USE OF FARM ENGINES
florli flte Almhrrf and (ImaaHm Tjit
'The detrrmlnatlon of the position
of ttw nlcnliol englna today Involve
a forompt of the future, and should it
ha shown to lio able to compote no
tt must lnvltabtjr roach a stroiirf
and inoro Important tndtintrlnl por,l
tlnn n time rocs on. Tills In (hp
fact Mint him led Rovernmrnts to take
up the qiicrtlon, rn.l among them tin-
United Ktntrs Is the mteft. Kxpln-J
hip etiBlnoH operatlnfs on rrurte oil
will nverase al'Oiit 2".000 lint. unit
per brake homepower hour, whlr-h !
equivalent to about 10 per rent, tlu-r
real efficiency; engines using KRHolInn
should operate at a thermal efficient
of a'lout 19 per cent, under similar
operating condltons.
The cfllclenr-y of an Alcohol engine
may bo assumed at this tlmo to be
unknown, hut as alcohol can be burn
d In engines doslgned for gasoline,
K may be assumed that such an en
Cine will have with alcohol fuel the
same thermal efficiency as with go
ollne.
The first serious attempt to exam
Ine into tho possibility of alcohol at
a fuel In competition with petroleum
seems to have been made In 1894 !n
I,lp1fc, Germany, by Professor Hart
man. Tho engine used was built to
operate on kerosene, and need 4 26
grams of kerosene per hour per bra lea
horsepower, which Is equivalent to
0.935 pounds, or 1.1 pints, approi
lmately. This indicates for kerosen
a thermal efficiency of 13.6 per cent
When operating on alcohol the en
gine used about twice as much, or
839 (trains, which with this kind ol
alcohol was equivalent to a thermal
efficiency of 12.2 per cent., or a little?
less than with kerosene. The oxper!
meut would seem to Indicate thai,
compared with keroseno, alcohol, ks
a fuel, offered very little chance for
successful competition. In spite of
this, investigations were continued
and tho results of this developnim
may be summed tip by stating that
the thermal eJcler.cy has been raised
to something over thirty per cent.
quite a remarkable showing, In com
parison with tho original figure. T!i!;
lndlcatcs that with a motor specially
conrtnirted for alcohol, tho price p.-t
gallon mlt;ht be twice as much as fo:
the L.tter as for petroleum, and stir
produco power for less money, as
suming all other conditions, such as
cost of attendance, lubrication, etc
bollix tho name.
Tho Offlco of Experiment Stations!
of this Department, in connection
with Its Irrigation and Drainage In
ventilations, has tested a number of
different types of gasoline engines
with alcohol and obtained figures
which show the comparative con
sumption of gasoline and alcohol In
the same engine. The first tests
were made without any particular at
tempt at obtaining the best adjust
ment of the engine for each fuel, and
rhowed a consumption of jilcohol two
er three tlnies as great by weight per
norsepower hour as was necessary
with gasoline or kerosene. These
figures indicate the necessity or de
srabillty of determining the proper
condltons of adjustment, because
these were found to have a serous In
fluence on the amount of fuel con
sumed. With care In adjusting the
tngine so as to secure tbo most eco
nomical ubo of the alcohol, It was
found that, under like conditions, a
FIO. 1, SPECIAL VAPORIZER,
mall engine consumed 1.23 pounds
O' alcohol to 0.69 pound of gasoline
per brake horsepower hour that Is.
lth the best adjustment of the en
gine for each fuel there was required
1.8 times as much alcohol by weight
as prasoline per brake boraepower
hour. It was also shown In making
this adjustment that It was possible
State of Ohio, City of Toledo, )
Lucas County. ,
Frank J. Cheuey makes oath
that he is senior partner of the firm
of F. J. Cheney & Co., doing busi
ness in the City of Toledo, County
and, State aforesaid, and that said
firm will pay the sura of ONE
HUNDRED DOLLARS for each
and every case of Catarrh that can
not be cured by the use of Hall's
Catarrh Cure. Frank J. Cheney.
Sworn to before me and subscrib
ed in my presence, this 6th day of
December, A. D. 1886.
(Seal.) a. W. Gleason,
Notary Public.
Hall's Catarrh Cure is taken in
ternally, aud acts directly on the
blood and raucous surfaces of the
system. Send for testimonials free.
