MTEIIIINAL CARPI. t u vmri, At ATTORNEY-AT-LAW, Offick Front Room, Over I'ostoflloc. JlLOOMSUuitU, PA. L. E. WALLER, ATTORNKY-AT-LAW, onioo over tat. National Bank. ul00mDurlfi Pa U. FUNIC, a ATTORNEY-AT-LAW. Bloomsbcro, n OXco in Xnt'a Building. J OIIN M. OLAMC, ATTORNEY-AT-LAW AND JUSTiOfi .OF THE PEACE. BLOOMBBUBO, l'A oaice oyer Moycr Bros. Drug Store. (J. I W. MILLER, ATTOItNIT-AT-LAWi oraco in Drower'B bulldtmr,sooond noor.room Mo. 1 Bloocatburf, Fa. O FRANK ZAKB, ATTORNKY-AT-LAW. Bloomsburg, Pa, o ftlco corner of centre ana Bin Stmts, clan building. Can be consulted In German. G EO. E. ELWELL -ATTORN EY-AT-L AW, BLooMBBtma, Pa. Office od First' floor, front room of Col. dmwas Unlmlng, Main street, below Ex cbftugo Hotel. pAUL E. WHIT, Attomey-at-Lavv. Office in comuBHK boildino, Room Mo. 1, Bocond uour, ' BLOOMSBURG, PA. JJ v. WHITE, ATTOKNEY-AT-LAW, B LOO M S B U R Q , PA. Office in Browera' Building, 2nd floor, may 1-tf B. KN0RR. L. I. W1NTSR8TBBH. KNOBR & WINTER8TEEN, A ttorney s-at-Law, omca la 1st National Bank building, second noor. first door to tbolert. Corner ot Main and Market street uioemsaurg, ra, HSfircnnont and BoutUitt Collected, P. BILLMEYER, (M8TJIICT ATTORNEY.) ATTORNEY-AT-LAW. tWnffiVii over Den tier's shoo stnrc llloomsburg, Pa. npr-30.80. yf. II. RHAWN. ATTORNKY-AT-LAW. Catawlsta.Fa. O Ecu, corner orjrnlrd and Main street. jypOHABL F. EYERLY, Conveyancer, Collector of (Claims. AND LEGAL ADVICE IN THK SETTLEMENT OF ESTATES, Ac. tvnfllra In T)f iil'pr'R butldlnn- with P. P. BUI nicyer, attorney.at-law, front looms, 2nd floor moomsuunr, in. itiyi-y-oo. 2. BMrrn, ATTORNKY-AT-LAW Berwick, Pa. D It. nONORAA. BOBBINS. Office and residence. West First street, Blooms- uurg, is, no.so : i " J3. McKELVY, M. D.,8urgeon and Fhy . slclan.north aide Main Btreetbolow Market D It. J. O. BUTTER, PHYSICIAN ABDKOSON, Offloe, North Market street, Bloomaburc, Fa rU. WM.. M. REBKIt, Burecon and LFhyalBlaiu Offlco comer of Bock and Market treet. EXCHANGE HOTEL, W. R. TDBBS, PROPRIETOR BI.00USBTJB.Gt, FA. OPPOSITE COORT HOUSB. Large and convenient sample rooms. Hath room, hot and cold water; and all modem conveniences. g F. HARTMAN liriU&IHTS TO! fOIXOWINO AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANIES North American of Philadelphia. Prankun, " l'enn.sylvanla, " ' York, of Pennsylvania. Banovor, olN.Y. Sueens, of London, orth Brttlatyot London. Office on Market Street, No. I, Bloomsburg. oot-tsj. 1- JIBELNBURANCE CHRISTIAN P. KNAFF, BLOOMSBCBO, FA. HOMbVOP V. T. MBKcnANW, OP NEWARK, N. J. fUNTON, K Y. pboi'lks' n. y. reading, pa. These old cohfohationb aro well seasoned by ate and mi tsktid and have never yet had a I oss settled by any court of law. Their assets are all invested In solid ssouuitiu are liable to the hazard of rial only. Leases raouiTLT and honestly adjusted and bald-aa. soon aa determined by Caim r. Kiurr, arsoiiL aoint and adjbbtxb uloouuoo, Fa. ' The people of -Columbia oonnty should patron ize the agency where losses If any are settled and pall by one of ther own citizens. PROMPTNESS. EOU1TY, PAIR PKALLNO, 17REAB BItOWN'8 INSURANCE JP AOENOY. Moyer's new bulldlnif, Main street, jnbomsburj.Fa. AsaeW jEtna Insurance Co., of narttord, Conn fT,crr3,2-jo lloyal 01 Uverpooi .'. I3,cai,ooo Laucashlre.....VTT I0,ooo,ono Vtre Association, Philadelphia ,iu,7io l'hojnli of London 208.3 London Lancashire, of England 1 ,TW,mi llartford of Hartford;.... 3'iM' tiprinsneld Fire and. Marine 2,ot.N(0 As the agencies aro direct, policies are written or the Insured without delay in the office, at Bloomsburg. Oct. S8,"M- rnTAlNWlUQHT &CO., WHOLESALE GROCERS, , PuiLADxmiu, Pa. UfAS, bVllUI'S, COFFEE, SUGAR, MOLASSES B10, 8PIOXf, BKJABB SODA, KTO., STO. N. E. Corner Second and Arch Sts. taordora will receive prompt attention. U. HOUSE, DENTIST, Bloomsboho, Columbia County, Fa All styles ot work done In a superior manner, work id without Fain by the use of Qas, and free ot charge when artificial teeth are Inserted. i m 1 .1 . . . ,11, rnl .lu.l uiuco in uarion-s oiuiainR, juuiu i below Market, Ave doors below Klclra'a urug store, urst uoor. lobe open at all houri during the da Novta-u Benton Hotel, LEMUEL DRAKE, Prop'r. Tills well-known botel has been re-opened and OQ&nr Imnmjnm.nti tnA fnr thA AnrAmmndatlon of the traveling pubuo. The bar and table are supplied with the beat the market affords. A large ana commodious stable Is connected with, toe uuuii, ivniia always reafconaniB. !nay87J LEMUEL BRAKE, Proprietor. WILLIA1VI HAKT BLOOMSBUBQ, PBNN'A, AGENT POIl THE KEYSTONE DYNAMITE POWDER CO.. tjfnufacturersof the celebrated Keystone Dyna. rnlte, This explosive Is giving universal satwao- .vu, iuuiaiions cneeriuiiy giveu. iiiuuvw- 8UBS0RIBK FOR THE COLUMBIAN, j.e.elwbu,, . J K BlTTENBENI)En,;rrofJtor. BEST MADE CLOTHING IN PHttADELPHIA, A. O.YATES & CO. LEDGES BUILDIN0, SIXTH CHESTNUT STS. kazzlKoad xx tan tabi,b TELAWARE, LACKAWANNA AND XJ WESTERN RAILROAD. BLOOMSBURG DIVISION. STATIONS. NORT1T. A. H. A. U, NORTrtCM BERLAND S 40 P M 1 35 10 10 (I IS muicruu. (j 55 Chulaskv it mi 10 25 10 29 10 30 10 53 11 00 11 07 11 15 11 22 11 25 11 3i) 11 37 11 44 11 4S 11 53 12 OS 12 16 12 20 12 25 12 30 12 37 12 41 12 45 12 50 19 55 1 03 1 11 1 19 1 25 1 30 r m e 30 Banvlllo 0 oa 6 31 e 40 B 58 I 05 7 U 1 58 2 14 2 19 1 n 2 29 Catnwlssa 6 85 6 3D 6 SO e 42 6 fiO 6 51 8 59 7 05 7 11 uupcn.. Iiloombburs Espy Lime llldgo....... Willow drove Brlarcreek.. ......, 7 20 7 27 7 31 7 35 1 42 uerwicK , Beach Haven 8 il 2 64 2 59 3 09 3 19 3 20 335 3 39 3 43 7 49 Illck's Fcrrr. 7 is 7 55 8 06 Shlckshlnny 7 so llunlock'si 7 4.1 Nantleoke 7 50 AvoKkile, 7 54 8 II 8 22 8 3S 8 3.1 8 33 8 45 j-ixtuioutn 7 59 Plymouth Junction 8 at Kingston 8 as Bennett 8 12 Maltby 8 IT Wyoming 8 23 West Iltuton s 27 8 49 8 53 3 52 3 50 4 01 8 54 9 03 9 09 9 17 Plttston 8 33 LacKnwanna 8 40 Tavlorvlllo. 8 48 Bellevue 8 51 SC11ANTON, 11 no V 25 9 SO 9 35 A H r M STATIONS. SOUTH. A M AM FM r M 8CK1NT0N 6 10 9 60 Bellevue a 15 55 2 05 214 2 21 3 23 2 34 2 39 247 3 50 2 64 2 59 3 03 3 06 3 10 3 29 3 89 3 45 3 61 3 57 4 01 4 05 4 12 4 18 4 24 4 29 4 40 4 54 6 00 6 15 r si 8 20 0 !5 0 80 0 37 6 45 0 60 6 55 0 59 7 03 7 07 7 12 7 10 7 21 7 25 7 43 7 5T 8 07 8 13 8 20 8 27 8 31 8 35 8 41 8 47 8 52 8 57 9 15 9 23 Taylorvllle 0 so 10 00 Lackawanna c in 10 on Huston 6 36 10 16 west Plttaton 6 42 10 22 Wyoming 6 17 10 27 Maltby 0 61 10 30 Bennett 0 55 10 31 Kingston 6 58 10 3S Plymouth Junction rut 1043 Plymouth 7 10 10 47 Avondale. . 7 14 10 61 Nantlcoko 7 1!) 10 53 Hunloek's 7 28 11 ra Shlckshluny 1 47 11 12 11 ick's verrr. . o 11 v-t Beach Haven, 8 01 II 28 Berwick 8 07 11 87 Bnarcreek. b la willow Grove n 15 11 43 U 63 11 69 12 05 12 10 12 15 12 30 1240 12 65 LimolUdgo. 8 20 Espy... 8 20 Bloomsburg 8 33 ltnpcrt 8 37 CatawlBsa 8 43 Danville 8 57 Chulasky. 