Broad
Bellefonte, Pa., February 8, 1929.
som
Your Health,
The First Concern.
INFLUENZA THE WORLD PLAGUE.
There is perhaps no other disease
which in modern times has wrought
more havoc of human life than the
disease commonly known as the
“flu” or influenza. The insidious
character of the disease and extreme
rapidity with which it spreads over
communities, States and even coun-
tries, causes this malady to be more
dreaded than almost any other mal-
ady, and justly so, for the mortality
rate of the disease in its virulent
forms is under ordinary circumstan-
ces very high, although, fortunately,
the disease only now and then as-
sumes a severe type.
Just now influenza is making its
appearance in various widely sepera-
ted parts of the United States and
has already led to the suspension of
several universities and threatens to
become widespread throughout the
country. For this reason it seems an
opportune time to present a few
points in relation to this disease, at-
tention to which may reasonably be
expected to result in the saving of
many valuable lives.
First of all, it is important to re-
member that the disease is clearly
infectious and hence every infected
person should be isolated as soon as
the first symptoms make their ap-
pearance. Unfortunately the early
symptoms of the disease differ so lit-
tle from those of an ordinary cold
that is not always gossible to rec-
ognize them. The only safe way ap-
pears to be when influenza is present
in a community for every person who
experiences symptoms at all like
those of influenza, to be isolated im-
mediately so as to prevent spreading
of the infection by personal contact.
The afflicted person should avoid pro-
jecting infected particlos into the air
by taking care to cover the nose and
mouth with a handkerchief or cloth
while sneezing or coughing, and non-
infected persons who necessarily
come in contact with influenza pa-
tients, as nurses or attendants,
should take great care to avoid
breathing air which has been infected
through coughing or sneezing by the
patient.
Numerous observers have noted
that the severity of the disease is
very greatly lessened when the pa-
tient is kept continually in the open
air. The greatest fatality has been
noted where patients have been
crowded together in badly ventilated
wards. An influenza patient should
be kept in the open air day and night.
Of course care must be taken to avoid
chilling. If a sleeping porch is not
availalbe, ‘a large room should be
kept widely open. The temperature:
of the air should be kept low, below
600 F. if possible. Cool air will
not only aid in reducing fever but
will greatly aid the respiratory pro-
cess. When breathing cold air, the
lungs automatically expand so as to
take in at each breath three or four
times the amount ordinarily taken.
“This increased absorption of oxygen
is a matter of the highest import-
ance in influenza because of the great
embarrassment of the lungs which
develops in severe types of the dis-
eage. This increase ii the automa-
tic intake of air is doubtless the chief
advantage gained by the open air
treatment of pneumonia and various
other acute and chronic respiratory
diseases.
Influenza is most likely to attack
persons whose resistance is low.
Lowered resistance may be the result
of overwork, underfeeding, lack of
sleep, worry or any depressing in-
fluence. The best protection against
influenza is to maintain high resist-
ance by good nutrition, especially by
the free and regular use of foods rich
in vitamins, such as greens, spinach,
lettuce and other fresh fruits and veg-
etables. Sleeping out at night or in
a room well flooded with cold; pure
air is a potent means of building up
resistance.
One of the best of all means of
maintaining high resistance is light
baths. Either natural sunlight or
artificial light may be employed. At
this season of the year sunlight is
available only in southern portions of
the country. Fortunately the artifi-
cial light has the advantage, that is
available at all seasons nd at any
hour, day or night. It has also the
further advantage that the intensity
of the application can be accurately
determined and regulated. Those who
accustom themselves to out-of doors
sleeping and who spend as much time
as possible in the open air and who
Xkeep their skins tanned a dark brown
need have no fear of influenza.
In relation to the treatment of the
disease three or four points are well
worth noting. First, the patient
should drink an abundance of water.
A glassful every hour is nome too
much. Fruit juices may be advan-
tageously employed. Orange juice
is particularly good. It may be
diluted with two or three parts of
water and used in piace of plain
water. Free water drinking aids the
kidneys in eliminating the poison
produced - by the disease-and aids in
keeping the resistance high and in-
creasing the fighting power of the
body. Br e
During the late war English physi-
cians discovered that the inhalation
of oxygen is a measure of very great
importance in this disease when it is
accompanied ‘by pneumonia of a se-
vere type. In se cases oxygen in-
‘halation should be, ly in the dis-
ease and before the patient's face and
lips become livid. Unfortunately it is
‘ generally customary to resort to oxy- !
gen only when the patient seems al-
{most in extremis, thus using this rem-
edy as a last resort. Employed by
"this plan oxygen often fails to pro-
duce any pronounced benefit.