Address F. J. CHENEY & CO.,
Toledo, O.
Sold by all Druggists, 75c.
Take Hall's Family Pills for constipation.
Gir!:-t? rA Scott's Emulsion are
linked !oj;r:tjtr.
Tbn girl who takes Scoffs Emul
sion haa plenty of rich, red blood; hc is
plump, active and energetic
The reason is that at a period when a girfs
digestion is weak, Scott's Emulsion
provides her with powerful nourishment in
easily digested form.
to
It is a food that builds and keeps up a
girl's strength.
CJt "nwuuiOlOl
At nnnnMefi.
10 uurn more man twtcu ! ai"iuuTir T7
cohol as atatod by Improper adjust
ments, and still have the engine
working In an apparently satisfactory
way. The range of excess gasoline
which might be burned without Inter
fering serlonsJy with the working of
the engine was not so great, being n
little less than twloe as much as the
minimum.
There la on the American market
a claea of engines having a vaporiser
which forms part of the cylinder head
and -.rhich Is heated by the explosions
taking place inside the exploding
chamber. One of these Is shown In
Fig. 1. On the figure, A is the vap
orizer proper. Under It is seen a
lamp (B), the burner an dvaporlzer
being surrounded by a casing (D).
This vaporizer la f3olteJ to the cylin
der heed (E), and contains on its in
ner head a Hp projecting into the ex
ploding chamber. A little pump In
jects a small stream of oil at every
stroke and drops it on this lip from
th0 pipe (F). This Hp is very hot
from previous explosions and from
the lamp, which la turned oft when
the engine begins work. The com
pression stroke forces the air In tho
cylinder over tho lip and through tht
neck Into the vaporizer bulb, thu8
mixing moro or less completely the
vapor which forms on the Hp with
tho air that Is forced over the lip ln'.o
the bulb. Such hot-bulb vaporizers
a-, this will work with practically all
of tho fuels crud'i oils, gasoline,
kerosene, and alcohol with proper
adjustments of tho pump and of the
temperature of the receiving bulb.
Another vaporizer of a similar or
der, but designed especially for alco
hol, illustrated In Fig 2. is known as
the Drouhct, a French type. Ex
haust gas enters at the bottom as
shown by tho arrow and lettering on
the cut, and rises through the Iron
chamber, which Is corrugated to In
crease the surface. Alcohol Is ad
mitted near the bottom of these ribs,
and flows upward ou the sldo oppo-
HO. 2, BROUHOT TYPE.
He to that headed by the exhaust
gases. The regulating vnlve Is at
tached tcvpermlt some exhauct gases
to pass around the heating chamber
and so vary its temperature, but tho
regulation must be done by hand.
Vapor rising from the surface of tho
alcohol In the top of the chamber
meets air. which passes first through
the regulating valve Intended for the
adjustment of proportions. The cor
rugations are such as to form a screw
thread of a helix passage, and the ex
haust entering first at the bottom,
lsk- dlrrvct.lv to th too of the cham.
FOR
Neuralgia.
Sciatica.
.Rheumatism.
Backache.
Pain inchest.
Distress in
stomach.
Sleeplessness
THE COLUMBIAN,
DUO, ANU I .VU.
. .
uer and downward In tho helical
groove to the bottom, so that the top
of the helix will be the hottest part
Alcohol enters the bottom of the op
posite helix, flows upward and vap
orize somewhvrv la lis npward
course discharging Into the air cur
rent at tho hot top of tho helix as
sflperheatod alcohol vapor. This
vaporized is, thorrXoro, of tho boiling
typo, but the boiling takes place r.n
the surface cf the ajrjuld which is at
tho pressure In- the suction pipe and
tho rate of boiling is regulated by
hand by admitting more or less ex
haust gases to the vaporizing helix.
Should Mvo to 1(M) or ISO Years.
Is there a natural law which gov
erns longevity In mar. or animal?
There Is a scientific law, which retal
iates and governs the normal round
of human life. The law wns discov
ered by BnlTon, domon.strated by VI
chat and mcde an exact science by
Flourans. Whllo tho law has been
frequently assailed If has never been
overthrown, nor disturbed In It;
force. Animals Increase In tho di
rection of growth, bulk and virility:
the duration of the tlmo of growth
determines the duration of life.
