HERIU SANA SANCTA.
I
The Creation of the Justly Celebrat
ed Havana Cigar.
Somi'thlnK About America 1 * Acqui*!-
tton in the Vuelta %linjo—Oh*er
\at lons on tlie Tobacco
Culture of Culia.
fSpeeial Kingston (Jamaica) Letter.]
DID the late war with Spain have
no other result than the open
ing of the great Havana cigar
industry to American enterprise, this
should alone prove ample compensa
tion for the financial sacrifices involved.
Hut it so happens that it is only one in
a long procession of advantages to ac
crue from American control of Cuba,
and for that reason its individual sig
nificance is apt to be obscured. A
brief descriptive sketch of the industry
may therefore be found of timely in
terest —the more so, if based, as is the
following, on exact information derived
from experts.
Tobacco grows all over Cuba, as also
in Borneo, Jamaica, Java and other
quarters of the globe. Hut in onlv one
rpot in all the world does the genuine
leaf grow from which the famous "Ha
vana" cigar can be made. This s]>ot is
the Vuelta Abajo, or the province of
l'inar del Rio, west of Havana. Even
the aboriginal inhabitants recognized
this superiority, and long before the
close of the sixteenth century the Con
qilistadores of Velasquez had estab
lished the tobacco industry which has
latterly gained such magnitude. Hut
it was not until the middle of the
eighteenth century that the govern
ment established a roy<il factory, and
the systematic development of the
A'uelta Abajo was commenced; and yet
another half cOnt ury elapsed before the
removal of the government monopoly
gave a real.lmpetus to the industry.
Development then became rapid despite
SCENE IN A HAVANA CIGAR FACTORY.
the handicap of characteristic Spanish
yestrictions, until in 1890 the Yuelta
crop valued $30,000,000.
'flie general character of tobacco soil
is arenaceous and the temperature
moist; the chemical secret of Yuelta
Aba jo is, however, one of the unsolved
mysteries of nat ure. "It is so because it
is so." The technique of cultivation re
quires the "vega" (or farm) to comprise
but one "caballeria" of 33 acres; but of
late years economical concentration lins
been adopted by combining two or more
plantations. ISananas are grown for
the double purpose of screening the
young plants and feeding the workers,
this fruit being their chief sustenance.
Each vega must have its own establish
ment, no system of cooperative central
ization being practicable, as in sugar I
cultivation. The hands are mostly poor j
whites and mulattoee, who can engage
In this form of manual labor in that
tropical land because most of the work
is done in the cool hours or under shel
ter, and at night.
Apart from the secret of the soil,
which in beyond human cognizance and
112
A TOBACCO CARAVAN.
control, the most important "mystery"
in the cultivation of Havana tobacco
is the ■cguero's art —or rather instinc
tive knack- how to regulate during the
growth of each plant the exact quanti
ty and quality of its ultimate product,
it is claimed to be a hereditary gift that
no acquired skill can rival; and the ex
perience of foreigners has invariably
corroborated the claim. A certain in
telligent :md moneyed American spent
20 years in endeavoring to acquire the
art; and when the insurrection ruined
and drove him out he was no nearer the
goal, but still depended on native em
ployes. It appears to be an extraordi
nary development of the faculties of
feeling as though the fingers possessed
.tome Miporphysical delicacy. Hi it
what it may, the practical result ap
plies tr> the limitation of buds which
regulates the height of the plant and
the trimming necessary to produce just
precisely such and such quality as well
lis quantity of leaves uniformly oil tk*
vega.
This is the basis of the arbitrary
qualities* of tobacco of which one hear#
so much rind can ascertain so little
about, although it is of course In the
cigar factory that the distinction is de
veloped to its ultimate conclusion. Hut
the veguero encounters other and far
more ordinarily appreciable cares in
the maturing' of his crop. His is no
ideal existence, but one of incessant
toil and warfare with inimical powers,
the most notable of which are the in
sect posts that threaten his work at
every stage.
