FARM AND GARDEN NOTES.
NOTES OF INTEREST ON AGRI-
. CULTURAL TOPICS.
Feeding Green Oats---Burning Weeds-Un- |
~ mecessary Fences--Time for Planting
Peach Trees, etc, etc.
F eeding Green Oats-
Horses that are idle in the stable or
that have only light work may be fed
a few green outs without injury. But
they should on no account be given to
horses that have much work to do.
Green oats will give a horse the scours
more quickly than any other feed, The |
eat hull irritates the intestines at its
best, and it therefore needs to be thor-
oughly dried out before being fed, If
given it should have some old timothy
er meadow grass hay fed with it
Burning Weeds. i
It is a mistake to let weeds go to
seed in the gamien or around the farm,
under the impression that they can be
destroyed if gathered in the fall and |
burned. In the first place, the job is
apt to be forgotten until most of the
weed seeds have been scattered. Even
if a weed is burned, its seeds may not
be destroyed unless a hot fire of brush
is first made and the weed seeds are
thrown on a mass of burning coals. If
weeds are piled in heaps they
burn slowly. and as the seed falls to
the ground it is protected from burning
by the strata of carbonic acid gas that
is found at the bottom of all
burning fires,
slow-
Unnecessary Fences.
In every wooded country the first im-
pulse of the farmer when he clears the
land of timber is to make much use of |
it for rails and posts to fence the farm
thoroughly. No doubt for those early
times plenty of to divide
farm into small fields was a conven-
fence. It enabled the farmer to pas
tare his stock without allowing old and
young to herd together. There
more labor in plowing and cultivating
these small fields, but so much of the |
work of killing was done by
hand labor that this did not much mat-
ter. That era rather than the present
was when “The man with the hoe,” as
described in Mr, Markham's poem,
would best apply to American farm
workers. The improvement
cultivating and machinery
has enormously lessened the labor of
the farmer. One of its best effects is
doing away with all need for most of
the fences that were formerly deemed
essential to good farming.—The Cult
vator.
fences tue
was
weed
great in
harvesting
Planiing Pefch Trees.
A peach tree planted in November
or December will, by the ensuing
spring, have formed suflicient new
roots to it a firm hold in the
ground and will grow rapidly when ac
tive vegetation commences,
Trees can be transplanted as Inte as
March, and In some seasons until the
first of April. All
shiould be procured not later than De
cember, and if not ready to plant then
should be heeled in, that Is the roots
should be placed in a trench, allowing
room to get in fine soll in all the inter
stices between the roots, and then cov
er somewhat deeply with mellow soll
From this trench the trees can
taken a few at a time as needed for
planting. While in the trench the cut
roots will become calloused and ready
to start and grow with vigor when
planted.
After the young tree has been prop-
erly prepared it should be plaed in the
hole that has been fitted for its recep
fiom with the roots in their natural po-
sition, then fine rich soll should be
firmly packed around the roots, so that
every root may be in close contact with
the soil. Do not forget to pack firmly.
give
trees. however,
he
The First Furrows ;
The first furrows plowed in the field
are of great importance. It is exceed
ingly difficult to do a good job with the
plowing if the first furrows are run
carelessly or incorrectly, When plow-
ing an old fleld the old landmarks
make it possible to run a fairly straight
furrow without much eare, provided
the field has been correctly plowed in
previous years. But it takes skill
run a straight furrow across a new
field, with nothing to guide but objects |
on the further side,
The farmer should not send the boy
or the green hired man to begin this
work. If it Is wrongly begun not the
best plowman that follows can |
straighten it out so that the field will |
present a symmetrical appearance
when the plowing is finished. Even
with an experienced plowman a good
deal of care will be necessary in run.
ming the first furrows. The plowman
must look straight ahead and hold his
team well in hand.
if the field be plowed In “lands,” |
thea it becomes necessary for the best
plowman on the farm to take the mat.
ter in hand, for there will be a num-
ber of first furrows to run, In laying
out the “lands.” Afté¥ the first fur-
rows are run they must needs be need
ms the patterns of all that are to fol.
fow. ‘That these furrows may be
straight and even is of enough Import-
ance to justify the plowman in setting
wp temporary landmarks on opposite
sides of the field if he be not skillful
enough to run the furrows perfectly
straight without them. Farm, Field
and Fireside.