Tho law may be briefly stated thus:
An animal grows aa long as the bones
pro not unlteu In their epiphysis. Tho
duration of Ufa Is five times that of
this growth. Iu nan this growth
cuds at twenty; tho bones are then
united with their epiphysis, nnd the
lormal duration of life "would bo
five times this, or ore hundred. Tho
growth of the camel ends at eight;
according to the duration of life It
should be forty. Tho growth of the
horse ends at five, and his round of
life should be twenty-five. The epi
physis of the bones of the ox ends at
four; his round of life should bo
twenty. Tho Hon, singularly enough,
has the same duration of growth,
and the same normal life as the ox.
Tho dog reaches the end of growth fet
two and the round of life Is ten; so
that It is seen that the human life
unless cut short by accident or dia
ee, ends Its round at from ninety
to one hundred years; and that,
whether a man be a negro, a Chi
nese, a European, an American, or
whether ho be savage or civilized;
Lether he be a dweller of the city,
cr In the country; that the veritable
round does not depend upon race,
climate, food, or other conditions.
Mr. Flourans, who Is perhaps tho
highest authority and who haa stud
ied tt more In scientific details. Is of
the opinion "that very man has the
powe. to fill this round. If he docs
not violate the natural law."
Vlchat makes the round of life six
times that of growth, Instead of
five times, which would make tho
round of lire In man one hundred and
twenty years. Other writers are of
the opinion that the round should be
extended to one hundred and fifty
years, notably Dr. Compton, who go
ing o,rer simitar ground, claims that
this age has been occasionally reach
ed In human life in various countries
during the last two centuries.
Ilorses Slaughtered for Food.
' Over 30.000 horses are annually
slaughtered In Paris for food. The
carcass of an average horse yields
about 369 pounds of meat.
mL 3fr Take 0me Jrl
L . ..jMJr WJ: !.- lm leaf W WIS k-e KN1
BLOOMSBUfcA P
IKAJTSMIT 8ICJ1IT APFARATI'Hk
T iMtatphote VT11I nriitg MmuiI
Tnlnta a Vtw.
In r,t;iioii tr.lnd will prohabtr ft-,
'r.:U-l ovr an annouoeeinant
i Invention of an ItiKtrum-t
'wn ss tho telautopl)-it. which 1i
tp;rntly design! to bring all re
mote parta of ttie tarth Into oUmf
tmich by rendering distant and pr
hnp ow Invls.bl oa-Jeeta to flew.
The aew nioahanlam, by electrical
aid. It is said, would erabU a N
Vif'-er telephoning his wife la Cht
fSfro, to return home to etitdy hr
expressions during th eoerat.V3.
It would make a San Franelaco arlro
fight or a Denver conret1oa some
day as visible from tbe Flatlrnn
rtutldlng as a Fifth Areae atage.
present, however, th lautc
phot will serve only aa aa attach
ment to the elophone, ana its lnrn
tor, Mr. Bldney RotharJirld. of No.
4TT Ela-hth Avenue, New fork, state
that In this eon n actio It will give
complete satisfaction.
After two years of avdaooa work,
spending hours every night at vork
on his Invention, Mr. Hothachfld. who
la n'. twenty-Mx years old, proved
hla invention a theoretical aneeeaa
He aent K to Washington, where It
was approve and patented, and he
Is now working with models, to Jem
onatrsrta tbe practicability of the de-
WtafW Dr. Art 1 ar Kora, af Moa-
chun. succeeded by the transmission
of a photocraphlc reoord, la convey
ing a distant llkeneas to view, tt
was not aa Instantaneous proceaa like
that of tbe tetaittophot.
Ir. Rothschild clalma that bis tel
ephone method of transmission l
much simpler than tho negative post
ing mothod employed by Dr. Korn.
It is founded upon the well known
truth that when selenium la struck
by light Ita electoral resistance
changes In relation to the amount of
Hjrht which shines upon It.
The Instruments employed In the
sending and receipt of the electrical
Influence are of wonderfully slniplo
workmanship.
