Cameron County press. (Emporium, Cameron County, Pa.) 1866-1922, April 26, 1906, Image 1

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    I HE (JAMERON COUNTY PK ESS.
ESTABLISHED BY C. B. GOULD, MARCH, X 866.
VOL. 41.
The Observer.
Since Mr. Carnegie endowed the
Simplified Spelling Board the other
day, the newspapers and magazines
have been teeming with arguments for
and against the proposed reforms in
spelling. The protagonist of the spell
ing reformers is Mr. Brander Matthews,
who writes about the reform in the last
issue of The Outlook. In reply to the
stock argument of the opponents of
spelling reform, viz., that we need to
keep the old spellings in order to pre
serve the historic identities of words,
Mr. Matthews contends that the old
spellings are not old neither are they
etymological, but were born of the
caprice of ignorant and careless foreign
printers in the sixteenth century. At
that time no fixed rules of spelling
prevailed, but in time the printers had
their way, and a more or less uniform
system of spelling based upon the capri
cious usage of the printers became es
tablished. Tn the eighteenth century Dr.
Johnson had an excellent opportunity
to do something to restore some of the
older and simpler forms of spelling,
but instead of doing that, he used his
opportunity to give greater currency
and authority to the irratioual and
cumbersome spellings of the printers.
Mr. Matthews remiuds us that there is
good Elizabethan authority for such
forms as "sovran," "controller," "for
rain," "dett," "dout," "iland," "de
lite," and "ake." Had Dr. Johnson
made an intelligent use of his oppor
tunitj, he might have saved us from
the present way of spelling these
Words, but as he happened to know
more about the Latin than about the
English language, he thought it nec
essary to endorse those forms of spell
ing which seemed to bear the greatest
resemblance to the Latin words from
which they are derived. Thus the "b"
in "doubt" and in "debt" suggests
"dubito" and "debeo." In the case ol
sovereign" and "foreign'' he wrongly
supposed that these words have some
connection with "rognum," and so
gave the weight of his endorsement to
tlie unetymological and utterly super
flous "g" which encumbers these
words. More can be said for the "g" in
"deign," for that word is connected
with the Latin "dignus." But so is
"disdain." which we never spell "dis
deign."
The Observer has just been looking
over an old book published in London
in 1658, to see what he could see in re
gard to the way they spelled words at
that time. On one page, taken at
random, out of 110 words only eight
are spelled differently from what they
would be spelled today. Really only
five, for one of these occurs four times.
These spellings are "bee," "lyes,"
"aimes," "findes" and "prophesie."
Other spellings picked out here and
there at random are: "Prophane,"
"theefe," "beleeve," "summe,"
"soyle," "coinmandement," "speakes,"
"grosly," "howle," "worldlinesse,"
"foul" (fool), "pittious," "tugge,"
"decaies," "threatning," "evil!." Less
than five per cent of the words vary
from the present way of spelling them.
In general the changes in the spelling
of the foregoing words have been in
the direction of greater simplicity.
Despite Dr. Johnson's influence, the
general tendency for the past two
hundred years has been towards great
er simplicity in spelling. The logic of
the situation is therefore with the re
formers. Provided they do not ask
too much they are reasonably sure to
get what they ask. Fifty years hence
it will appear as strange to see such
forms as "aesthetic," "mawoeuvre,"
"programme," "cigarette." and "cata
logue," as it is now to see "publick,"
"telegramme," or "toilette."
One of these days the Observer will
stop writing "though" and "through".
That is, he will stop writing t/be final
"ugh." That perhaps will eaake the
chief say "Ugh!"
The Portage Store.
W. 1.. Dixon, proprietor of the
Portage store, desires to inform his
patrons and the genera! public that ho
is offering special inducement in canned
goods for the next thirty days. Read
this: '
Tomatoes, 10c; Good California
Peaches, 16c; Mince Moat, Bc, Corn Sc;
Finest String Beans. 10c; Best Seeded
Riisens, 11c; Seven bars Oak Leaf Soap,
m 2'> •. Other goods in proportion.
Call me on 'phone.
W. L. DIXON,
7-tf. Near Portage Bridge.