MISCHIEVOUS PREACHER
GETS DESERVED SET BACK.
With members of his former con-
gregation aligned against him, the
| Rev. Elmo L. Bateman, deposed pas-
tor of the Hilton Christian Church, of
Maplewood, N. J., was found guilty
in connection with his publication of
ia false fourth degree oath he attrib-
uted to the Knights of Columbus.
The trial required only the day to
complete, and the jury, which re-
i ceived the case at 5 p. m., deliberated
| but twenty-five minutes. A recom-
mendation for leniency was made.
Maximum penalty for the offense
is a $1000 fine, three years in prison,
or both.
Action of the pastor in printing
and circulating the bogus oath was
in reality a part of the fanatic whis-
pering campaign of the last presiden-
tial contest. The preacher, who was
an opponent of Governor Al Smith,
long has been identified with Ku Klux
Klan activities.
After the election was over, Bate-
man was indicted, and two weeks
ago, at a stormy meeting of his con-
gregation, was ousted as pastor for
having caused a “public scandal” and
erty in jeopardy.”
27260 Pupils Get Permits to Work.
Employment certificate reports sub-
mitted to the Department of Public
Instruction by the various school dis-
tricts of the State show that during
the past school year 27,260 general
employment certificates were issued
for minors between the ages of 14
and 16 years who were engaged in in-
dustrial employment during school
hours.
cation employment certificates were
close of the year there were 23,335
active general employment certifi-
cates, and that 21,655 minors between
the ages of 14 and 16 years attended
continuation school during the last
quarter of the year.
The tabulation of these reports al-
so shows that 36 per cent of the
minors who left school to engage in
industrial employment have complet-
ed the work of the sixth grade, 29 per
cent have completed the work of the
seventh grade, 27 per cent the work
of the eight grade and 8 per cent
have completed at least one year’s
work in the high school.
These certificates and permits are
all issued for minors between the
ages of 14 and 16 years. General em-
ployment certificates are issued for
manently to engage in
employment. Vacation employment
certificates are secured for those who
wish to engage in industrial employ-
ment at times when school is not in
session. Exemption permits are se-
cured for those who are required to
leave school to engage in farm or
domestic service. Emergency per-
mits are secured for those who wish
to engage in farm work or domestic
service for a temporary period.
Enormous Power of Resistance in a
Barrel.
Nobody knows who invented the
barrel. It has been used since time
immemorial,
Barrels are used for all manner of
articles, solid and liquid. There are
barrels for holding sugar, salt, ap-
ples, potatoes and so on; for all
sorts of oils, from the heaviest lubri-
canis te the most volatile preducts
of petroleum; for all sorts of bever-
ages. It is contended that the bar.
rél [is the stromgest structure of its
size that can be made from an equal
amount of wood. Its contents are
frequently the strongest that can be
made from liquids.
The. barrel possesses tremendous
power of resistance to pressure from
within and from without. A barret
set on end will, it is claimed, support
balf the weight of a railway car
J while the. trmek : is taken: from be-
neath for repairs. Yet the primitive
barrel i8 put together without nails,
screws, bolts or pins; it is entirely
Soit-fasteged.
The barrel is smaller at its ends
than ‘it is in the middle, so that the
wooden hoops, self-locking, may be
driven on, tightening the staves and
pressing the heads inte the chines. Al-
though not calked, barrels are water
tight, A small barrel is a keg, a big
barrel is a cask, and a still bigger
barrel is a hogshead,
ADVICE TO STUDENTS.
(With apologies to Riley)
You'd better mind your teachers
And learn your lessons well
Do all your outside reading,
Make your reports sound swell,
Keep your note books up-to-date,
See Webster in doubt—
Or 2 little test will get you
I
You
Don’t
Watch
Out!
—The Lore—
Bellefonte High Girls To Give Party.
The girls of the Household Arts de-
partment will. give their:annual party
and dance on Friday evening, Febru-
ary 15. Arrangements are being
made for Valentine decorations and
refreshments that will carry out the
color scheme.
