Bm idan
Bellefonte, Pa., September 14, 1923.
EE EEE Err —
NO ROOM AT PENN STATE.
From every part and region
Of this great Keystone State,
The students came in legion
Up to the college gate,
They thronged from farm and city,
From vales where mountains loom;
Their plight should stir your pity,—
“The college has no room!”
Ambitious youth and maiden
The college halls assail;
With pleas are letters laden,—
Their prayers do not avail.
Their wish to learn is thwarted,
High hopes consigned to doom;
The one dear chance they courted
Is lost for lack of room.
Youth cannot wait forever;
Their need is pressing sore;
Their chance is now or never,
For on come thousands more.
Let civic pride awaken,
Let light dispel the gloom,
Till generous hands have taken
Away the sign, “No room!”
—A. H. Espenshade.
PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY NAMES
TRACED TO THEIR BEGIN-
NINGS.
Roll Call of the Sixty-Seven is Well
Calculated to Stir the Pride of all
Who Love the Keystone State.
That the names by which we know
the sixty-seven counties of Pennsyl-
vania were well chosen and fittingly
bestowed must be apparent to any one
who has given even passing attention
to the subject.
It is true that these names have
been popularized by long usage, and
the associations which cluster about
them give them a meaning and signif-
icance which in some instances they
did not originally possess. But leav-
ing such considerations aside and ap-
praising them at their intrinsic worth,
the county names of Pennsylvania are
appropriate and have a satisfying
sound.
Not a few of these names are
among the greatest in American his-
tory; others hark back to the mother
country and helped to make the first
settlers feel at home in their new en-
vironment; those of Indian origin are
pleasant to hear and for the mind to
dwell upon, and there is probably not
a single one among the sixty-seven
that our people would wish to have
changed.
Arranging the list in alphabetical
order, the significance of the county
names of Pennsylvania is as follows:
Adams county is the namesake of
John Adams, second President of the
United States. The county was or-
ganized in the year 1800, and it is re-
corded that about the time its name
was to be selected, Adams, with a
train of attendants and a military es-
cort, traversed the county on his way
to the then new seat of government
at Washington. It was this incident
largely that determined the name of
the county.
Allegheny is of Indian origin. Ac-
cording to the Indian tradition, a
tribe known as the Alligewi, a people
of gigantic form, inhabited the terri-
tory between the Allegheny Moun-
tains and the Mississippi river. They
were vanquished by the Iroquois and
the Lenni Lenape, abandoning the
country of their fathers and fleeing to
the southward, never to return.
Armstrong county is one of a large
number that were organized in 1800.
It bears the name of Colonel John
Armstrong, who commanded the fore-
es that defeated the Indians at Fort
Kittanning in 1756. He also served in
the Revolution under Washington.
Beaver was named in honor of a
celebrated Indian chief, Tamaque, the
equivalent of Beaver in English.
Bedford was so named for the Eng-
lish Duke of Bedford.
Berks county derives its name from
the fact that Admiral Penn, the fath-
er of the founder of Pennsylvania,
owned lands along the Thames in
Berkshire, England, and for this rea-
son the descendants of William Penn,
in 1752, named the new county Berks.
Blair county perpetuates the name
of Hon. John Blair Jr., an early resi-
dent, who was prominent in the af-
fairs of Pennsylvania.
Bradford county was originally
called Ontario. At the suggestion of
John Bannister Gibson, who when a
young man, served as a judge of the
district, the county was given its pres-
ent name, in honor of William Brad-
ford, who served as Attorney General
during the second administration of
President Washington.
Bucks, one of the three original
counties, was in some of the early pa-
pers designated as Buckingham, the
name of one of the important shires
of England.
Butler was named for General
Richard Butler, of Carlisle, Pa. He
won distinction as a soldier under
Gates, at Saratoga, Washington at
Monmouth, Wayne at Stony Point,
and Lafayette at Yorktown. He lost
his life while leading a division of
General St. Clair’s forces against the
Indians in Ohio, in 1791.
Cambria county numbered among
its early settlers a colony of Welsh,
and when the county was formed, they
were instrumental in having it called
Cambria, the ancient name of Wales,
which meant a land of mountains.
