-
tive nature, to arrange a plant, as-
semble the machinery and perfect an
organization for real farm improve.
ment, The * one year with a privi-
lege "’(?), or short term lease, invites
to nothing more constructive tha:
& system of gieinfarming—the logical
outcome of which, is work-out and
abandoned farme, unless there is re-
sort to artifical fertilization through
commercial fertiligers— always an ex-
pensive procese, The eghort term
lease is most attractive to the unthrif-
ty, irresponsible, nomadic type of farm
er, who on the slightest pretext, and
to satisfy the promptings of an abnor-
mal desire must * take up his bed and
walk ’’ regardles of personal or pecun-
iary benefit, The economic effects of
our nomad population, whether in the
city or country has been rather disast-
rous,
The “creameskimming” process
has been going on go long on some of
our rented farms that only allurement
to those who wish to tske chance, is
the residue of ** sour milk.” This is
not intended ae a hareh indictment
against the fair and well-meaning ten-
ant farmer, but the general facts as
they stare us in the face in numerous
fostances are full warrant for this appli-
cation, care must be taken so that the
blame is placed where it properly
belongs. The average landlord, if he
i2 honest and really thoughtful, will
not try to absolve himself of the guilt
of being, to a certain extent, st lesst,
party of the first part to much of the
ruinous procedure carried out by his
tenants,
When the paramount consideration
of the landlord is the collection of ex-
orbitant rents, it is bardly probable
that tbe tenant will take the initiative
in any veulure ci a real constructive
chiaracier towsrd farm betterment.
It ofien happens too, that when a ten
ant fixes up a place the landiord feels
justified io ralsing ihe rent, Littl
wonder then, taking this into consid-
eration with the one year lease, that
we have such a large percentage of
unthrifty tenant farmers, Since the
tenant farmer is, and will continue to
be a very important factor among our
productive .orces it behooves every
consumer to interest himself in any
plan or suggestion wuich gives proms
ise of improvement among the produce
ing forces, upon which all in the end
murt depend. That which benefiis
the individual benefits all to a certain
extent, The “stock share” lease as
framed up by our state department of
agriculture aud adopted at a number
of landiord-tenant conferences in this
and other states, seems to adequately
provide through co-operative effor:,
8 way to carry out a lot of agricultur-
al extension work on every farm
where there ls a disposition to do
things io the right way.
The long term lesse—with 6 years
as its mivlmum-—gives promise, in the
farm lungusicy, of greater stabjlity of
character lo nny farm venture or en-
terprise, thus affording su opportunity
for establishing and perfecting a plant
and organization that is best adapted
to the land, locality snd needs of the
community, It thus enables the tens
ant to determine on some definite
policy, #0 he can frame up a program
that will prove practical, progressive
and profitable in procedure. She
long term lease should juvite to tha
best endeavor, thus promoting thrift
snd in the end eflecting a radical
change in ratio of farm owners to ten
ants. A very large per cent of the
present landlord cisss began their
career as tenants, The long term lease
affords opportunity to pool resourses
and ideas and thus effect better under-
standing of the plans for constructive
effort making it possible to strengthen
the organization for greater efficloney.
It ls through team-work and co-oper-
ative effort that we can get the best
results, The long term lease enables
the tenant to acquire a more correct
knowledge of the chemistry of the
goils he must cultivate thus permit
| Continued on luside page, |
School Report for Fifth Mouth,
The fifth month in the boro school
term came to a close Tueadsy of last
week, The statistical report and
honor roll of the several grades is ap-
pended :
Primary school.—~Number enrolled,
males 18, females 22, total 40 ; average
attendance, males 16, female 18, total
84 ; per cent, of attendance, males 89,
fernales 81, total 85. Those present
every day during the month are
James Lutz, Paul Smith, Elizabeth
Breon, Helen Browp, Alma Lutz and
Estella Ruble,
Intermediate grade,.—Number in
attendance during month, males 12
females 25, total 87; per cent. of at-
tendance during month, males 81, fe-
males 85, Names of pupils not abeent
during month: John Lutz, George
Lutz, Joseph Ruble, Albert Emery,
Lottie Keller, Names of pupils not
absent during term are Lottie Keller,
Albert Emery, Joseph Ruble,
Grammar grade.—Number in ate
teudance during month, males 18, fe-
males 18; average attendance daring
month, males 16, females 16; total 16;
per cent, of attendavpce during month,
males 80, females 90 ; per cent, of at-
tendance during term, males 95, fe-
ma'es 92. Those present every day
during the month are : Ernest Frank,
Frederick Moore, Frederick Lucas,
Albert Smith, Harold Breon, Arthur
Bohn, Pearl Ruble, Gertrude Ruble,
Helen Lucas, Ethel Frank, Heze!