C. B. Howard & Co., Imvn the only
iarge stock of shingles in the county at
the present time. UK I) CEDAR from
the Pacific Coast and Will I'KCKDAH
rom Wisconsin
C. B. Howard & Co., Inr e received
from the Pacific Coast what is pcrliapn
the finest lot of KKIJ CiiDA I: shingle*
that ever csui" to Cameron <■ >u .
BEAUTIFYING EXPOSITION GROUNDS.
A_Southern Woods to be Trans
formed Into a Paradise —
More Than a Million
Plants and Trees
Used.
[BY FRANK EBERLE.]
NoßFOl.it, VA., April 21, 1906.
Artistic landscape engineering and
gardening is rapidly transforming what
was but a rough scope of woodland into
a paradise of beauty. Art has been
brought to the aid of nature in accom
plishing the greater landscape work of
the Jamestown Exposition. Natural
forests are utilized whereavailable and
massive trees are being transplanted to
carry out the plan of the work and
conform to the general arrangement
of streets, buildings, and other Exposi
tion improvements.
More than a million plants, shrubs
and trees are already in place on the
grounds, covering many varieties from
the budding plants just opening into
life to a giant live oak whose age is
estimated at nearly a thousand years.
This veteran oak, the king of the trans
formed forest, was a large tree when
America was discovered and its spread
ing branches will afford shade and
shelter to thousands of Exposition
visitors.
The arranging of the grounds nec
essitated the draining of more than a
thousand acres of land in order to
guard against any possibility of
malaria. Streams had to be bridged
and great trees had to be transplanted
and in many instances had to be carried
on rafts across tide water for many
miles. An old apple orchard which oc
cupied part of the ground needed by
the Exposition had to be removed.
Instead nf being destroyed it was dug
up and the trees transplanted around
a thirty-five acre drill ground to pro
vide shade and add beauty to the sur
roundings.
The Exposition avenues are to be
rendered attractive by five rows of
trees, two of apple, two of red maple
and one of pin oak. All open spaces
are to bo covered with trees, shrubs
an<J- flowers; and flowery and scrubs
wilt be planted along the walks. We
creamy white magnolias and lillies, the
bright goldenrods, roses and other
flowering plants and trees, will mingle
their colors with the various shades of
green furnished by the ivy, the maple,
the oak, the pine and the bay trees.
Ferns in endless variety are to be
seen along the beds of flowers, and
luxuriant palms will play an important
part in beautifying the landscape.
Towering high above the roses, lillies,
lilacs, jasmine, magnolias and multi
tudes of other shrubs and trees stand
groves of pinea along the water
courses.
The tree growth had an important
influence on the buildingof the Exposi
tion, for the streets and roadways on
the grounds have been made to conform
to a great extent to the location of the
trees in order that an attractive land
scape setting may be given to the
buildings wherever possible. Some
of the walks will be bowers of beauty
under uatural arbors of scuppernong
grape, Virginia creepers and other
trailing vines.
The fence around the grounds two
and a half miles long, is in itself a thing
of great beauty. It is eight feet high,
made of farm wire and barb wire. The
entire fence is covered with Japanese
honeysuckle blooming all Summer,
with thumpet vine with their long
scarlet flowers and with the magnifi
cent crimson ramble rose. Thus, the
be*uty of the Exposition grounds may
be seen on every side, even the fence
being a sight to arouse admiration.
Prosperous Business.
Dennis Donovon, proprietor of the
Emporium House, was an early caller
Tuesday morning and planked down
the long green (or his PRESS well into
IMO7. Mr. Donovon conducts an or
derly and careful business. In addi
tion to his regular trade he manages
an up to date restaurant and furnishes
oysters by the measure or count
Telephone your order—he'll do the
rest.
Gibson Pictures Free.
The Buffalo Courier is giving away
with each copy of the Sunday Courier a
betutiful picture by Charle* Dana
Gibson, the world renowned artist.
These picture* are similar to tl, .«> sold
in art stores for s>.oo apie< e. I'he
whole series wil! make a splendid col
lection for art lovers.
Dog Lost.
Liver and white pointer. Disappear
ed on April 17, Any information con
corning same will be appreciated by
10.2t. i). W. DONOVON.
"Liberty and Union, One and Inseparable." —WKßSTF.R.
EMPORIUM, PA., THURSDAY, APRIL 26, 1906.