The transmitting consists of a
selenium coated coll, upon which any
Imago may bo fo2iisaod by a camera
Irr.s through a transverse slot in a
travelling steel belt. The belt
moves perpendicularly across the
face of tho cell, which Is made up of
alternate copper and mica plates, in
sulated from each other, but con
nected along thi edges at one side
by a selenium coating. The Inten
sity of the light reflected upon the
cell will vary as the slot, travelling
across the cell, expoees the coating
to the lights nnd shades of the Im
age. The mala, cell Is controlled by what
Is called a light control selenium cell,
moving in proportion so much faster
than the main coll that every point
on the surface of the main cell Is
covered. The controlling cell tnus
trans.'orms every point of light into
an electrical Impulse and sends It
by wire to a distant recoivlng sta
tion. I At the receiving itation Is a belt.
that a pulley with horliontal alots
passing it causes points of light to
appear as one siot meets another. The
light oomes from a vacuum tube with
in Uta belt, ana It varies la accord
Ul the intensity of the electrical
current from the sending station.
B0U1 receiving and sending apparatus
W'..r synchronously bj regulated mo
tors. THa light which appears at the
slots varied at each point to tha
1 a.nvr degree with the light at the
transmitting station, throws the Ag
ora aeon at the transmitting
station through a lens upon
a groaod glaas screen. Aa the
phenomenon of continuation of vis
ion oocsra In tho moving picture, the
varying figure on tha acreea, which
appear aa lighted by a alngle flash,
present every movement of tha ob
ject discerned.
Mr. Rotchschild waa born la New
rk and waa a graduate of its pub
lic s-lioola. He early undertook the
study of electricity, building motors.
India's Valnabte Coal WMa.
India, the land of mystery, la tep
idly coming to the front la varlona
fields of Industry. The Indian em
pire possesses nd fewer than 15 coal
field , while iron Is worked on an ex
tensl i scale In no fewer than three
districts, two of which are situated 'a
tr.o immediate vicinity of Calcutta.
Nor .ire oil fields wanting; 17 more
or less Important centers are en
gaged In this Industry in the province
o.' Bengal and Assam, while tobacco
cultivation ! another valuable asset
-'t to Mnrima
1 V M- p rtr.ajp K
HUMPHREYS'
Veterinary Specifics euro diseAses
of Hnrs-ts, Cnttio, Sheep, Pngi, Hogs nnd
Poultry Vt actina, directly on tbo mo pibts
without hint) ot time.
A. A.) FrVP.Ba. rnn(rla., t ifliMMi
ouualllona, LiiDf Fitter, Milk Pe?r.
Ft. n.)rFRAIM, I.aairac., Injarlr..
ccmn I Haramall.m.
r.iaoRR THIIOAT. Qnln.r, Balaootk).
ctmia I Vt.teaper,
J2;jWORMn. Ilola. Oraba.
R R. )Ont'CH. CnU., tnfnraaa, alUra4
ovaai I Laaea, rlaaro-i'aaaaioala.
9. r.irOMf, nrllTarh. Wlaa-Blowa.
cuaaa niarraaa, Oy.rntery.
U.m. rravaaa) MiaCARatACa.
JJHaiBHET BLABMtR BIMTRDEM.
I.I. IfWIW I"R ... Mum, Erapttona.
mBBM llaara, Wraaia, Parcv,
t. R.jltAB COBITIOr, ,). Coat.
mrnm 1 laie.tloa, Hloraach Master..
Oa. aarti I Mabk) CaM. Tn Spodflnm, Book, As., $7.
AX araasti', or Dent prepaid on rwclpt of prloe.
Ramtihrej.' Hedlelna Co., Cor. William and Joha
SrvMa, New Tork.
fw ROOK HAILICD miRR.
Clock Run By Kaoium.
A radium clock, which will keep
time Indefinitely, has been constructed
by Harrison Martlndalo of England.
The principle of this apparatus is
almplictty itself, the registration ot
time being tnado In two-minute beats,
while Weaver, the operator at tn'
louisrllle Its function is to exhibit tho
dissipation of negatively-charged al
pha wi beta rays by radium.
I The clock comprises a small tube,
i In which Is placed a minute q-.iaii.ily
of radium supported by a quartz rod.
To the lower end of tho tube, which
Is colored violet by tho action of the
radium, an electroscope formed of
two long loaves or strips of silver la
attached.
A chargo of electricity In which
there are no beta rays i.i transmitted
through the activity of the radium In
to the leaves, and tho latter thereby
expand until they touch tho Hides or
tho vessel, connected to earth by
wires, which inatp.ntlv conduct tin
' electric charge, and tho leaves fail
together.