The dances given by this depart-
ment have always been classed
among the most successful social
events of the year, so the students of
the high school may look forward to
{a delightful evening.
of criminal libel last week by a jury |
for “having placed the church prop- |
They also show that 4,891 va- |
issued during the year, that at the
those who wish to leave school per-
industrial .
B. H. S. BASKET-BALLERS
WIN ONE AND LOSE TWO.
| ket ball team took defeat back over
the mountain Friday, January 28.
{ Failure to meet Bellefonte's final ral-
{ly in the two extra periods was the
| cause of their defeat. Philipsburg
| was well represented by their fast
| team. The game was played in the
i local armory.
| Several hundred fans assembled in
the armory to see the game. Most
(of them were there at eight o'clock
but referee Piper had trouble in
reaching Bellefonte and the game
was delayed until almost nine o’cloclk.
Ba, when the game did finally start,
| thrills were had galore in getting the
; tip off.
{ Witmer had trouble
i minutes of the game. Montgomery,
who replaced Witmer, also had
| trouble in touching the ball.
| The first point of the game was
made by Philipsburg on a foul. Next,
| Philipsburg got a field goal. Then.
| Whippo, who played his first game
(as a regular, broke through Philips-
i burg’s defense twice and each time
‘placed the ball neatly through the
basket. The next goal was made by
“Philipsburg. Jack got a two pointer.
| Philipsburg added two points to the
i score and Whippo got a field goal.
| Philipsburg got six points on the next
four plays. Whippo and Montgomery
each made a pair of field goals. Phil-
ipsburg then got two fouls and the
half ended.
in the early
| Philipsburg for three fouls. Jack
| made a goal and two fouls. Philips-
| burg made a goal and three fouls,
: followed by a goal by Kelleher. Phil-
{ipsburg made a field goal. Whippo
lgot a two pointer. Next, Philips-
| burg got a field goal and again Kel-
tleher made a field goal. Philipsburg
| got a field goal. Jack shot a foul;
{ Witmer shot a foul: and then, Whip-
po shot two fouls. This would have
put Bellefonte in the lead by one
point, but Philipsburg claimed that
the game ended in a tie, one of the
fouls being after the game was over.
At the end of the first extra per-
iod the game ended 33 all, each team
getting a field goal and foul. In the
next period, Whippo shot a field goal
and Taylor shot a field goal and a
foul and Philipsburg shot two fouls.
he game then ended with Bellefonte
leading 38-33.
The lineup was as follows:
Bellefonte Philipsburg
Kelleher R.F James
Whippo L. 7 Lingle
Witmer Center Gearhart
Derstine RG. Smith (Cap’t)
Confer L. G. Mildon
Referee—Piper from Hollidaysburg.
Its a poor team that resorts to al-
ibis, but Bellefonte was away out of
their stride in the two games at
Philipsburg and Houtzdale.
Many shots were missed, that
should have been made. The game
played at Philipsburg Friday night
was a one sided affair. The score at
half time was 13-4 in favor ofthe
Philipsburg dribblers with the Red
and White trying in vain to score.
The shots, called “Peep shots” in
basketball, were missed by our team
‘an abundance of times while the
Philipsburg team played just the op-
' posite. Making long shots and.fouls,
i with ‘good clean shooting. “Again the
best playing was done by our guards,
“Norb” and “Sam.” Very few shots
were made in their territory. The
last quarter of this game was more
like a football game than basketball;
technical fouls were called left and
right by the referee. After a game
of poor basketball the Red and White
left the floor, defeated with the score
13-33 in the opponents favor.
Bellefonte
Derstine L. G.
Confer R. G.
Witmer Center Gearhart
Kellegher L. FB
‘Whippo BR. James
Substitutes—Thal for Kellegher, Mont-
gomery for Witmer.
HOUTZDALE
The Red and White passers tore
into this game with a spirit that
could not be beaten easily. Th
fought and played good offensive bas-
ketball, but much better defensive. At
the end of the first quarter the score
stood 5-1 in our favor.
we were winning. The next quarter
changed from good to bad and the
dale’s favor. Our team 'madde four
out of seventeen fouls.
shooting. The third quarter ended
with Houtzdale’s lead still increasing,
14-8.