Cameron county came into being in
1860, when Simon Cameron was a
dominant figure in Pennsylvania poli-
tics. He was for a short time Secre-
tary of War in Lincoln’s cabinet, serv-
ed as Ambassador to Russia and was
a United States Senator. The county
was named for him.
Carbon is one of the group of coun-
ties in which anthracite coal is found,
and this mineral, largely composed of
carbon, supplied the name of the
county.
Centre county derives its name from
the fact that it occupies the geograph-
ical center of the State.
Chester, the town, was first called
Upland. When William Penn arriv-
ed, he resolved that the name of the
place should be changed. One of
those who made the voyage across the
Atlantic with Penn in the ship Wel-
come was a friend named Pearson.
Addressing himself to Pearson, Penn ! ty, New Jersey, is’ also named in his
is reported to have said: “Providence
hath brought us safe here. Thou hast
been the companion of my perils.
What wilt thou that I should call this
place?” “Chester,” said Pearson, in
remembrance of the place from which
he had come in England. Penn re-
plied that it should be called Chester,
and that when the land should be di-
vided into counties, one of them should
be called by the same name. :
Clarion county was organized in
1839. According to Day’s Historical
Collections of Pennsylvania, the name
was applied to the locality from the
“Clarion-like echoes from the defeat-
ed Indians of the ‘Cornplanter’ tribe
at the Battle of Brady’s Bend.”
Clearfield is by some held to have
received its name from a compara-
tively clear field in which the buffa-
loes roamed. Others attribute the
clearing of the field to the Indians,
Clinton derives its name from De-
Witt Clinton, the builder of the Erie
Canal and a Governor of New York.
Columbia is the name for whose or-
igin we must go back to Christopher
Columbus.
Crawford was named for Colonel
William Crawford, a soldier of the
Revolution. His home was in Berk-
ley county, Virginia. At the request
of Washington, he led a force of men
against the Indians of northern Ohio.
Falling into the hands of the enemy
at Sandusky, in 1782, he was tortur-
ed to death.
Cumberland county derived its name
from one of the maratime counties of
England. ;
Dauphin county was organized in
1785, just after the close of the Revo-
lution. The eldest sons of the kings
of France bore the title of Dauphin,
and in view of the help France had
given the Colonies in their fight for
independence, Dauphin county was
named in honor of the heir to the
French throne.
Delaware county, like the river and
bay, commemmorate the name of Lord
Dela Warr, who is reputed to have
anchored in the Deleware Bay when
on his way to Virginia, in 1610.
Elk, as applied to the county, is a
name that will be easily understood,
even by those who are not faunal nat-
uralists.
Erie is an Indian name which
ment panther, or wild cat. There was
an ancient tribe on the borders of
Lake Erie that were known by this
name. They were conquered by the
Iroquois.
Fayette county was formed in 1783,
and it was named for General Lafay-
ette.
Forest county took its name from
the fact that a hundred years after
other sections of the State were well
populated, the territory of this sec-
tion was still a primitive forest.
Franklin county, organized in 1784,
is one of the numerous namesakes of
Benjamin Franklin.
Fulton was named for Robert Ful-
ton. the inventor of the steamboat, a
native of Lancaster county, Pennsyl-
vania.
Greene perpetuates the name of
General Nathaniel Greene, on of the
most famous of Rvolutionary soldiers.
Huntingdon is a familiar English
name. The county ig said to have
been christened in honor of the Coun-
tess of Huntingdon.
Indiana county is a fertile region
and was well populated by Indians,
from whom the name originated.
Jefferson county was formed in
1804, when Thomas Jefferson was
President of the United States, and it
bears his name. t
Juniata is an adaptation of a word
of the Iroquois Indians which meant
standing stone. The name Juniata, as
applied to the river, was made fa-
mous about a century ago by the song
called “The Blue Juniata.”
Lackawanna is also an Indian name,
signifying the meeting of twe
streams. :
Lancaster, the fourth county to be
established in the State, later fur-
nished the territory out of which were
carved a dozen other counties. It is
the namesake of an English county.
Lawrence was formed in 1849.
Many of the men of the county had
participated in Perry’s famous battle
on Lake Erie. The name of Perry’s
flagship, the Lawrence, gave rise to
the name of the county. This ship
had been named in honor of Captain
James Lawrence, the hero of the
Chesapeake.