03 Cameron 9 07 NORTnUMBBULAND 9 23 12 65 5 15 9 45 AX l'U ru V M cnnnpiotlona at Ttunert with Philadelphia & Reading Railroad for Tamanend, Tamaqua, will lamsport, bunbury. Pottsvllle, etc. At Northum berland with P. & E. Dlv. 1'. If. It. for Harrtsburg, Lock llavcn, Emporium, Warren, corry and Eric. W. P. IIALSTEAD, Gen. Man.. Scranton, Pa Pennsylvania Railroad. Philadelphia & Erie R. R. Divis ion, and Northern Oentral Railway. tTme" tabTe. In effect Way 29, 1887. Trains leave Sunbury, EASTWARD. 9.o a. m.. Sea Shore Express (dally except Hundav. for narrlsbure and Intermediate stations. arriving at rmiaaBipuin-a.!?.. m. , new iunt, u pon. m. - nn.ittmora. 8.10 d. m. : WaahlDGrton. 5.60 p. m., connecting at Philadelphia for all sea Hhore points. Through passenger coach to Philadelphia. 1.43 p. re. Day express dally- except Sunday),for Harrlsburg and Interme diate stations, arriving at Philadelphia 8.60 p. m. : New York, 9.85 p. m. ; Baltimore 6.45 p. m. i Washington, 7.45 p. m. Parlor car through to Philadelphia and passenger coaches tnrougn lOl miaaeipujiiauu Dtuuuiuro. 1,45 p. m. ltenovo Accommodation (dally for Harrlsburg and all Intermediate stations, arriv ing at Philadelphia 4.25 a. m. ; New York 7.10 a. m. Baltimore, 4.65 vm. : Washington 6.05 a. m. j sleeping car accommodations can be secured at Harrlsburg for Phllirtelphla and New York. On Sun days a through Bleeping car will be run; on this train from Wllllamap't to Philadelphia. Philadelphia passengers can remain In sleeper undisturbed untl 2.w'a. m. Erie Mall (dally oxcept Monday, for Harrlsburg and Intermediate stations, arrWlng at Philadelphia 8.85 a.m. New York, n m. Thmuirh Pullman alcenlnir cars are run on this train to Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washing, ton, and through passenger coaches to PMladel. phla and Baltimore. WESTWARD. iLicia. m. Erie Mall (dally exeent Sunday), to Erie and all Intermediate stations and Canandal tnia unit intermediate stations, ltochester. Buffa lo and Niagara Palls, with through Pullman Pal. ace cars and passenger coaches to Erie and Koch ester. , , j 9.53 piewB Jfixpress iuauy etwpb ouuuajj iv lock Haven and Intermediate stations. 12.63 p. in Niagara Express (dally except Sun- d y) tor Kane and Intermediate stations and Can. aiualgua and principal Intermediate stations, Rochester, Buffalo and Niagara Falls with through passenger coaches to Kane and Rochester and Parlor carta Wtlllamsport. 5.30 p. m. Fast Lino (dally.exccpt sundaylfor Re novo and Intermediate stations, and Elmlra. Wat. kins and Intermediate stations, with through pas senger eoachea to Renovo and Watxtns. V.2U a m. ouuuugr uitut ivt muviu miu mmiuiw ril.rn ot ntlftfi" THROUGH TRAINS FOR SUNBURY FROM THE Hnndnv rnali leaves PhlladelDhta 4.S0 a. m Harrlsburg T.40 arriving at sunbury 9.20 a. m. with through sleeping car from Philadelphia to Wll llamsport. MOWS JuprcaS IDavvn 1 hiiuudi,iiiir t.su au. ltarrinhiinr: 8.10 a. m. dally except Sunday arriving at Sunbury 9.63. a. m. Niagara Express leaves Philadelphia. 7.40 a. in. 1 uaiiimore t.su a. m. latuiy ..,u ,n.. arriving fit HunTlUrV. 12.53 D. m.. and through passenger coaches from Fhiladel. P Fast Une leaves New York 9.00 a. m. ; Phlladeji .iir ,1 nn a m. . Washlnirton. 9.60 a. m. : Baltl more. 10.45 a. m., (dally except Sunday) arriving at eoachea trom riiUMeipma ana iiauixnore. S sunbury 6.1(J a. m., wfth throusU lullman Bleeping cars trom 1'hUadeiphia. WaafilDgton una jiaiumurtJ nuu miuu,u 4auviv. Vuuaaeipma. HUNHDUV.IIAZLUTON A WII.KEHI1AIIHK II Al IiIlUA I' ai) m4 m UVANDII RAILWAY. (Dally except sunuay.) Wlixturn) mtui .va.vm . arriving at Bloom Ferry 10.4S a. m., Wllkes-barre Jl'.P-"1: ,.c..H....oK. nm - rlvlna atliioom Ferry aisij wiwes-uarre, kwriu. WlIiVC-l'U""" a--UtU V4aw uuuuu j w, ,y"' ml, at liloora Ferry 11.61 a. ra., Hunbury 18.45 p. m Express West ltavea Wllkos-barres.60 p. m.. ar. rlvine at Bloom Ferry 4.19 d. m.. Sunbury tuop.ro riving atBlooin Ferry 6:30 n mi; Sunbury, ivit p m Sunday mall leaves iSunbury ,9 f 5 a. im. arriving Sunday accomm'odatloneaves Wllkes-Barre 6:10 a m., arriving at Bloom Ferry, tuf p. m., sunbury, o2apiL il poan. j, h. wood, , OeiLManager. oen. Fasaenger Agent MAM. f l I il hi ill it t IT 11' vi;pt Iflltlif fill ' BLOOMSBURG, PA., FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER NO ONE NEED Remain A DYSPEPTIC. "I liavo been Buffering for over two years with Dyspep sia. For tho last year I could not tako a drink of cold water nor eal any meat with out vomiting it up. My lifo was a misery. I dad bad re commended Simmons Liver Regulator, of which I am now taking the Becond bottle, and tho fact ia that words cannot expiccs the relitf I feel. My appetite is very good, and I digest evtrything thoroughly. I sleep woll now, and I used to bo very restlts. I am fleshing up fast; good strong food and Simmons Liver Regulator have dooo it all. I write this in hopes of benefiting sotno ono who has suffered as I did, and would take oath to theso statements if desired." K. S. Ballou, Syracuse, Neb. SCOTT'S EMULSION OF PURE COD LITER OH Almost as Palatabloas Milk. Tho only preparation of COD LIVER OIL that can bo taken readily and tolerated for a long tun. by delicate ttomarbj. AND AS A REMEDY FPU rOSOIPTIOX, K('UOH:i.()l S AH-KCIID.IS. A.NAl.ilH, Kit A I, Ilt.Il I.I TV. ( Ill UI1S AMI TIIUOtT At'. and nil MAMINll IH.MIItm.lLS Ilk1 ClIll.llltkN It l nturrrllons In ll molt. Prescribed and endorsed by tho boat khj alclana la tho conntriea of tho world. FOR SALE BY ALL DRUGGISTS. oct-w-ly CROWN AC1JE THE BEST BURNING OIL THAT CAN BE MADE FROM PETROLEUM. It gives a brilliant light. It will not smoke thecnlmncys. It will not char tho wick. It has a high fire test. It win not explode. It Is pro-cminently a family safety OIL WE CHALLENGE COMPARISON With any other Illuminating oil made. We Stake Our Reputation, As renncrs, upon the statement that It Is THE BEST OIL IN THE WORLD. Ask your dealer for CROWN ACME. Trado for Bloomsburg and vicinity Supplied by MOYER BROS., Bloomsburg, Pa. Ber2-ly. ffl. C. SLOAN & BRO., BLOOMSBURG, PA. Manufacturoraof CARRIAGES BUGGIES, PHAETONS- SLEIGHS, PLATFORM WAGONS iC First-class work always on band. BEPAWING NEA TL Y D ONE. Price reduced to tuit the times. BLOOMSBURG PLANING MILL :o. The undersigned having put his Planing Ml on Railroad street. In nrst-ciass condition, la pre pared to do nil kinds ot work In his line. FRAMES, SASH, DOORS, BLINDS.MOU..DINGS, FLOORING, Etc. furnished at reasonable prices. All lumbornsed la well seasoned and none but Bkllled workmen are employed. ESTIMATES FOB BUILDINGS urnlshed on application. Plans and specifics ons prepared by an experienced draughtsman cn.incKs kiicg, BlooiuHburK. I'a CLOTHINGloCLOTHINa G. W. BERTSCH, THE MERCHANT TAILOR. -:o:- Gents' Furnishing Qoods, Bats & Caps OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Suits rnado to order at short notice and a fit al wa s Guaranteed or no sale. Call and examine tho largest and best selected stock of goods over shown in Columbia county. Store next door to First National UanV, MAIN STREET, Bloomsburg: Pa. ORNAMENTAL IRON FENCES OF OAST CIt WKOUGUT IKON. Suitable for Yards, Cemtery Lots and Public Grounds The f oUowlng shows the Picket Gothlo. one of the several beautiful styles