All trials and chances of cultivation
overcome —of which we have here but
a suggestive outline —the raw product
is divided into four great classes, each
having its subdivisions. These classes
of tobacco are the "deseeho linipio," the
choicest, leaves from the top of the
plant; the "deseohito," or second
stratum of leaves; the "libra," the
small, inferior leaves from the top, and
the "injuriudo," or leaves from the
ground layers. The manufacturers of
il l' richest luces <lo not handle their
delicate fabrics with more gentle care
than does the veguero his "deseclio"
and "desecliito" when making them up
into "gavillas" for shipment to the Ha
vana factories. There is an unvarying
uniformity in the making up of the
"tereios," or bales, for shipment, which
is itself no unimportant branch of the
business, and when finally neatly cased
up in palm leaves the bales weigh from
100 to 125 pounds and are conveyed to
the factories by mule caravans.
So much for the simon pure raw ma
terial. Let us now consider the proc
ess of converting it into our familiar
friend, the incomparable "Havana."
All told, the "fabrieas" of Havana ex
ceed 200 in number, many of which
make an average annual output of from
15,000,000 to 30,000.000 cigars, while the
less pretentious grade off to modest
hundreds of thousands. As this ap
plies only to the bona fide "Havanas"
of commerce, the reader may form some
idea of the magnitude of tshe Cuba to
bacco industry as a whole.
Taking any average good factory for
our observations, we see the bale con
taining our specimen cigar opened in
a room on the ground floor, the arrange
ment of which as to light, temperature,
etc., is carefully adjusted on aell-de
fined principles. And here the leaves
are separated and sorted with a rapidi
ty little calculated to indicate the con
summate skill really employed. In
the moistening-room, whither they are
next taken, they are carefully layered
in lurge wooden vats containing a solu
tion of saltpeter, where they remain
some hours. The next stage is the press
ing process, which has been reduced to
n fine art only equal to thatof unfolding
the leaf again and detaching the stem
—which is the succeeding operation.
The unfolded and destemmsd leaves
are now finally separated according to
classes into "capns" and "tripas" (the
wrappers and fillings for cigars), which
is done by workmen seated at large ta
bles down the middle of an immense
room, and under the eye of experts
called "escojedores," one of whom pre
sides at each table. Around the sides
of this room are ranged numerous small
tables, which are occupied by the cigar
makers proper, or the "torcedores."
These take caps and fillings by the
liandfuls as needed from the large cen
tral tables, and with a celerity that is
astonishing to the uninitiated specta-.
tor seem to conjure finished cigars out
of the litter of coffee-colored strips and
rags before them.
It is really quite difficult to follow
this process. Our torcedor spreads a
strip of "eapa" before him and flashes
a gleaming knife about it. The eye—
ours, at least —cannot follow the move
ment, but almost instantly, with no oth
er measurement than that of the e3'e,
he has carved the leaf with mathemat
ical exactness. Then with equal preci
sion and swiftness he grabs the neces
sary amount of filling from the pile,
places it on the cajwi and rolls the cigar
into shape. The whole process is one
of "Hey, presto!— Your cigar, senor."
It is more than mere expert work—it
is positive jugglery, because for all his
infinite celerity his cigars never vary
a fraction in size or weight, accord
ing to the class he may be making.
Horn instinct as well as experience is
necessary for his work, which is second
only to that of the escojedor. He is not,
therefore, overpaid tit five dollars a day
any more than is the escojedor at seven,
whilst the subordinates at the large
tables earn from three to four dollars.
Our "havana" is now made —and we
will enjoy it 'ill the more for having wit
nessed its creation fi-om the green leaf
in the vega to the fingers eif the cour
teous torcedor. Hut we must notsmoke
it yet. To get the full flavor we should
allow it to mature through the sorting
re;om, where we next witness its Clas
sification. counting in and doing up
into a bundle of 2S, to be boxed under
one of 'lie numerous brands known to
the trade. , T. P. PORTER.
CAMERON COUNTY PRESS, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1898
DON RAFAEL IGLESIAS.
rrmtilcnt of Ihr Republic of f«»W
Itiea. Central America, la a
Liberal Statesman.
Renor Don Rafael Iglesias, president
of Cos*a Rica, recently on a visit to
tliis country, is a true statesman, im
bued with the modern spirit of the
most enlightened nations. No South
American state is more wisely or just
ly governed than that over which Senor
Iglesias presides. Unlike other coun
tries in Central and South America,
Costa Rica is no breeding spot for revo
lution. Its politics is pure and its prog
ress rapid and permanent. President
DON RAFAET-. IGLESIAS.
(President of the Central American Re
public of Costa Uica.)