‘Lebanon derived its name from the
far-famed Lebanon of the Bible.
Lehigh is derived from the Indian
word -Lechau, meaning the forks. The
name was first applied to the river
Lehigh, a branch of the Delaware.
Luzerne, one of our most historic
counties, is named for Chevalier dela
Luzerne, Ambassador from France to
the United States. Luzerne forms a
part of the territory which in the ear-
ly history of Pennsylvania was set-
tled and claimed by Connecticut.
These “invaders” organized a county
which they called Westmoreland and
which was attached to Litchfield coun-
ty, Connecticut.
Lycoming is an Indian name which
signified the place of a sandy lick.
cKean county was organized in
1804. Thomas McKean, who was born
in Chester county, was then Governor
of the State, and the county bears his
name. Prior to his election to the
Governorship, McKean was for twen-
ty-two years chief justice of the Su-
preme court of Pennsylvania. He was
a Scotch-Irishmaan and knew how to
behave like one when the occasion de-
manded. One of the stories preserv-
ed concerning him is thai while he
was presiding in court at Harrisburg,
a mob outside disturbed him, and he
ordered the sheriff to disperse them.
The sheriff replied that he was not
able to do so. “Then why do you not
summon your . posse?” ordered the
judge. “I have summoned them, but
they are ineffectual,” said the sheriff.
“Then why do you not summone me?”
asked McKean. “I do summon you,”
said the trembling officer. Not wait-
ing to discard the robes of his office,
the chief justice rushed out, seized a
couple of the rioters by the throat,
and the rest beat a retreat.
Mercer county is named for a Rev-
olutionary hero, General Hugh Mer-
cer, who was born in Scotland. He
was with Braddock in the expedition
against: the Indians in Pennsylvania.
He commanded -a brigade in the Revo-
lution and was mortally wounded at
the Battle of Princeton. Mercer coun-
honor.
Mifflin county also perpetuates the
name of a Revolutionary General,
Thomas Mifflin, who was of Quaker
parentage and was born in Philadel-
phia. He was long prominent in the
political affairs of Pennsylvania and
was the first Governor under the Con-
stitution of 1790.
Monroe is, of course, named for
James Monroe, the fifth President of
the United tSates.
Montgomery county is claimed by
some authorities to have been named
for General Richard Montgomery,
who died at Quebec. Others assert
the county was named for General
John Montgomery, who commanded
the Pennsylvania militia at Brandy-
wine and Germantown.
Montour is a name that figures
largely in the Indian affairs of Penn-
sylvania. One writer of reputation
says the county was named for “Mad-
am’ Montour, widow of Roland Mon-
tour, a Seneca Indian chief. Another
version has it that the county bears
the name of Andrew Montour, who |
was partly of Indian blood.
Northampton was named after Nor-
thamptonshire, England.
Northumberiand also took its name
from an English county or shire.
Perry county was named in tribute
to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry,
the hero of the naval exploit on Lake
Erie. ’
Philadelphia is a Bible name, mean-
ing “Brotherly Love.”
Pike commemmorates the name of
General Zebulon Pike, who led var-
ious exploring expediticns for the
United States government. On one of |
these he discovered Pike’s Peak, in the
Rocky Mountains. He was killed in
the war of 1812.
Potter, formerly noted for its for-
ests and now gaining recognition for
its production of potatoes, is the
namesake of General James Potter,
who was commended by Washington
for his “activity and vigilance.”
Schuylkill, noted for its coal and
for many other reasons, took its name
from the river Schuylkill, which is of
Dutch origin, meaning hidden creek
or channel.
Snyder was so christened in honor
of Simon Snyder, who was Governor
of Pennsylvania from 1808 to 1817.
He was the first of the so-called
Pennsylvania Dutch Governors.
Somerset comes from the English
county of the same name.
Sullivan is another county that was
named for a Revolutionary hero, Gen-
eral John Sullivan, who was born in
Maine and who was judge of a United
States District Court in New Hamp-
shire at the time of his death, which
occurred in 1795. Washington com-
missioned him to lead the famous ex-
pedition against the Indians after the
Massacre of Wyoming.
Susquehanna is an Indian name,
which according to the best authori-
ties,
meaning a dark or oily river.
