IN SHOKE AND FLAME
A FATAL TENEMENT FIRE IN CINCIN-
NATL.
FOUR PERSONS ENOWN TO BE DEAD.
CINCINNATI, July 22.—At abouta
quarter before 11 to-night a double
alarm rang out from box 16, The en-
gines dashed down to Pablic Landing
to find house No, 44 Front street all
ablaze,
It was a four-story brick, known as
the John Christie tenement house. The
first story was occupied by Solomon
Menzkie as a second-hand store, All
the other floors were occupled as tene-
ments, and while the flames were eat-
ing their way to the roof there were 30
people in the building.
In the second story were two fami.
les of ten persons; in the third were
two more, numbering ten persons; in
the fourth were two families, also
numbering ten persons.
The dead and the injured so far as
can be learned at this writing are as
follows:
Dead--Solomon Menski and Mrs,
Menski, his wife; Eva Menski, their
12-year daughter; Erran Menski, their
7-year-old son.
Injured—Gus Hitzwell, Misses Eva,
Mary Kassenuer,
Of the Injured the first two are likely
to die, and the last pamed has chances
of recovery.
Solomon Menski and his wife occu-
pled the rear end of the second story,
directly over where the fire is supposed
to have started. The people of the
third and fourth stories fled to the roof
and escaped to the roof of an adjoining
building, from which they were taken
down the Chicago Elevator fire ladder
by firemen and police.
Many of the women were found un-
conscious, One elderly woman was on
her knees praying, and seemed obliv-
fous to everything.
There was but one exit to the street
for these poor people, and that was by
an old, narrow, rickety, pine stairway,
the best of fuel for the flames,
At the outset of the fire the police,
at the risk of their lives, managed to
save some of the ten people who slept
on the secoud floor, but the excitement
and confusion incident to the event
are such that no one can state exactly
how many. Nor are the casualties
known certainly at this hour,
Friends are anxiously calling at the
morgue, at the hospital and at the
police stations seeking friends known
to bave been in the fatal building, but
not yet accounted for,
The occupants of the building were
poor working people, some of them
cperatives in shoe fanrtories, some ex-
press drivers, and others laborers on
the public landjog. While the fire was
Luring and the work of rescuing was
in progress there was the greatest ex-
citement In the crowds of spectators
When everybody was successfully
passed down the ladder a shout went
up and then followed death-like silence,
In fact, from the first the noise was
all among the spectators, Not a moan
or a scream was heard from the inmates
of the death prison.
As soon as the dead or injured were
taken out they were removed to the
morgue or the hospital, and the living
able to beip themselves fled precipi-
tately from the horrible scene.
Sn bet A IA ——
A CYCLONE IN DAKOTA.
———
FIVE PERSONS KILLED AKD TWO
INJURED NEAR CLIFFORD.
EUILDINGS LEVELLED AND CROPS
DESTROYED,
Mixxearovis, Mion., July 22.—A
special to the Tribune from Fargo, N.
D., says: A cyclone passed over the
northern portion of this county about
8 P. M., There were seven persons
killed,
A special from Fargo says: Details
from the cyclone are meagre. The
only thing learned Is that the storm
struck Bowen, Clifford and Galesburg,
about 12 miles north-west of Hunter,
in the southern portion of Truill and in
tbe northern part of Cass county.
It was a regulation eyclone, tearing
and twisting across the county, level-
ling buildings and destroying erops
Five persons were killed outright and
8 man and his wife probably fatally
injured near ClifforG.
Wires to the branch lines are pros-
trated and particulars will be late, as
the reporters must drive a number of
miles to the telegraph station. A hail
storm also did considerable damage to
crops about 12 miles south of Fargo,
MixxEaroris, July 22.—A special
from Marshall, Minn., says: There was
& cyclone near Ghent, seven miles west
of here. There were two persons
killed and several injured,
A Wci—
~=A boiler explosion occurred on the
upper end of Manhattan Island on the
21st, which wrecked a house, set fire to
a barn, and injured an Italian laborer
and a young woman, the former so
badly that ber recovery is doubtful
The boiler was on the top of a bluff
some {ifty feet in height, and was used
to supply steam to drills used in quar-
rying stone, One half of the boiler
landed one hundred feet away, the
other part was distnibuted In various
direct'ons, some |i:ces being blown to
a distance of a thousand feet. Wil.
lam Holligan, the engineer, was
laced under arrest and held in $200
1. A despateh from Quebes says
that the steamer Pioneer, while at
snchor opposite Bull River, on the
21st, was struck by a hurricans and
stranded on a sand bank. She 1s a
total wreck, The crew escaped with
difficulty.