*
to
——
Fowls in Confinement.
For the benefit of those who may
have fowls In confinement the follow.
ing Is instructive to those who may
keep fowls upon a free range: Over
feeding and lice are the two causes of
mont disasters to poultry; pouitrymen
are to biame for all the many conse
differently from those which have a
1
ly you do not realize what a
amount of grass and green food they
and when they have not been overfed
with grain or scraps, and this is not
thing that gives bulk as well as nutri
ment. Even though you feed the con
obtained for themselves on a good run
it would not be the same, as they
wonld still Inck the exercise go neces
sary for thelr health, and,
in confinement, the same food would
This is why successful ralgers of
the grain to their fowls in straw, thus
compelling them to work for it. Also
hanging a cabbage head just out of
reach, that they must
jump for every pick at it. This is a
good system, and exercise is necessary
for their health, but if the food was
composed more of nitrogenous
ments and less of the
wi)
ele
carbonaceous
would not be much for
a constant training process, less over
“ir necessity
geishness in the yards.
11
|
fertility
to set, less slo
and
n
more in eggs,
There are still people in this enlight
%. both
old and young, in
the poultry business, as lard or bacon
a regular
Now, corn is useful
ns
If you want to fatten poultry or
them in cold
in winter when a Iu
on that account not
a little help. ete.
and the yellower ti
general diet It Is about
warm wenther
snapping
or wi is poor and
laving, and needs
the
but
as bad a
thin
Corn is
1 hetter,
thing
as you can give, especially when fowls
are confined.
a—————
Handling Milk Scientifically.
Most creameries educate the dairy
men who supply them up to a certain
in handling milk and «
A set of rules is applied, whit h, if
rif 1
standard
peatedly disobeyed, brings trouble
the dairyman. Toese rules formu
host
lated upon the
they
by farmers
dairy butter on
They will,
for they
ter and cheese
1
known prio
and should be Kept am
to who make tl
re ¥ all »
a small of
in the end, profit by
all tend to the
It
dairy
can
making
is the order
1
img
who
fe ct
man
rove pro it
produ ©
SU
iin ik. as dem
ent
ns
The proper hand
onstrated
- f ith
by practice rit
¥ 1
exp
all over, Is to aerate it just as soon
after it drawn from
ool or chill it
1 i yi
possible js the
Th
reasons
two Processes
simple removes
nal odors
that taint
woling checl
jurious bacteria,
ime increase
rform of
but a farmer can in
to a certain extent without
‘hie aeration simply
+ the milk to
both operations
means to ex
ny
y the clear air by sj
ing it out in a thin stream f one has
a tub, and pours the milk out slowly
from a height of several feet, he will
aceomplish what the aerators do. The
chilling of the milk should follow im-
mediately. Clean cans that have been
scalded out with boiling hot water can
be sunk into a tub of ice, and then by
pouring the milk into them and clos
ing the top tight with tin and flannel,
the necessary low temperature will be
obtained In a short time. Some farm.
3
brook or spring of cold water, burying
the bottoms in a foot or two of cold
gravel, Where one has no ice handy
this method is a good substitute. By
treating the milk in this way it will
be sweeter, cleaner and purer, and at
the same time it will be so freed from
bacterial germs that it can be Kept a
day or two longer than milk treated in
If possible the milk
shonld be cooled to a temperature of
50 degrees and kept so. It goes with-
essary to keep the cans aad utensils
perfectly clean, and that they mnst be
scalded out with boiling water every
milk is put in them. American Cultl-
“ The Callao Paimter.”
A eurious phenomenon is observed
at Callao, the principal port of Peru.