Governor Calls
For Prompt Aid. )
r Governor Pennypacker issued )
X the following proclamation: >
< In the name and authority of >
? the Commonwealth of Penn- A
j X sylvauia: >
s An overwhelming and heart- s
I r rendering calamity has fallen )
j X upon the city of San Francisco >
i < and neighboring towns. Homes
rand property are gone, and the 3
I X hereft people are helpless amid X
£ desolation and want. s
J Now, therefore, I, Samuel W. 112
X Pennypacker, Ciovernor of Penn X
« sylvania, call upon the citizens >
r of this Commonwealth to express )
\ their sympathy by sending out X
< of the abundance of their means s
r commensurate contributions to )
X their kindred in distress, and I X
I appeal to all corporations, asso- s
r ciations and individuals alike to )
X act with promptitude. i
s Given under my hand and the >
c Great Seal of the State, at the r
X city of Harrisburg, this twen- i
I tieth day of April, in the year t
c of our Lord, one thousand nine J
\ hundred and six, and of the i
{ Commonwealth the one hun- s
c dred and thirtieth. £
\ By the Governor, X
I SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER. *
L ROBERT W. MCAFEE, }
p Secretary of the Commonwealth I
Final Examinations—Senior Class
E. H. S.
Mr. John Schwab, of Cameron, con
ducted the last of the above nam?d
examinations last Saturday. The other
examiners appointed by the school
board, nam'y, the county superinten
dent and the local piiucipal of schools
uad previously done their work. The
class roll, is as follows: Edna E.
Auchu, Ethel B. Day, Veri M. Geary,
Ruby A. Heideck, Ida A. Hertig, Julia
A. Hogan, Elizabth A Lechner, Vera
L. Olmsted, Edna R. Palmer, T. Linn
Strayer and Anna M. Welsh—eleven
members. The first honors were won
by Vera Olmsted and the second by
Elizabeth Lechner, who are thus vale
dictorian and salutorian respectively.
The commencement exercises will be
held on the night ot Tuesday, May 1>
atthe opera house. By decision of
the school board no admission will be
charged to these exercises this year.
The baccalaureate sermon will be
preached on the Sunday night preced
ing hy the Rev. J. M. Robertson of the
| Episcopal church
Catch-up Trip.
Last Saturday Melvin Chadwick had
rather a dangerous and exciting ride,
while hauling T. F. Moore's camp sup
plies from the barn at Ihe rear of his
residence on Sixth street to the depot.
After filling the wagon with the regu
lation camp equipments the horses
took fright and started down tiie hill,
through the lots and over fences,
strewing the way with bed mattresses,
etc. A cask of catsup was scattered
along the route. When the stuff com
menced to fall Chadwick went along
and landed astride the wagon tongue,
holding on for good life until the team
was stopped at the foot of the hill. It
certainly was a miracle that Chadwick
was not killed.
Regal Shoes in Emporium.
You are invited to call upon our
! representative, MR. J. MICHAELS, who
! will be at the New Warner, April 30th,
all day and evening, prepared to fit
you perfectly in Spring and Early
Summer Styles of the famous Regal
Shoe.
Mr. Michaels carries a complete line
i of.the latest styles of Men's and
i Women's Regals -exactly the same
| models that are now on sale in our 114
exclusive stores in New York, Phila
delphia, Boston and all other large
j cities of the country.
You can be fitted perfectly in either
js4 or $3.50 models. We guarantee it,
—and we stand back of the shoes like
j wise.
REGAL SHOE CO., Inc.,
No. 113 Summer St, Boston, Mass.
Offering at Emmanuel Church
Next Sunday Morning, for the
San Francisco Helief Fund.
In common with the other churches
of the town, Emmanuel Church will
devote its oflering next Sunday morn
ing to the Red Cross Relief Fund for
S'tn Francisco sufferers.
Base Ball.
An adjourned meeting of the base
ball association will be held at Council
Room, to-morrow Friday) evening, at
7:30 o'clock. Let every lover of the
great American game bo present
Building Stone.
John Rut/, prepared to furnish and
deliver good building stone, on short
notice.
JOHN Ki r*.
JUDGE MAYER SERIOUSLY ILL.
Hon. J. C. Johnson received a tele
gram at 2:45 this p. m.from Col. Cos
yell, of Philadelphia, stating that Judge
Mayer was taken to the hospital in an
unconscious condition and little hopes
for his recovery.
GENEROUS^RESPONSE.
The generous response of the citizens
of Cameron county for the sufferers of ,
San Francisco and other towns was
prompt. Already $400.00 has been
wired to the State Red Cross Society
by First National Bank. It is the de
sire of the committee having the mat
ter in charge to make another remit
tance at an early day, so let one and 1
all contribute at once. The following i
are the contributors as far .'is reported: !
First National Bank, Emporium, Pa , $100.00; '
B. W. Green, 110.00; Emporium Water Co., $25.00; |
J. F. Parsons, $5.00; A.Brady, $10.00; Emporium j
Iron Co., $25.1/0; 8. S. Smith, $5.00; Cash, 50 cts.; '
F. X. Blumle. $10.00; Jos. Lechner, $2.00; C. F. j
Farley. #1.00; Ralph Hemphill, $1.00; M. C. Tulis, j
$5.00; F. V. Heilman, $2.00; Geo. J. Laßar, *5.00; !
R. C. Dodson, $1.00; W. B. Thompson, 50 cents; j
Cash, 25 cts.; Jno. D. Logan.s2.oo; F. Shives,s2.oo;
Mrs. C. G. Schmidt, $5.00; W. H. Cramer, $2.00; J.
11. Day,s3.oo; L.Taggart,s3.oo; C. L. Butler,sl.oo;
H. S. Lloyd, $1.00; In Memory of Olive Claire
Shaffer, $5.00; J. Harris, $1.00; MeUger's, $5.00;
Ed. Blinzler, $1.00; W. O. Bair, $1,00; A. A. Mc
liouald, $1.00; J. C. Johnson, $10.00; H. H. Mullin,
#5.00; Balcom & Lloyd, si,oo; H. A. Zarps, $2.00 ;
M. F. Lucore, $1.00; I. O. Overhiser, $1.00; Chas
Seger, $1.00; R. M,Overhiser,sl.oo; R. Seger, *5.00.
J. A. Kinsler, sl.uo; M. Murphy, $1.00; Tlios. Gal-',
lather, $2.00; Alex McDonga)),s2.oo; T. F. Moore, I
$2.00; W. G. Gilbert, $5.00; Wm. McDonald, $1.00; ;
Furnace Supply Co., $5.00; A. F. Vogt, $1.00; Jas.
J. Dougherty, 50 cts.; S. E. Murry, $1.00; Henry
Kraft, $1.00; Barclay Bros., $100.00; F. F. Hilliker,
#1.00; N. Seger, $10.00; S. D. McDonald. $1.00; O.
B.Barnes, $1.00; Independent, $6.00; Tompkins
k Norris. $3.00; F. D. Leet, $1.00; Ora O'Dell, 50 '
cts.; Jno. Edelman, 50 cts.; John L. Johnson, j
$5.00; V. IClappenleach, $1.00; J. C. Kibe, $1.00; I
Jno. Costello, $1.00; C. F. Johnson, $2.00; Emil !
Peterson, $1.00; August Johnson, 50 cts.; Empo- j
rium Milling Co., $25.00; D. C. Hayes, SI.OO, Jno.
Cummings, $1.00; M. M. Larrabee, $5.00; J.E.
Smith, $5.00; Cash, 50 cents.
Each individual subscriber will re
ceive a receipt from the First National
Bank.
The Lecture.
The lecture on ''Odd Fellowship" at
the Court Houee, last eveniLg was
lu'te well attended aud greatly enjoyed.
Rev. Hart, of Harrisburg, who is Grand
Warden of the Odd Fellows, is an
ardent worker. The musical program
rendered by the new orchestra, Miss
Walker and Prof. Eriessm were pleas
ing and cordially applauded.
Local Red Cross.
A local branch of the Red Cross
Society was organized in Emporium
yesterday, with the following officers;
President, Burgess R. M. Overhiser;
Vice President, J. F. Parsons; Treas
urer, B. W. Green; Secretaries, I. K
Hockley, H H. Mullin; Finance Com
mittee, Josiah Howard, J. F. Parsons,
11. H. Mullin, N. Seger, It. M. Over
hiser, B. W. Green, I. K. Hockley, A.
Brady, T. B. Lloyd, C. F Barclay, J.
E. Smith, L. W. Gleason.
The Branch will work in connection
with the State Red Cross.
Branching Out.
Chas. L. Butler, who has been an
honored and respected citizen of Em
porium for twenty-two years—one of
our most intelligent and clean business
men, as well as a dyed in the wool
Republican, has branched out in busi
ness, having purchased the Chas. Little
wagon and blacksmith shops at Port
Allegany and taken possession of the
same. He now has several men in his
employ. Mr. Butler's property and
family being here we hope he may con
tinue to make Emporium his home, for
he and his estimable family have so
long been identified with Emporium
that our citizens should be sorry to
part with them. Our Port Allegany
friends will find Chas. L. Butler an up
right, honorable business man, honest
as a gold dollar and a good workman.
We wish him well.
Fill Out This Blank and Forward
Your Contribution to the Relief Fund
' l : » st National Hank- Earth,/ Hake Relief Fund.
(check - Emporium , Pa.
Enclosed ftnd\ iirafi,' 112 t or ;
(money order. \ .
;:x <* —I
(Signature)
, .. i
(Address)
Business Men Organize.
! The Cameron County Business Men's
i Exchange was organized at the New
' Warner, Emporium, Pa., Tuesday,
; April 17th, 1906. Those in attendance
and enrolled as members were. Hon.
Geo. J. Laßar, F. D. Leet, Alex Mc-
Dougall, Geo. H. Gross, F. V. Hei'man,
M. T. Hogan, Jos. A. Kinsler, W. F.
Lloyd, R. It. McQuay, Chas. Diehl,
Jos. Newton, Jos. Lecliner, F. S. Cop
persmith, E. S. Murry, M. C. Tulis, of
Emporium, and State Secretary A. M.
Howes, representing the Retail Mer
chants' Association of Pennsylvania.
The meeting was called to order at 9
p. m. by Chas. Diehl, Sec'y pro tern.
State Secretary Howes outlined the
benefits to be derived and plans of or
ganization of the auxiliaries of the
State Merchants Association. A rising
vote was unanimous that an organiza
tion be formed, to be known as the
Cameron County Business Men's Ex
change. It was unanimously agreed |
the entrance fee be SI.OO until July Ist,
1906 and $5.00 thereafter and that the
dues be 50c monthly. It was unani
mously agreed that the State Secretary
be requested to fuiTtfsh a revision of
the Erie constitution and by-laws for
use of this organization. The meeting
then proceeded to elect a President and
four Vice Presidents, via: President,
F. D. Leet; Ist Vice President, Chas.
Diehl; 2nd Vice President, A. McDou
gall; 3rd Vice Preside:.t, F. S. Cojper
smith; 4th Vice President, M. C. Tulis.
On motion it was resolved to
the election of Secretary and Treasurer
to the officers elected with a power to
select. On motion the selection of a
meeting place was referred to Executive I
Council with power.
On motion of Chas. Diehl, duly i
seconded and carried if was resolved ,
to make application for membership in |
the Retail Merchants Association of
Pennsylvania.
Matters touching on the future of the j
organization were discussed, after j
which the meeting adjourned at 11:00
p m,
CHAS. DIEHL, j
Acting Secretary. !
ADJOURNED MEETING.
On motion of F. S. Coppersmith,
scondeJ by M C Tulis, Ciias. Diehl
was elected Secretary.
The President appointed Geo. H.
Cross 4th Vice President.
On motion of M C. Tulis, seconded
by F. S. Coppersmith the constitution
and by-laws besubjeet to revision at
any time.
On motion of Geo. H. Gross, second
ed by F. S. Coppersmith, Hon Geo. J.
Laßar was elected Treasurer.
On motion of F. S. Coppersmith,
seconded by M C. Tulis, the secretary
was instructed to furnish fype written
copies of the duties of each chair
man of committee.
On motion of Chas. Diehl, seconded
by F. S. Coppersmith, a vote of thanks
was tendered to Mr. Gamb'e, of firm
of Gamble, Ghune & Co., of Bellefonte,
Pa., for a donation of $2.00.
i The following committees were ap
pointed:
Membership—F. S. Coppersmith, W. F. Lloyd
Frank J. Lewis, S. E. Murry, R. M. Overhiser.
Credit— M. C.Talis, T. H. Norris, J. F. Parsons,
J. E. Smith, J. O. I» rook ha nk.
Entertainment— Geo. IT. Oros9, Fred Seger, W.