The fourth and final period was
the only period in which either team
showed real basketball playing. Both
teams fought hard and the last few
minutes were filled with excitement,
‘as the Bellefonte aggregation crept Up
within two points of their opponents.
. The whistle ended the game with the
‘score 22-18 in favor of Houtzdale.
{ The lineup was as follows:
Bellefonte—Derstine, L. G., Confer, R.
G., Montgomery, Center, Thal, L. F., and
i whippo, R. F.
{ ANNIVERSARIES OF THE WEEK
rig
February 1—Screw steamship pro-
f peller patented, 1883,
‘February 2—Candlemas Day.
February 3—E x-President Wilson
| died, 1924.
‘February 4—First Confederate Con-
gress, 1861.
6—Aaron Burr born, 1820.
7—First - telephone ‘mes-
sage sent from New
York to Chicago, 1892.
8—General Sherman died,
1892.
9—Weather Bureau estab-
lished, 1891.
February 10—Canada ceded to -
. land by France, Te.
ruary 11—Thomas A. Edison
i born, 1847.
February
February
February
February
i
Philipsburg High school’s fast bas-
“the hostess ¢ before - the day’ of . the
baskets are then passed around,
.inclose their names and thus fix upon
Philipsburg ' table each one may read aloud the
Mildon | valentine he or she has received.
Smith (Cap't) | Another amusement suggested is
Lingle a heart, and the one most successful
. {the arrow and no danger of doing
‘any damage.
8Y ice cream and cake, with perhaps
; more than this, salad and sandwiches.
‘The cakes must be heart-shaped, of
This score
reminds us: more. ofa: baseball: score:
than anything, but it didn’t “matter;
score at half time was 7-6 in Houtz- |
I think you 'yre.
can see from that how we were etter, send a pretty postcard, with
FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN.
Daily Thought.
THE DIFFICULTY.
About my darling’s lovely eyes
I've made no end of verses;
About her precious little mouth.
Songs, with each voice rehearses;
About my darling’'s little cheek,
I write a splendid sonnet;
And—if she only had a heart—
I'd write an ode upon it.
—Heine.
It is time to plan for St. Valen-
tine’s Day, girls. Probably you have
waited until now to do it, and you
may have all sorts of schemes on
foot for the celebration, but there
are always some to whom an idea or
so may not come amiss, and these
are especially welcome if they are not
expensive to cary out.
No doubt many of you who are
connected with the Each and All
Chapters—and I hope this may be
the case with mos! of you—are won-
dering just how to conduct a little
party for your own chapter on that
day. There is always more pleasure
in such a gathering if it has a dis-
tinctive flavor that makes it differ-
ent from other parties, and St. Valen-
tine’s Day gives an opportunity for
a number of special features.
Hearts are trumps, of course—in
fact, they are about the only suit that
will serve for this day. Your dec-
orations may have hearts of colored
tissue paper prominent, and there
are numerous other ways in which
they will appear. One clever girl of
whom I heard had her Valentine par-
ty take the form of a heart hunt.
The hearts were most of them the
old-fashioned ones of candy, with
mottces on them, but there were a
few in other materials—heart-shaped
boxes of candy, heart-shaped pin-'!
cushions and the like, so that each
hunter had the chance of getting a
prize really worth having.
The hearts were hidden in all sorts
of places— in the folds of the cur
tains, in the vases on the mantel, be-
hind doors, in cupboards, under the
cushions on the sofa, up-stairs, down-
stairs and in my lady‘s chamber. You
can imagine the fun there was, and it
was increased by the offer of two
prizes—one for the guest who found
the most candy hearts, the other for :
the “booby” who had the poorest :
luck. A heart shaped sofa cushion
was the first prize, a bladder that
when blown up was in the form of a
heart was for the “booby.”
Another idea is a heart grab-bag. |
The bag may be made of silesia or:
any similar material, in the shape of
a heart, and the prizes must all be
hearts. Heart-shaped boxes of can-
dies, heart-shaped cards, cushions,
pen-wipers, spectacle-wipers, heart-
shaped cakes wrapped in paper—
there is no end to the list of things
you can have. Of course, it must be a
genuine “grab,” with no feeling
around as to which one one shall take.