Ripka, Those in regular attendance
durirg Frederick Moore,
Frederi Albert “mith, Har.
old Breor, Ruble, Helen
Laces,
term:
Ek Lucas,
Gertrude
I ——————————————
Penns Valley's Name,
‘* By beavens, Thompson, I have
discovered ao empire,” These are the
words of Captain James Potter, In the
ummer of 1764, when he got his first
glimpse of Penna Valley from the
crest of Nittany mountain, Capt.
Potter for some years had a ** feeling
that beyond the mountsins south of
Bald Esgle creek there was a great
aud good country where the white
man had not yet trodden. With thie
velief he and an attendant came up
the Bald Eagle creek to the mouth of
of Bpring creek, where they turned
to the south to satiefy the belief that
some where near lay s beautiful counp-
try. After the discovery of the val-
ley, Capt. Potter and his companion
Thompeon came down over the moup-
taio to the spring at Oid Fort, Al-
most starved the two men found a
creek which by them was named
John Penus Creek, and following it
were astonished to find it to be Penps
creek, well known by both of them for
a copeiderable distance above its er-
rence into the Busquehanns,
Penops creek having its source in the
newly discovered empire, the valley
was pamed after the creek, and this
is the point the writer wishes to ime
press upon its readers in quoting a
portion of the Linn’s history of Cen
tre aud Clinton counties, in response
to the query of the origin of Penns
Valley's name by a Blair county sub-
scriber,
a I APTANA
The Pink Label This Week,
Credit for money paid on sabserip-
tion is shown on the pink label
which appears on your paper this
week. Look at it carefully and if
there is an error, report at once. No
fgure less than a “7” should look
good to any subscriber, We have a
supply of “sevens ’ on hand which
are still going at the old rate,
a MI MP AG AAAS.
Washington Voted * Dry,"
The National Capital was voled
“dry” Isst Wednesday, when the
House, by a vote of 237 to 187, passed
the Sheppard bill in exactly the same
form as it came from the Senate. It
prohibits the muanufscture and sale of
lutoxicating liquors in the District of
Columbia after November 1, and
abolishes 800 saloons. Importation
for personal use ls permitted,
Osim for “Pen ” at Koockview,
Representative Beott last week ine
troduced in the Legislature a bill ap-
propriating $1,125,000 for construction
work at the new penitentiary at Kook-
view.
! Water Companies Want Trees,
Officials of the Pennsylvania De
partment of Forestry are much en-
couraged by the replies received to a
circular letter on reforesting, addressed
several weeks ago to all the water
companies in the state. To date nin-
ty-five water companies have written
to the Department stating thst they
are interested in restoring tree cover to
the hilis on their watersheds, and ap-
plications are listed for over 100,000
trees to be used for this purpose. The
Department has agreed wo make free
examination of all planting sites with
a view to determining the best meth
od of replacing the forests and ocon-
serviog the water rapply.
a I WS ————
Centre Reporter, $1.50 per year.
5
W. 0, TT U INSTITUTE HERE,
Two Sessions on Saturday.-~-National, Ytate
snd Uounty Workers to be Here, Among
Them Mre. Addie B. Farsels, Nationa!
Lecturer,
What promiees to be one of the most
interesting and instructive institutes
held in Centre Hall for gome time will
take place in Grange Arcadia, Batur-
day March 10th, afternoon and even-
ing. National, state and county
workers in the temperance cause have
been assigned parts on the program,
and the local young people interested
in the work will also take part. The
mere mentioning of the name of Mrs,
Addie B, Parsels, the national W, C,
T. U. organizer, should assure s
house crowded to the doors, for her
services are in constant demand and it
required no little effort on the part of
the local organization to have her come
here,
The following is the program for the
two sessions :
AFTERNOON 2:46 O'CLOCK
Miss Robeoca Rhoads, Presiding
KOREA BIORME .ousnssssnsinerosseiunesnnssmmns arent Y.P. Bs
Devotions
Greetings Local President W. C. T. U.
