——
POPULAR BCIENCE NOTES.
Shek mt ’
Tur Persistent Power or Waren.
~4*A Bouthern Engineer” contributes a
valuable article on “Geology and the
Mississippi Problem” to the current num
ber of the Engineering Magazine. Iu it
he says: “We find in water the only
tireless agent that works in the modifica-
tion of coutinents; and, instead of being
the great renovator of the land, as it is
stroyer. The destruction
Rome has been attributed to time, But
it was due simply to the moisture of the
agoncies. It was water, iavisible but
wonderful oity, that caused her to erum-
Rome a grade greatly elevated above
her ancient grade, But it works not alone
in the cities and towns,
force, and there is not a mountain on
earth, if not fitfally renewed by volcanic
action, that has not been compelled to
lower its peak before this universal lev.
eler of the exalted. It may bea dread-
ful thought, indeed, but we do pot know
our continental habitat above the level
of theocean; for water not only destroys,
but it has the persistency and force to
carry off to its burial place in the sea all
that it has caused to perish. It may take
a long time at its task; but working
sistent thing on earth, never perishing,
and, however divided and invisible at
cont nedt.
How tar Ockax Became Savr
Prof. Edward Hill read a paper before
the Victoria lustitute, London, recently,
oun “How the Waters of the Ocean Be-
came Salt." Froman inquiry into the
character and aflinities of the organic
forms of past geological ages, the con-
clusion was justified that the waters of
the ocean must have been salt from very
carly geological times, but it by no
mens followed that they were as fully
were two ways by which they might ac-
from very ganly periods of geological
time. First, by supposing that the prim-
eval waters were -haturated with acid
gases which were held in suspension in
globe ; or, secondly, that the salinity re-
sulted from a process resembling that by
which salt lakes of the present day had
been formed,
must concur with
Hunt that from some
chlorine largely abounded the
waters of the primeval ocean,
ns by far the greater proportion of the
falts were chlorides, and chlorine was
but very slightly represented in river
waters at the present day. From the
examples of closed lakes they could
determine the process of salinification
with the utmost certainty. Through-
out greater or shorter periods these lakes
had been receiving the waters of rivers
bringing down both mechanically sus.
peoded sediments and chemically dis-
solved salts, silicates, and
Dr. Sterry
in
form of
bebiind the dissolved ingredients,
vapor as far as it entered, left
These
saturated with salts and
which were then deposited. The ocean
was a closed lake of enormous mag-
nitude, and they were thus
to the conclusion that the saltness
of the sea might have originated
ia very much the same way as had that
of the Dead Bea. lake Oroomiah, or
the Great Salt Lake of Utah, and many
others which possessed in common the
characteristic of having no outlet. When
rounded the incandescent globe began to
resulting .webers, though containing, as
Dr. Sterry Hust supposed, acid gases,
were destitute of saline ingredients, The
process of salinification
first streams which entered the seas from
the bordering uplands, and this proccss
carried on throughopt the long ages pre-
ceding the silurian period, brought the
waters to a condition
the life of forms of inbabitants represen.
tative of those which inhabited the ocean
at the présent day. These
the archwean and azoic periods, but that
of roots and stems and twigs, showing
that it was once the soii from which vage-
tation grew luxuriantly, It is common
also to find fossil tree stems, lying
| mashed flat between the layers of black
| slate which form the roofs of coal mines
{ as well as the impressions of the leaves,
i nuts and seeds which fell from these
trees while they were living, In some
beds of cannel coal whole trees have
been found with roots, branches,
leaves and seeds complete, and all con-
verted into the same quality of coal as
| that by which they were surrounded,
i Geologists are of the opinion, that bitu-
minous and anthracite coals were formed
during the same period and under
like conditions, Originally they
were ull bituminous, but during
the violent contortions and upheavals
{of the earth’s crust at the close
| of the earboniferous age the bituminous
coals involved in that disturbance were
changed by heat and pressure and the
consequent expulsion of volatile matter
! from bituminous to anthracite. Cannel
| coul is a variety of bituminous coal which
| burns with great freedom, the flame of it
affording considerable light. It was
| called *‘candle coal” by the English peo-
| ple who first used it, as it often served as
a substitute for candles, The name be-
came corrupted to *‘cannel” and has since
remained. It is more compact than or.