Very frequently satlors awaken in the
morning to find the woodwork and
AN EVENTFUL HISTORY LESS THAN |
SIXTY YEARS IN LENGTH.
public Was Seized by England in
{877 and Won Freedom ina War
Nhere the British Lost
Every Battle,
The South African Republic, as the
state of which President Kruger is at
present the head Is officially known,
was founded in 1840 by a body of
Boers from Natal on its annexation by
the British Government, They were
part of those who had trekked out of
Cape Colony in 1855 to escape from
under the British flag and found =a
free state of their own on the eastern
of the Drakensberg Moun-
tains,
The independence of the Transvaal
was recognized by the British
ernment in 1852. During the quarter
of century that followed the Boers
were engaged in organizing the coun.
try and ting thelr power
over the natives, with whom they were
frequently in n war with
the Zulus 1877 over a question of
boundary a partial de
feat Government
took sir The
country
to proclaim it Eng
lish territory, in order, as was stated,
to avert a general rising of
followed the Zulu
dis of Isandula
. brou
(Gov.
bi}
in conflict
in
they
the
met with
British
of,
Rhepstoue
which
advantage and sent
ophilus into the
with instroctions
the nna
fives, Len war,
Paritizh
ght on
from ete
wns
Trans
ut off
RArms
10 Boers
and by th
all
communication Ww
the
atrols «
British
th
isolated the ns
cach other
of the
world Wing
the Boers were
vigorously on the offen
ned dis
British advances Na-
rest
wt of ammunition,
mselvos to
from
$0
attomnt
atiem
open a way
th
garrisons was made by Sir George
Colley, who enjoyed a high
tion as a killed and experienced offi-
Moving up from Natal with 1,100
men and six guns, he arrived at
laing's Nek January 21, 1881,
Here he was met by a body of Boers,
stated at 1.430 men, without artillery.
The nection opened with a bombard
oer,
On
distance of a mile and a half, so great
was the respect Inspired by the Boer
gharpshooters. Meanwhile, disposing
of his force in three formations,
about one-half In reserve and the na
val brigade with the rocket tubes and
a portion of the Rixtieth Rifles in sup
port, General Colley Inunched five
companies of the Fifty-eighth Regi
ment with about a hundred eavalry to
the assault of the Boer position, ig
norant of the full strength of the
force holding it. In a few minutes the
cavalry were scattered and one-third
of the infantry lay dead or wounded
oni the slope. The survivors retired in
disorder and reformed behind the
off undisturbed
Boers.
The Boers then followed
unless it is rubbed immediately off it
will stain old paint permanently. It
does not stick to new paint, and may
be wiped off at any time wi'hin a few
hours, This is called “the Callao paint.
er,” and the phenomenon has never
been satisfactorily explained.
it to be found in any other port in the
world,
sulphuric acid or some other acid are
forced up through the water from the
bottom of the harbor during the night,
and that seems to be reasonable, but
no digeolored dew is noticed on land,
and when it is falling it fs not percep.
tible to persons aboard the ship: nor
in any way. It simply adds to their
Iabor and Injures thelr morals beennse
it compels them to do a lol of extra
scrubbing and to buy a quantity of
extra paint. It is especially trying to
men-of-war, and they avold Callao
harbor for that
A
quences that follow upon their heels.
REET YOR
ord,
i
communications, which forced him
once more to take the offensive.
near the frontier with five companies
A few miles from
the camp he left a half company and
two guns to guard the drifts of the
a mile and a half farther on encoun
tered a Boer patrol stated at 167 men,
The Boers at once assumed the of-
fleneral Colley, with 300
The
keeping up a deadly fire on the de-
drew off without making an attempt
to assault the British position. They
and fourteen
wounded, while on the Reitish side
one-half their men were put hors.de-
combat. With the loax of nearly all
his horses General Colley regained his
camp after a desperate night's march
with the remnant of his forces demor-
By this time reinforcements began
to arrive and his force was strength-
ened by the addition of the Ninety-
second Highlanders from India, after
He at once resumed the offensive, but
avolding Laing's Nek on this occasion
decided to try a turning operation by
occupying the Majuba Mountain,
which overhangs the pass on the
southwest side, He made up his
force with three companies of the
two of
the Fifty-eighth Reglment and two of
the Sixtieth Rifles, with a naval con
tingent, iy a night march Feb
ruary 25, he reached the summit of
the mountain, which, to all appear-
ances, was impregnable, The top of
Majuba is saucer shaped, with a per-
pendicular belt running around it
broken by some gulleys through which
access might be had from the slopes
below, These slopes steep and
the upper parts screened from the
view General Colley distrib-
uted his men around the edge of this
position, but neglected to fortify it in
any way, not believing the Boers
would attempt to the heights,
At first it looked though he was
justified in belief, for the
had already begun to prepare
retreat, seeing flank
when inspiration
leaders, Generals Jonbert
decided to try the effect of a direct
assault. A part of the Boer force tak-
ing cover with thelr usual skill opened
fire
comparatively
to 1
on
are
above,
scale
as
this
for
their threatened,
under some their
nnd Bmidt,
at long range, doing, howes
litile
British troops.