Iglesias comes of an ancient and dis
tinguished Costa Rican family, lie ia
only 30 years of age, but his face re
veals his grave and earnest character
and clearly shows that he is possessed
of acute intelligence. He is most dem
ocratic >n manner, and his perfect sim
plicity, cordiality and courtesy make
him most popular among his country
men. The republican form of govern
ment is not a mere mask in Costa Ilica
That place is truly a free country, im
measurably in advance of its Latin
neighbors. Iglesias wants a free press
and has it. lie is opposed to monop
olies, and one of his greatest perform
ances as president was the abolition of
the tobacco and alcohol monopolies,
which had been used by the govern
ment. These industries are now flour
ishing under the stimulation of free
competition. Such is the work of the
young ruler of Costa Rica, who came
to this country to benelit his health
and to study, incidentally, the institu
tions of the United States.
JOHN H. BANKEEAD.
Alulinnin Coi>Kre>i*nien Want Illm t«
Succeed Mr. Ilalley, of Tem«,
an i'art.v Leader.
Congressman John 11. Hankhcad,
whom the democrats of Alabama have
proposed for party leadership in the
next congress in place of Mr. Bailey,
is an interesting character. The Fifty
sixth congress will be the seventh to
which he has been elected. He is pop
ular down in Alabama, but whether he
will please the silver people remains
to be seen. There are those who Bay
that Mr. Bankhead likes gold, although
\n 1896 he ran against a gold democrat
—A. S. Yandegraff—and defeated him
by nearly 0,000 votes. The Alabama
delegation say that Mr. Bant head will
get the support of the east and of a
majoriiy of the South Atlantic states.
HON. JOHN H. BANKHEAD.
(Alabama's Choice for Democratic Hous»
Leadership.)
Bankhead is a self-made man, 56 years
old, and all the education he has he
gave himself. He is a scarred veteran
of the confederate army. Since the
close of the war li* has never been out
of politics, and he has many qualities
which make him capable of being a
wise leader. He has age, large experi
ence and is master of his tongue and
his temper. He is popular in Washing
ton, and many of the old war horses of
the democracy would be pleased to see
him made the spokesman of their par
ty in the house of representatives.
nirtti nnd Dentil Records.
There are a great number of curious
niperstitions as to the time of day
when a dying person is most likely to
to draw his last breath, and the
fide, the moon and the wind have all
been supposed to have some share in
♦he matter. to the British
Medical Journal, Uaseri, who has an
alyzed 25.474 cases of death and 30,515
01 birth, where the exact time of day
was noted, finds that the maximum
number of deaths occur in the early
afternoon (two to seven p. m.), and
the minimum in the last hours before
midnight, while the maximum number
cf births occur in the early hours of
the morning and the minimum ic the
early hours of tb» afternoon. As re
gards the cause of this, he points out
that the hours of the maximum number
of deaths are precisely those when the
pulse rate and temperature are at their
highest in health, and when there la
a febrile exacerbation in illness.
AUSTRALIA AND ITS PEOPLE.
Australia contains an area of about
".000,000 square miles, or nearly that of
the United States exclusive of Alaska.
Ilefore Europeans went to Australia
the natives never in any sit uation culti
vated crops for food. They never raised
any cattle or had any domestic animal
except the dog.
One of the most notable character
istics of the Australian continent is its
scarcity of riversand fresh-water lakes.
The entire central part of the continent
is a plain. so destitute of water courses
as to be almost a desert.
The aborigines of Australia form a
distinct race from that inhabiting the
most of fhe islands of the Indian archi
pelago. They are found only in Aus
tralia, New Guinea, the New Hebrides,
New Caledonia and the Solomon islands.
Many attempts have been made to
civilize the Australian natives, but with
little success. They readily adopt the
European dross, but have a great aver
sion to any regirlar labor, and even the
youth are but slightly susceptible to in
struction.
Australia was first visited during the
seventeenth century, and i.ll the latter
half of the eighteenth century was ex
plored along the coast, while in 1788
colonization began by the transporta
tion of a shipload of criminals from
England to Port Jackson.
The color of the Australasian is
brown-black rather than jet. his lips
are not so protuberant as those of the
African negro, nor is his nose so flat,
and his hair is black and curly, but not
woolly. lie is less muscular than the
African, but is capable of great endur
ance.