NEWS OF THE WEEK,
~City Marshal Hodge, of Pontiac,
Illinols, was shot and fatally wounded,
on the 21st, by Daniel North, whom he
was trying to arrest. Michael Harse,
21 years old, has been arrested for kill-
ing George Olsen, a young farmer, near
Milwaukee,
—A despatch from Huntingdon,
Penna., says that a mysterious disease
has seized upon the black bass and
other fish in the Raystown branch, On
the 224, the banks were llned with
dead fish for miles, Thousands of dead
bass, weighing from one-half to five
pounds, were floating on the water's
surface or were piled up in drifts along
its edges. This stream is famed for its
splendid fishing advantages, but during
the past two days it has been depleted
of nearly all its fish,
—A passenger train on the Chicago,
Rock Island and Pacific Railroad was
wrecked pear Limon, Col.,, on the
evening of the 22d, by going through a
bridge, a pertion of which bad been
washed away by a freshet., The engi-
neer was killed and fifteen others were
injured, In a collision between two
freight trains al Antego, Wis, on the
22d, Drakeman deymour and Flre-
man Simms were Killed and Epgineer
Ray was fatally hurt, Engineer Wil-
tam Laing had both legs broken.
Horatio G. Heid, aged 72 years, was
on the 22d run over and killed by a
train at Camberland, Md. He was a
well-known glass worker, and had been
for 40 years general foreman of the
Jersey City Glass Works,
~It 18 reported from Fargo, North
Dakota, that a cyclone passed over the
northern part of that county on the
afternoon of the 234, killing seven
persons. A terrible hall storm
great damage Lo the crops througout
the valley of Mexico on the 21st,
—On the afternoon of the 224 a
tornado demo'ished the buildings of
east of Marshall, Minn. A child of
Felix Deareau had her leg broken, Mrs,
Dearean, too, was seriously bruised,
Mrs. A. M. Ogdahl and child were
blown by Lhe cyclone on to a wire fence
and seriously bruised. Two of Opdahl’s
horses were carried from the barn toa
pasture pear by without injury. abere
was a cloudburst in Grand Canon, a
few miles above Canon City, Co'., on
the aftérnocn of the 224, and soon
afterwards a great wave of water came
territic force.
was washed out in several places
and considerable damage was done
to pri party be river, One
hundrea caltle were caught
by the torrent in the cannon
and were washed down the river and
drowned. After three days’ rain in
the vicinity of Central City, Colorado,
the storm culminated in a cloudburst
over the Wicnebago and Maryland
long
KIONDK
224, doing great damage along the line
of the Colorado Central Road, Two
women and a child camping on Beaver
brook were swept away, Three men
boarded a traln on the Omaha road, on
the 224, at Duluth, Minnesota, Shortly
after the train left thedepot they threw
red pepper in the eyes of the passengers
nearest them, and then took thelr jew-
eiry and valuables, One of the wen
was arrested in Saperior.
— Two freight trains collided at
Tigerton, Wisconsin, on the 23d.
Fireman Seims, Fireman Buckley,
brakeman were killed, and the two
engineers were Injured. John Plebos
was killed and Patrick Keefe fatally
injured. on the 234, by a fall of coul
at the Florence Colliery, in Pittsburg,
Penna. Ip a yacht race at Duluth,
Minnesota, on the morning of the 234,
two boats were struck by a squall and
one sank. Clark aod
dying condition. William and Asa
Moriil, boys, were drowned at Sandy
Creek, Oswego county, New York, on
the 22d. They were fishing and the
boat was capsized,
- While laboring unper a fit of in.
sanity caused by the death of his child
and sickness, Mandaville Ault, en the
23d, shot himsell In the head, near
Centreville, Ohio. The ball passed
around the skull without doing serious
damage. He immediately turned and
shot bis wife, who was standing near,
killing her instantly, He then went to
his father’s barn and hung himself
from the rafters, Unknown parties
went to the house of a Mexican named
Metana, in Austin, Texas, on the 22d,
and killed bim, us wife and S-year-)ld
child, It Is thought revenge wes the
motive.