of Fence manufactured by the unoersignea. For Beauty and Durability they areunsurpass ea. net up ny expenencea nanus nuu nurreuwu to give satisfaction. Prices and specimens of other do. signs sent to any addrcBS, Address g. m. aim BL00MSB0RG PA- -" - ' ' ' " - II N I II I ' 1 . THE CONSTITUTION. How, When and by Whom It Was Adopted. CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION To Bo Held in Philadelphia Sept. 15, 16 and 17. m.tory of tlio Movement Leading to the Adoption or tlio Document Portrait of Somo of tlio Men trim Had a Hand In It. Preparation nmt Who Took Part In tho Adopting Convention. Copyrighted by tho American Press Association. Our renders nre already apprised of tlio fact that It Is proposed to bold a centennial celebration of tho adoption of the constitu tion of tho United Htntes, in Philadelphia on the 15tli, 10th and 17th ot September. Not aU who know this oro fmnillnr with tho causes that led up to tho adoption of tho consti tution nnd tho history of the movement. Ono hundred years ago tliero was no United States of America. There was no nation on this continent only English, French, Spanish nnd I'oituguese colonies from Hudson's bay to tho ltio do La Plata. Tbero was In this country no president, no cabinet, no sonato and no national treasury; there was no public credit, no power to create national revenue, no authority to secure) union at homo and respect abroad. Even the piratical Barbary states sneered at tho talk of American power. Tho contribution box was passed Sunday after Sunday in New England churches for moans to ransom American Bailors in Algerian captivity. Tho last the definitive treaty of peaeo had been signed at Versailles on Sept. 8, 1 "S3, and the army had been disbanded with a mere fraction of It pay. Nono of the treaties recognized the ex istence of n now nation tho independence and sovereignty of thirteen colonios, each by name, wore separately acknowledged. Tho public securities wot o steadily declining, the worn soldier of llborty sought his desolated homo with only wounds and glory for his pay. Not because tho country was poor it was admittedly rich In resources that could soon lo converted into cash but there was no central power J tliero wcro thirteen sepa rately Independent sovereignties bound to gether only by a vague something which could not be called a charter of union, was lily defined as a confederation, and scarcely merited even the title of a league or compact. Each stato had Its own army, its own currency and banking system, Its own com mercial marine, Its own system ot ad ministration, and, above all, Its own system of customs duties, ono state tarifung against another. In short, each stato held In Itself tho complete power ot the sword and the purse, and only obeyed tho mandate of the confederation congress so far and at such time as the state chose. The adverse voto ot one state could defeat an important law. The plan was In Imitation of that of the united provinces of the Netherlands In the preceding century a very poor model In deed, and very badly Imitated. The system almost ruined tho united provinces, and was utterly unsulted to a confederation in which the area of a single stato was greater than that of the Netherlands. Thero had been three governments Colo nial, Revolutionary or Continental, and Con federated. Tho Colonial had ended In revo lution, the royal governors flying to British ships and the people seizing tho power; tho Continental began to take form in tho first congress at Philadelphia, Beptember, 1774, but could not bo called complete (if It all) till a few weeks after the Declaration of Inde pendence; and it expired peaceably in March, 1781, when tho last state (Maryland) acceded to tho Articles of Confederation, and the con gress then m session at once proceeded to act under Its new powers. The Colonial had expired In revolution and the Continental had grown slowly Into tho Confederated; and now the Confederation was dying of dry rot It only had power to "ronuest" of the states; each successive requisition was met with mora indlirerence until, on Nov. 1, 1784, Robert Morris announced that he could pay no interest on any foroigu loans and n very email fraction of tho domestic claims, and that ho saw no way of securing a revenue under the Confederation then resigned bis post as superintendent ot the finances In a tono that seemed Uko a wall of despair. INDEPENDENCE IIALL. All these years, however, tho spirit of nnlon was trowing fast Thero had been from the first a few who could "think con tinentally," as the phrase was. They saw in patriotic fancy a time when all this country should form "an empire of free republics in. dissolubly united." Most active among theso were Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Oouverneur Morris and Gen. Philip Schuy ler. Tbey had many ardent supporters; but the mass of mankind are naturally decontrall tattonlsts. The citizen stands for his neigh bors as against the next neighborhood, for bis county as against tho state; ho loves his own state, and It Is not till it becomes truly great that bis heart swells with pride at thought of his nation. The states' rights principle In our system Is one that needs little cultivation only intelligent direction. 8a tho "Strong Government Whigs," as they began to bo called, worked cautiously. Every schoolboy knows the repeated dllllculties Washington had with their sovereignties, the states; bow often be appealed for a stronger central power, bow often he had to literally beg the stato authorities to stand by him. And if the local feeling has more than onco proved too strong within the memory of living men, what must it havo been when as yet no glori ous memories clustered about the general government, when thero was but a vague promise of union, but an ideal natlonl Nevertheless, there were a few conditions which made Americans one people. Though planted In adverse Interests at Intervals stretching over 120 years, with forms of.gov ernment varying from the extreme of pro prletaryshlp to the extreme Democracy ot Connecticut and Rhode Island, representing atloost six great branches of Christianity, nnd extremely diverse social and Industrial conditions, the colonies still had many mora points ot resemblance than ot dlffarenoa. They all had the same languago and tubftta tlally the same literature; they all claimed tho liberties of Englishmen and judged case! upon the principles of the English common law; they were all planted by men who louged for a larger liberty, and wero all swayed by tho same necessities as against wild nature and the Indians, and most of all, perhaps, the native born Americans wore similarly transformed from the European type by breathing the air and seizing upon the opportunities of a new continent. Th result was apparent In this: the animosities of the Seventeenth century between Puritan and Quaker, and Yankeo and Dutchman, Protestant and Cathollo had yielded 0 rapidly that In the middle of the Eighteenth century but a trace remained; Cathollo Charles