1 THE DREVFUS AFFAIR 1
I , « T _ |
/ History of the Sensational Case Told Succinctly xf
)) and in Chronological Order. nZ
v The Bordereau, the Secret Dossier and '/ji
u. * the Conspiracy. -wj.
HLFRED DREYFUS, captain in the
Fourteenth regiment of artil
lery in the French army, was at
tached to the second bureau of the
general staff, where future plans of
mobilization and other military meas
ures of great importance are discussed,
prepared and drawn up. For some time
a constant "leakage" of these confiden
tial documents had been noticed, de
tectives had been employed and Drey
fus was under suspicion. On October
1, 18U4, he was suddenly detached from
the war office and appointed to service
in the Thirty-ninth regiment at the
Ecole Militairc. On October 14 he re
ceived at his luxurious home near the
Troeadero a summons to attend at the
ministry of war. and he went there the
next morning. He was received by Maj.
<lu Paly de Clam, who said that he was
very busy and asked the captain to
help him by taking down a letter that
lie would dictate. There were other
persons in the room whowerestrnn«yers
to Dreyfus, and—a circumstance that
only struck him afterward—an ar
rangement of mirrors by which his
CAPTAIN ALFRED DREYFUS.
(From a Photograph Taken Before His Deportation and Suppressed by *he French
Government.)
cvery movement and expression could
be seen by everybody present. Du Paty
then dictated to him the memorandum
which afterward became famous as the
bordereau. At one point Du Paty sud
denly asked Dreyfus what was the
matter, and asserted that his hand
shook. Dreyfus replied that his hands
were cold. Then lie was left alone in
the room and found a loaded revolver
lying among some papers ou the table
beside him. Half an hour later M.
Cocliefert, head of the detective police,
accompanied by Commander Henry, of
the second bureau, entered, and Drey
fus was placed under arrest on the
charge of high treason and taken to
the Cherche-Midi prison, nil the time
protesting his innocence. The order
committing him was dated October 14.
the day before he was arrested or ex
amined.
On October 2* a hint of the arrest was
conveyed to one of the Paris newspa
pers and the next day an ambiguous
(Present French Minister of War Who Insisted
Upon a Revision of the Dreyfus Case.)
note appeared in that journal asking if
it were true that an important military
arrest had recently taken place. This
set everybody talking, for in France
anything concerning the army is con
sidered of paramount importance.
Wild stories were afloat, and the excite
ment reached fever heat when the news
was confirmed on November 1, by the
appearance of a brief official communi
cation in all the papers. Dreyfus was
kept in close confinement until Decem
ber 0, when his counsel, M. Demange,
was allowed to see him. On December
10 Dreyfus was arraigned before the
court-martial, which was held in the
Conseilde Guerre building, opposite the
Cherelic-Midi prison. Great crowds
gathered to sev him cross the street
and shot:?"'!: "Death to the traitor!"
The trial was secret and lasted until
December 22, when the court found the
prisoner guilty and sentenced him to
transportation for life, after being sub
jected to military degradation.
On the morning of January 4 the
condemned man was ordered to put on
a captain's uniform that had been spe
cially prepared by having the lace on
the cap, the red seams of the trousers,
and the buttons and trimmings on the
tunic taken off and then stitched on
again loosely enough to stay in place,
but so loosely that they could easily be
torn off. The sword that he was made
to buckle on had been filed on each side
about half way down the blade. He was
then searched, handcuffed, placed in a
prison van. and taken by a military es
cort to the Ecole Militairc, where he was
marched between guards into the cen
ter of a hollow square of troops in the
large courtyard of the school, lie had
already twice asserted his innocence to
Capt. Lebrun-Renaud, who commanded
his guard. The morning was misty and
rainy, and the courtyard was a muddy
waste, round which loomed the build
ings with windows filled with faces,
while a vast crowd that surged and
pushed in tlie avenues without uttered
loud anil menacing eries against the
priso&»r». At exactly nine o'clock the
drums rolled, the troops presented
arms, and the regimental band played a
melancholy tune. The sentence was
read, Dreyfus standing iirmly with
head erect, his left lnwid resting on the
pommel of his sword, and his eyes look
ing squarely in the eyes of Gen. Darras,
who commanded the troops. Then a
gigantic sergeant tore the triple band
from the captain's cap, the buttons
from his coat, the gold lace from the
collar and sleeves, and the red stripes
from his trousers. As the sergeant
flung them on the ground Dreyfus
threw up his arms and cried in a voice
heard far beyond the limits of the court
yard: "You are degrading an innocent
man. Long live France!" \ roar of
execration answered him: "Death to
the traitor!" and the big sergeant
roughly tore the sword belt from him,
wrenched the sword from its scabbard,
broke it across his knee, flung the
fragments on the ground and stamped
upon them. Then, amid howls from
the mob without, the degraded officer,
a grotesque and lamentable figure in
his defaced uniform, was marched
round the hollow square, protesting his
innocence and crying: "Long live
France!" while the drums rolled in or
der to drown his voice. Finally, after
being photographed and measured as a
criminal, lie was driven in the prison
van to La Sante prison, and thence
taken, on January 10. to La Uochelle,
where he was embarked for the neigh
boring lie de lie, on which is the prison
wherein convicts sentenced to trans
portation await their embarkation.
Mobs all along the route sought to at
tack him, and the guard of gendarmes
had to slrnggle hard to keep their pris
oner from being murdered. lie was
eventually taken to the Ilcdu Diableofl*
the coast of French Guiana.
The chronology of this famous ease
follows:
OCTOBKR, ISOt—Oen. Mercier, minister of
war, gives i.rder after an Investigation
conducted by Commandant du Paty de
flam to arrest Capt. Alfred Dreyfus.
This is done by Du Paty de Clam and M.
Cochefort, chief of detective*. Oapt.
Dreyfus Is lodged in the Cherehl-Midi
prison by Lieut. Col. Henry, who deliver.;
him to Commandant Porzinfttti. In charge
of the prison.
NOVHMHKR, ISO I—An Indictment >s found
against ('apt. Dreyfus by the ofl'cers of
the bureau of Information connected
with the general staff.
DECKMBER, ISM—The first council of
war, assembled at Cherche-Mldl, unani
mously condemns Capt. Dreyfus to de
portation for life in an inclosed fort idea
tion.
JANUARY 4. 1895—Capt. Dreyfus is de
graded by (Jen. Darras in the School of
War.
FEBRUARY, ISO.")—Dreyfus is taken *jy the
steamer La Rochelle to the island de
Re, thence to be embarked for Devil's
island.
MAY, 1896--Lieut. Col. Plcquari discovers
the "petit bleu," successively attributed
to Cols. Panlzzardl, military attache of
CAMERON COUNTY PRESS, THURSDAY, AUGUST 31, 1899.
the Italian embassy, and Sch warzkoppen,
military attache of the German embassy,
and addressed to Commandant Ester
hazy. Lieut. Col. Picquart comes to the
conclusion that Commundant Esterhazy
Is guilty.
SEPTEMBER, IS9G—The Eclair publishes
the secret document: "Ce canaille de
D-"
OCTOBER, 189S—M. Barnard-Lazare pub
lishes his first pamphlet tending to show
innocence of Dreyfus.
NOVEMBER. 1896—Publicat'of: of the copy
of the bordereau in the Matin. M. Cas
telln, representative from the L'Alsne
district. Interpellates Gen. Billot, min
ister of war, upon the publication of
papers connected with the trial.
MAY, 1897—First disputes between Lieut.
Cols. Picquart and Henry.
JUNE, 1897—Lieut. Col. Picquart take 3
counsel with Mme. Leblois.
JULY, IS!I7 Mme. Leblois interests M.
Scheurer-Kestner, vice president of the
MAITRE LABORI.
(Dreyfus' Attorney Recently Wounded by an
Aciatiin.)
senate. In the case of Dreyfus, who de
clares on the 14th to his colleagues in the
Luxemburg palace that he is "convinced
of the innocence of Dreyfus."
OCTOBER, 1897—M. dc Castro, banker, be
lieves that he recognizes in the facsimile
of the bordereau, once more published
In the Matin, the handwriting of Com
mandant' Esterhazy. M. Ranc, senator
of the Seine district, carries to the lobby
of the chamber of deputies the speech de
livered by M. Scheurer-Kestner In the
senate. He has, on the 30th, an inter
view upon this subject with Gen. Billot,
minister of war.
NOVEMBER, 1897—Interview of M. Ma
thleu Dreyfus, brother of the condemned,
with M. Scheurer-Kestner. Beginning of
the campaign of the Figaro in favor of a
revision. M. Mathieu Dreyfus officially ac
cuses Commandant Esterhazy with being
the author of the bordereau; Esterhazy is
turned over to a council of investigation.
Commandant Forzinetti is dismissed be
cause he stated to M. Henri liochefort
that Dreyfus is innocent. Search of the
home of Lieut. Col. Picquart in Yron-
Vtllarceau street. Lieut. Col. Picquart is
recalled from Tunis, where he had been
sent on a mission, and is examined by
Gen. Pellleux, commissioner of investi
gation in the Esterhazy matter.
DECEMBER. 1897—The Dreyfus border
eau, examined in 1894 by the experts Go
bert, Pelletier, Charavay and Crepiux-
Janun, is turned over to the papers in the
Esterhazy case and is submitted to a
new examination by the experts Bel
homme, Couard and Varlnard. Interpel
lation In the chamber of deputies and in
the senate; Gen. Billot declares that
"Dreyfus has been justly and legally
condemned." Letter of Emlle Zola to
the young people of France. The docu
ments of Lemercier-I'icard upon the
"factory of forgeries" of a syndicate
[documents themselves recognized as for
geries in the trial*] are published in the
Intransigeant. Call for a court-martial
by Gen. Saussier to try Esterhazy.
JANUARY, 1898—In consequence of a re
port by Commandant Ravary, Command
ant Esterhazy is acquitted by the court
martial presided over by Gen. Luxer and
leaves the Cherclie-Midi prison on the
arm of his friend, Mile. Marguerite Pays.
He receives an ovation in the street.
Lieut. Col. Picquart lodges a complaint
upon the subject of two Telegrams signed
"Blanche" and "Speranza," addressed
to him at Tunis and intended to compro
mise him. On the 13th Aurore publishes
Emile Zola's "I accuse" letter to the
president of the republic. Lieut. Col.
Picquart Is arrested. The chamber of
deputies votes the order of the day upon
the motion of M.de Mein, representative
DREYFUS' PRISON ON DEVIL'S ISLAND.
of the Morlalx district, accepted by M.
Guerin, minister of justice, and demand
ins that the Aurore be prosecuted. The
1«-tt«• r signed "Uhlan," produced by .Mine,
de Boulancy, and work of Commandant
Esterhazy, is delivered to M. Bertulus,
examining magistrate. Beginning of pub
lic meetings of the revisionists in the
Tivoli-Vaux hall. The minister of war
lodges complaint against M. Kmile Zola
and against the Aurore. Messrs. Zola,
author of"I accuse/' and Perreux, pub
lisher of the Aurore, are summoned. M.
Jaures address this question to M. Mellne,
president of the cabinet: "Has or has not
information been given to the court-mar
tial of which the defendant knew noth
ing?" M. Meline refuses to answer.
FEBRUARY. 1898 Formation of the
League of Human and Citizens' Rights.
From the 7th to the 23d Aral tr:ai of Zola
in the court of the Seine under the pres
idency of Councilor Delegorgue. M.
Labor! defends Emile Zola, M. Albert
Clemenceau defends M. Perreux, and M
George Clemenceau defends the Aurore.
Zola is sentenced to one vear in prison
and a tine of 3,000 francs: \I. Perreux to
four months in prison and a tine of 3.W0
francs. Lieut. Col. Picquart :s placed on
the retired list.
MARCH. 1 Sf»S— Tl l e revision 1 sts provo ln e an
incident in court during t: «» attempt of
M. Jules Auffray, who prr.claims in favor
of the Z< la Jury, to mpke himself heard.
The incident has r.o con.se i ieiu es. Bui
cide of Lemercier-Pica"d Duel netween
Picquart and Henry. Km lie Zola and the
Aurore appeal on rh«* ::*th against the
sentence of February £3.
APRIL, ISSB Annulment <>f tl*.G sentence
against Messrs. Zola and Perreux because
the minister of wa * n;ul not the court-
martial made the complaint. This com
plaint is made by the court-martial on the
Bth.
MAY, 189S—Second Zola trial before the
court of Versailles under the presidency
of M. Perivler. Tumultuous scenes re
sult when the court 13 declared to l.a\e
no jurisdiction.
JUNE, 1898—Minister Mellne is relieved
from office and M. Brisson appointed to
form a new cabinet.
JULY, IS9B—M. Cavaignac, minister of war,
affirms in the chamber of deputies the
guilt of Dreyfus. His speech is voted to
be posted throughout France. Ex-Lieut.
Col. Picquart is pfosecuted for having
communicated papers of the ministry of
war to Mme. Leblois. Commandant Ester
hazy and Mile. Pays are arrested upon the
charge of having manufactured the
"Blanche" and "Speranza" telegrams.
Third Zoia-Perroux trial before the court
of the Seine and Olse district. Both are
sentenced, as before, to imprisonment of
one year and a line of 3,000 francs. The
next day Zola disappears mysteriously.
On the Kid his name is erased from the
roll of the Legion of Honor. Suit of M.
Picquart against Du Paty de Clam. The
court of appeals sentences Messrs. Zola
and Perreux to one month in prison and
a tine of 3,000 francs for defamation cf the
experts Belhomme, Couard and Varl
nard. The defendants also have to pay
5,000 francs damages. On the 30th M.
Bertulus, examining magistrate, renders
a decision closing the prosecution in the
Blanche and Speranza affair against Du
Paty de Clam, Esterhazy and Mile. Mar
guerite Pays.
AUGUST, 1898—The chamber of deputies
orders the prosecution of Lieut. Col. Du
Paty de Clam to be dropped. On the 13th
Esterhazy is s?t at liberty. On the 30th
Lieut. Col. Henry admits to M. Cavaignac
that he Is the author of the paper "Ce
canaille de D—." He is arrested and im
prisoned in the Mont-Valerion. On the
next day he cuts his throat with a razor.
Gen. Bolsdeffre, chief of staff, is dis
missed.
SEPTEMBER, 1898—Dismissal of M. Ca
vaignac, minister of war. Gen. Renou
ard succeeds Gen. Bolsdeffre. and Gen.
Zurlinden succeeds M. Cavaignac. Un the
sth Mme. Alfred Dreyfus writes to M.
Mornard, keeper of the seals, asking for
a revision of the trial of December, 1894,
against her husband. Lieut. Col. Du Paty
de Clam suspended from active service.
On the 20th the council ol' the cabinet
directs the court of cassation to order a
revision of the Dreyfus case. Gen. Zur
linden Is dismissed and succeeded by Gen.
Chanoine. Commandant Esterhazy is dis
missed and disappears immediately.
League of Patriots is reorganized.
OCTOBER, 1898—Troubk; at a public meet
ing caused by Messrs. De Pressence and
Deroulede. Attorney General Manau fin
ishes his Investigation and demands revi
sion of tiie Dreyfus case. M. Leow, pres
ident of Die criminal chamber, appoints
M. Bard reporter. Search of Zola's res
idence and confiscation of a table to pay
his fine. The table is sold for 23,000 francs.
On the i.'itli Gen. Chanoine is dismissed
and the Brisson cabinet ends. On the
27th-29th discussion in the criminal cham
ber of the court of cassation upon the
demand for revision.
NOVEMBER, 1898.—The Dupuy cabinet
takes office on the Ist. Gen. Renouard is
dismissed and replaced by Gen. Brault.
The criminal chamber decides that Drey
fus is to be informed by telegraph of the
demand for a revision and to be notified
to present his means of defense. M. do
Pressence is expelled from tho Legion
of Honor. The court of cassation begins
its investigation on the 21st, and hears
Gens. Itoget, Gonse, Bolsdeffre, M. Pic
quart and othens.
DECEMBER, IS9B—The criminal chamber
receives communication concerning r.ie
secret dossier from the minister cf war.
JANUARY, 1899—M. Quesnay de Beaure
paire, president of tho civil chamber of
the court of cassation, resigns, lie is re
placed by M. Ballot-Beaupre. The crim
inal # chamber examines Du Paty de Clam,
Trarieux, Couard. Belhomme. Varlnard.
Bertillon, Gobert, Esterhazy and Hano
taux and proceeds to examine the dossier
of the minister of war.
FEBRUARY, 1899 M. Renault-Morllere,
reporter of the commission for the pro
cedure of the revision, reports favorably
to such revision. Discussion in the sen
ate concerning a law to dispose of the
criminal chamber.
MARCH, 1899—The senate votes to dispose
of this chamber and directs the enrtre
court of cassation to proceed with the
revision. The latter court examines again
the secret dossier.
APRIL, 1899—The Figaro publishes the rec
ord of the investigation of the court of
cassation and is fined 500 francs. The
court hears Messrs. Lepine, Frystaetter,
Bertillon and Roget.
MAY, 1 S99 —jr. Ballot-Beaupre finishes his
report to the court.
JUNE, I*99—Paul Deroulede acquitted.
Court of cassation decides in favor of
Dreyfus on the revision. Esterhazy con
fesses having written the bordereau.
JULY, IS99—Dreyfus returns to France on
the 3d. Governor of Devil's island dis
missed for cruelty to Dreyfus. Ksterhazy
refuses to testify before the new court
martial whiah is to retry Dreyfus.
AUGUST, IS99.—New trial of Dreyfus be
gins on the 7th.
August 7, IS'J'J, the court-martial held
its first session. The court was com
posed as follows:
Col. Jouaust, director in the engineer
corps, president.
Lieut. Col. Brongniart, director of the
school of artillery.
MaJ. De Brean, of the Seventh regiment
of artillery.
Maj. I'rollllet, of the Tenth regiment of
artillery.
Maj. Merle, of the Seventh regiment of
artillery.
Cant, l'arfait, of the Seventh regiment of
artillery.
• 'apt. Beauvals, of the Seventh rpglmwt
of artillery.
Counsel for Dreyfus were Maitres
I.abori and Demange—the latter one of
the most celebrated criminal lawyers
in France. Maj. Carriere represented
the government as counsel for the pros
ecution. Early on Monday morning,
August 14, while Maitrc Litbori, one
of Dreyfus' attorneys, was on his way
to the court, he was shot by an assassin
and seriously wounded.
THE FAMOIS BOHDEHEAI'.
ArktionlptlKCil to He tho Miiin Evi
dence Asralnnt Dreyfnu.
The famous bordereau (memoran
dum list), which is acknowledged to be
the main evidence against Dreyfus, was
discovered in April, 1594, among waste
papers from the German embassy, in
the particular department of Col. Count
Sch warzkoppen, the military attache,
by secret emissaries of the French gov
ernment, who had bribed the janitor
to surrender these papers. It is in
translation as follows:
In the absence of any new* indicating
your desire to see mo, I nevertheless send
you, sir, certain information of interest;
1. A note on the hydraulic brake of 120
(method of operating this piece).
MME. DREYFUS.
(The Faithful Wife of the Unfortunate
Captain.)
2. A note on the outpost troops. (A few
modifications will be made by the new
plan.)
3. A note on modifications of artillery
formation.
4. A note relating to Madagascar.
5. The scheme relative to the manual of
field firing (March 14, 1894).
This last paper is extremely difficult
to procure, and I can have it at my disposal
DE G n I T AIIN
only for a very few days. The ministry
has issued a definite number to the corps,
and these corps are responsible for them;
each officer is obliged to return his copy
after tlie maneuvers. If. therefore, you
wish me to take from it whatever may in
terest you, and hold it afterward at my dis
posal, I will take it, unless you do not want
me to make a copy in extenso and address
it to you.
I am just leaving for the maneuvers.
According to Esterhazy's voluntary
confession, made to a London news
paper, and repeated since then, it was
lie and not Dreyfus who wrote this
bordereau. Esterhazy states that lie
wrote it at the instigation of his su
perior officers, intimating hut not say
ing so in so many words that (ten. Mer
cier, then minister of war, ordered the
bordereau written. In a letter written
to the Siecle March 25, IS9S, I'aniz
zardi, military attache of the Italian
embassy, relates that Count Sohwarz
koppen received the articles enumerat
ed in the bordereau, but was entirely
unaware of the existence of the mem
orandum itself, for it had been stolen
before it reached him.
Tin: SKC'IJIOT nossiKH.
IlreortlM of tlie Trill I 1* reserved by (lie
Dciinrtmcnt of War.
The secret dossier, which figures so
prominently in the Dreyfus case, is a
collection of papers belonging to the
war department and collected in con
nection with the case. These papers
are said to contain proof of Dreyfus'
guilt even beyond the bordereau. The
latter was admittedly written by Ester
hazy. During the first Dreyfus trial
this dossier (which in free transla
tion would mean "record of the case")
was submitted to the court-martial in
executive session, not even Dreyfus' at
torneys being permitted to be present
during this examination. There are,
all told, some -100 documents in this col
lection. These papers are examined in
secret session, but Dreyfus' attorneys
are present, so they may be informed
of the record of the charges based upon
these papers. Secrecy is demanded by
the government because it is claimed
that publication would cause compli
cations with foreign gavernments.
The secret dossier has been in exclusive
control of the general staff up to the
present trial, and there is, of course, no
saying what it may contain. So far
the entire nasty Dreyfus mess lias
shown so much corruption, conspiracy
and forgery that the value of this se
cret dossier is very problematical.
Till'! KMPEIIOR'S DKMAI..
Stiiten 'l'lint Germany llouKlit Xu se
i-rrfi from Drcyftiw.
The enemies of Dreyfus laid partic
ular stress upon the alleged fact that
the accused officer had sold army se
crets to Germany. This charge was
disproved August 12 '/y ex-President
Casimir-Perier who, before the court
martial, read the text of a dispatch re
ceived by Count von Munster-Leyden
burg, the German ambassador at Paris,
from Prince Jloheniohe, the German
imperial chancellor, which the former
communicated to M. Casimir-Perier
during a visit to the Elysee palace.
"His majesty, the emperor, having
every confidence in the loyalty of the
president of the republic and the gov
ernment of the republic," it ran, "begs
your excellency to tell Af. Casimir-Per
ier that it is proved the German em
bassy was never implicated in the
Dreyfus affair. His majesty hopes the
government of the republic will not
hesitate to declare so. "Without a for
mal declaration the lege.id which here
continues to spread regarding the Ger
man embassy would compromise the
position of the representative of Gcr
many."
The communication is signed "llo
henlohe."
oioxrcsis OF THK CASE:.
IIOIT «L«e Web to Catch Capt. Drej ftm
Wan Woven.
Gen. Mercier was minister of war
when the French spy at the German
embassy brought to the secret service
of the French army the fragments of
the bordereau. The report was re
ceived by Col. Paty de Clam, head of
the secret service. He was a violent
Jew-hater. He appealed to Bertillon,
and the man who invented the Bertillon
system for measuring and identifying
criminals, following l'aty's suggestion
—who in turn reflected Gen. Mercier's
antipathy to the Jews —said it looked
like Dreyfus' handwriting. It was re
ported. Mercier ordered that Dreyfus
be arrested. Paty de Clam tried to
prepare the ease against him. it was
not strong enough to suit Mercier, and
the minister of war secured a pleader
whose skill was as great as l'aty's in
famy. The anti-Semitic party and
i press had doubts of Mercier, and caught
at tlie first hint of Dreyfus' denial to
charge the minister with trying to
smother the case because Dreyfus was
a Jew. That added fuel to his flame,
and Mereier became the most rabid,
foe of the imperiled captain. The press
rewarded him by declaring him the
paragon of patriots. Yet he knew he
could not crush Dreyfus with the ma
terial at hand, and lie must act at once.
He rose at the first court-martial—
minister of war in the republic's cabi
net —and said: "Gentlemen, there is
something more. I shall read you one
sentence l'rom a letter in cipher that
some months ago came into possession
of the ministry. You will comprehend
its source, although 1 am not permit
ted to present its context: 'Decidedly
this scoundrel of a Dreyfus is becom
ing too exacting.' " lie had wholly,
deliberately changed the sentence, for
the paper from which he read <1 id not
contain the name of Dreyfus, but the
initial "D." only. Oil this bit of ir
regularly submitted, boldly perjured
EMILE ZOLA.
(The Man Who Compelled the Government to
Hear Dreyfus.)
bit of evidence the judges based a de
cision they had already formulated.
Furthermore, that scrap of paper in
Gen. Mereier's trembling hand was in
not even the remotest manner con
nected with the alleged selling of
French army secrets (o the Germans.
It was a fragment from some inter
cepted correspondence, passing be
tween attaches of different embassies,
and related to matters even more in
famous, more unspeakable, than any
treason of which Dreyfus was accused.
But (Jen. Mereier's best efforts could
not keep the truth buried, nor could
his subserviency to the rabble and the
rank alike secure him in his seat as
minister of war. He has been warned
to leave France, but has chosen to *—
main, at lensr for the present.
3