But the valentine part must not be
overlooked. If men are to be admit-
ted to your celebration, request each
guest to write a valentine. It may be
in rhyme or in prose; or those who
have no gift in either line may buy
a valentine ready made—although the
others are far.mere . amusing... Each
man must provide one for ‘a woman,
one for a man. All must be sent to
i
party. Those ‘intended for the men
must be placed in one basket, those
for the women in the other, and the
let-
ting each guest take one at random.
If desired, each man may attach his
name to his valentine, and the girl
who draws it may be his partner ut
supper. Or it may be the girls who
their supper partners. Then at the
toy archery, the target in the form of
in hitting the centre of it wins a
prize. This is excellent in a large
room where there is space to shoot
For supper at an affair of this
sort one has the usual refreshments,
chocolate or coffee, and- if one wishes
course, and little favors of paper or
cardboard hearts may. be laid at each:
ace.
The very best valentine is a good
letter of cheer, that will show the one
who receives it tliat, some one thinks:
of her and wishes to give her pleas-
Or if you have not time for a
room on it beside the picture for a
word of greeting and good will. Or
if you can make it possible to send a
tiny gift or remembrance, so much
the better. It may be only a little
roll of silk pieces. It may be a patch
for the woman who is making a quilt,
a few monograms or stamps for the
girl who collects these. But with
every one should go the word of good
will, of kindly. thoughtfulness that
means far more than the gift.
Before the Valentine rush begins
let her provide herself with several
sizes and patterns of heart-shaped
cake cutters and moulds. The day
before the affair let her make a boun-
teous store of small cakes, cut and
moulded with these. For reasons I
will show presently, a liberal pro-
portion of these should be sponge,
therefore butterless, hearts.
When all are baked, have written
ready upon slips of paper a given
number of proper names, masculine
and feminine; fold each neatly. once
across, not to take’ too much room;
lay upon the underside ‘of a heart,
wash the inner edges of the cake
with white'of RE and fit anather
heart of the same" size upon the first,
inclosing .the ‘ folded bit ® of "paper. {
Have an equal number of masculine
and feminine names thus hidden,
keeping the sexes carefully separated
as you go on. When each heart is
“mated” and made fast to his com-
pani and let it
dry. That there nay be no confusion
at the last, let ‘the icing of one set
of cakes be white, the other pink,
improve the quality of baby chicks
‘offered’ “foi sale.’ “More than’ fifty}
In 1928, 0 :
—Beef breeding cattle should have |
‘ysually have to be: turned away.
FARM NOTES.
—Another season of hatching baby
chicks in gigantic incubators, where
thousands of eggs are handled at one
time, is getting under way in this
Commonwealth, according to the
Pennsylvania department of Agri-
culture.
Artificial incubation of eggs has
been known to the Chinese and Jap-
anese for thousands of years, the de-
partment points out in selling of the
history of one of Pennsylvania’s most
recent industries. In ancient times,
heating manure placed around so-
called ovens provided the medium for
hatching eggs. Not until about 1850
was the present form of incubation
described, but still ‘the setting hen
provided the only reliable hatching
medium for many years. Later the
small incubator was perfected, and
then the discovery was made that
baby chicks, when properly packag-
ed, could be shipped long distances
without ill effect. This led to the
development of vast incubators
which, along with the improved small
incubators has changed the status of
the setting hen from a necessity to a
nuisance on many farms.
The hatching of baby chicks is now
one of the most important branches
of the poultry industry in this State.
One Pennsylvania hatchery alone
produced more than a million chicks
last year, and these were marketed
in practically every State of the Un-
ion. Almost half of the hatcherymen
in Pennsylvania sell chicks in other
States, some even sell in Canada.
The hatching season, according to
a recent survey made by the bureau
of statistics, opened last year on
January 1 and closed October 30.
Some hatcheries did not begin to pro-
duce chicks until May 20, while with
others the season was over by March
15. The average date when the first
hatch came off was March 1, and the
last hatch June 9, making the aver-
age duration of the season over three
months, though one hatcheryman op-
erated almost nine months of the
year.
Of hatcheries co-operating in de
survey, 267 reported an incubator ca
pacity of 5,458,004 eggs, that is the
incubators would hold that many
eggs if set full at one time. Compar-
ed with 1927, the increase in incuba-
tor capacity in 1928 amounted to 15.4
per cent. Those hatcherymen who
reported plans for 1929 indicated an
increase of only 4.2 per cent. in in-
cubator capacity.
