U. S. Authority Sees Ample
Motor Fuel for Long Future
Y= SE ;
HARRY H. HILL
© HARRIS €& EWING
MR. HILLS IMPROMPTU SKETCH OF
AN OIL DOME
The U. 8. Bureau of Mines is
will be ample for many years to meet all needs of the country's mil-
lions of automobiles. Harry H. Hill, chief petroleum engineer of the
Bureau, here tells the reasons for this conviction, and sketches the
advances in industrial methods which justify his opinions.
By HARRY H. HILL
Chief Petroleum Engineer, United States Bureau of Mines.
NE reason why there is no rea-
son to worry greatly about
motor fuel for a long time
ahead is that people are worrying
.about it. Interest in such a question
at the right time, is the best insur-
ance against disaster. The President
and the Federal Oil Corporation
‘Board have done what was needed, at
the right time.
"We know that most petroleum has
come from rather limited areas and
that even from these only a small pro-
portion has been taken out. Oil pro-
duced by gas preseure capable of lift-
‘ing it tc the surface when we drill
holes is but a small proportion of all
the oil contained in the sands Even
from the best pools recovery by the
old methods is small, perhaps one-
half in the most favorable conditions,
oftener one-sixth, or one-seventh, or
one-tenth. But a considerable part of
what still remains in the ground can
be recovered by methods now estab-
lished as techmically and economically
practicable.
Producing oil from coal and shales
and by mining the oil bearing eands
is entirely possible. Experiments are
going on in these directions, and if we
ever have to fall back on these re-
sources we will be ready. For a long
time, however, the present methods of
exploration and drilling, with improv-
ing processes to assure larger recov-
eries, are likely to suffice.
An Oil Dome Illustrated
I am no draughtsman, but maybe I
ean draw something that will help ex-
plain. Here's a rough drawing of an
{oil dome. The shaded part at the bot-
‘tom is a deposit of oil bearing sands—
with am impervious rock stratum
above. A wild-catter drilled the hole
A-B and gas pressure caused oil and
‘gas to flow. After a while the gas
pressure wasn’t sufficient to keep up
‘the flow and they pumped until ulti-
‘mately even this ceased producing.
Nevertheless, most of the oil was
still left sticking to the sand grains.
Then the operator drilled the well
/C-D, which flowed for a time, but most
‘of the oil was still down there in the
| @and. If the gas pressure could be re-
| stored more would flow. So the oper-
| ator injects gas into one well, restor-
|ing the pressure and causing the ofl
- to resume flowing from the other.
After a time the flow will stop again,
but still much of the ofl will be left.
In some fields it has been possible to
obtain additional amounts of oil by
introducing water in some of the wells
and forcing the oil to others. The ad-
dition of a chemical such as soda ash
to the water may assist in removing
the oil from the sand grains, but nei-
ther plain water nor water containing
chemicals should be introduced into
an oil sand except as a last resort,
for it is likely that the water, which
travels faster through the eand, will
get to the open wells ahead of the oil
and when the flow is resumed under
pressure water will come out.
Everything Saved Nowadays
The gae escaping from an oil well
carries with it a proportion of gaso-
line, which in the old days was lost.
Nowadays it is ex'racted from the gas
and saved, while the dry gas can be
forced back into the ground to main-
tain pressure.
One of the menaces to most ofl
pools is the inflow of subterranean
water. Water flows through the oil
sands faster than oil, and by eurround-
ing the bottom of the well keeps the
gy
EXPERIMENTAL OIL
SHALE REDUCTION PLANT
confident that motor fuel supplies
oil out. How to shut off the water
and permit the oil to run out is a prob-
lem with which the engineers have
long worked. They have made great
progress and so increased recoveries.
In earlier times most oil producers
carefully guarded all information
about their wells and experiences, but
latterly there is co-operation in these
matters. Geologists and petroleum
engineers, once derided by the “prac-
tical” oil men, are more and more
accepted as guides and mentors. New
knowledge is constantly increasing re-
coveries.
As to Mining for Oil
In Lorraine they have dug shafts
down to the oil sands and actually !
brought the sands out, like coal from !
a mine. But it’s costly.
Another mining process is to sink a
shaft to the oil sands and from its
bottom drive tunnels in all directions
through the sands. From these tun-
nels small perforated pipes are driven
into the sands, which drain the oil
out of the sands. It flows to larger
pipes back at the foot of the shaft and
thence is pumped out. This requires
installing an expensive plant, but in
some fields the high recovery that is
assured might justify the cost. I
understand the process s about to be
intsalled in a few fields in this coun-
try, some companies being convinced
pit is practicable and profitable.
Oil can be distilled from coal, and
much work is now being done
along this line. But more appeal has
been made by the plan of extracting
oil from shale. The shales of Scotland
have been worked for three-quarters
of a century, and they are almost un-
limited in this country, richer in oil
than those of Scotland. Kentucky,
Ohio, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Wyo-
ming and California are particularly
rich in shales. It is just a question
of the cost of extracting the ofl. Con-
gress has given $180,000, with which
the Bureau has installed a plant near
Rulison, Colorado, to distill oil from
the Colorado River Shales, It is
calculated that the shales mined at
Rulison will produce about a barrel
of oil to the ton.
The Use of Oil Shales
In Scotland they are working shales
that produce about twenty-five gallons
of oil per ton. The seams are from
three-and-a-half to eight or ten feet
thick. In Colorado are seams many
times as thick and containing much
more cil per ton. Reduction of shales
involves an enormous mining opera-
tion, and after the oil is extracted the
vast tonnage of refuse must be dis-
posed of. So it is expensive compared
with producing oil from wells.
Ben E. Lindsey of the Bureau of
Mines Experiment Station at Bartles-
ville, Okla., is confident that explora-
tion, better recoveries, better utiliza-
tion and deeper drilling would furnish
enough ofl to meet all requirements
for at least twenty-five to fifty years,
it it could be extracted in that time.
But as a practical matter thie will not
be possible. Within that period thers
will be times of shortage, when oil
from shales will be needed to supple-
ment the oil from wells, etc.
Meantime federal and state govern.
ments and the industry are co-operat-
ing in an astonishing range of inves-
tigations and studies. These activities
cover such a wide field that even an
enumeration of them would run into
tiresome detail.
HOW TO SOLVE A CROSS-WORD PUZZLE
Yhen the correct letters are placed In the white spaces this puzzle will
spell words both vertically and horizontally, The first letter in each word is
indicated by a number, which refers to the definition listed below the puzzle.
Thus No. 1 under the column headed “horizontal” defines a word which will
fll the white spaces up to the first black square to the right, and a number
under “vertical” defines a word which will fill the white squares to the mext
No letters go in the black spaces.
Abbreviations, slang, initials, technical
black one below.
tionary words, except proper names.
terms and obsolete forms are indicated
CROSS-WORD PUZZLE No. 2.
All words used are dic-
in the definitions.
L 2 18
5. 16
I’
I
10 11 [22
[13 14 16
7 18
19
20 R1
22 RS ie 5 26 |27 28
27 30 31
32 33 Ls
35 [36 37 |38 |37
40 41
(© 1936, Western Newspaper Union.)
Horizontal, Vertical.
1—An enclosed place or box
4—A snake-like fish
7—A United States President
9—An Eastern state
10—A plural pronoun
11—Interrogative
13—Apart
17—Calcium (abbr.)
18—To proceed
19—To stop the progress of
20—Suffix in numbers
21—Termination of adjectives
22—Form of “to be”
23—To exist
25—An old saying
29—Exclamation to attract attention
30—In the year of our Lord (abbr.)
31—One who dotes
32—Signifying one
33—Southern Union (abbr.)
34—Point of the compass
35—Passing of a blll into law
40—A kind of liquor
41—Self
Solution will appear in next issue
1—To become
2—1In case that
8—Island east of Quebec (abbr.)
4—To eject
6—A treatise
6—Behold
7—A plant
8—Neglectful
9—A girl’s name
12—A small coasting vessel
14—A pronoun
15—To perform
16—A prefix signifying on,
near
22—Exclamation of triumph
23—Pertaining to foundations
24—To draw forth
25—Adverb (abbr.)
26—A note of the diatonic scale
27—A preposition
28—Before
86—A continent (abbr.)
87—O0Objective case of I
38—For example (abbr.)
39—A word of denial
above
An Eighth Grade Symposium on
Health.
Recently the scholars in the 8th
grade, Allegheny St. building of the
Bellefonte schools were required to
write an essay on “Ways and Means
of Reducing Tuberculosis in this Com-
munity.”
All of the papers turned in are said
to have been quite creditable, scmne
exceptionally good. By a process of
elimination they were sifted down to
a few from which the best thougits
were taken to make vp the following
composite essay on the subject assign-
ed.
Eight grade scholars are very young
and we think you will agree wth us,
when you have completed reading if,
that they have handled their subject !
very well indeed.
WAYS AND MEANS OF REDUCING
BERCULOSIS IN THIS COMMUN-
ITY.
In the year 1882, the cause of the
most distructive germ plague in the
world was discovered by Dr. Robert
Koch, of Germany. This plague,
known as tuberculosis, causes more
deaths each year than all the comnion
deseases conibined and kills many
more people than war has ever done.
Tuberculosis is a desease caused by
tubercule bacillus affecting any part
of the human body especially the
lungs.
It has long been a question as to
whether tuberculosis is a hereditary
disease. Many believe that the germs
are born with the individual and are
ready to be developed on the least ex-
citing cause; however we believe this
has been much exaggerated though
a person may
power of resisting it.
Impure air, density of population,
and over crowding has much to do
with its development.
It has been found by investigation
that there is a decided relation of
cause and effect between dampness of
soil and consumption.
Although there has not been many
cases of tuberculosis in this commun-
ity we are not free from its grip to
a great extent.
We should be very careful to form
good health habits. Uncleanliness is
only carelessness and the cause of
much suffering. People having the dis-
ease should take proper care of them-
selves and take caution as to their
ways of preventing the spreading of
this malady. Everybody should help
make our community a non tubercular
one. Let us keep our houses and yards
clean, have lots of fresh air, and don’t
be afraid that the sun will hurt the
carpet. Believing that the kitchen is
the most important room in the house
because that is where our nourishment
and strength is prepared. Keep it
tidy, and never let the “typhoid flies,”
a splendid aid to the disease, enter our
homes. Never buy meat and milk
from dealers whose goods are uncerti-
fied. Don’t ever spit on the streets—
this is very uncleanly.
Always use a handkerchief—espec-
ially when in company. Be very care-
ful of articles used by consumptives
as the germs may lodge in other
things that are mixed with them.
By cooperating with each other we
will soon abolish tuberculosis. We
would be assisting America if we do
these things. Remember “health
means happiness.”
The disease multiplies because of
the ignorance of some and the greed
of others, so lets make our motto
“down with tuberculosis” and be cru-
saders for health.
Solution to Last Week’s Puzzle.
aie nie
be born without the
—Oxford’s Rexie of M. B. 515701,
senior four-year-old Jersey cow,
owned by the Pennsylvania State Col-
lege, at State College, Pa., has com-
: pleted an official 365-day test in which
she produced 561.73 lbs. of fat and
11595 lbs. of milk. She carried calf
for 247 days of this time. With this
i record she qualified for the Register
of Merit of the American Jersey Cat-
| tle club. Oxford’s Rexie of M. B. was
| tested once previously and in that test
she produced 401.08 lbs. of fat as a
senior two-year-old.
~~ —If a hotbed is available a num-
i ber of perennialz can be started now
‘so that they will bloom next season,
landscape gardening specialists of the
Pennsylvania State College say. Some
of those to be seeded now are colum-
. bine, Shasta daisy, larkspur, and sin-
gle hollyhocks.
a
—During the winter months the |
| breeding ewes need a good ration and |
| plenty of exercize. Feed a good leg-
uminous hay, such as alfalfa, clover,
| or soybean. Silage or root crops and
To Stock-holders of
Northern Pacific Railway Co.
Great Northern Railway Co.
Standard Oil of N. J., Preferred.
Under the plan for unified control
of the Railway Companies above nam-
ed, owners of stock are asked to depos-
it their certificates with the deposit
committee, if in favor of the plan.
Standard Oil, Preferred, has been
called for payment on March 15, when
interest will cease.
We shall be glad to attend to this
business for you.
The First National Bank
BELLEFONTE, PA
i a little grain complete the ideal ra-
| tion.
| — :
| —Do not feed old Dobbin too much |
‘on days when he is standing idle. |
Azoturia, commonly known as the |
Monday Morning Disease, annually !
takes its toll in crippled and dead |
horses on farms where a full ration
is fed regardlesz of the amount of |
work done.
—Cutting the firewood with a car- |
penter’s saw is just as sensible as us- |
ing one to prune the fruit trees. Buy !
and use a good pruning saw. Efficient
tools make it easier to do efficient
work. Ninety cents for a pair of hand
shears and a dollar and quarter for
a saw is an investment justified even
in the home orchard.
—Dairy cows should be kept un-
der cover on all cold or stormy days.
More milk from the same amount of
feed will result and cows will keep in
better condition. Our best dairymen
treat their cows right.
Muskrat, Valued for Its Fur, Found
Only in North America.
Muskrats are purely North Ameri-
can animals. Their long scaly tails,
flattened vertically, act as rudders
when the stocky animals are in the
water, says “Nature Magazine.” There
is little danger of extermination at
present, though their fur has been ex-
tensively used under various trade
names. The average length is twenty-
one inches, weight two pounds.
—Subseribe for the Watchman.
J
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XQ MEMBER FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM
Siiy A eS CE I EI NEARER)
a
Washington and
the Young People
oung people about Washington
added joy to his old age.
Another element which brings
joy to old age is a good bank
account.
3 per cent Interest Paid on Savings Accounts
THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK
TATE COLLEGE, PA.
OTSA NT LASSEN)
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& Drastic reductions in Rugs, 3
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% Linoleums and Window Shades. 2
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don’t fail to visit our Carpet De-
partment.
Lyon & Co. Lyon & Co.
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