or
execution, owing
hie the
ience at the Ingogo, ig care not to
themselves to the r
man While
British was distracted by
were unable
i
eg
eX pose
i ¢ g
ip the att
great
f “&» #3
g of recely
offi
reeping
, the
of
leaders
{ sixty men
11 or
nang
dritisg
prox
a bel +
Mis
IANO
in flank and
sion
from
iH-fate
ond
a treaty betw
and the Transvaal was signs
March i881. England reo
th of
vaal. On February 27. 1884
RE
the Trans
furt!
“ry
© epetidenee
f!
h
onvention was sighed hy ww
British Government ret
ained only
six
ire
power during mont
after thelr nelusion, any
and
Orange Free
wreasly stated by ford Ix
tween the Td anl
Rtate
wh
country except the
It was exg
England gave up all pretens
interfere internal
African Republ
the
that
to in the affairs of
the
land was placed under
tion of the Transvaal Government
1804. the Swazis remaining
rule of thelr own chief and their oth
er rights being guaranteed. Internal
troubles, sald by the Boers to bave
South swaz
Aang
under
but
through
in 1848, were
fighting
treatmett by
Rwazia
without
among the
arranged
their conciliatory
Boer authorities,
The Slagle Screw Disappearing.
“A remarkable feature in connection
with the construction of steam vessels
on the Clyde,” observed a prominent
Scotch ship builder recently, “has been
during the past two years the almost
total disuse of the single screw amd
the paddle wheel as a means of pro
pulsion for small or large vessels in.
tended for ocean, harbor and river
navigation. For high speed the single
screw and the paddle have given way
almost completely to the twin screw.
The difficulty hitherto has been the
draught of water available, the paddle
requiring less water in which to work
than the screw propeller, which must
be completely Immersed. But when it
i« remnembered that in action the screw
propeller is similar to a wheel re
volving it will be understood that by
jnereasing the revolutions It has been
and still get the same speed. A few
| years ago n'nety revolutions was high;
and over 400 have been reached in tor.
Joke on a German Town
The Burgomaster of Spandau, Ger.
many, recently received a letter from
fan Francisco signed “Charles Wag-
ner,” who, claiming to be a native of
the town, offered to leave a bequest of
$100,000 for the betterment of the
pavement. The offer was accepted,
but it now has been ascertained that
no such person exists and that some-
body has been playing a practical joke
on the town,
in the Matter of Management.
“It 1s better to laugh than to cry,”
anid the young girl, brightly.
“Not If you are trying to manage a
husband,” said the woman. ~Iudianap-
olis Journal.
A Bachelor's Opinion.
When a woman begins a discussion
by agreeing with everything you say,
there ts a terrific storm brewiog.—~
alized.
New York Press.
vi
OUR YOUNG FOLKS.
A WARNING TO THE LAZY.
“You lazy, lazy Pussy-cats!
since your breakfast
You haven't dono a single thing but
sit there in the sun!
I've had to learn my letters—{four of
them this morning:
Daud E and F and G—I1 know
them every one.
Ever
“Do you know what will happen?
You all will grow up stupid.
Snowflake, Whitey, Puffball
member what I say!
You won't be anything but eats, who
cannot read a letter;
And when I take to writing books,
you won't know what they say!”
—{ Christopher Valentine,
Be-
A
AN UNSELVISH BNAIL.
A naturalist onee tried to keep two
snails in a little garden where there
was not much to eat, One snail was
strong and, for a snail, quite active,
This one soon got over the wall
the next garden, where there
plefity of food for him of the sort
liked. The naturalist thoughi that
he had deserted his companion, who
was asickly snail. Buatno! Next day
the susil came back, over the garden
idently explained to
{friend how mueh better it was on the
other side, for by and by both snails
started together and both dis-
appeared over the wall.