Bubject for Liscussion Young People's Branch
Methods of Work...........coeon. Opened by Mr, Claud
Edgett, Stato President of Y, P. B's,
" Prize Essay Contests ...... Miss Rebecca Rhoads,
County President W.C. T U.
** Department Work and the War Chest." Mrs,
A. B, Parsels, National organizer and lecturer.
Benediction — Adjournment,
EVENING SBESSION-730 O'CLOCK
Opening Bong srsssmssrrrmisrents. Yo FP. B'S
Prayer for Temperance Work...... Rev, BR. K. Jones
wennnnness 488 Gladys Dunkle
County Y. P. B. Organizer
LBORUTQ.. ors ernsnrsnssessrmss ssn M0 A. B. Parsels
Offering
Closing Song
AA MI ————
State Inspector Visits High School,
The Centre Hall High school faces
the alternative of meeting with the
requirements as prescribed for a third
grade High school or lose the State
appropriation. A Btate High
inspector who was in Centre Hall on
Thursday discovered that the school
was getting along without the neces
sary science equipment, as well as
without a reference library, including
aso encyclopedia. The inspector's de
cree was that all of the above must be
placed in the school before the open-
ing of the next term or the State ap-
propristion would be withheld and
the school will lose its standing as a
third class High school,
By science equipment is meant phy-
sleal geography appsratus, botanical
apparatus and sgricultural spparatue,
—————— i ——
Dr. Dixon on the “ Potato
Dr. Dixon, Btate Health Commis
sioner, in his weekly * Talks ’' this
week, lowers the dignity of the pota-
to to which it has suddenly arisen by
reason at ite §3.00-s~bushel-price. Dr.
Dixou says: The potato is at present
the most advertised vegetable we have,
Ita consumption far exceeds any other
vegetable made up of a large propor.
tion of starch. Let us consider the
claims of the potato to the high digni-
ty that has suddenly been thrust upon
it,
school
The human digestive system is lim-
ited in Its power to digest properly
large quanitities of starch. Americ-
ans have made general use of starchy
foodsjand this practice is playing its
part in checking the natural growth
of our people, both in mind and in
body.
The excessive eating of ‘potatoes, so
often taken at a meal simply at a mat-
ter of habit when there are other
starchy foods and sugar in the mesl
to supply the same want, causes a cs-
tarrhal condition of the digestive sys-
tem, thereby preventing the normal
working of the glands of digestion,
Gradually a diseased condition of the
organs of digestion resuite and this
prevents nature’s process of preparing
food for sssimilation. Consequently
the system has to absorb the waste
products and a gradual starvation
and poisoning is the result. The ca-
tarrhal patient, in addition, gradually
loses resistance to germ diseases,
A Ho A —
Wants State to Pave Boro Streets,
Provision that the State pave the
streets of boroughs and incorporated
towns in Pennsylvania which are
themselves financially unable to do so
is made in a bill introduced in the
House Thursday morning by As
semblyman Cook of York, It oarries
a special appropriation of $1,000,000 for
the Btate Highway Department for
this purpose.
Public sales in this section for the
next week are: Friday, March 9, G.
W. Tressler, near Penns Cave ; Wed
nesday, March 14th, L. R. Lingle, at
Earlystown ; Thursday, March 15th,
Sharer and Keller, near Centre Hall,
——————— A I TAO,
About the usual nnmber of changes
in residence will take place the first of
April, #0 that the present month con-
tuins thirty-one days of worry and
wisb«'tewas.over for those who must
wake treaty for movivg dsy.
THURSDAY. MARC
United States Army Officer to
Inspget
Troop snd Equipment on Friday, st
Boalsburg. Drills on Friday, Saturday
aod Sunday.