Carroll, Liberal Stephen Hopkins and Freo Thinking Puritan Franklin Joined In the publlo devotions without hesitation, and the now comer from Europe remarked with amazement that thero was already the onu American tj jx?, with local variations less than marked tho counties ot England, from Boston to Uavnunab. While tho Lincolnshlreuian still laughod at the "babble" ot the Cbrnlshman, anil both ot them regarded the Yorksulremau as an "out languldgod vurriucr," It was but barely lo- slble (and seldom tbati in tuo conuuciitaicotv grew to distinguish the accents ot the Geor gian and the. uoyopun. -if written lan gnngo was absolutely one; the most ncute crltlo cannot decide by the Internal ovldence In which colony any document of that time was produced. Tbesaiuo books were read, and often exchanged tho length ot n conti nent, and at the foot of tlio JIluO llldgo as at tho head of the Hudson wero many men like Madison and Jefferson, of powerful Intellects and of vast nnd varied reading. The Amer icans wero one far more truly than the Eng. Ush of that day and more than tho English and Scotch now ore. MOVEMENT FOR A GENERAL GOV ERNMENT. It is not possible to assign nn exact date to the movement for a genoral government It was in the air. In 1513 tho tbrco Now Eng land colonies joined In a short lived confed eracy against the Indians and the Dutch. In 16S1 a common movement against tho six nntlons of Indians united all the colonies but South Carolina. Tho attempt of James II to restrict colonial liberties led to temporary unldns, but tho British revolution of 1088 brought In William and Mary, who restored tho colonial charters. John Locke then drew up n plan for a cap tain general and ono assembly for all the colonies, but parliament refused to consider it In 18'J7 William Penn (In England) pro posod a congress of two membors from each colony, but tho ministry of that day refused it In 175-1 Bonjamln Franklin drew up a ben. franklin. very good plan of confederation, but could not get it considered. In 17C5 nine colonics wore represented in a conference at New York. Finally, on the 5th of September, 1771, thejflrst Continental congress met at Phila delphia, and thereafter the tendency toward union was irresistible till tho declaration of independence, July 4, 1770, It is not easy to define the powers of the Continental congress, they were so augmented by necessity and so supplemented by the colonial legislatures and local committees of safety, which exercised almost despotic powers. The movement for a better organ Ized government was already in progress. Tom Paine Issued his brilliant pamphlet In favor of a national government, and Alex under Hamilton warmly seconded Paine1 argument in many letters and addresses. Paine was a revolutionist, Hamilton an or ganizer; Washington followod as the mod erator. He first ventured to use the word "empire," meaning, as subsequent letters show, an "empire of republics." After tak ing command of the army he often urged th members to consider "that power and weight which ought of right to belong only to th wholo." Four years he continued to urge a stronger central power, and in March, 1779, wrote to Georgo Mason, of Virginia: "I lament the fatal policy of the states employing their ablest men at homo. How useless to put In fine order the smallest parts ot a clock unless the great spring which is to set tho whole In motion is well attended to. Let this voice call forth you, Jefferson and others to sav their country." Yet It took the congress two years to complete tho articles of confedera tion and nearly two more to get them sanc tioned by all the states, only to find them in efficient within six months after their adoption. On the 1st of Mnrch. 1781. tho delegates from Maryland subscribed the articles; on the second it was taken for granted that the new government was in force, and within the month several members complained of the want of sufficient powers. On the lth, James Madison introduced a new clause, that tho states should give congress the power to comiiel a recalcitrant stato to perform its obligations. On the Sd of May it was re ferred to a comniitteo of ono from each state; on the 20th of July they reported a substi tute, that congress might in time of war lay an embargo for sixty days nnd name receivers of publlo monoy.nfter It had been collected by state officers. On the same day Edmund Randolph presented the resolutions or tne Virginia legislature, that congress "ought to have more power." In July and August Hamilton lssued'a series of papers called "The Contlnentallst," In which he vigorously urged a more complete union, a central executive and a national revenue. But all in vain. Boon after Cornwallls surrendered, the British hastily concentrated In two or three ports, ready for embarking; overy ono went wild in expectation of an Immediate close of tho war, and the "more perfect union" was Ignored. Philip Schuyler, Alexander Hamil ton and others bad just before this persuaded the great state of New York to agree that duties should "be collected In such manner and by such officers as congress should di rect," and Virginia bud consented to a similar measure; but the other states were so slow that the opposition had time to rally, and both concessions wero re voked or Ignored. Now York, however, for the first, propostd a convention to form a new constitution. Hamilton drafted tho resolutions, his father-in-law, Schuyler, urged them vigorously, ad they passed both houses of the legislature by unanimous vote. There after they were tho platform, the store house of text and arguments for tho "Strong Gov ernment Whigs." Finally all the states tt Rhode Island consented to a national revenue from customs duties; tho negative of tue.ona state ruined tho scheme, and thus tho weary seesaw went on four years longer, till the con. federation was without cash at borne or credit abroad, and was fast sinking Into contempt. In Virginia the Issue was debated almost in eossantly for six years, Washington and Madison leading the nationalists, Richard Henry Lee contending tor separation and state sovereignty, Patrick Henry advocating only a strengthening ot tho existing confed eration. Pressure from without had kept American united during th war; a renewal at that pressure was needed to force a more perfect union, and it came exactly at the right time. When the British parliament met after the jioaco of Versailles the liberal clement pro posed a renewal of closo interpoureo with Aniorica and "tree trade on liberal princl pies." When asked what guarantees tbey could secure, they were forced to reply that they knew of no power to bind the separate colonies; a reaction set In and ceased not till Groat Britain had adopted the most stringent navigation laws and every practical method of crippling the trado ot Americans. When this was known in the states, the number of those who could "think contlnentally" In creased suddenly and rapidly. Virginia, es pecially advanced toward extreme national views. Jefferson said that his first choico