— About 20 desperadoes, led by Jim
Skinner, a moonshiner, went to Poca-
hontas, Virginia,on the 20th, and, after
drinking & lot of whisky, flourished
their revolvers, "Lhey shot and severely
wounded two negroes and then the
town authorities appeared and a gen.
eral fight took place. Two of the mob
were shot aud captured and Charles
Smith and an unknown negro were
badly wounded. The desparadoes flad
back Into West Virginia, where tuey
have thelr headquarters in the moun
talus,
~The flouriog mill of Mead Broth-
ers, at North Jsckson, Ohio, was
wrecked on the 284, oy the explosion
of a boiler. George Mead the engineer,
and William Thomas, an employe, were
killed, de William Mikessli wis fa
tally injured, A passenger a reight
train collided on the Chicago snd
Northwestern Railroad, near Malta,
Hiinols, on the 921, Several persons
were injured, and a fireman was killed.
Vance Safely, of London, Ollo, died
of hydroplhiobla on the 224.
house, and three were k
jared, Jue probaly fatally.
cause losion Is a mystery,
In of the Mountain V
-The washout on the Colorado Cen-
tral Railroad is the most disastrous
that has occurred on that road. Alto-
gether about 20 miles of track have
been washed out, and the iron bridge
at the Forks of tbe Creek is *‘tangled
up like a bundie of wire.” The total
loss is estimated at $260,000,
— Careful estimates of the corn crop
in Kansas show that it will probably
be about 50 per cent, of the crop of
last year.
s—————————————— 1 TOT
51st CONGRESS,-~-First Session.
DENATE,
In the United States denate, on the
21st, the House bill for the relief of
settlers on railroad lands was reported
and placed on the calendar, Mr.
Dawes moved to have the Indian Ap-
propriation bill considered, and Mr,
Gray moved to take up the House bill
for the transfer of the revenue marine
service to the Navy Department, Mr,
Gray's motion was agreed to, 50 to 23,
aud the Revenue Marine Transfer bill
was discussed until tw o'clock, when
the Tariff bill came up as unfinished
business, Mr. Voorhees, of Indiana,
made a long and elaborate argument
in opposition to the bill, Adjoursed.
In the United States Senate, on the
223, the bill giving a pension of $2000
a year to Mrs. Jeesle Fremont was
reported and placed on the calendar,
The House bill for the disposal of the
Fort Ellis reservation under the Home-
stead law wus passed with an amend.
ment, Adjourned,
In the U. 8, Senate on the 23d, the
resolution of inquiry in regard to the
alleged Imprisonment of A, J. Diaz, an
American citizen, in Cuba, was report
ed and agreed to. The Indian Appre-
| priation bill was considered. A vote
{ on one of the amendments showed that
No qUOTrumn Was present,
ing some time in attempting to secure
a quorum the Senate adjourned.
| In the United States Senate on
i Ox the limit of value and to
| for the free coinage of siver. It was
| referred to the Committee on Finance,
i Consideration of the Indian Appropri-
{ ation blil was resumed, and, after the
|
THE INNER LIFE.
We know there 1s a life within the life.
Of each who, tolling, threads the conquarsd
WAY
Ever a Bercer strife be hind the strife
That each is seen to wage from day to day.
We find ourselves contending with a world
In which ambition rules and pride holds
SWAY;
We drink and scoff, like others, are possessed
With zeal to grasp the baubles as we may.
80 we are judged to be alike as base
As he who sells for pottage all he hath—
Who yields not only love and joy and truth,
But yields for this his soul's immortal worth,
Be thou serene before the heartless judge,
Brave heart that hath with unseen valor
fought:
Strive not to hold against the world a grudge,
And sell the sunshine of thy life for naught.
The world can never knew thee as thou art,
Much joa with truth can judge thee as it
ought;
But If thou hast with courage done thy part,
For thee there's nothing further to be sought.
Tis well for us to toil and strive to win
All that our health and comfort may require;
But let the angel still within us reign,
That he may aid the world to something
higher,
Then let the inner life be full and free
Let mind rule with the scepter of its might,
Let heart and soul with aspiration turn
Toward all that's great In nature, grand in
thought.