The Boal Machine Gun Troop,
stationed at Boalsbuig, will undergo
the annual inspection at the camp on
Friday of this week. The inspection
will be made by Captain T, A. Rob-
erts, of the United Btates Army. It is
necessary that every member of the
troop be present, The entire equip-
ment of the troop, including saddles,
arms, dress, ete., will be brushed up
preparatory to the coming of the
officer.
The troop order, which has been
issued to every member by Lieut, T.
D. Boal, slates that some form of
entertainment will be furnished on
Friday and Bsturday evenings; also,
comfortable sleeping quarters will be
farnished for the men who care to
spend the night, and all must remain
for retreat.
Three days will be devoted to
Friday, the 8th ; HBsturday, the
sod Sanday, the 11th, From
drills the privates realize $2.51 : fire!
clase privates, $8.37; corporale, $3.51 ;
¢yoks and horse-shoere,
arill—
10th ;
these
pergeants,
$5.62,
There will undoubtedly be larg:
turcout of people in the valley to wit-
ne«s the drills,
a ——— | —
The Pension Habit,
The pension habit is growing. The
large corporations all over the coun-
try are providing old age pensions for
faithful employees and their widows,
Why pot? It is based upon the prof-
it sharing plan of the present day in
the industrial world, Nearly every-
body it would seem lives and works in
the bappy advance reys of the sun-
of retirement. The soldier and
sailor are retired on three-fourths pay.
I'he telephone company recently ap-
piled thie law to ita employees. ‘I'he
Edison company, The Upited States
Steel and a score of other large corpor-
ations and railroads have ther pension
systeme, Who would have dreamed of
this tendency thirty five years ago?
The ministers did not a= they
out to preach righteousness on
pay. After the Carnegie
has made provision for the teachers
and college professor, it is noteworthy
that the ministers are about the only
faithful workers now left without an
sdequate pension, It might be well
worth while for the chuareb, the rich-
est institution in all the land to do
the right thing toward her old min-
isters,
The Methodist Church is securing
$10,000,000 for pensioning of ber min-
isterse, The Presbylerian Church §7,-
000,000 ; The Protestant Episcopal $5,-
000,000; The Congregational $5,000,000;
The Baptist 85,000,000 aud oibers
small sums for the sane purpose, The
Lutheran Church In two subdivisions,
the Augustangas and the General Byn-
od, aim to sccure §1 000,000, Ths
Lutherans io this vicinity belonging
to Esai Pennsyivanis Synod are en-
gaged” in a simultaneous campaign
froma March 5ih to March dur-
ing which time they hope 10 secur:
their portion of an sdeqaate sum for
a permanent endowment,
EE ——
William Venn Highway Notes,
Indications are that the Lewistown
turnpike will be condemned before
spring. This will leave only one toll
road on the William Penn highway—
that in Lebanon aud Berks counties,
During 1916 the number of farmers’
automobiles in the counties along (he
William Penn Highway increased sl-
moet 4,000 over the the number for
1916, Washington county heads the
let with 1,135,
The counties of Huutingdon and
Blair and the Pennsylvania railrosd
bave joined hands for the improve-
ment of the William Peon Highway
between Union Furnace and Tyrone,
The road will be shortened and widen
ed ,and a pew concrete bridge will be
built. Huntiogdon borough will im-
prove the highway in that borough.