The Australasians never had bows
and arrows, but were expert in the use
of fhe spear, and one of their peculiar
weapons was the boomerang, a curved
blade of wood, which when thrown
sweeps from the direct course, some
times returning so as to hit an object
behind the thrower.
GOLDEN FACTS.
The world coined 2 J / X times as much
gold in 1897 as in 1800.
The world will produce in 1898 com
plete more gold l than it produced goid
and silver both in 1888.
The world produced 14 per cent, more
gold in 1897, the latest full year re
ported. than in 1890.
The gold coinage of the world in 1897
was the largest recorded, amounting in
value to $137,719,342. against $195,899,-
517 in 189G; excluding recoinage. this
amount was approximately a net ad
dition of $291,097,148 to the stock of
go'd coin.
The deposits of gold bullion at the
mints and assay offices of the United
during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1898, were the largest in the
history of this country. Exclusive of
redeposits, they were of the value of
$147,093,194.83, against $87,003,337.71 in
the previous year.
On July 1. 189S, the Russian treasury
held over $70,000,000 of United States
gold coin, $50,000,000 worth of English
sovereigns, $27,000,000 worth of Ger
man gold coins, and $15,000,000 in
francs, besides the coins she may have
previously melted and a great stock of
bars.
The world's production of gold in the
last five years, according to the annual
estimates of the bureau of the mint, has
amounted to $977,632,100. The indus
trial consumption has been about $300,-
000,000. Stocks of gold in sight in Eu
ropean banks from December, 1893. to
December, 1597, increased $525,811,000.
or about 43 per cent.
AND TIE.
The London & Northwestern Railway
company- issue yearly 50 tons of rail
way tickets.
Russia's railway system extends to
the length of versts a verst be
ing about two-lffirds of a mile.
Mexico has more than 7,000 miles of
railways. Thirty-eight of the railways
are subsidized by the government.
Tramway companies in Buenos
Ayres are not allowed to build any
tracks except such as can be used by
ordinary vehicles.
During the year ended September 1
one passenger was killed for every
2.250.000 carried 011 the railroads in the
United States.
Most of the railroad stations in Rus
sia are about two miles from the towns
which they respectively serve. This is
a precaution against fire, as many of
the Russian dwellings are thatched
with straw.
At three of the large London railway
stations —Charing Cross. Cannon street,
and London Bridge—more than 33,000
movements for signal and point levers
have to be made every 24 hours, quite
apart from the telegraphic operations.
The best locomotives 011 steam lines
weigh 154 pounds per h. p., but 011 an
electric traction line at Baltimore,
which was opened in 1895, the electric
traction locomotive weighed 126
pounds per h. p. These locomotives
weigh 90 tons, nnd develop 1,000 h. p.,
distributed on six independent driving
axles.
MUSICIANS AND THEIR HAIR.
Wind instruments, especially the cor
net and trombone, are fatal to heavy
heads of hair.
Certain music prevents the hair from
♦ailing, according to one scientist,
while other kinds have a disastrous ef
fect.
Composers lose their hair like ordi
nary artists, but composers who per
form their own works 011 the piano al
ways have luxurious locks.
The violoncello and harp keep the
hair in pretty well, but the flutecanno?
be depended upon. A number of
pianists, including Paderewski. are
cited by a scientist in confirmation of
I this theory.
THEIR PICTURES SELL.
William 11. Crane is a favorite, his pic
ture going off rapidly.
There is a heavy demand for photos
of Viola Allen as Glory in"The Chris
tian."
Julia Arthur's pictures have l>een
.selling well for a year and the demand
is still strong.
Of the men, John Drew and William
Faversham are mosrt popular among
picture buyers.
E. 11. Sothern's pictures-sell well, but
the demand for those of his wife, Vir
ginia Darned, has fallen ofF.
Richard Mansfield has never been very
popular with picture buyers, but as
Cyrano many of his photos are asked
for.
Madge Lessing and Edna Wallace
Hopper find their photos in demand.
Delia Fox's photos, however, are at
present a drug 011 the market.
Many people buy pictures simply be
cause they are pretty and for that rea
son the princess of Wales and the Eng
lish beauties are in constant demand
on this side of the water.