Was
he
wall, and ev
ROO
CAT'S EYES USED AS TIMEPIECES.
it ay be that some ti: you will
ind yourself in a place where there
y wateh or clock, Should you |
be
desirous of knowing or even
the fraction of an li artic
ular time yon must
if you find
pussy be loitering in
Jar, at
look
Bee can 8 cal. Should
your neigh
expert in
DOor-
hood you can, if vou are an
{
reading the language of her eves, find
out the time o' day without the aid of
those ticking
ntered
i
which have
inventions
‘ #0 largely into the
If rea ight there are
expre
4 reguiation
0 ur lives
NO eyes more ssive than pussy's
At midnight the pupil is very round
and and full. After that hour
it begins to decrease in size and grows
gradually narrower
whe {
nis re
iarge
ital noontime,
limit,
a fine
The
the
be
some
aches the smallest
being then nothing more than
Gari sireak
meridian
3
%
ACTORSR the eve,
HAYIUE Deen passed,
procee ir
Ig
and
! enlarge, of
inowledge of mute language,
you may be able, pr vided pussy does
not t to bein
gel a preity agocurat
Of cous
1
“
&
Possessed
iis
ob je g interviewed, to
rate id the time.
s¢ this ruaie
oors only,
GERTIE 8 VIRIT
“Come i see me, little girl,” said
an
Miss Pitcher to Gert
Miss Pitcher was calling
had lately moved into
the pretty village.
“Ye gm"
She
e,
wi Gertie's
mamma,
said Girtie, “I wil
fidn t {« i
wanted to g
“Rh o'
said; *
and
20.”
“Oh, 1 woulda’
®i
thea
saat
usm.
soon.’
Bat in i y
went, dressed in a new dress,
She | Miss Pitcher’'s hh
was a the fo
street, with a cherry
She opened the gate and went up the
walk: but just as was going to
ring the bell, somebody called out,
“(Go "way little girl! 1 don’t like
children.”
“Ob, dear I" thought Gertie, ‘when
she asked me to come!” And she
stood still a minute on the doorstep,
with burning cheeks, tears springing
to her eyes. She conldn’t see any-
body, though she looked: but there
was an open window almost covered
up with vines,
‘“Go 'way, little girl!” And this
time Gertie knew the voice came from
the window. She turned away.
“1 don't care, she said, *‘I won't
come again if she asks me a hundred
times!"
But before she reached the gate,
the front door opened
“Where are you going,
asked Miss
wasn't a bit like the other,
could it mean ?
““You-~told me to go away,” said
Gertie.” :
“Oh, no, dear ! It must have been
Polly, my parrot; she tals
a woman,” said Miss Pitcher, “Come
right back. The cherries are just
ripe enough.”
Of course, Gertie went back.
it was Miss Pitcher’s parrot that had
spoken to her from the cage in the
window-a big, gray parrot
*‘She’ll talk as plain as I can,’ said
Miss Pitcher. “Sometimes I almost
think she's human, I hope you and
she will be good friends,”
But Gertie didn’t think they ever
could be, because Polly didn't like
children, you know, and had told her
so, But with Miss Pitcher, the cher-
ries, and dinner for two on the porch,
it was a very nive visit after all,
A LROEXD OF THE KALMUOKS
Long ago there lived in India seven
brothers, all of whom were renowned
sorcerers, Close to them resided two
brothers, sons of a Chan, and the
elder one greatly desired that the
sorcerers should teach lim their art
For a certain sum they agreed to do
#0, and for seven long years they pre-
tended to impart their knowledge to
him, but they never at any time gave
Lim the true key.