woultbe m navigation laws, no distinction uoiween ports uuu tho freest possible commerce; but as Great Britain had chosen otherwise, we must have a government . that could meet her in tbo sanio spirit Rhode Island, usual, resolved that each state should do it owu retaliating; but almost every where elso thero Alexander HAMILTON, was a movement toward union. The states began measures to surrender their western lands to tho general government, and the movement progressed so rapidly that it was completed before tho constitution. Congress bad already established a mint and Federal coin, Tho Bank of North Amer ica had been set up. Settlements In the west em territory wero In rapid progress, and tho Bottlers were impatient tor exact statement OI their relations to government Already ttpain was harassing the border with un friendly legislation. Treaties with the In dians were imperative and wars probable. JtoniucKy and her neighbors were demand ing, in daily louder tones, f reo navigation ot tho Mississippi, or I On all sides foreign and domestio questions pressed the denjand for a stronger central government; yet a few states held back and tho others delayed out ot defereuce to them. Meanwhile Pitt was enforcing the British navigation acts against tuo united Htato.1 wltu the utmost severity. and tho "Strong Government Whigs" were making convert The powers pf established churches In the several state wete greatly curtailed: religious freedom liecamo ceuoral. and by local act the right of a citizeu In any state wero freely accorded to Immigrant from other states. And the clause on this subject in the constitution is the only one more cb- 9, 1887. scure, at any rate more nwkwardly worded, man tuo laws it superseded. Uommorce be tween the states was bolng bettor system atlzod. In short, the country was traveling slowly toward a sort of unity, But tlio war between debtor and creditor was raging with great severity; tho "soft money men" of many localities dreaded a general government which would abolish logal tender paper; there were riot in divers places, and Cnpt Daniel Bhay's rebellion In Massachusetts. Com. merco, finance nnd foreign affairs domanded a stronger government On March 88, 1783. commissioners from th two states of Virginia and Maryland met at Mount Vernon to form a plan for tho Joint navigation of the Potomac Georgo Mason nnd Alexander Henderson for Virginia, Dnn-lel-of-Bt-Thomas Jenifer, Thomas Stone and Samuel Chnse for Maryland, all assisted by Washington. Their special work was quickly done, so they discussed general politics, nnd ended by drawing up a plan of union for tho two states involving uniform money and taxes. Maryland promptly acceded and asked that Delaware and Pennsylvania might bo added. Virginia argued these matters till Jan. 21, 1780, thon by largo majorities In both branches lnvltod all the other states to meet her In convention at Annapolis, Md on the first Monday of the next September. Tim sixth congress was In session, and South Car olina, by Charles Pinckney, led tho move ment for n new government Ho proposed n number of amendment to the articles giving tho central government more power, but was defeated by tho extremists. Those who wanted no chango and thoso who wanted an entirely new system were alike opposed to reform. The Annapolis convention met, but throo states sont no delegates and others nr- rivod so late that tho short sitting was over before they could net The few present united in an able appeal to con. gross to order a national convention. Even this action excited violent criticism. The Nationalists were In despair, when Madison, of Virginia, raised .thorn again to hope. On his motion the general assembly unanimously resolved on a Federal convention, to meet at Philadelphia, May' 2, 1787, and draft an en tire constitution to bo presented to tho states. As soon as 'the news reached New Jersey that state, on the 23d of November, acceded and chose its delegates. Pennsylvania followed, in December, North Carolina In January nnd Delaware in February. Congress next ap proved tho measure, and then tbo states fol lowed ,ono by one an but Rhode Island, which refused to act as usual. But Mary land, distracted by a fight over paper money, did not elect till near the end ot May, and new jiampsnire was a lew days later. On tbo 14th of May, 1787. tho dav finally set, only Pennsylvania and Virginia wcro represented; but their delegates repaired to the state bouse, organized and were soon Joined by others. On the 17th came South Carolina, on the 18th New York, on the 21st Delaware, on the 23d North Carolina. On tho V5th William Churchill Houston, of Now Jersey, previously detained by lllnosfi, arrived, and so the seven states needed for n quorum wero represented from tho south, four states, with nineteen membors; from the north. three states, with ten members. On motion of Benjamin Franklin Washington was unanimously chosen president of the conven tion. On tho 23th the delegates from Massa chusetts and Maryland arrived. It was a convention of learned men. Thero were nine graduates of Princeton, four of Yale and six of other colleges; at least seven were of somo eminence in literature; one, a native of Scot land, had taught in her first universities; a very large proportion were well read lawyers, and nearly all had had long and valuable training In the state legislatures or congress. And to these men was submitted this prob lem: How shall we combine theso sovereigns into ono sovereignty! How shall wo toko just enough power from the thirteen to form government sufficient for all general con cerns, especially commerce and foreign affairs, and yet leave all other powers unim paired In each state! THE CONVENTION. Their work may be detailed historically or analyzed by themes. For many reasons tho second plan Is the better, chiefly becauso It avoids detail and makes the conclusion clearer. Four general schemes wero suggested: First The extreme Federalist or National ist plan: That tho states should be practically abolished; reduced to more deportments, and on their miiis one strong govern moot estab lished "on tho British model," added Hamil ton. Tho convention took ono good look at this plan and rejected it unanimously. It does not appear that they did more than merely listen to its Drescutatlon. Bocond Tho extreme states' rights plani That tho Confederation should be strength ened a little, so far as to havo on independent rovonuo and exercise somo control over com merce, each stato to retain its absolute sove reignty as before, vho convention con sidered this at some length and rejected It, not quite unanimously. Third The moderate Nationalist plan. Fourth The moderate states' rights plan. Out of the last two, by compromise, the convention evolved the present constitution, with the understanding that it was to bo con- sirueu accoruing to lue plain meaning ui tuo words on theso three basis principles: Mrst That the power of tho flag, the sword and the national purse (and these con stitute sovereignty) should be vested exclu