Tioga is a corruption of the Iro-
quois word or name Diahoga, mean-
ing the forks of two streams.
Union has reference to our Union
of States. .
Venango derived its name from an
ancient Indian village which stood at
the junction of French Creek and ithe
Allegheny river. Washington ‘was
among the first to spell the name as
at present. Various explanations have
been made as to its meaning. Dr.
George Donehoo, the present State Li-
brarian, who is an acknowledged au-
thority on Indian lore, says the name
comes from the Indian Onenge, mean-
ing a mink.
Warren county was named for Gen-
eral Joseph Warren, who was killed
at the Battle of Bunker Hill. He was
a medical doctor in private life and he
took a leading part in the events that
led to the Revolution. He died at the
age of thirty-four.
Washington was named in honor of
the “Father of his Country,” who had
many early adventures in that section
of Pennsylvania, which was then
claimed by Virginia.
Wayne county was named for Gen-
eral Anthony Wayne, of Revolution-
ary fame, who was a native of Ches-
ter county, Pennsylvania. His cap-
ture of Stony Point, where he was
wounded, was one of his many ex-
ploits. General Wayne commanded
a division in the Continental army
known as the Pennsylvania Line,
which he led in many campaigns. This
division was rated as one of the best
in the service. It saved the day for
Washington at Monmouth. Wayne's
last great public service was render-
ed in his successful campaign against
the Indians in Ohio after two other
expeditions under less competent lead-
ership had met with disaster. It was
at Presque Isle, now Erie, in 1796,
that General Wayne, of whom the In-
dians said that he never slept, slept
at last. His death occurred during
his fifty-second year.
Westmoreland, part of the territory
claimed by Virginia, was organized in
1773. It was christened after the
English county of that name.
yoming comes from Meechawo-
ming, which in the language of the
Delawares meant “great plains.” The
English poet, Campbell, immortalized
the name by his poem “Gertrude of
Wyoming.”
York county, which formed a part
of Lancaster until 1749, is one of our
most productive agricultural districts.
It was named for the English county
of York.
There have been no new counties
organized in Pennsylvania since 1878,
when Lackawanna was carved out of
the territory of Luzerne. Several
strong efforts have been made, how-
ever, to form a new county out of the
southern portion of Luzerne and parts
of Carbon and Schuylkill. A bill with
this intent passed the Legislature dur-
ing the governorship of Daniel H.
Hastings during the nineties. To fa-
cilitate its passage, the proposed coun-
ty was called Quay, that gentleman
then being the most potent political
leader in the State.
But to the chagrin of the new coun-
ty boosters, Governor Hastings vetoed
the measure. He was hanged in effi-
gy on the streets of Hazleton, which
would have been the seat of justice of
the new county if Hastings had ap-
proved the bill.
FRED BRENCKMAN.
—For all the news you should read
the “Watchman.”
is taken from Assiskuhanna, !
FAMOUS SAYINGS OF AMERICAN
PRESIDENTS.
A good many of our Presidents have
coined expressions that live after
them, from Washington's famous dic-
tum about foreign alliances to Wil-
son’s “Too proud to fight” and “Peace
without victory.”
But two expressions of our first
President are much quoted and these
are taken from a speech he made to
Congress in 1790, and from his fare-
‘well address. The first is: “In time
of peace prepare for war;” the other:
‘“Tis our true policy to steer clear of
permanent alliances with any portion
of the foreign world.” :
The best remembered saying of
John Adams is his famous toast, “In-
dependence forever,” for the very
Fourth of July on which he died. His
son, John Quincy, is chiefly associat-
ed, as far as sentence-making is con-
cerned, with “Westward the star of
empire takes its way,” occurring in
his oration at Plymouth, in 1802.
This was not, however, original with
him for he took it with slight altera-
j tion from old Bishop Berkeley who
had used the phrase in a poem sixty
| years before.
i “Few die and none resign” heads
| Jefferson’s list of deathless phrases,
although a close second is: “When a
i man assumes a public trust, he should
consider himself as public property.”
{ This latter, perhaps, suggested Cleve-
| land’s even more famous: “Public of-
fice is a public trust.”
That great Democrat, Andrew Jack-
son, is remembered more by what is
| colloquially termed a “cuss word”
than by any high-flown expression.