Then be the world in judgment true or false,
The heart, secure in consciousness of worth,
Can find within its battlements of truth.
The greatest pleasure possible to earth.
Phrenclogical Journal.
WAITING TO SERVE.
Rodney Shipton was a southern boy,
and, like many a northern lad, he was
ambitious, Like many a northern
lad, too, his parents were poor and un-
able to do for their son as they could
have wished, But they sent him to
school until he was 14 years old, and
then, at Rod’s earnest request, they
sent him to a school of telegraphy for a
where Rodney learned to send
For Rod was by no means content
with the humdrum life on the twenty
| passed, The Tariff Lill was laid before
{ the Senate as unfivisbed business, aud
alter a short executive session the Sen.
| ate adjourned,
House,
In the House, on the 21st, Mr. Pay-
as to why he has direcled the
| patents to the Union Pacific
issue
| amount of land that has been
| to each of the land grant corporations
of the Union Pacific system to date.
Adjourned.
In the House, on the 224, the vole
was taken on the Original Package bil’,
| The Adams substitute,
nal packages, was lost—yeas 33,
115, The House substitute
t
| Mr. Grosvenor, who
his vote for the
Mr.
nays 97,
{ changed
moved Lo reconsider, and Frank,
to reconsider on the table,
agreed to-118 to 95. The
bill
It was well
himself
enough,
be always sald to and his
chums, for ‘old folks’ who were satis.
corn and tobacco, and
of the great world
save what they read In
But that wouldn't
much it
ralse
nothing
to
Hod
wouldn't.’
No, Rodney anxious to start,
bright and early, into the thick of the
fight—into the ranks of those
who are taking part in life's great bat-
ties,
Fut Rodney Shipton soon discovered
that even those who are willing to do
are not the
Suipton-~‘not
Was
frost
trout
portant duties, Tie had to learn, as so
and a conference with the
{ asked, The Bankruptey bli! was taken
up and discusied until adjournment,
In the House, on the 234, the Com-
§
poet once wrole:
They ales serve who only stand and walt,
He found very speedily that the great
telegraph companies and newspapers
were not in reed of inexperienced lads
to place in their offices in
and other centres of life
and activity.
First, he apphed for a position in
Washington, and did not so much as
get an answer to bis application. Then
he tried New York, and the manager
{ ness,
| cver,
cussed until adjournment,
in the House, on the 24th,
| ments to the Bankruptcy bill, Io view
fof the fact that the bill had never
{ been read in the House, Mr. McMillan
{demanded a separat: vote on each
amendment. The commitiee amend
iments baving been disposed of, on
{ motion of Mr, Reilly an amendment
| was adopted enforcing the laws of the
{ State giving wages for labor a prefer.
lence. The vole was then taken on
{ the minority substitute. This was
| disagreed to, and the bill was then
| passed-—yeas 117, nays 84, Adjourned.
—— —
Places for Books.
It bas boen a fashion to make book.
cases highly ornamental. Now books
want for and In themselves no ona
ment at all. They are themselves the
ornament, Just as shops need no or-
nament, and no one will think of or
care for any structural ornament if the
goods are tastefully dispored in the
shop window, The person who looks
for society in his books will readily
perceive that, in proportion as the face
of this bookcase is occupled by orna-
ment, he losses that society; and, con.
versely, the more that face approxi-
mates to a sheet of book backs, the
more of that society he will enjoy,
And so it is that three great advanta-
ges come band in band, and, as will be
seen, reach their maximum together;
the soclabiilty of Looks, minimum of
cost in providing for them, and eases
of access to them.
In order to atiain these advantages
two conditions are fundamental: First,
the shelves must, as a rule, be fixed;
secondly, the cases or a large part of
them should have their side against the
wall and thus, projecting info the
room for a convenient distance, they
should be of twice the depth needed for
a single line of books and should hold
two lines, one facing each way. T wel
inches Is a fair and liberal depth
two rows of octaves,
he had betler try
‘nearer homes’
At last, much discouraged, Rod did
try nrarer home, It went much against
i
|
|
i
i
i
3
raph operator should be compelled to
grag I i
sissippl. But he braced up, and one
fine spring morning he started out on a
tiamp of more than thirty miles to
Jackson, tod Shipton was used to
long tramps; his father had not so many
dollars that he could afford to give up
two of them for railroad tare,
The lad’s shoes were pretty dusty
when, early on the second morning, he
presented himself to the superintendent
of telegraph of the Jackson and Rich.