sively in the national government bocond That as to these, the public prop erty, especially the land, certain general functions, and all foreign alrairs, tho peoplo of the United States should constitute ons nation. Third That just enough and no more- powers should be taken from the states to constitute a government for theso general purposes, and all other powers remain in tho states as before. James Madison came with tho outline of a constitution already formed and employed the clays ot waiting in urging its mam points upon the delegates who first arrived. Ed mund Randolph had elaborated certain prin ciples In addition to those of Madison, Wash ington had drawn up the beads ot theso con stitutions. Paterson, of New Jersey, had a plan which was merely to strengthen tbo confederation. And It was known that Con necticut was coming with still another. "The New Jersey system," said thoso who spoke first, "is federal, tho Virginia system national; in the first the powers flow trom the state governments, but in tho latter they derive authority from the people of the states." And even before the convention met, the extreme states' rights party bad sounded an alarm about the Virginia plan. ivuuam joiics, oi ."iortn uaroltna, rerused to serve, as ho understood the convention was designed to subordiuato tho states, and was replaced by Hugh WlUtaingon, an "original free soiier," who wanted slavery excluded from all new states. Patrick Henry, Thomas Nelson and Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, refusal to accept their appointments, as they would not act under the Virginia resolutions. and were replaced by men of much less note but ardent nationalists. Edmund Randolph wavered. Ills first intent was to vote for a mere strengthening of the confederation, but his personal record pointed to nationalism as his final position. Though but 33 years old. ho had liorne a very active part in the revo lution and was now governor of Virginia. To him, therefore, was intrusted tho duty of presenting the "Virginia plan" to tho conven tion, which ho did May 2fJ In a preamble and niteen resolutions. They declared for a national legislature ot two branches, with specltlo jiowers ovor national concerns; a national executive to be chosen by the legislature and eligible tor but one term; a council of revision to examine and approve the acts ot the legislature before they should go Into force; a national judici ary, substantially such as we now huve; a national reveuue to bo collected from the states by quotas, and the right ot suffrage In each state should be the basis ot enumeration for apportioning the quota; new states to be admitted on terms of equality, and each state to ue required to mm, and to be guaranteed a republican form of government. This plan contained two notable clauses. Ono provided lor representation in both branches accord ing to imputation; tha other suggested that only "free inhabitants" should bo counted for representation, We do uot find in the scanty accounts that the latter proposition uttracted much attention, but the former at onco provoked flerco opposition from the smaller states. Charles Pinckney, ot South Carolina, only 29 years old, presented awries oi resolutions very similar to those from Vir ginia, and both wore referred tu a committee ot one from each state. On the morning of tha 80th Nathaniel Gor. ham, ot Massachusetts, offered a resolution THE COLUMBIAN, VOL. XXI.NO80 COLUMBIA DEMOCRAT, VOL, LI, NO 25 that "A national government ought to be es tablished, consisting of a supremo legislative, executive nnd Judiciary." Fierce Butler, of South Carolina, now passed over from On Confcderntlonlst to tho Nationalists, saying that tho division ot powers between three de partments, tho domocratlo branch coming di rect from tho peoplo and holding the power of the purse, bad removed his objections. Bo tho Gorhnm resolution passed, Connecticut only voting in tho negative; New York di vided. Next day the first clause of the Vir ginia plan, that there should be a national legislature of two branclres, passed wlthotfl bebate, Pennsylvania alone voting In the nog. atlve. Three weeks later she withdrew her neg atlve, and the voto was made unanimous. All tho powers of tho legislature were agreed upon tho samo day. On the 1st of June lb ctfecutlvo was taken up nnd debated long and earnestly. The veto power was conferred by tho votes of eight states against Connecti cut and Maryland. The Judiciary was de bated for a week and settled nearly as we now havo It Then came the hard fight na to equality of representation; and tbo first settlement was that each stato should have at least one senator and others In some propor tion to Its population. The remaining Vir ginia resolutions were gnno through with rapidly, and In thirteen sessions the work on them was complete. But the smaller state had been deprived of eqnal representation, and their discontent soon took active form. New Jersey organized and led the oppo sition of the smaller states. Connecticut, by Roger Sherman, had already presented and vehemently urged what might be called tha moderate states' rights plan, but It was merged In the ""New Jersey plan," which Paterson presented on tho 15th of June. It provided for a legislature with a single house, aud was eenerally less national than tho "Virginia plan." The convention debated this five days, nnd by the voto of seven states rejected It In the midst of this debate Hamilton Introduced his plan for extremo centralization. It was "praised by everybody but supported by nobody," says ono member In bis memoirs. It was, In fact, a plan for an elective mon archy, with democratlo features very much such a government as that of England now Is, or would be if th monarch were elected "for life or good behavior." From tho lBtli of Juno to tho 2d of July tbo conven tion debated almost constantly on on subject the right of the states, espe cially the right to equal representa tion. Connecticut now took tho lead. PATRICK RENBV. Bnd by Roger Sher man proposed a compromise that there should be equal representation in on branch and proportional in the other. On the 2d of July five states voted for It and five against It, Georgia divided and New Hampshire was not present So the matter was referred to a committee of on from each state, and, as the conven tion was in a very hot temper over It, an adjournment ot three days after tho 3d was voted, in tho hope that rest and the celebration of the 4th would restore bar- nony. The final settlement was In favor or quality in the senate. As soon as this was dona Paterson, Bherman and Ellsworth passed over to the Nationalists, and thereafter voted for svery measure to strengthen the general gov srnmont Paterson was for tho rest of his lifo an ardent and extreme Federalist The basis of representation in the lower bouse, or democratlo branch, excited long discussions on tho slavery question; but tha lgreement on a three-fifths enumeration of the slaves was nearly unanimous. The next ton days were devoted to drawing