One day the younger son of the
Chan a visit to the sorcerers,
and while stealthily peepiug through
socret of
two
new ise
fans
$355
is cottage at
tree Lehi
sue
Pitcher: and her voice
What
| brother. To test the matter, their
| elder gon turned the younger son
into a horse, and without knowing
| what Le was sbout, gave Lim into the
| power of the sorcerers,
| Angered becanse be had discoverede
their secre, the seven soroerers, re~
i solved to kill the horse, but the horse
having the power to change his form
at pleasure, assumed the form of &
| fish. The sorcerers then changed
| into seven mews, and hotly pursued
{the fish, Finding thet the mews were
| about to eateh him, the fish became a
| dove, whereupon the mews changed
to hawks and chased the dove
After a time the dove grew so weary
{that he could scarcely fly, and was
about to fall into the clinches of his
persecutors, when he came to a eave
{ called ‘‘the rest-giver.”” This cave
| was the home of a mighty master,
| whose name was Nagarguna; and the
{dove flew to him, revealed his true
| nature, and begged for help,
In the meantime, the hawks had
| changed themselves into seven men
| clad in cotton, and, to sid the dove,
Nagarguna slew them. Anxious to
| show his gratitude to Nagarguua for
ridding him of his enemies, the dove
the younger
and offered to do
"it
it
changed to his real self,
son of the Chan,
anything in his power for the great
aster
* said
In the
yurial ground
of his-body
of emerald;
and he is
powers. |
want yon and bring
hig to me: fo with hima 1 can do
many wond i
‘T will ge
man,
‘*Then follow ei
tions,’
come
“If you mean what you
Nagarguna, ‘‘listen
shade of the
Siddhi-Kar,
gold, b
Lis bead 1% mo
cool vast
of pure
gifted
wilh
said Nagarguna
to
burial-ground,
and & mang
ax, ithe
with you, and by your m
grief
climb
i alle d
anner threat-
will
tree, and he
Here, tox 8 a
en to eut down the
descend.
for vou to take alon and
bave captured i
into it.
“Take
f od while away;
to an end,
how often 3
most
great bag
when you
put Lim
this vOur
never come
i or
it. Last,
let not a
lips while
bow mu
and
¥Oou are on your
After many days of L
a
the
burial-
geting
then,
iravei
ard
-
oung man reached the vast
ad, and
1i-Kur into the great bag;
the burden Lis shoulder,
e started back to the home of Nagar-
una,
_
%
yo
succeeded in
ont
dl
h
LE
i over
ee
He journeyed several days and had
not spoken at all, when Siddhi-Kur
became and proposed that
either he or his captor should tell a
story to wile away the hours The
you man not answer, but the
s bel in the bag talked away,
nd told such nderful tales, one
after another, that the youth at length
rot himself and gave speech to his
restless,
or
Ig aia
Her 108
wo
shonted
have forfeited
nearly won,
sharp waich over
Your
F not keeping a
your tongue ae
Then the great bag opened as if by
and Siddbi-Kur escaped
The 'uoral that this legend poinisis
we should never let our feelings
ne master of that little member
the t« Oftentimes 1 more
profitable to keep silence than to speak.
In other words, “Speech is silvers,
silence is golden.”
VI3 OFT
ngue. is
Tree's Sap Is Like Milk
Among the botanical
Colombig is a singular tree known as
“leche miel” by and as
“lacmelles edulis” by scientists,
tz sap, when analyzed, contains al-
most the same properties as cow's
milk and in almost the same propor
tions, During the spring of the year
the sap of the milk tree is gathered by
the natives as the people of New age
land gather the sap of the maple, and
they not only drink it, but manufacts
Fure a creamy substance that resembles
butter in its taste and properties. The
| fermented milk makes a drink that is
very much like koumiss, which they
| preserve in gourds,
Another curiosity is a plant of the
| laurel family, botanically known as
| “mirica arguta,” which yields a species
| of vegetable wax. and might be made
| a profitable article of commerce if it
| were cultivated. The wax is of green-
| sh color and disagreeable odor, but
| when bofled and purified loses those
| objectionable qualities and becomes
| white. The natives use large giant
ties of It to make candles, and when
refined It gives a clear, soft light, The
| wax in obtained by boiling the crushed
{ fruit of the laurel in water, When the
| water cools the wax congeals on the
top. A wollgrown plant will furnish
from fifteen to twenty pounds a year
The wax is also used in making soap.
curiosities of
the people
the
An Intelligent Monkey.
In 1880 there was on exhibition in
New York city a very large and intel
ligent hognose monkey, This animal
was confined by itself, though there
was a door between his cage and th
one mext to it. This door could be
easily opened by the monkey, but
spring governed it In such a
that it would close unless held open.
The hog nose was a sociable indi
vidual, and was very fond of vis
its neighbors. It could not bear, 1
ever, having the door wosed on
thus shutting it out from its own
ticular domicile, so it evolved the
genious trick of choking the door
a pan whenever it went calling.
would epen the door, then place
a keyhole he discovered the |
told it to his
pan in such a position that it could