Ever since she went on the stage El
len Barrymore has been a favorite with
picture buyers. Maxine Elliott sells
weM. whether she is playing in the
town or not. She takes a very striking
picture, no matter what the pose.
For years i t has been Lillian Russell's
photograph which was the best "seller"
the shops had. Nowadays! it is Maud
Adanrs' which everybody wants to buy.
The requests arc almost all for costume
pictures rather than the mere photo
graph.
CARE OF THE HORSE.
Tt usually will pay to raise good
colts.
You cannot get a horse in good con
dition unless he has proper food and ex
ercise. ar.d it costs no more to keep a
horse in good condition than otherwise.
If your horse does not masticate his
oats, put a handful of dent corn in and
mix it through. Tie will not swallow
the corn whole and w ill then chew it all.
Horse buyers everywhere report that
good drivers are getting scarce. There
are whole sections of country where a
f:ood driving horse cannot l>e found.
Do not neglect the hour or two in
the paddock for every horse that is not.
used regularly. Pull the shoes off the
unused horses and groom them every
day.
If a horse fall on an icy road where 110
ashes or sand are at hand to roughen
the surface and enable him to rise,
spread the horse blanket where he can
get his feet on it.
Give the idle horse*; wheat bran. It
will keep them in much better condition
than to winter them upon hay alone.
It will cost 110 more. Never stuff a
horse or colt with hay.
A sole leather hoof pad has been in
vr ntied to keep horses from slipping 011
icy roads or smooth pavements, and
which als-o keeps the snow from "ball
ing" in the hollow of the foo;t, or stones
from jamming there. It is easily re
moved for cleaning or when not needed.
—Farm Journal.
SHOWN BY LOCAL RETAILERS.
Solid silver cigar sets.
Empire fans, five inches in length.
Light grenadines for ball gowns.
Ebony brushes with silver trimming.
TafFeta with a striped or floral bor
der.
Gobeli« tapestry portieres in old col
ors.
Upholsrtery remnants for cusl'f*jj
covers.
Military capes, in sizes from ten to
fifteen years.
Men's lounging coats of English plaid
cloth.
White astrakhan capes trimmed with
blue fox.
Handsome cases containing one bot
tle of perfume.
Gauffred silk, imitating puffs, .for
fronts and yokes.
Many greenish-gray and grayish
green leather articles.
Children's house slippers of red felt,
edged with fur.
Tailor-made gowns of boxcloth, with
flare collar of fur.
Fancy willow baskets of various sizes,
lined with quilted satin.
Colored canvas pillow, worked in
cross-stitch, with heavy silk, and edged
with ruffles of ribbon.
Photo frames, with the pennant and
cry of different colleges printed or em
broidered upon the sides, and the affair
framed in gilt.—Dry Goods Economist.
ITEMS FOR THE CHURCH-GOER.
Arizona has 16 Methodist Episcopal
churches.
Chicago, with 1,950,000 people, has
648 churches..
The centenary of Welsh Methodism
w ill be celebrated in 1900.
The queen of Holland is a Presbyte
rian and worships in the new church of
Amsterdam.
The 29.000 German Baptists of the
United States gave Vast year $62,000
to missions.
Baiiington Booth says that on Man
hattan island there are 500,000 young
men who do not. enter a church.
It is stated that in the last eight years
the number of Protestant converts in
China has more than doubled.
The roll of the Students' Missionary
union comprises 6,000 names, 1,000 of
whom have gone to foreign fields.
There are 1,4.30 Young Men's Chris
tian associations in the German empire,
with a total membership of 85,000.
A Homo Missionary society has been
organized among the Japanese Meth
odists. under the auspices of the Cana
dian Japan conference.
Baltimore clergymen interviewed by
the Sun of that city generally agTeed
that the length of a sermon should be
from 20 to 30 minutes.
PET DOGS OF ACTRESSES.
Julia Marlowe has a liositon terrier.
Olga Ncthersole culls her brindle pu£
Caniille.
Julia Arthur owns a spaniel of the
ruby species.
Maude Adams has a collie aptly named
the Little Minister.
Maria Dressier hasi a terrier wliic'i
she calls Paddy Gleason.
Melba has with her this year a beauti
ful Pomeranian dog, which carries the
awful name of Niebelungen Lied.
Fanny Davenport had two beauties.