the lino between state and national powers, and per fecting the general outlines of the constitu tion. Meanwhile the states had comploted the cession of their western lands, and con gress (the congress of the old confederation being In session contemporaneously with tho convention) had adopted the ordinance of 87, for tho government of the territory north ot the Ohio and west ot Pennsylvania, o the convention's next task was to provide for a territorial system. From tho 17th to the SOth ot July tho con vention debated the general outlines of the constitution, adopted somo restrictions on tho powers of tlio states, agreed unanimously that tho states were to retain all powers not specifically taken from them, but that it was unnecessary to so stato in tho constitution; appointed a conjmlttee of-threo from tho north and two from trie south to (orniulato the work so far done, and then adjourned to Aug. tk Tho committee of detail consisted of Gorham, Ellsworth, Wilson, Ran dolph and John Rutlcdge the last an eminent scholar of South Carolina, of great experienco in congress and state legislature, bolng chainnaif On Aug. they presented each member of tho con vention with a printed copy of their draft ot a constitution, and thence to Sept 10 it wns thoroughly discussed In detail. From the middle to tho end of August slav ery was debated with great earnestness and the compromise agreed upon, the word "slave" being carefully excluded from the constitution. Tho method of choosing tho president was long and warmly debated; the result was tho most awkward clause in the Instrument Tbo judicial system of tho United Btates was settled with littlo heat, after which it was decided that the constitu tion should bo submitted to conventions, chosen for that purposo only, in the states, and should go into operation In the adopting states as soon as they numbered nine, A committee of five was named to make tbo complete draft Madison, Hamilton, King, Johnson nnd Oouverneur Morris and the last named wrote the final copy. And now a new difficulty arose; a few members refused to sign the completed Instrument, and declared they would oppose Its Adop tion In their states. Washington, Ham ilton, Madison and Franklin labored with them most earnestly. Finally all signed it but Gesry, Mason and Randolph. So the unanimous consent of the eleven state present was sevuml on Monday, the 17th of Beptember; tbo convention adjourned, tho members dined together and then retired, says Washington, "to meditate on tho mo mentous work which bad been executed." ADOPTED BY THE STATES. But tho contest was not over. Indeed, tha bitterest fight was to come; for only friends of the new consti tution consented to serve in tho con vention, while ene mies remained at home to fight In their statos. In Massachusetts, New York and Vir ginia the uproar was terrific. The opponent savagely contended that tho new constitution mi lip bciiUYLEii. was despotic It contained no bill ot rights, it mado no pro visions to secure tho citizens against Illegal powers; thero was nothing about the right of conscience, tha freedom of the press, the trial by jury, exoesslvo balls, linos, forfeitures or opprcsslvo military establishments. Its friends replied that tho whole instrument was a bill ot rights, since he general government could exercise no powers except such as wero granted, and the states could devise as many safeguards as they chose. Nevertheless, they generally consented that these things should be provided for In amendments, though Insisting (and truly, too) that they wero needless. The first fight came on In ftio con gress still in session, which was, Indeed, asked to approve its own annihilation. Richard Henry Loo opposed'the new government be. cause it was too strong; Grayson, also of Virginia, becauso It was too weak. All the New York delegates, Melancthon Smith at their head, opposed it on the ground that New York could not afford to surrender her customs duties. Finally congress do elded to submit tbo constitution to the states without special recommendation. But Rich aril Henry Loo was Implacable. Ho and OXayson bad boen outvoted by their throo colleagues, and so Vlrgluia was recorded In cougress as tor the cpustltutlon. He now stirred up opposition in every state, scatter- ing many thousand copies of his "Letters f lorn the Foderul Farmer." Madison and Hamilton repllisl in Tho Federalist, while Washington exerted himself In Virginia against Harrison, Nelson and Patrick Henry. Tbo Vlrgluia assembly wet on the third Monday In October, and wrangled till March befors ordering a convention: and. then the date of Its iueeflng was postpoWl to Ihe first Monday in Juno (17SS), The debates ot this convention furnished a most valuable guld to the Intent of tho f rnmers and the meaning ot the constitution ; but this Is no place for de tails. Bufllco It that utter long and heated discussion, and only upon the pledgo of It supporters that the constitution should t amended, tho Virginia convoiillon ratified It on tho 25th of June, 178S, by tho narrow mar gin of eighty-nine yeas to eeventy-nlno nays. In Delaware tho legislature hastened to Bay that It "could not find languago to exprcst tho Joy of tho peoplo," and called a conven tion at once. That body, as soon a organ ized, unanimously ratified the constitution on Deo. 0, 1767. Tbo Pennsylvania convention mot Nov. 20, and after three weeks' debate, ratified tho constitution on Deo. 12 by a vote of 10 to 23. Twenty-one of tho minority elgned a protest "that tho powers vested la congress would lead to an Iron handed des potism, with unlimited control of the pun nnd sword." Now Jcrsoy's convention met Doc. 11, 1787, road tho constitution by sectoni for a week, and on the 18th ratified it unani mously. Bo the union of tho central state was complete. Georgia also ratified unani mously and without debate, Jan. 2, 1783, firing thirteen guns as tbo signing progressed. ' Connecticut, with very little opposition, rati fied Jan. 9, 1788, by a vote ot 129 to 40. Then came the great battlo royal in Massachusetts. Tho delegates In that state were olected la tho heat and fury following tho Bhay's Insur rection, and eighteen "rebels" bad seats la the convention. Tho friends of the constitu tion confessed themselves In a minority at the start, but they gained by concession and tho Maine delegates saved tho day (Malm was thon a district of Massachusetts). For three weeks the opposition offered overy ob jection that the mind ot man can concelvo religious, commercial and fiscal, tho lack of bill of rights, the want of a religious test, the matters. They then tried nil posslblo scheme! of delay; another convention wns proposed, a reforonco of the matter, back to congre&i etc Finally, when tho friends of tho con stitution hail promised all sorts of amend ments, the ratification was squeezed through, Feb. 0, 1788, by tho painfully small majority of 187 to 1C3. Boston was wild with en thusiasm for tho new government, and celebrated with exceeding great Joy. Now Hampshire had substantially