This simple operation In repented In
cessantly every two minutes until tins
radium Is exhausted, which In this
instance it is computed will occu;;
80,000 years. Scientific American.
Trees Growing In Churches.
The parish church of Rosa. Hcr--tordshlre,
possesses some slns'iUr
ecclesiastical "ornaments" in two
line elm trees flourishing one on eucii
tide of the pew where once sat tho
famous "Man of Ross," John Kytla.
iTliey are fable,! locally to have
kprung up as a token of Divine wrath
against a profane rector of Ross who
had cut down some trees which Kyrl
had planted in the churchyard.
Trees in or on churches are no,
uncommon. At Kempsey, in the ad
joining county of Worcester, a large
horse chestnut tree has grown In the
chancel from the tomb of Sir El
hiund Wylde, who dloja about 1623.
On tbe tower of Fish to ft Church near
Boston grows a lasty beech, and a
similar tree may be Been on the
tower of Culruatock In Devonshire.
Apart from Intrinsic beauty the par
ish church of Crick, In Nortnampton
Bhlre, la or waa recently remarkaole
for two trees growing out of the
tnasonry about fifty feet from the
ground. From tha London Dally
News,
Btawart's Way.
Alexander T. Stuart was the first
"merchant prtnea." To-day we have
any nnmbar of merchant princes,
avao kings and If 8tewart were alive
be would find vary lively competl.
tlon. But be had some rules that
might be copied by the merchants
who have in soma directions fol
lowed him. One ot hi rules was
this: "Mvr praise an article; ask
the customer what la dealred and If
you have It offer It without comment;
name the price; if the customer la
not pleased allow htm or her to do
part and make no comment; tha ar
ticle must stand on its own merits.
It Is the customer's privilege to buy
or to decline to buy."
na is a numan Crazy Quilt.
S. H. Tweodell, a young man of
North port. Wash., who was scalded
at the smelter several montus ago, Is
beyond danger aud rapidly recover
ing, but his body is a spectacle. Near
ly throe hundred skin patches, one to
three Inches, In length, wore grafted
on his body.
Mr. Twcedell was caught In a lime
bin and subjected to scalding steam
for twenty-five minutes. The skin
grafted on his body was given largely
by his fellow workmen and his broth
er Walter . '
If you have
Headache
Try One
They Relieve Pain
Quickly, leaving no
bad After-effects
25 Doses
25 Cents
Never Sold in Bulk
3
Columbia & Montour El. Ry.
tiwi; TAIIl.i; IN I.t-H.IT
June I 1904, nnd until uitlitr it Ice.
Corklenve Kloom for Espy , Almedin, Lime
Ridge, Berwick and intermednue points ai
lollowl;
A. M. tS:oo, 5:40,6:20, 7:00, 7:40, 8:20,
9.00,9:40, 10:20, ll:oot 11:40.
P. M. I2:2o, 1:00, 1:40, 2.20, 3.00,3:40,
4:20,5:00, 5:40, 6-JO, 7:007 7 140, 6 :20, 9:00,
(9:40; lo:2o ( 1 1 100)
Leaving depart from Ldwicl one hovi
from time as given above, commencing at
6:00 a. m.
Leave liloom (or Cataw.su A.M. 5:3'.
6:15, t7:oo, 8:00, 9:00, tio:oo, tutor,
12:00.
' P. M. I soo, T:M), 3:00, 4:00, 5:00, 6:co,
1 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 10:20, ( I l:oo)
Can returning depart from CMawUsa 20
mi'irtei-lrnm timr an given above.
Yr l car h aven Market f-fiuare'forjl'erwick
on Sundays at 7:00 a. m.J
first enrtfor Cntawinsa Sundays 7 torn:, m.
First cr from Itcrwick for Hlocm un!r,)i
leaves at 8:00 a. m .
First car leaves Catawissa Sundays at
7 30 a. m.
J From Power Hou!e.
Saturday n ih I only.
Jl'. K. K. Connect ion .J
Wm. TnnwM.nr.ru,
Sui-erinterjclcn'.
Bloomslmrg & Sullivaii
Rtsili one!.
Taking Effect Feb'y 1st, 1908, 12:05 a- m.
KOHTIIWAKP.