Scout and Frisco, deerliounds. given IK i
by the earl of Dunraven.
Mrs. I.angtry's French poodles ar»
world-famous. She sometimes brings
one on the stage with her.
Lillian liussell possesses several ex
pensive Japanese dogs, but her special
pet is a big St. Bernard.
Jessie Bartlett Davis has some fine
fox terriers at her Willowdale kennels.
Two of them, Boots and Saddles, have
won many prizes.
Edna Wallace Hopper owns a tin*
French bulldog which cost $1,200. it
was given her and was a prize winnej
at the last New York dog show.
Vernona Jarbeau's black and tar:.
Trix, weighs but 15 ounces when togged
out in collar, blanket and boots. IJ«
is the smallest of his kind. lie is n
brave dog, however, and is decorated
with a medal given by the Humane so
ciety because he once saved his own
er's life when a hotel was on lire by
waking her with his sharp barks.
May Irwin lovesdogs and owns many,
among them Dick, a fox terrier, with ;;
pedigree a yard long; Czar, a St. Ber
nard, worth $1,500, with plumy ta J !
like a feather boa; Jones, a terrici
which has been stolen more times than
any other dog in the country. Up t«
date his owner has paid out over slo€
in rewards for his return.
FOREIGN ITEMS OF INTEREST.
In Berlin sheet music is sold by
weight.
London has 1,380 miles of streets;
Paris 000.
The very finest brand of Havana ciga?
fetches $1,500 a thousand in Paris.
Ghent, in Belgium, is built on 2G is
lands, which are connected by SO
bridges.
The number of Belgian breweries in
creased from 2,977 in 189G to 3,057 in
1807.
A large orphan asylum in St. Peters
burg is supported by the tax on playing
cards.
In certain Parisian restaurants a shil
ling is charged for the use of the table
cloth.
There are in the German empire
about 490,000 persons belonging to
other countries.
As many as 111,000.000 bottles of
champagne are stored in the vaults of
French producers. They represent a
cost price of $50,000,000.
In Spain Hebrews are not permitted'
to erect and maintain houses of wor
ship. They have no civil rights, and ex
ist in the kingdom only as aliens.
AN UNASSORTED LOT.
Paris* contains 10,000 individuals who
live by begging.
It costs a littlo more than SIOO,OOO a
year to cara for the capitol building at
Washington.
Of the 17,000.000,000 letters forwarded!
annually in civilized countries, th<i
United States contributes 5,000,000,000.
What is called tortoise shell is not
the bony covering or shield of tin
turtle, but only the scales which
cover it.
More men have died and are buried
in the Isthmus of Panama along the
line of the proposed canal than on any
equal amount of territory in the
world.
It 19 asserted that David's tomb cr«
Mount Zion, which is a Mohammedan
shrine of the most sacred character,
and to which Emperor William was re
cently admitted by the sultan's express
order, had never been seen by a Chris
tian since 1187.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
It is stated that there are more th
40,000 mud 1 cabins in Ireland which co»
tain only a single room.
More than 80 per cent, of the ships of
the world are built in the British isdes.
Tame snakes are used in Morocco to
clear houses of rats and mice.
The tensile strength of a wet is
only one-third the strength of the rope
when dry, while a rope saturated with)
grease or soap is weaker still.
The hair and beard of a man rarely
grow gray together, the ene being al
most invariably darker than the other
for several years. There is no rule as
to which changes first.
Boiled cabbage is claimed to be u
eure for drunkenness. It is< recorded
that the ancient Egyptians ate boileii
cabbage before their other food if they
intended to drink wine after dinner.
ARE USEFUL AND PRETTY.
fiun metal chain purses have ap
peared and are very attractive.
A sword hilt within a horseshoe set
with diamonds is a very pretty scarf
pin.
Among the many useful articles for
presents is a tape measure of silver or
gold set with amethysts-.
A miniature sword is used as a pa
per cutter. It has a steel blade and
the handle is ornamented with gems.
A hand mirror with a silver handle
has a prettily pa'nted lake scene undeT
the glass, giving the effect of nature's
mirror.
Some very pretty articles of jewelry
for admirers of horses are shown. Pins
formed to represent articles employed
in riding and 1 driving are numerous.
The greatest demand is for match safes
enameled with the heads of thoroi'ijh
breds.-—Jewelers' Weekly.