{ dinary bituminous coal and it can be
| wrought in a lathe and polished. A cer-
| tain variety of it found in Yorkshire,
| England, is manufactured into a kind of
| jewelry known as “jet.”
RELIABLE RECIPES,
Borep Hay, Mapeiea Saver. —Select
a ham of about twenty pounds, not too
fat nor too lean; steep in cold water
over night, and boil slowly for three
| hours; drain on a dish, take off the rind,
sprinkle with granulated sugar, put ino
the oven with two glasses of Madeim
wine, sod glaze to a nice color, basting
occasionally with the wine; trim the
hock bone, ornament it with a fancifully
made paper ruflie, place on a dish; pour
| Madeira sauce round the ham, and serve
with in a sauce-bowl
Madeira s Put a quart of Spanish
sauce in a saucepan with a pinch of red
pepper, a ladleful of tomato sauce, and
n gill of Madeira wine; stir steadily, and
briskly ten minutes; then pruss
through a napkin.—{German Culinary
Art.
| Morrox
{ broths of
more sauce
sUce
for
Bron. The most famous
Scotland are those made of
| mutton, by the slow homely method of
{ the cottage. The scrag end of neek of a
{ well-fed, plump sheep is chosen. The
flesh is carefully cut off the bones and
i all fat removed, The bones are covered
| with about a pint of water and the lean
meat is put in a large soup pot, with
| half a turnip, an onion, half a carrot, a
stalk of celery, sll minced fine with a
half cup of barley. Pour about three
pints of cold water over these ingredients,
«2% the mixture come slowly to the boil.
ing point and simmer at the back of the
stove for two hours. At the end of this
time, strain the water off the bones and
add it to the soup. Add also a table
i spoonful of flggr, mixed with a table.
{ spoonful of } er, Wet this with a
| little of the up to prevent any pos.
sible lumpi then stir it in. Add
{two or thre 8 of parsley, minced
soup simmer half an
bour longer. iis is a thick broth ip
which meat and vegetables are served,
and for this reason it is ealled in some
parts of Scotland “‘hoteh potel.”
Roast Beer. ~The ribs and sirloin are
nice for roasting, wipe the roast with a
damp cloth; a rack with slats which fits
in the dripping pao, can be procured at
a hardware store, and meat is much nicer
when laid on a mck than on the bottom
of dhe pan; have the oven very hot when
the roast is put in; in fifteen minutes
pour a cupful of hot water into the pan,
add a small spoonful of salt, baste well
every fifteen minutes, keep the oven hot
the first half hour, then lessen the heat,
and let the meat cook slowly, turning it
over when brown on one side; allow
fifteen minutes for every pound of meat
tif you like it rare done, longer if well
| doae—when done remove to a platter
{and set in a warming oven. Pour off all
| the grease you can, leaving all the brown
3 1 1
fine, an le
¥
| substance for the gravy, add a little hot
water; prepare one or two tablespoonfuls
of flour wet with cold water, made
i smooth, set the dripping pan on top the
hot stove when the gravy begins to boil,
i stir in the flour, not too much, or the
| gravy will get too thick; strain through
# gravy straiver and it is ready to serve.
The Chinook Wind.
of fomentation over the incandescent
globe.
Tue Fonvwation or Coar.—Nature is
still making coal, though, unfortunately,
not at a rate anything like fast enough
to make up lor the consumption of this
Prodiuet. The processes may be waiched
rom beginning to end. For this pur-
pose one must fist go to a peat bed,
which is simply an accumulation of the
remains of plants that grew and decayed
on the spot where they are now found,
When the upper layer of this material
is removed one finds peat with 52 to 66
per cent of carbon, and the deeper one
goes the botter in quality it gets, It may
be cut in blocks with sharp spades, the
water may be pressed from the blocks,
and they may bo stacked up, covered and
dried and used for fuel, There is a cor.
tain kind of moss called **sphggoum,”
which im large part ma up
the peat-producing. vegetation) Its
roots die out sanusily, but from the
living top new roots are sent out each
year, ‘The workmen who dig peat un-
derstand that if this surface is destroyed
the growth of the bed must stop; so
commonly they remove the sod carefully,
replacing it after they have taken out a
stratum of peat. There is little doubt
that if these beds of peat could lie undis-
turbed and covered over through many
ages they would take on all the chame.