Hatcheriesv numbering 244 set a
total of 16,037,072 eggs last season.
Settings were approximately three
and a third times the incubator capac-
ity. Slightly more than two thirds
of the hatcheries do custom hatching.
Frem a total of 15, 835,257 eggs set
in 1928 by 236 hatcheries, 9,981,051
salable chicks—63 per cent. of the
eggs set-—were hatched, the total
number of chicks, according to re-
ports from 213 hatcheries, being
102.8 per cent. of the number hatch-
ed in 1927.
So importan! has the commercial
chick hatchery become in the devel-
opment of the poultry industey of the
Commonwealth that the bureau of
markets has well under way an “ac-
credited hatchery plan” designed to
hatcheries co-operated in this work
suitable protection and adequate
feed. Breed cows must not only main-
tain themselves but also the umborn
calves. A good legume or mixed
hay, with a small amount of grain or
liberal quantities of silage, will keep
the cows in gaining condition. Corn,
oats, and bran are standard grains
for such herds, State College special-
ists say.
—Water, and lots of it, is very im-
portant in dairy cattle feeding. Cows
in milk should have water twice dai-
ly and it should not be ice cold. It
pays to put a heater in the water
tank if it is outside in freezing temp-
erature. If water has the chill re-
moved cows will drink more and give
more milk.
—Greenhouse men are starting the
early cabbage plants. They can reg-
ulate their sowings better if you will
give them your order now. In this
way there will be fewer disappoint-
ments next spring when some people
—Garden arbors can often be us-
ed to screen out unsightly objects.
These can he -made; easily now. and |;
set out later. Vines, such as climb-
ing roses, clematis, polygonum, and
wistaria, may be planted in the
spring and trained over the arbors.
—Have you started your farm ac-
count book? A farm business with-
out records is like a clock without
hands; you cannot tell whether it is
gaining or losing. See your County
Agent.
—Results obtained in 1928 show
that chick losses can be reduced to
a great extent on most farms if a
definite program of sanitation is
adopted. Over half of the loss last
year occurred during the first four
weeks. This reveals the need of bet-
ter breeding management during the
first few weeks.
—From all indications now, be-
tween 500 and 600 Pennsylvania
farmers will do some constructive
cutting in their home woodlands this
winter. From one to ten acres will
be systematically thinned of the
crooked, defective, scrubby and
worthless trees. Those who began
the work in ‘other years are steadily
enlarging the area of improved wood-
lot each winter.
—After the seed order arrives it is
important to keep the seed in a dry
place, where an even temperature is
maintained. Seeds will lose their
germinating power and vitality very
rapidly in a damp place where the
temperature fluctuates. Dryness is
more important tham temperature,
say State College vegetable special.
ists.
ghiss
. . two weeks
of excellent
light for the
laundry costs
but the price
of a cake of
laundry soap.
WEST
PERN
POWER CO
FOR BETTER LIVING
USE ELECTRICITY
FIRE INSURANCE
At a Reduced Rate, 20%
3-36 J. M. KEICHLINE, Agent
GRIPPE
coughs, colds and other |
ailments leave a trail of
weakness.
SCOTT'S
is recognized everywhere
by its power to
nourish and restore .
the weakened:
system.
Scott & Bowse, Bloomfield, N. J,
28-18 |
Free Six HOSE Free
Mendel’s Knit 8ilk Hose for Wo-
guaranteed to wear six
men,
months without runners in leg or
holes in heels or toe. A mew ad
FREE if they fall. Price $1.00.
YEAGER’S TINY BOOT SHOP.
Employers
| This Interests: You
The Workman's Compensation
zr went into effect Jan. 1, 1916.
It mak es InSuREn ee pl gi 1 .
"We specialize in a in-
surance. We : Plants and
recommend Accident Prevention
Safe Guards which Reduce Insur-
ance rates.
It will be to your interest to con-
sult us before placing your Insur-
ance.
JOHN F. GRAY & SON.
State College Pllefonte
Fine Job Printing
: at the
. WATCHMAN OFFICE
There 1s ae style of work, from the
cheapest ‘“Dedger” to the finest
‘BOOK WORK
that we can mot de in the mest sade
isfactery manner, and at Prices
consistent with the class of werk.
Call en or communicate with this