H. Cramer, II.S. Lloyd, Jasper Harris.
Trad* Abuse -B. Egau, C. F. Barclay, M. T.
Hogan, R. R. McQuay, O. B. Barnes.
Publicity— Hon. Geo. J. Laßar. H. C. Olmsted,
Frank Shives, R. C. Dodson, Jos. Newton.
Charities and Advertising—A. McDougal), G. F.
Balcom, S. P. Kreider, Gen. 11. Smith, W. R.
Sizer.
Insurance—Geo. Metzger, Jr., Jos. A. Kinsler
• E. D. Blinzler, Hon. L. Taggart. H. A. Zarps.
The organization of our merchants
for self protection is a move in the right
; direction.
Every business man in Cameron
! county is earnestly requested to be
present at the meeting to be held at
City Hall, Tuesday, .May 15th.
Society Notes,
Mr. and Mrs, Fiank G. judd and
Mrs. Lizzie Hinkle delightfully enter
tained a large party of lady and gentle
s men friends at whist last Friday even
ing. The occasion was very enjoyable.
I KKMS: $2.00 IN ADVANCH.
THE WEATHER.
FRIDAY. Showers. SATURDAY, t r-w
SUNDAY. Fair.
ASSETS
First National Bank,
EMPORIUM, PA.
At the close ofbasine.su April 25,1906.
$822,765.96.
You need not worry about your moii«-y, frnt*
earthquakes, fires or robbers, if .vou have it ifo
in this Rank.
Prize Speaking Contest.
A prize speaking contest in which
seven girls of the High r.:i
contest for prizes aggregating ten dol
lars will be held in the Opera House ori
the night of May 14, proceeding com
mencement. The people generally are
invited to be present. A small ad
mission will be charged to pay for th«s
hall and printing. Watch fir an
nouncament later.
Taken Big Contract.
Thad F. Moore, of this place, one c/
the most successful lumber jobbers i>*
this section of the state, has closed
contract with Elk Tanning Co., anil
Central Lumber Company to cut, perl
and ship the lumber and bark on largo
tracts of land on Mix Run and othf-jf
streams The contract will take sev
eral years to complete the work. Work
has already commenced on five miles
of railroad from mouth of Mix Run,
connecting with A. V. R. R Mr.
Moore and crew started on the new
work last Monday.
Extensive Repairs.
The Emporium tannery, own£dt<y
Elk Tanning Co., is undergoing exten
sive alterations, the plant being chang
ed to a lime plant. A monster new
gas engine is being installed in the
engine room, in addition to the large
one now in use. While the new sys
tem may do away with part of the
beam men, the alterations will give
employment to more men. The ha!*
will be washed, dried and shipped,
feupt. Eiek is busy with the new work.
Gilbert Seaver, of Ridgway, is in
charge of the-work.
Farm For Sale.
The undersigned offers his ;arai,
consisting of forty acres, located oa
Huston Hill, for sale at a bargain.
Farm all improved, with good build
ings and fitio orchard; well and spring
water. The entire farm is underlaid
with two veins of coal, as well as ad
joining farms. Will sell complete with
machinery or lease farm and sell stock
impliments, etc. A bargain for some
person on or before June Ist.
A. H. BAKU,
10 Sterling Run, Pa.
Destructive Fire.
William Winslow, who resides on the
old homestead on Johnston Hill, abuut
two miles from Benezette, met, with *
serious misfortune and accident, -abt
Saturday evening. When feeding and
caring for his stock for the night ha
carried a lantern, which exploded, set
ting fire to the barn. In his effort fo
sate the stock be was seriously burne#
and is now under Dr. Love's care. The
entire contents of the barn—eevfn
horses, three cows and all farming
machinery and tools—were burned. I*
is a severe loss. We have no informa
tion as to amount of loss.
Barn and Ice House Burn.e<J.
The former livery barn and icehouse
owned by D. C. Hayes, but used prin
cipally for storing vehicles and tools,
was destroyed by lire Friday morning",
together with one new buggy, Alloci
ice house and iuipnments. The total
loss is SSOO,
NUise Wanted.
A good able-bodied latW n irse
take care of ftged couple and their
homo. Must be competent. Apply to
Rev. J. M. Robertson, Emporium.
NO. 10.