teristics of mineral coal. The substance
of coul has been so compressed that the
forms of the plants composing it cannot
usually be seen. But when a piece of it
is made so thin that it will transmit
light, and is then subjected to a powerful
microscope, its vegetable structure may
readily be distinguished. Immediately
under every separate seem of coal there isa
stratum of what is known as fireclay, This
in great ube
There is only one impression respecting
ithe Chinook wind which I think it
{would be well to correct, and that is
| that it is a wind peculiar to this part of
{ the world, writen a correspondent. [tis
{only characteristic of this region in jts
| greater prevalence and its more distinctly
| traceable aod widespread effects. |
{ might add that it also has a peculiar
name here, but it is nothing more and
{ nothing less than the west wind of the
| world —~the west wind that Virgil so
| often refers to, the wind that Homer de-
scribes in the Odyssey as blowing soft
from the ocean upou those fabled islands
where wintery is pot, nor any burniog
isummer heat. It is also noticed by
| Longfellow og descending upon the cvast
{ of Norway, and he and other writers of
| poetry and prose have often noted it in
descriptions of New England. [ was
| familiar with it during my early life in
| the Connecticut valley, and when I first
{felt it on the Columbia I recognized it
as an old acquaintance,
Whence it comes or whither it goes is
to a certain extent mysterious, but it be.
longs to no one quarter of the globe,
It is more distinctive of this region, [
believe, than of any other, Tt is
times more abundant and preval cre
than on the Atlantic coast or in the in-
terior of this country, But] think I am
not mistaken in saying that we are
favored beyond many other parts only in
having more of it, Sweeping in from
the west in these Iatiiud it gives
Eastern Washiogton and Montana an
earlier spring than Minnesota, and it is
not exhausted entirely in crossing the
continent, but touches the New England
hills and valleys to unlock the rigors of
winter still later there, [Seattle (Wash.
ington) Post-Intelligencer, :
Wo DMA
The caruival veil is the fad of the hour
fn veilture. i 4 Ll > ]
{
!
i
. ee ——————
An Important Difforence,
%'o Make it apparent to thousands, whe
think themselves 111, that they are not a fleet.
ed with any disedss, but that the erstam
simply needs cleaning, is to bring comfort
home to their he rts, as a costive oondition is
eas iy cured by using Syrup of Figs. Maou
factured Ly the California §ig Byrup Qo.
Clothes may uot wake the wan, but suits
make he lawye .
“Remember that in Garflold Tea you have an
anisiling renedy for Indi estion, Sick Head-
ache and every attending ll that an sbused
stomach can ake you suffer.
spells it, 2c. Me, and $1.”
think she is sarcastie,
Discasen. There is no more effectual remety
for Coughs, Colds. ote, than HROWR'S HRON-
if it is a bard. oiled egg.
poorly paid for the work you are doing, then
write to H, F, Jounson & Co, of Richmond,
Va. and they will show you how to transform
Miss fortune into Madams-fortune. Try it.
“August
Flower
My wife suffered with indigestion
and dyspepsia for years. Life be.
came a burden to her. Physicians
tailed to give relief. After reading
one of your books, I purchased a
bottle of August Flower It worked
like a charm.
mediate relief after taking the first
dose. She was completely cured—
now weighs 165 pounds, and can eat
deleterious results as was formerly
the case. C. H. Dear, Prop'r Wash-
ington House, Washington, Va, @
** MOTHERS’
FrIEND’?
MAKES CHD BIRTH EASY,
Colvin, La, Dec, 8, 1886. ~My wifs used
MOTHER'S FRIEND before her third
confinement, and says she would not be
without it for hundreds of dollars.
DOCK MILLS.
8 y receipt of we, $1.00
een 0 pr tg por bos
ERADFIELD REGULATOR CO.,
FOR BALL BY ALL BRUGINTE, ATLANTA, QA.
Cares Consumption, Coughs, Croup, Sore
Throat. Sold by all Drugeists on 8 Goarsntes,
PIGO'S CURE FOR
other
Throat
and
the
Bronchitis
pases of
under the name of
Cure for Consumption.