tho samo fight, with variations; so tho friends of tbo constitution proposed an adjournment till June, hoping that tbo Inllucnco of other states would help them. Finally, on Juno 21, 1788, after agreeing to twelve amendments, tho ratification was carried by 57 against 40. This was the ninth stato, and so the existence of tho new Union was secured. Maryland, after a short but very spirited debate, had ratified, April 20, by C3 votes to 11. South Carolina's convention met at Charleston on the 13th of May, debated ten days, but with great calmness and courtesy, and on the 23d ratified, by a vote of 149 to 73. Tho New York convention met on Juno 17, "and do nated with much earnestness till Jul v 20," then ratified by tho closo voto of 80 nrrnlnst 27. KLnniDQE rjEimY. -with the under standing that numerous amendments wero to be adopted or another Federal convention called at oncul North Car olina's convention met July 21, and on tha 1st of August declined immediate ratification by a tie voto 181 to 184. Tho next day, however, the convention provided that congressional laws as to commerce should be In forco In the state Just as If sho had ratified. After the now government was fairly established North Carolina acceded, Nov. 21, 17b9. Rhode Island, as usual, was in opposition to the last; unrepresented In the convention and in tho first congress, sho rati fied May 29, 1700, tho last of the thirteen. J, H. Beadle. XIow the Mnrncnlbans Ilvo. Going ashore early before sunrise, our first visit was made to tho market placo to seo what Maracaibans llvo upon. A better and a cheaper market would bo bard to find. Ex cellent beef, goat, pork and fowls averaged ten cents a pound, and all varieties ot tropical fruits abounded at corresponding prices. Tied together In bunches wero great green lizards two or three feet long, wtth brown warts all over tbem and vicious black lieads of eyes. They snapped at us like dogs aa wo passed, and when teased with a stick clung to it like' bull terriers. Those wero Iguanas, whoso de licious, white flesh is eagerly eaten by all classes. It tastes like chicken, but is more delicate. Of course considerable hunger would bo needod to make them appetizing to a straqger who should recognlzo them in a a stew. Farther on an animal with head and tail like a rat, feet like an alligator and a coat of mail like an ironclad man of war was tied to a post Upon receiving a poko it rolled itself promptly into a ball, head and all being quite covered by its plates, and thus defied further attack. This was an armadillo, also a tidbit when properly stewed or roasted. Monkeys were scarce In the market; and the old school book fable of travelers making use of them to get cocoanuts from lofty trees, by shying stones up at them and dodging nuts that came down in return, enrao to mind as I watched tha antics of u few of theso poor brutes waiting their turn to bo sold. Tho fact is, monkeys aro very shy of their human cousins, and retreat from civilization with all speed. Coconnut trees do not grow wild, but require careful cultivation and constant care, being planted for profit or for orna ment near bouses; so that a monkey is almost as likely to be found upon an apple treo as on a cocoa palm. And owners of plantations would probably welcomo any stranger, whether two or four banded, w ho attempted to steal their fruit, very much in tho soma manner 03 tbey would with us. I fear that tho story of monkey usefulness Is exaggera ted, not to say mythical. Dr. W. F. Hutch inson in American Magazine. A Couplo of Stirring Scenes Ill tho earlier days of Colorado minimi camps there wero somo very stirring scenes and adventures, and the tender feet wero broken In without much ceremony sometimes. 1 remember visiting a certain camp when It was quite new, and saving a man's lifo tho very first night Ho was in tho lied next to mlno In the tent, and about midnight an order came for him to get up, as ho was wanted. He was nsked to lose no time, as he was to bo summarily tried for having shot a man. I Jumped up and declared that tho man was innocent, but I was shown tho niuzzle of a forty-two caliber and told to lia down. How ever, as there was no help for it, I said I would accompany the accused, who was nearly frightened out of his wits. We went dow n to one who was styled "tho justice," and tbo complaint was lodged that tho prisoner had shot a man. As he could say nothing in his own liehalf, I spoko for him, and stated that at the timo tho shooting w as said to have occurred tho accused was soundly sleeping. Just then a stranger appeared and announced that ho did tho shooting, and proved that it was In self defense, and tho matter was all settled. Next day we were treated to n little "fun.". A tin can was tied to an unwelcome visitor's' coat tall and ho was told to "git." He lost no time in striking a two-forty gait, and as he flow down the road the can dangling be hind him was a mark for all the rest ot tho boys to "take a crack at" More than one of them bit the can, too, and I am not sure, but that I mado It quiver mysel t. Wo thought it was very funny, and so did the ioor victim perhaps. Georgo Trumbull In Globo-Demo-crat. The Matches Which Smokers Use, ' Those small wax matches which cigar smokers use, and which are put up in fancy boxes, como from Mexico. Thero Is ono fac tory In this country, but th agent Informed mo that he had tho greatest difficulty in getting dealers to take them. Wo Import them from Mexico and yet are able to sell thcin at three boxes for a nickel, after paying heavy duty. There aro fifty in a box. You will notice what care must be taken In pro paring them. They are molded something after tho style I have seen my mother use in making caudles. Thero is a wick and tallow and a colored mixture of phosphorus to 'Ignite. The boxes are neatly constructed, consisting ot two roses held together bra piece of rubber. They contain colored pict ures on all sides. In Mexico they sell for a bait ront a box, so you see to mako a profit the manufacturers must havo very cheap labor. They have no gi eat machinery as In this country, yet their trade seems to thrive These matches are the ones commonly in uso in Mexico. After paying duty on our matches we cannot comjiete with them. They are not In general us. here, but aro favorites with smokers. U, W. KrelulnGlolKi-Democrat : i; The Old Testament In Kthlopln. It Is not generally known that In Ethiopia a people numbering utiout 200,000 havo the Old Testament In Ethiopia version ami still ad here 1'i.ridly to the Mosaio ceremnni.-s ami laws. Thev lire the rliildicn of !Im1ii-w tin. migrants nun, in tlio time of tlio great -lUper-slop, settled lu Ab.Msiniu and married IV I of that iiutlou, Detroit Free l"ivn Tho report that tlu-1 hurtle n-etl has bt-en discovered to be pml i oiUou seed for oil-produrit'g iurpj'ii ptorn Ues tho development of a i.nv dopsrt mont of ngiieultural hidusUy, Tho cultivation of a thistlo faun would be a good job for tome Jary men.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers