BY DAYIDOVER.
For the Inquirer.
The Union fs. State Sovereignty,
The present unhappy state of affairs in na
tional matters may be traced to the Calhoun
heresy of State Sovereignty. This doctrine
long opposed by both Whigs and Democrats,
has lately been generally advocated through
out the South, and Secession, with its attend
ant train of evils, is its legitimate offspring
To show that the States are not sovereign, and
that the Government of the United States has
tbe right to enforce its laws against States in
tebclliou as well as individuals, we will de
monstrate the following propositions :
1. JVo State ever exercised, sovereign powers.
Prior to the Declaration of Independence, the
Colonies were really and legally dependencies
of Great Britiau. The State governments
which they formed prior to July 4th, 1776,
were formed by the rccomincudatiou ot the Con
tinental Congress. ''The Declaration of lu
depoodenee," says Judge Story, "was the act
of the whole people of the Colonies. Tbo
act was not competent to the State govern
ments. It was the achievement of the whole
fpr the benefit of tbe whole. The people of
the united colonies made the United Colouies
free and independent States, and absolved them
from allegianee to the British crowu."
Mark : by this act the people of the colonies
as individuals and not as States, acquired tbe
sovereignty which Great Britian had previ
ously exercised over them.
In confirmation of the above views, we
quote tbo following from a speech delivered by
a distinguished statesman of South Carolioa,
in the Legislature of that State, Jan., 1788.,
respecting the propriety of oalling a conven
tion of the people to ratify tbo constitution of
the United States:
"Tbe Declaration of Independence itself
sufficiently refutes the doetrine of t\e individ
ual sovereignty of the States. In that Decla
lion the several States are not even enumera
ted : tut after reciting, in nervous language,
and with convincing arguments,our right to in
dependence, and the tyranny whiob compelled
ns to assert it, the Declaration is made in tbe
following words: 4 We, therefore, the repre
sentatives of the United States, &0., do, in the
name, &c., of the good people of tOese colonies,
solemnly publish, &0., that these United Col
onics are, and of right ought to be, free and
independent States. The seperate indepen
dence and individual sovereignty of the sever
al States were never thought of by the enlight
ened band of patriot* who framed this Decla
ration. Tbe several states are not even
mentioned by name in any part, as if it were
intended to impress the maxim on America, '
that onr freedom and independence arose FROM
our Union , and that without it, we could NEV
EE be free OR independent. Let us then con
sider all attempts to WEAKEN this union, by
maintaining that eaoh state is seperately and tn
divdiually independent,as a species of political
heresy , wbiob can never benefit us, BUT MAY
BRING ON US, the MOST SERIOUS DISTRESSES."
How propbetio is this language. And how
keenly does this voice of the patriots, grave
rebuke the degenerate sons of South Carolina!
2. The people by forming and ratifying the
Constitution of the United States, conferred
upon the general government every power of a
national character, leaving to the Stales, how
ever, the regulation of their internal police,
but, at the same time, declaring that all laws
contrary to those of the union should be null
and void.
From the Minutes of the Convention which
formed the Constitution we derive the following
facts.
The Convention proceeded to pass a series
of Resolutions expressive of what they thought
a national government ought to be. Mr. Edm.
Randolph, of Va., had offered a series of Res
olutions, upon whioh the Convention resolved
themselves into a committee of the whole.
The first resolution passed, was offered by
Mr. Butler, of S. C , and seconded by Mr.
Randolph of Va., as follows:
1. Resolved, That it is the opinion of this
committe that a national government ought
to be established , consisting of a SUPREME
legislature, judiciary, and executive,"
Mass., Penoa., Del., Va., N. C , S. C. vo
ted for it. Ct. against it.
6. Resolved , That the national legislature
ought to be empowered to enjoy the legislative
rights vested in Congress by the confederation;
and moreover to legislate in all case* to whioh
the seperate states are incompetent, or in
which the harmony of the United States msy
be interrupted by the exercise of iodivi dual
legislation, to negative all laws passed by tbe
several states, contravening, in tbe opinion
of tbe national lerislature, tbe artiolc* of
union, or any treaties subsisting under tbe au
thority of tbe union.
These resolutions, with others, were report
ed to tbe bouse by tbe committee of tbe whole.
The first resolution was passed unanimoo&ly.
The 6tb after being committed, amended, & 0.,
was changed and passed unanimously in tbe af
firmative, at follows:
Resolved, That tbe legislative acts of the
United States, made by virtue, and in pursu
ance of tbe articles of union, and all treatiea
made and ratified under the authority of the
U. S, shall be tbe supreme Jaw of tbe respec
tive slates, as far as those aots or treaties, shall
relate to tbe said states, or their citizeus or
inhabitants; and that tbe judiciaries of tbe
several states shall be bound thereby in their I
deoisioos, anything in tbe respective laws of
the individual states to the contrary notwitb
standing.
These resolutions together with 21 others in har
mony therewith, were referred to a committee
of five, viz: Mr. Hutledgc, of S. C., Mr. Randolph,
of Va., Mr. Gorham, of Mass., Judge Ellsworth, of
Ct., and Mr. Wilson, of Pa., from which the con
stitution of the 17. S. was reported.
The committee reported this as the Vlllth art.
A Weekly Paper, Devoted to Literature, Politics, the Arts, Scieuees, Agriculture, Sc., ftc —Terms: One Dollar and Fifty Cents in Advance,
of tbe Constitution, which, after some verbal
changes, was passed unanimously, as follows : It is
now Sec. 2 and S, of Art. VI.
"This Constitution, and the laws of the United
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;
and all treaties mad e, or hich shall be made un
der the authority of the United States, shall be
the supreme law of the land; and the judge in ev
ery state shall be bound thereby, anything in the
Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding."
The next section requires all state and national
officers to take the oath to support the Constitu
tion. Vide.
3- The Government thus formed was a consolodat
ed one.
J In tbo addr.ss of the convention, written by the
j men who framed tbe Constitution to tbe Continen
tal Congress we find the following language:
"It is obviously impracticable, in the federal go
vernment of these states, to secure all rights of in
dependent sovereignty, and yet provide for the in
terest aud safety of all. * Jn all our deli
berations on this subject, toe kepi steadily in our
; view that u-hich uppeured io us the greatest interest
of every true American —THE CONSOLIDATION OP THE
UNION,— in which is involved our prosperity, felicity,
scfety. perhaps OLR NATIONAL EXISTENCE."
j Those who drafted the constitution certainly
knew what it was! To multiply extracts were su
; perffiious. It differs lroru the confederation, siuce
S it acts directly on the people.
4. The government has the constitutional right and
; power to coerce, at
i The President is the chief executive officer of
I the Government. He is bound by a solemn oath
| "to execute faithfully the office of President, and
preserve, protect and defend the constitution. He
i is to take care that the laws are faithfully execut
i ed." That he may accomplish this, the whole mi
; litary and naval tbrce of the nation are at his cou
j trol. The constitutiou confeis on Congress "tne
I power to provide for calling forth the militia to
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrec
j tions, and repel invasions. In conformity with
this provision oi the constitution, 'Jongiess passed
i the following law in 1795:
"Whenever the laws of tbe United States shall
be opposed, or the execution thereof obstructed,
j in any state, by combinations too powerful to be
l suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial pro
: ceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals
by this act, it shall be lawful for the President of
J the United States to call forth the militia of such
state, or of auy other state or states, as may be
i neoessaiy to suppress such combinations, and
, cause the laws to be duly executed," &c.
I But, says the advocate of secessionist!!, when a
i State secedes it withdraws its assent to the consti
; tution, and consequently tbe laws made in pursu
ance thereof are no more in force in said State.-
We will briefly consider this objection.
Some of its advocates found this right on the
sovereignty of tbe states ; but the facts developed
in this article are an ample refutation of such a
heresy.
Others, among the number Jeff .Davis, (see Mes
sage published in the Bedford Gazette.) say that it
is one of the reserved rights of the states. ART.
10 of the itmaitdmenta to the Constitution, ssys ;
"The powers not delegate*! to the United States
by the Constitutiou, norpublished by it to the states,
are reserved to the states respectively, or to the'
people."
Ail powers of a national character are conferred
on the Geceral Government by the constitution,
and the States are prohibited from exercising the
same. See Art 1. sec 7. b sec. Id. The States
which seceded exercised the powers prohibited to
them, and set at defiance the laws of the Uuion.
They seized forts and arsenals, mints, navy yards,
levied armies, made war on the United States,
be. To permit them to do the least of these acts'
the constitution would have to be amended. This
requires a two-third vote of congress, aud a three
fourth vote of the people of the States. But no
such amendment was even so much as broached.
If the act of secession and those resulting from it
were in harmony with those of the Union, it would
be Constitutional. Butpis these acts are in direct op
position to those of tbe Union, and since "the laws
of the union are paramount," supreme, and since
the Constitution gives the President all the milita
ry force of the land to execute these laws, making
it a sworn duty for him "to take care that the laws
be faithfully executed," it is evident that the Gov
ernment has the clear Constitutional right to anni
hilate the Southern Confederacy, and to restore the
supremacy of the laws of the Union in the seceded
States, COMMON SENSE.
The Battle Near iUartinsbiirg.
GEN. PATTERSON'S OFFICIAL KE
PORT.
WASHINGTON, July 3.—The following des
patch was received at quarter after 2 o'clock
this morning:
"HOCK RIVER, )
near Mart''nsburg, July ,24. J
"To Col. E. P. I'ownsend, Asst. Adj. Gen
eral.
"Left VVilliamsport at 6 o'clock, A. M., to
day, fcr this place. V\ e drove and routed the
rebels, about 10,000 strong, with four gnus,
and now occupy bisoamp, with the loss, I re*
gret to say, of three killed and ton wounded.
[Signed] "K. PATTERSON,
"Maj. Gen Commanding."
It is said that Gen. Scott was so much grati
fied with this news that the President was
roused from his sleep to receive it. The Cabi
net met to- day with more than usual good
spirits in consequence.
The Twenty-fourth New York Regiment bus
arrived, and are temporary quartered on the
Avenue. No more are expected for the next
forty-eight hours.
A thirty pounder rifie cannoo, just mounted
here, is at the Railroad 4 st at iou labelled Cactain
Doubleday, VVilliamsport. It will soon be
forwarded.
The Killed lod Wounded.
BAGCRSTOWN, July 3.—The foilowiug is an
official list of the killed and wounded as far
as known at the skirmish of yesterday opposite
VVilliamsport.
Rilled—George Drake, of Milwaukee, at
taohed to Company A, Uapt. Bingham, of the
Wisconsin Regiment.
Ihe name of the secood man is unkaown;
but he belonged to Compony B, Capt. Mitchell,
of the same regiment.
Wounded.
James Morgan, severely, W. F. Hamakcr,
both of Company B, Eleventh Pennsylvania
Regiment, Colonel Jarrett.
Fred Huchtiug, of Company E, oolor sergeant,
of Captain Bryaut, and Fred Bonner, of Com
pany G, Eleventh Pennsylvania Regtmenf, uot
severely.
Tb.erc are others wounded that have not yet
arrived.
BEDFORD, PA., FRIDAY. JULY 12, 1861.
VV hen Benediot Arnold's treason was devel
oped, it was not thought wroog to show "the
sios of his youth" as proof that "the ohild is
father of the man." When Jadah P. Benja
min advocated theft on a large scale as U. S.
Senator from Louisiana, the author of the fol
lowing did not think it wroug to show that be
exhibited the same crime when a pupil in Yale
College. A respeotable citiaeu of New Ha
ven (or New York) gives in the JVew York
Mercury tbo following telling account of the
previous career of the head rebel—
JEFFERSON DAVIS.
There are seine facts, in the biftory of this
person, which have not yet been made known
to the American public, and which seei.n to me
to be worth communicating through the news
paper press. 1 hey are instructive, especially
at the present time, as illustrating and demon- !
stinting his character, and consequently, to j
some extent, the characters of those who, well
knowing him, seleoted him as the Neua Sahib
of the Southern Sepoy mutioy.
1 do uot think it worth while to go into the
details of bis threatened duel with Col. Bis
sell, of Illinois (siuoe deoeascd in the Hover
norabip of that State.) though a general refer
e nee to it is proper to show the undisputed
taot, that —having appeared, in public, io pro
voke and seek a mortal combat—ir private
correspondence he was availing himself of ev
ery paltry quibble to evade the impend-lag cou
sequences of bis rash repetition of the very
stale tiick of a Southerner bullying a North
erner in Congress, OD the presumption that the j
man of the North will not fight a duel, know
ing that a duelist is more infamous here than '
a oow ard is in the South.
It has beeu announced that Davis will com- j
uiand in person in the campaign now oounneuc j
ing. I hope be will. But 1 doubt whether
•Mr. Davis has the courage to expose himself
to the peouliar risks —vol of immediate death, j
but of capture— which he would not incur iu !
that position. Some of "our boys" are
"bound" to "have his carcass" alive, if it cost j
a thousand of their lives.
It he should lead the Secession army, it is I
to be hoped that his memory (or oourage) won't !
fail him, as it did at the battle of BueoaVista, i
when he omitted to give the third and essen
tial command to throw his regimeut iDto solid
square: "By the right and left of flank bat
talions—to the color— MARCH !" The ooo
sequence of this was, that his regiment were
left spread in the form of a V, to leoai.e the
charge of 4,000 Mexican cavalry, coming
down upon them in full career, on tbo slopes of
Buena Vista. The survivors of that regi
ment kuow th at nothing saved them from anni
hilation, but their loDg-praotieed, deadly mark
manship with rifles.
Perhaps it was well for Davis that Zchary
Taylor waa his father-in law, through unwiMnrt
/yso. A sterner and mors Brutus-like coin
urander uright have ordered a court-martial on
the spot, that would have condemned him to
be shot tor cowardice or other moral incompe
tency, \\ hen Davis came under the immedi
ate command of his father-in law in the Mexi
can war, Gen. Taylor refused to recognize him
in any way, except officially, as in giving or
ders, and in other matters of purely mililtary
form and duty.
A friend, to whom I read the foregoing a
short time since, gave roe the following sketch
of Davis relations to an old Mississippian, re
nowned for desperate courage :
''l happened to be tu constant communica
tion with Col. Alexander K. McClung, of Mis
sissippi, in 1849 and 1850, and had almost
daily conversations with bim iu relation to
prominent Mississippians. He said Jeff. Da
vis was not a man of true oourage—that he
wished to be regarded as a duellist, but, in
giving challenge, would always cast about a
non oombattant, and would exercise enough
prudenoe to oreep out of aocepting one from
aQ antagonist over wboun he had not a great
advantage. MvCloog said, on one occasiou :
"1 am sorry I evor fought a duel. It is
not a pleasant business; and yet I would like
to fight ono more, with one man, and that man
js Jefferson Davis, because I thiok the United
States will be better eff without him. But
he will not fight me; he is too great a coward.
In fact, he is not uow, never was, and never
will be, a brave man, in the true senso of the
word. He is a dangerous and wily politician,
loaded down with vanity and self conceit,
wishing only for his own aggrandizment, and
he cares not at what expense, or over how
many desolate households. He thinks of him
self only; and 1 should not le surprised to find
him, ooe of these days, talcing such a step i
public as will place his neck in a halter-, for
be is a bad man, and a scoundrel, and 1 have
frequently denounced bitn as suoh, before the
people of Mississippi, and the dirty poltroon
and artful villian never had tho oouraga to re
sent it."
These conversations oocurred on board the
ship Levine, B. Gardiner, Master, on our pas
sago from New Yoik to Valparaiso. MoClung
was on his way to|Bolivia,as Charge d' Affairs
from the United States.
1 affix my oauie to these statements, not
merely on the general principle that auony
mous charges are entitled to no respect or
belief, but booause 1 am particularly desirous
to furnish my proofs and authorities to tho im
mediate "parties in interest," whenever they
dare apply to me for them. Of no other per
son will .1 take any notice in this connection.
D. FRANCIS BACON, M.D.
Thirty-four companies of bona fide Kentuck
tans have been tendered to the government for
tho war. They will probably be formed into
regiments, and mustered into service.
Why is beefstake like a locomotive? Because
it is not of rnuoh aooount without it's tens
dor!
j Inaugral Address of Nr. Plerpont,
tlie Sew Governor off Loyal Virginia.
Gentlemen of the Convention:— I return to
i you ujy sincere thank* for this mark of your
confidence in placing me in the most critical
and tryiug position in which any man oould be
| placed at the present time.
This day and this event mark a period in the
history of Constitutional liberty. They mark
a period in Amerioan bistoiy. For more than
three- quarters of a century our Uoveroment
has proceeded, in all tbe States and in all tbe
Territories, upon which our fathers erected it
namely: upon the intelligence of the people,
and that in tbe people resides all power, and
that from them all power must emanate.
A uew doctrine has beeu introduced by those
who are at tbe bead of the revolution in our
Southern States—that the people are not the
source of all power. Those promulgating this
doctrine have tried to divido the people into two
classes; one they call the laboriog class, the
oibei the Capital class. They have for sever*
a! years been industriously propagating the
idea that the oapital of ihe country ought to
represent the legislation of the country, and
guide it and direct it; maintaining that it is
Oangeruus for tbe labor of tbe country to enter
into the legislation of the country. This, gen
tlemen, is the principle (bat has characterized
the revolution that has been inaugurated in the
South; they maintaining that those who are to
hive the privilege of voting ought to be of the
eduoited class, and that the legislation
ought not to be represeuted by the laboring
classes.
We iu Western Virginia, and I suppose in
tho whole of Virginia, adopted the great doe-
Irine of the fathers of the liepablio, that in
the people resides all power, and that embra
ced all people. This revolution has been in
augurated with a view of making a distinction
upou tho principles that I bave indicated. We
of western Virgiuta have not been consulted
upon that subject. Tbe large body of your
citizens in the Eastern part of tbe State have
not been consulted upon that subject.
Amerioan institutions lie near to the heart
of tho masses of the people all over this oouos i
try, from one end of it to tho other, though
not as nearly perhaps in Louisiana, ticorgia|aud
Texas as in some of the Western and North
ern States.
This idea has been covertly advanced only
in portions of Virginia. She has stood firm
by the doctrine of the fathers of the revolu
tion up to within a very short period. Its pro
j pagators have attempted to foroe it upon us by
terror aud at the point of the bayonet. We
have been driven into the position we
occupy to day by the usurpers of the South,
who have inaugurated this war upon the soil
of Virgioia and have made it the great Crimea
of the contest. We, representing the loyal
citizeos of Virginia, have been bound to as
sume the position we have assumed to-day,
for the protection of ourselves, our wives, our
children and our property. We, I repeat,
| have been driven to assume this position; and
now we are but recurring to the great funda
mental principled of our fathers, that to the
local people of a State bolonga the law making
power of that State. The loyal pcopleare
entitled to the Government and Governmental
authority of the State. And, fellow-citizens,
it is the assumption of that authority upon I
which we are now about to enter.
It will be for us by firmness aud by pru.
denoe, by wisdom, by discretion in all our acts
to inaugurate every step we take for the pur
pose of restoring law and order to thiaanoient
Common wealth; to mark well our stops, and to
implore the divine wisdom and direction of
Him that ruleth above, who has every hair of
our heads numbered, aud who sufforeth not a
sparrow to fall unnoticed to the ground, and
His guidance and discretion in enabling us to
carry out. the great work we have undertaken
here, iu humility, but with decision and deter
mination
With these remarks I thank you again for
the honor you have oonforred upon me, and
promise you that 1 will do the best I oau in
administering your wishes, and in trying to
oarry out the great odject we have been work
ing for here, and for which we cxpeot to work
for some time to come. I thank you, gentle
men. [Great applause.]
The oath was then administered by Andrew
Wilson, Esq., Justice of the Peace, and Mr.
Pierpont became de jacto the Governor of Vir
ginia
DESIRE FOR WATER.—A participator in
the fight at Great Bethel, gives the following
idea of the risk a soldier will run to obtain
water upon the battle field, — "Some of us have
had very narrow chances for life. In the
oourse of the fight several of us ran across a
road along which the cannon of the enemy were
constantly playing, in order to get water. (I
find, by the way, that on the battle field a man
will mk bis life, without hesitation, for water.)
Having got if, we were waiting to rush back
again dodging the balls in order to do so.
Our First Lieutenant sang out, "Don't so msDy
of you come at once." I, with some others,
stopped to allow the next lot to pass. They
made a rush, and when nearly across, a cannon
ball oame whizzing along and killed fout men,
mowing them dowu instantly."
ST. LOUIS, June 28.—The Cairo corrres
pondent of the Democrat says that hundreds
of MUsouriaos, from different parts of the
State, are concentrating on the Arkansas born
der, where they receive arms, furnished from
the South, and where they expeot to be joined
by troops from Arkansas, Tenuesscc, and Mis
souri, to overrun the State.
Bird's Point is now strongly guarded by
two regiments, and a battalion of flying ar
tillery, and it is fully capable of resisting any
attack from the rebels,
C&utntionnl.
EDITED BY C. W. GREENE.
tL?~All communications for this department may
be addressed to the Editor, at Bedford, Bedford
county, Pa
287. QUALIFICATIONS FOR PROFESSION
AL CERTIFIUATE.
This form of certificate exempts the holder lrom
all future examination in the branches specified,
within the county in which it is issued. It is there
fore to be granted only on the clearest proof of
personal worth, literary proficiency, and profession
al merit.
Moral Character Is the first qualification of the
Teacher; and admission to the highest rank of
the profession in the county, is not to be based
on the mere absence of open objection, in this
respect. Positive knowledge of propriety of con
duct is to be possessed, or sough t and obtained, as
a pre-requisite. In the absence of satisfactory
knowledge on this point, the certificate should be
withheld till reliable information is procured : and
in case of ascertained delinquency, the certificate
is to be refused entirely, no matter what the other
qualifications.
Scholarship, to secure this certificate, must be
full in all the branches enumerated, otherwise it
will not be sufficient to meet the probable wants of
the school in which they are to bo taught. The stn
dard is, at the least, not to tall below the following
degrees of proficiency :
In Orthography, any ordinary word of the language
is to be spelled with readiness, and the principles
and rules which govern English orthography are to
be understood.
In Reading, passages of different styles, in prose
and verse, are to be read without hesitation, in a
full voice, with correct pronunciation and due at
tention 10 the pauses, and with such command of
tone, inflection, emphasis, Ac., as to give the true
sentiment of the antbor. The general principles
and rules of elocutionary pronunciation and read
ing, are also to be understood and explained.
In Writing, a plain, clear hand is, in all cases,
indispensable; but to this should be added, if
possible, facility of execution, and beauty and
grace in the lormation ot each letter. The power
to represent rapidly and accurately, letters, dia
grams and figures of objects, on the slate and
; blackboard, is also invaluable in tbe Teacher.
In Arithmetic, questions in the Mental depart
i ment of the science, are to be comprehended and
1 re-prodnced with readiness, and solved with ac
! curacy and promptness j in the Written depart
| ment, problems in any of the ordinary rules short
of Algebra, are to be solved with facility, clear
ness and accuracy, and the principles involved
in every rule and the reason for every operation
employed, are to be explained. Book-keeping
should also bo understood,
i In Geography, the relation ol our globe to the
solar system, the causes of night and day, and of
the seasons, the general nature, facts and laws of
Descriptive and Physical geography, and the defl
nition of tbe terms used in the science, are to be
understood. A sound general knowledge of tfie
• geography of the whole world, and an accu
rate acquaintance with that of tho United States,
are also to be possessed,—without, however, exact
ing such minute details as the lecgth of tbe smaller
streams, or the population of unimportant towns.
In Grammar,— in addition to the ability ta parse
any sentence etymologically and syntactically,—
tbe nature and methods of oral Grammar, as the
beginning, and of logical Analysis, as the highest
department, of the science, should be understood.
No Teacher should receive this certificate who
habitually speaks ungrammatically; and, as a
further test ol bis knowledge of tbe language and
aptness to teach, he should be able to define er ex
plain any ordinaly word proposed to him.
OTHER BRANCHES.— The foregoing are the
branches enjoiued by tbe School law ; but tbe pro
gressive Teacher will not rest content with the
certificate of even these respectable attainments.
The County Superintendent will oflen be requested
to designate other studies proper to be pursued j
and it will be his pleasure as well as hfi duty to do
so. More than two or three, at the same time,
8 hould not be recommended but the Teacher who
will gradually add the following branches to his
previous store of knowledge, will thereby vastly in
crease his professional efficiency, and add to his
own individual enjoyment and influence :—Algebra
and Geometiy ; History and Physiology ; Natural
Philosophy and Astronomy ; Chemistry and Geol
ogy ; Mental and Moral Philosophy ; and, if possi
ble, one or more of tbe Ancient or Modern Lan
guages. It is true, that the mastery of even the
one half of this list, will require years of study ;
but it is equally true that tbe practical Teacher
has better opportunities and more for study,
than the member of any othor profession, and that
study is, with him, professional preparation.
PROFESSIONAL SKILL is theoretical and practical.
To ascertain theoretical knowledge, the candidate
should be examined on the science of Teaching,
embracing some knowledge of human mind and it£
moans of culture, and the principles that govern
the methods of teaching, school management, and
school government. This will cause a more gener
al reading of works on education than heretofore,
to the advantage of both teacher and school. But
as methods of iustructiou and government are very ■
various, and as all may be successful, practical j
skill can only be known by seeing the Teacher in i
school, and there witnessing results. A general j
knowledge of tbe science of Teaching and the tuc- ■
cessfnl practice of any of its approved methods, j
are, therefore, to be the standard of professional i
skill; and no lower qualification should be recog- j
nised in granting this certificate.
PRESENTATION OT CERTIFICATE.—When No. 1,
in all the branches has been attained, full satisfaction
in the school room given, and moral character j
found exemplary, the Professional Certificate is to I
VOL: 34, NO. 28.
be presented, and not till then. If several candi
dates thus become qualified, ins same year, it may
be proper and productive of good effects on the
other Teachers of the county, to distinguish the de
livery of the certificates with some formality. The
close of the Annual County Institute, or some
other general meeting of Teachers, would be a
proper occasion for this ceremony, when a written
thesis on some educational topic might be read
by each of the successful candidates, and an ad
dress be delivered by the Connty Superintendent,
suitable to the occasion.
Should any Treacher of the county attain a
knowledge of the additional branches above enu
merated, or even a respectable portion of tbem,
they might be encouraged to attend one of tbe
regular examinations at a State Normal School, and
thus obtain tbe State certificate, provided for ac
tual Teachers, by tbe 9th section of the Normal
School law of 1857.
BEAUREGARD'S IPROCLAMATION.
following is the text of a proclamation
to tbe people of Virginia by General Beaure*
gard:
A PROCLAMATION.
To the People of the Counties of Loudon,
Fairfax ami Prince William.
A reckless and uopriooipled tyrant has inva
ded your soil. Abraham Lincoln, regardless
of all moral, legal, and constitutional restraints,
has thrown his abolition hosts among you, who
are mnrdering and imprisontog your citizens
confiscating and destroying your property, and
committing other acts of violence ami outrage,
too shocking and revolting to humanity to be
enumerated.
All rules of civilized warfare are abaudoaed,
and they proclaim by their acts, if aot on their
banners, that their war cry is, "Beauty and
Boo'y. ' All that is dear to man—your honor
and that of your wives and daughters— your
fortunes and your lives, are involved in this
momentous contest.
la the Dame therefore, of tbe constituted
authorities of the Confederate States—in the
sacred cause of constitutional liberty and self
go vernmen l , for wbioh we are contending in
behalf of oiviiizuion itseif, I, G. T. Bemre
gard, Brigadier General of the Confederate
States, commanding at Camp Pickens, Mannas
sas Junction, do make this my proclamation
and invite and enjoin yon by every consideration
doar to tbe hearts of freemen and patriot'*; by
tbe name and memory of your revolutionary
lathers, and by tbe purity and sauctioQ of sour
domestic firesides, to rally to tbe fßmfu*d of
your State and oouotryrand by every me ins iu
your power, compatible with honorable warfare,
to drive back and expel tbe invaders from your
land.
I conjure you to bo true and loyal to your
country and her legal and constitutional author
ity, aud especially to be vigilaut of the move
ments sud acts of the e D euiy, so as to enable
you to give the earliest authentic information
at these headquarters, or to the officers under
his command.
1 desire to assure you that the utmost pro
tection in my power will be given to you all.
Signed, G. T. Beauregard.
Brigadier General Commanding.
Official—Thomas Jordan,
Aoting Assistant Aj't General.
Now, after reading the above, we arc bouad
to say, that whatever Brigadier General Beau
regard may regard, clearly he has no regard
for truth. This may appear blunt tj a "gentle
man of refined southern manners," but we
cannot help it, and would not if we coold
We aieau just what we say. The above, aa
an official document deliberately written and
published, will Jong stand on record to show
tbe else inoredulous world that a "chivalrous
gentleman and brave soldier," as this man wan
onoe oalled, when ho becomes a rebel, is no
better than his fellow rebels that is he become*
a mean liar; or, if he is still better, it is ocly
because he is better and meaner at lying. If
the great Aroh-Bebcl and Liar of old wa#
standing over him, when be wrote that procla
mation, he must have been well satisfied with
tho proficienoy of his follower.
A WORD PROM EU-PRESIDENT VAN Btr-
REN.—The Danbury (Conn.) Times says that
very recently two citizens of that village, find
ing themselves in the neighborhood of Bin*
derhook, took tbe opportunity to oall on tbe
eighth President of the United States, Martin
Van Buren. They found htm at home and
glad to see them. After tbe introdaotory scene
one of tbe visitors explained to the seer of
Kinderbook that he had long cherished a dec
sire to see the uiao for whom he had oast hie
first vote for President of the United States.
The conversation naturally turned in thodireo
tion of the present unsettled state ef tho
country. Mr. Van Buren remarked that be
had recently an interview with Ex-Prcsident
Pierce, and that neither could see anything
hopeful, or indicating a prospeet of an imme
diate settlement of our national difficulties.
1 "A® fo r myself, J said he, "I do not expect to
see it, but our Government must be sustained
at whatever cost." Mr. Van Buren is 78 year*
of age, and although his step indioatos that ha
has considerably passed the zenith of life, and
his round and wellsdeveloped head is fronted
1 where the hair is left, his eye retains the fire
and twinkle, that has always told of a busy
; brain. *
j T E CHOPS IN PENNSYLVANIA.
—Tbe Philadelphia Commeroial list report
that from every part of Pennsylvania wo hear
the most cheering prospects uf an abundant
harvest this season. All kinds of grain look
remarkably well, and thus far ia free from any
evidence of disease or worm. The number of
acres of wheat, corn and oats, we understand
largely exceeds any former year, and should
nothing interpose in tbe future, our farmers
may anticipate the most magoifiuient reward of
i their labors ever bestowed upon tbeuj.