set
went
esd
s
pitiful
Fountain
On
“ih
Feee Lilustrated Lecture,
Prof, R. W. Helm, of Harrisburg,
superintendent of Agricultural Edu-
cation, will give two illustrated lec
tures on Vooational Education in the
Grange Hall at Bpriog Mills, Thurs
day, March 16th, afternvon aud even-
ing. Prof, Helm gave similar ieciures
at cpriug Mills and Boalsburg a few
weeks ago and they werg considered
to be of such great importance to the
rural community that the citizens of
Spring Mills ade a succesful effort
to have him come again. Tbe lectures
are free, and it is desired that all the
taxpayers, as well as others, attend,
Out of a lot of one hundred sand
fifty chicks shipped to Nebraska by
the Kerline, but one was dead when
the shipment arrived. The remainder
were in such good condition that the
conelgbee gave cmphatic expression
we LU Clielr vivmling,
H 8, 1917
yy HE DEATH RECORD,
Mrs, Mary A, Ross Passes Away in Centre
Hall —Mre, John Henky Moyer Dies st
Tasseyvilie, Other Death 4,
Remarkable vitality kept aflame the
little spark of life within the body of
Mre, Mary A. Ross for a week following
& paralytic stroke during which time
she never fully regained consciousness,
I'ne end eame peacefully early Mon-
Gay morping atthe bome of her dsugh-
ter, Mre, Bara Bushman, in Centre
Hall, Mrs, was past seventy-
five years of age,
Mary Alexander was a daughter of
Francie and Lettie McElroy Alexan-
der and was reared on the Alexander
homestead, west of Old Fort, Follow-
to John P, Ross she
lived for a time on the Ross homestead
at Farmers Mille, Upon the desth of
her husband she came to Centre Hall
has since resided bere,
Mre, Ross wae a woman of keen in-
tellect, having developed ber mind as
of much reading and close
with the work of the
church and other societies. Bhe Was
member of the
charter me o-
Lr
ing her marriage
and
the resul!
desolation
ve and devout
ICH 1 8
Mi
ember of
Oming
vssersed firma cor
s Grange and
Progress Grange
to Centre Hall,
vietione and the in-
was invar-
Fhe
ience which she exerted
iably for good. A devoted mother, s
loyal friend and good neighbor, her
psssing is regreted by a host of friends.
Three survive: Mrs, Bars
Bushmen, of Hall: J. Frank
Rose, of Pitteburgh ; and Mrs. Lettie
Goodbsrt, of Bpring Mille, A sister,
Mrs. W. A. Murray, of Boaleburg, is
the only surviving member of her
father’s family.
Funeral held at her
late howe on Wednesday morning st
ten o'clock, burial following in the
Centre Hall cemetery, Rev. Josiah
C., Btill officialing.
children
enire
BETVIOPR Were
Mre, John Henry Moyer died st her
on Friday
g at 10:30 o'clock, after an il.
during sll
which time she was confined to bed.
He was Lhe of her
death, The announcement of her
death was Lhe cause of sincere expres.
gions of be heard in the
which she lived, for ber
five womanly virtues had wou for her
the love and respect of the people
song whom she spent most of her
years, The deceased was Miss Ellen
E. Rennpiuger, a daughter of Samuel
and Mary Reoninger, aud was born at
Peon Hall, July 2, 1868, being there-
J
pear Tusseyville
hree weeks of
It trouble Calling
sorrow Lo
community in
re in her fifty-fourth year, June 27,
in marriage
at Tussey ville.
born Lo their union,
882, she was united
ty Moyer,
wele
ree of
Arthur Cummings, of
ire, Fred Brown, of
Cyrus, at home. Her busbsnd also
survives, as well as one sister, Miss
Anna Renopinger, at the Moyer home,
Funeral services were held at 9:30
o'clock Tuesday morning in the
Union chure: at Tusseyviile, Rev. R.
RK. Jones, of the Reformed church, of
vhich Mrs. Moyer was a life-long
aember, having charge. Baorial was
made at Tusseyvilie,
Rebersburg ;
Colyer, and
Alexander Kuhn, a life-long resi
dent of Penns Valley, died at the
home of his son Mervin, st Boslsburg,
fuesday moruiog at seven o'clock of
infirmities incident to old age. Had
be lived until May he would bave
been eighiy-iwo years of age. He
was & son of Mr. aod Mre, Peter Kunn
snd for a number of years lived in
sid about Centre Hall, where he farm-
ed and followed the trade of a plaster-
er. For the pdst thirty-five years he
Was a resident of Boalsburg, He was
a member of the Lutheran church all
tis life snd his passing away removes
from Boalsburg one of its most highly
respected citizsne. His wife preceded
Lim to the grave a uumber of years
“go, but two children survive, namely,
Mervin, of Boslsburg, and William, of
Jersey Shore. Also three brothers—
David Kuhp, of Wisconsin ; John
Kubin, of near Boalsburg ; William H.
Kulp, of Philipsburg, the former two
belong past eighty years of age while
the Isst named is approaching the
four score years mark,
Funeral services will be held at his
iste howe on Friday morning st 9:80
o'clock, by Rev. 9. L. Courtney, bur-
inl to follow in the Boalsburg oceme-
tery.
C—s—
Mulachi Sommers died at the home
of his son, James, st Axe
Matiiey of Inst week, ot hardening of
@ arteries, aged eighly-seven years,
Funeral services were held at his late
wome ou Thu morniog, after
whioh the fu ;
NO. 10
TOWN AND COUNTY NEWS,
HAPPENINGS OF LOCAL INTEREST
FRCM ALL PARTS
Rev. R. E., Jones was confined to
hie home for several days last week
because of sickness,
Let's hope that the little lamb
which ushered in March will not de-
velop into the licn when March goes
out,
E. B. Ripks, the Hamilton-Brown
shoe salesman, left for Boston, Massa
chusette, on Baturday, to lay in his
esmple line of spring and summer
shoes,
Orvis Horner, of Colyer, appeared
before "Bquire Cyrus Brungsrt on Fri-
day to make affidavit to the killing of a
fioe grey fox, making it possible for
him to collect a $2.00 bounty.
George Bharer, son of Mr, and Mre,
Jacob Bharer, who for the past six
years has been s tenant on the Bmeltz.
er farm near Zion, will occupy the
Bartgee farm, west of Old Fort, this
spring.
The public eale held on Baiurday by
D. L. Ba: tges, administrator of Thom-
se UC, Bartges, deceased, summed up to
nearly $4000.00, Potatoes were
knocked off at $2.50 per bushel while
bam was in demand even at thirty
cents a pound. A team of horses
brought $4560.00,
William Zerby, of Lisbon, North
Dakots, in writing the Reporter re-
cently, says that another fearful blis-
zard of two days’ duration struck their
section on February 25, and as a result
& driver and bis team froze to death in
Red River Valley, having stuck in the
snow drift all night,
The smoke Louse of Willlam Bilger,
st Pleasant Gap, was burned to the
ground early Tueedsy morning of last
week. A quantity of meat, worth
about forty dollare, was consumed.
Since the meat was being smoked It is
supposed that the live coals were re-
¥pousible for the fire,
J. F. Raudabaugh, of Loganton,
woe recently awarded the contract for
carrying the mail on the Loganton to
Rebersburg route, for four years, at a
salary of $643 a year. The Loganton
to Mill Hall route was let to C. F.
Royer, who was one of five applicants
for the job, at a figure of $094 yearly.
He will be required to make two tripe
daily.
Prof. W, O. Heckman left for Wil
lismsport on Thursday afternoon to
atlend to a business matter, expecting
to reach home on Friday morning;
but owing to an hour's lateness of the
traic, be was unable to make the cone
vection at Bunbury, consequently he
failed to arrive home until afternoon.
Ibe Hign echool, therefore, had =
day's vacation.
Mr, and Mre. 8. 8, Kreamer, the
veginning of next month, will leave
Centre Hall and remove to Lewis
town where Mr. Kreamer has been
employed for some months in the
Standard Works. Their daughter,
Mise Rebecca Kreamer, will finish her
#0hool year as a middier in the local
high school before going to her new
howe,
Now that potatoes have resched the
$5.00 mark, food scientists tell us that
we are just as well off without them so
far as food value goes. Three-fourths
of every potato is nothing but water,
while a small fraction of the remain-
ing fourth is starch. Very well, we'll
do without them, but what can we
A trained community purse is an
innovation which the boro of State
College has recently put into opera-
tivn, [Ihe services of the nurse are
avaliable to both residents and sto-
dents. The State College Woman's
Club is back of the movement, and
they have estabileshed a reserve fund
for the payment of the nurse's services
where persolis are financially unable
to do so.
An effort is being made by Mifin
county's game nratector to capture the
huge elk which escaped about two
years ago from the preserve in lower
Centre county where it wae placed
with others of its specie for propags-
tion purposes. The elk Is being fed
and after becoming well accustomed to
the sight of man a stockade will be
drive the anima! in, orate it and ship
it back to Centre county,
Lewistown bad a big patriotie
demonstration when her soldier
&