The Desert Burre Superseded,
A prospector now in Yuma, aod who
made the trip here from Durango, Col.,
with two hoiees, says that the time hon.
ored burro, whose uocestry is insepar.
ably mixed up with Mexican hiétory, is
not as good ap animal for desert travel
as the ordinary mustang horse,
bed the advantage of the horse in his
capacity for endurance on a slim diet.
great as is generally considered, although
he once had a burro who ate a pair of
afternoon.
show off and was not cousidered to be a
nutritious meal even by the jackass him-
self, who was of French descent, snd
merely wished to put on style to humili-
ate a band of scrub mustaug horses with
whom he was forced to associate. The
gentleman who bas bad experience with
both classes of animals prefers horses to
the slow burro and says that although
the latter will live a day longer without
food or water, yet the distance covered
by the horse in a given time is so much
in his favor as to render him the superior
of the immobile burro. —Yums {Arizons)
Times.
——— rt con II nw
Fairs of North China.
Northern China is the country of lafrs.
In any given district there is a constant
succession of large gatherings at which
it i» not uncommon for ws many as 10,-
000 persons to be congregated. The fairs
are sometimes called the ‘‘poor man's
market” for the great display of second
dispose of,
At Techon sod at another point on the
Grand Canal there are snnual fairs held
from the beginning of the twelfth month
to the fifteenth day of the same month,
at which there is a great display of for-
eign goods, especially woolens, sold at
cheaper rates than at other times. ‘This
is called the fair of the grain fleet, snd
is voe of the products of the vicious sys.
tem of grain taxes. About 400 vessels
are annually employed for transporting
the Shantung grain tax to Tungchow,
near Peking, and upoa their returo these
vessels bring large quantities of goods
from: Tientsin, which are sold at the
fairs. While some of the fairs are held
at times rigidly fixed and never varied
most of them are wholly uncertain us to
time. North China Herald,
A Gigantle Skeleton,
Workmen in clearing the right of way
for an extension of the tram road for the
Yellow Pine Lumber Company, pear
Colmesniel, Texas, dug up na immense
beech log, under which was found a hu.
man skeleton, the bones of which were
only partly decomposed, The skeleton
was that of a man of gigratic frame,
and the skull was cieft as if with & tom
abhawk., An Indian tomahawk sand nu-
merous flint arrow heads were found he.
side the skeleton, The spot where the
Colmesuiel, on the Trinity River, in the
immediate vicinity where history saves Lu
Balle, the great explorer, was slain when,
with a few of his followers, he was mak.
ing his way back to the Illinois I%iver.
The bones and the relics have been care.
fully preserved, and a thorouzh investi.
gation will be made to determine, if
possible, whether the bones are thos: of
some Indisn warrior or possibly of ono
i of In Balle’s men. —Chicaorn Herald,
| a e—————
To American
nn
Pneoclen a4
iam
wl tits dtres
=
Few “Kid” Gloves are Made of Kif
Kid gloves are not made of kid; ia
fact, few of them are. The cheap ones
are not kid aod peither are the dearest
ones. Ladies’ gloves that cost under 8
dollar and & half or two dollars a pale
| wre all made of lamb skin, Itis likely
that gloves paid for at a higher price
than that will be of kid, but tae very
best and wost expensive kid gloves are
made of the eking of young colts, — New
York Bug, :
—
I. SANS
The Deadly Cancer. a
The hope is entertained that sciences
nay yet be able to subdue the ¢ flaming
{ sud deadly cancer.” Recent study of
| cancer way net only indicate that it Is
| su organic growth, but almost certsialy
proves that it is liable to the at'ack of
| svother parasite. Bettzr acquaintance
| With the relations of these parasites may
| possibly briog the long sought method
| of arresting cancer. — Detroit Frees Press,
—
Housewives.
Voto,
a 4
frattig
peti
Author of
slinate cass 0 $9 to 60
days, jet him wr fo for
} @ate our relish iy. Our
Snsncisl backing ia
" $400 008. When wmeroury,
fodide potassium, saresp rilla or Hot Bprings fall, we
Feranies a cure wand our Baie © yphilens i= the only
thing thet will cure rsasertly. FP sitive proof sess
sealed, free. COOK mer Co, Chiesge, JL.
ARE YOU PRETTY?
® beppy sod bestihr T That | was
JON BEE ere by BEX
oneily ulge br® 7
pew? You ) :
tir oul, Rave dull
RX.
4 8 Bgurt 0F fous ies. Ile Ie el Ee
Tae a vine, plan. Sone nel - FREE. (Postage
Ee. ¥omas's Owe Sewrnsl, Sap Prenton, Onl
aad
Bt vom pan i
ENE 9
It is now a “Nostram.™
though at first it was com
pounded after a prescription |
by a regular physician, with
oo ea that It would ever
£0 ofi Lhe market as a proprie-
tary Bat
compounding that prescrip |
tion over a thousand times in |
one year, we named it “Plao's |
Cure for Consumption,” and |
vgan sdvertising 1 n =
small way. A medicine |
known all over the world .]
medicine after |
dis-
and
! the result.
Why is It not just as good i
as though costing fifty cents :
| toa dallar for a prescription |
and an equal sum to have it i
put up at a drug store?
sale
the possessors of
pleasure of becoming
The Official Souvenir
of the Great Exposition—
! of the firm of F.
City of Toledo, County and
firm will pay the sum of ONE
4
every case of Catarrh th
'HALL'S CATARRHAURE.
:
i
i
i
“Common Sense in the Household ™
3 * x
City of Toledo,
Lucas Co.,
State of Ohio.
43
) that he is the senior parinet
& Co., doing business if the
State aforesaid, and that said
HUNDRED DOLLARS for cach and
S.S.
Kraul Jenny
this 6th day of December, A.
Po) 2
NOTARIAL Si
LUCAS CO.
3 2
| HALL'S
'GATARRH CURE
IS TAKER
INTERNALLY,
i and acts directly
{ opon the Blood an
mucous surfaces.
EB WALTHALL & OO
ave, Ky., say Hall's Cstasrk Cure cures
Very one that takes it
CONDUCTOR ED. LOOMIS, Detroit, Mich.
“The effect of Hall's Calarrh Cure is
i vonderful.” Write him about it
CUR
Testimonials sent free on application, .
A sewed shoe that will not
D. 188g.
3LEASON, NOTARY PUBLIC.
i HEV. HP CARBON, Scotland, Dak, says
“Two bottles of Hali's Cs 'h Cure complete
i ly cured my little irs th Cun
| J.C SIMPSON, Marquess, W. Va. says:
{ “Hall's Catarrs Cure cured me of a very bad
i case of catarrh
11 Dealers in Patent Medicines
MANUFACTURED BY
TOLEDO, O.
EWARE OF IMITATIONS.
. -
§ Calf, seamless, smooth inside,
suy other shoe ever sold at the
0
a price. Every style. Equals custom.made shoes costing from $4 to #5.
sire on the part of the Directors that equal opportunities may be afforded for
their purchase, have made it necessary to enlarge the channels of distribution.
To relieve themselves of some responsibility, the Directors have invited
THE MERCHANTS
Throughout the Nztion to unit- with t' ¢ Banks in placing Columbian Half-
Dollars on cale. This is done that th. masses of the people, and those
living at remote points, may be afforded the best possible opportunity
obtain the Coins, o
THE FORTUNATE POSSESSORS
new advantages,
Fhen
They are all
iH he alike, the issue is limited, and time must enhance their
price is One Dollar each.
~~ HOW TO GET THE COINS:
Go 10 your nearest merchant or banker, as they are likely to have
them. If you cannot procure them in this way, send direct to us,
wot less than Five Coins, and remitting One Dollar for each Coin ordered.
Send instructions how to ship the Coins and they will be sent free
33.50,cmer.cc.
$2.50, 2.25,
$2.00
Fer Working Men.
BEWARE OF FRAUD.
VoL. =
you hny.
TAKE NO SUBSTITUTE.
$2.00& 1.75
For Boys and Youths,
3.00 Zt
*2.502%2.00
Fer Ladies,
of expense. Remit by registered letter, or send express o :
avi or a dea ns dr BE O1 ost Offs SONY.