-'1
' A.M. IM. P.M. A.W
t t t
lilnomshurg D L A W... 9 00 2 S7 It 15 C 00
Bloomtibura P K W 2 80 a IT ...
l'appr Mill 9 it M 6 8 fi Ml
I.lKhtMrwt fit ! 6 84 (II
Oranirevllle 8 0S 50
Korku Is 8 f"i 7 08
Hiiers 1i 40 n 17 8 (,7 7 16
KMllwater .... 48 W 7 OH 7 40
bviiton S 83 ,7 13 S II
Kilsons nMM j T, ft tr 8 SO
I 'oles Creek 10 03 J. 40 Tt lil id
Laubarhs H' J 8 40
iiHs Mi-re Pntk finio j: 4T J7 "3 ....
Central 10 15 8 54 7 41 9 0s
JiinilHi.ll tltv KilS S 55 7 15 U )B
KOt'TUWAMU.
'I'l
A.M. A.M. P.M. A.M. A.at,
t t J T
JnmlPonClty.... '( 1048 4 85 700 1 1 SO
CtMllll... 553 1051 43M 7 "3 1145
OrimH V. ere Park f H fll on r. 47 m
LaubftrhR y (3 711 o 4s 1:1 it 5
Coles ( reek IH I J il I'K 4 53 Jl Ti Yi 04
FdHons H4 11100 r!5fi r7 it mu
Henton 6 1H 1U3 5 00 7 V !i89
Htlllwuter. f H21 5 0-i 7 8M 12 45
Zur.eiH fP35 fllW.i17 f7 45 l 58
Forks 8t 1133 6X1 7 49 1 00
OrariKevllle 60 H 2 6 81 8 00 ISO
LlKlit wtreet, 7 00 il 50 f S 8 10 145
l'nper Mill 7 08 11 58 5 42 8 18 1 50
mnoto. 1' ft M . . . . 7 18 IS OS 8 55 8irt 2 10
Bloom. D L ft W. 7 SO U 10 6 00 8 30 2 16
Trains No. 21 nnrt 22, mixed, eomid class,
t Dally exc- pt Hundny. t Dally i Sunday
only. fKlHghto;.. W. J. bNYDJIK, Supt
60 YEARS'
EXPERIENCE
Traoc Marks
Dcsions
Copvriohts Slc.
nrons iendlns a ketch and rtMcrlptlon mar
pklr Mcertftln onr oplnltm free wnather an
tloiifistrlatlrcn'iadeiittal. HflNtlROOX on Patent
vnt tree. Oldeot aiifmrf for sucuniif patant.
I'Atonta taken tlirouuh Munn ft to. recolva
Iftelal no(lc, wltboat elinrve. In tha
Scientific Jln.crican
A handsomely lllnstratad WMklf. T.arast elr
dilation of any nlonillla lonrnal, Tarms, J a
Tear! four months, IL Sold by all newsdealers.
MUNN &Co.86,Brwd-' New York
Braoea Offloa, 106 F 8U Waahlnston, D. C
12-10-ly
CHICHESTER'S PILLS
yjr- THE WIAUONlt RKANO. A
Idlal Aak rn, Uraaslat fat f
t'klaatark ItUmondBraadW
Take a atker. Bar af yaar V .
Vrantat. Aik foif-irwirks-TER'S'
I1AJIND HBANO PILLS, (of IIS
wts kaowa M Bart. Skfart. Alwan Rallthla
SOLO BY DRUGGISTS EVERYWHERE
uhid D a i east I
ClmniM and twantMn tne l,alr. I
Nnver Faila tn K-a-ork e-njf
'V"v;-'it1!ir 10 ,M ToiiWrui color.
im fior
"ROCUHEO AN 3 OCrCN OtO. Bd modal.
Free atlvlua, how to oUuua lurfuu. u-adu tuikat
eovrnUu.etc, iN 111 couMTHirs. t
fi Btuinest Jirrct vitk WtiiktxgtoH tavt$ tinu.h
-'
ratent and !nfrlmmst Practlas Extluilve'y.
Write or enme to ua at
SU "lata Street, ere. VuM IWe hta OAee,!
WASHINGTON. . C
I 1
71
Vr J-
ft"
?t
J ill III" - - I
lk7 7 J JJ 7 1 7 77 7 7777 1 F I 7 J J I M J I a