‘Well, my son,’ sald the superin.
tendent, ‘you're not very old and
you've had no experience, but if you
are in dead earnest and want to show
us what kind of stuff you're made of,
I'll offer you a job. We've got an office
up at Snowflake City, seventy miles
from here, and we find It preity Lard
to keep any one there. It’s a lonely
sort of a spot; on one side of the track
is a swamp and on the other side a
scrubby forest with a sawmill and a
store. You'll have a very few neigh-
bors, and those that are there are
about as rough as they make ‘em,
There's very little work, and, conse.
quently, very little pay. Now, then,
if you'll go down and try your hand as
operator at Snowflake City, 1°11 engage
you at a salary of twenty dollars a
mouth, What do you say?’
Well, it wasn’t a very bright pleture
which the superinlendent presented to
our young friend, and so Rodney Ship.
ton thought, He stammered somewhat
#3 he replied:
‘You see, sir, I thought some of a
job in the city; and then, sir, the pay
stuck to it, and think 1 did oy duty.
You do the same, and we expect no
more of the best paid man on the
road,’
And the very next day Rodney Ship-
ton, instead of tramping back to his
father’s farm, took the train to Snow.
flake City,
The friendly words of the official who
was now his chief had encouraged him
greatly, and he resolved to ‘stick it
out’ at Bnowflake, no matter what
might happen, until his ability should
be recognized by his employers,
If the pleture of Snowflake City,
which Superintendent Stebbins had
outlined, was a dark one, the reality
to Rodney.
was most uninteresting, Nature had
doue as little sas possible, it seemed;
and the inhabitants were even more
uncouth than their surroundings, The
men were of the roughest and most ig-
norant type, while such women and
children as graced—or disgraced—the
settlement were nearly akin to the men
in their tastes and habits,
Snowflake station there were not more
thau a burndred human beings, who
were about evenly divided between
blacks and whites,
As for Rod, he made his headquart.
ers at the cabin, which was known as
he ‘Station,’ At first he tried board
ing at ‘the store,” which was also a
hotel and saloon, but he finally came to
the conclusion that Le had better ‘keep
house’ in the little cabin, which now
became for him kitchen, parlor, bed-
room and office all rolled into one,
through the long early
and the weird nights, when
soughed sobbed over
swamp,
old farm,
summer days
the breezes
and the dismal
tod «
He did
hardly enough to keep him from grow-
weary; but, ring the su-
perintendent’s words, Rod did his work
not have much work
tier » gary }
ing remel
from the train dispatcher,
lod saw few people, for
very seldom
boy did
visits from the rou h and-—generally—
half drunken men from the sawmill,
trains stopped
Py ™
flake, and the
lorg and dreary ones to
to find himself important,
Yellow fever broken at
Snowflake City! state medical
officer had been from Jackson
and pronounced four cases of serious
sickness as yellow fever of the most
mounced kind, Forthwith a doctor
and nurse were dispatched from ihe
capitol to Snowflake, and the district
was laid under quarantine. No one
had
The
Xoo
QOWnD
oul
ITY
i
the pest should be driven away, and,
the outside world,
have been living on
people have with
they might as wel
a desert island in the midst of the Pa-
cific Ocean. Stay, there was the tele.
graph! Touched by the deft and will-
ing fingers of the young
throbbing wires carri=d all
country the tale of misery which Snow.
flake City now told,
over the
Shipton’s dispatches, wherein
learned how the poor
ant people of the forest and swamp
were dead and dying; how the four cases
speedily increased to fourteen and then
to forty. Rolney's mes:ages, calling
pitals of the great cities; Rolney’s
messages brought nourishing food and
healthy clothing to those who were for-
tunate enough to recover; Rodney's
mesmges brought medicines for the
sick and even caskets for the dead. And
many coffins were needed in the stricken
district — for fully half the people died;
post,
graph cabin on the edge of the swamp,
sawmill people,
doctor could not do without the tele-
graph; he kopew that no one would
come form outside if be should desert
his post, and he knew quite well that
there was not a soul in Snowflake City,
besides himself, cou'd operate the tele
graph, So, with a brave heart, he did
his duty. Rod did not complain now
that his work was light; dear no! He
could hardly give information enough
with his ttle clicking hammer, The
eyes of the whole country were upon
Snowflake City. The people were sorry
enough for the unfortunates shut up
by themselves, but they wanted to keep
the dread p'ague at Snowflake.
No trains stopped now, Most of
them went flying past, and even un the
down all the windows, as if they were
afraid to breathe the air in passing.
Even the local freight only slowed as
RRR ol
thelr usual dispatch from Biowie. e
City: *
‘The only telegraph operator in tho
place has the fever and 1s fast falling.’
Then for days there was no news sf
all over the wires from the unfortunate
village, and the stricken people had to
shout the news and their needs to the
train men as they passed through the
station,
jut Rod did not dle; he was one of
the very few who recovered from the
fever, and shortly after he was stricken
down the first frost came to gladden
and cheer the people of the south, who
feared for the spread of the terrible
infection,
Yes, Rod recovered, and went, after
a while, back to the old farm, to rest
and gain strength, And while there
he received letters and presents In.
numerable, congratulating him wvpor
his plucky behaviour at Snowflake.
Among them was the official thanks of
the governor of tne state, But the let
Superintendent Biebbins, and
this is what it saye:
My Dean Emirros.
nobly. Acoept my
Gur directors,
You
thanks and the t
gid your Cuts
irain « ¥
salary is £35 a mu Bincercly yours
Hexny BrepBiss,
To-day Rodney Shipton is
of one of the largest offices of the
manager
ver:
largest telegraph company in the world
I stepped in to see him the oth
and
er day
on the wall, over the desk, [| san
these words In a neat frame:
They also serve who only stand and wait
-—
A Tiny Railroad,
wonderful railroad 8 the
f
A Olit
vx} v} _ 3 Ts
which connects the towns « Bed lore
and Bellevue, Mass, It is nine:
ngih, and is probably as unig
The distance 18 not 80 as
except when
is considered,
by
# 3ouns ww
Elieals,
£8
traversed
Crosses eleven
from five to th
The rails
distance
height
twenty pounds i«
Fi}
irty-five feet
weigh but
. ir
ose useq ir
nois, The
ii
the mines of Missouri and 1]
nes are construc
to be very near the gr
greater safety, The car
cars and eng
with single s«ats on each
¢ . Tha i £4 § ¥
aise, ihe car itself welg
tons, th
twenly Lo twenty-six tons, 1
sake r a Bi vi me s fas
ewelginnto an orGinary car b
tender, weighs seven U
and runs with two passenger
cars at rate of twenty
byur., 1 is a smaller rai
this in the United &
Bucks County, I
an expen
armer, who has made a fori
the
ere
ive
5
Fiight
The
Time isa great institution,
ult to gel
vel we shall have to
along withou
lay. Have
Lime seems
The Christmases
bave smal
elernities between them, but when you
grow older time is as brief as a jack rab.
bit’s tail, Then there is no messenge;
boy business about time,
In childhood how jovingly we look
upward to the summ't of that hill of
be endowed
and bow
long 1L seems between each beat of the
heart-—each oscillation of the pendu-
Gradually this pendulum oscil.
with a wigor unknown before.
ALTE
SOMnE
oa?
-
of Julys seem to
are youn
We
are not as supple as we once were, and
“yitties” do not taste like they did wher
we tramped twenty or thirly miles with
a fishing pole or gun at the age of sweet
sixteen, Finally our eyes grow duller,
and with stooping form and shuffling
gait we approach that dark, mist cover.
ed valley, which when we stood in the
“hookey™
seemed so far off,
-—-—
Frugality and Fortune:
It is stated that one of the riches
fasts only on boiled eggs, eats only
a cut of roast beef and a potato, wash ¢
down with water,
BP robably if he had been in the prac.
tice of dining on quail on toast, lanck.
ing on terrapin, and dimming ou canvas.
back duck and champagne, le might
not have the $100,000,000 to oall Lis
own,
Such things have ocenrred before in
the history of wealth and those wi
have amaseed it, don’t you know.
The Blawest Lump of Cold,
The largest piece of gold ever take
from the earth was discovered May 10,
1872, in New South Wales, Aostralis.
It was an irregular shaped slab, four
feet nine inches in length, and threo
feet three inches in width, with an
average thicknoss of about three inches,