History tells us that he was constant-
ly interlarding his speech with, “By
the eternal,” but he also said, “Our
Federal Union; it must be preserved”
—a toast given by “Old Hickory” on
the occasion of the Jefferson birth-
day celebration, in 1830.
So much is constantly quoted from
the great speeches of Abraham Lin-
coln that one knows not where to be-
gin, Take that wise and pithy epi-
gram, “No country can survive that
is half slave and half free;” and that
priceless bit of philosophy expressed
in his remarkable Gettysburg speech:
“That this nation, under God, shall
have a new birth of freedom and that
government of the people, by the peo-
ple, and for the people, shall not per-
ish from the earth.” This never fails
to move an audience just as the home-
ly wisdom of “It’s not best to swap
horses while crossing the stream” al-
ways brings a smile and makes a
point. This was said regarding the
change of Generals during the Civil
war, but it has been used again and
again by supporters of any office-
holder who wants to retain his job.
in Grant’s letter accepting the Repub-
lican nomination of 1868, is the most
often quoted of the few political say-
ings connected with the hero of Ap-
| pomattox. Grant also is famous for
‘his dispatch from Spottsylvania
i Courthouse, “I propose to fight it out
on this line, if it takes all summe#;”
“Let us have peace,” incorporated
FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN.
DAILY THOUGHT.
I know each sinful action,
As sure as the night brings shade,
Is somewhere, some time punished,
Though the hour be long delayed.
I know that the soul is aided
Sometimes by the heart’s unrest,
And to grow means often to suffer—
But whatever is—is best.
—Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
Everything is trimmed with fur—
hats, frocks, tunics, evening gowns,
cloth suits, overcoats. Velvet and
fur are everywhere and most often
together. Velvet and cloth coats
trimmed with really fine furs will re-
place the fur coat, become bourgeois
and nouveau riche. They are also
much more becoming.
These somber, rich-toned velvets
with collars, cuffs and borders of sa-
ble, astrakan, seal, are at once dis-
creet and picturesque, elegant and
simple. Their supple line lends grace
and flexibility, compared with the
bulk and weight of the all-fur coat.
The new coat length is three-quar-
ters. Almost every coat in the new
collections is shown with an accompa-
nying dress forming the three-piece
which so well deserves a permanent
place in our hearts and clothes clos-
ets. These three-quarter coats, thous-
ands of them, are cut straight, lined
often with the material forming or
trimming the frock beneath.
The coat lining and dress may be of
printed silk or even of printed velvet;
for elaborate afternoon costumes fine-
ly patterned silk and metal blades are
so used. These coats are invariably
one color. The embroidered coat is
seen no more. The three-quarter
length coat is for the suit also. It is
very straight, forming one line with
the skirt.
But the shorter hip jacket is also
seen in houses like Patou, Chanel,
Lanvin and Jenny, where youth and
youthful effects are sought.
Wraps for evening are often capes,
narrow in effect or narrow at the
shoulders and flaring below, of the
most gorgeous possible materials and
colors—velvets of saphire, emerald
or crimson lined often with fur or bro-
caded blades of gold and silver-lined
with velvet.
One very ugly note I've seen. It is,
indeed, definitely ludicrous, you will
agree. On some of the tight, narrow
dresses the line is tight as the skin
across the hips at the back, and
“plunges” below. It is not meant. I
think the couturieres must be even
more horrified than we are at seeing
it. But a tight plain skirt on a plump
woman will inevitably take this line.
Let us beware!
The square decollette is favored for
evening, but round and V-shaped
necks are almost equally popular.
, Dance frocks are still made high in
while Rutherford B. Hayes, in his in-
{ augural address, gave to the world
i the inspiring thought: “He serves
his party best who serves his country ! fullness is always in front.
best.”
i Grover Cleveland coined a good
| many well-known expressions. His
tain inactive laws, employed
“Honor lies in honest toil” appeared in
his letter accepting the first nomina-
tion, and the second important tariff
message, in 1887, declared, “It is a
condition which confronts us, not a
theory.”
President Roosevelt’s contributions
have been many and forceful.
strenuous life” was originally used by
him in a speech at Chicago, more
than twenty years ago, as the antith-
esis of “ignoble ease.” Afterward it
became the title of a collection of
some of his essays and addresses. The
cartoonist is animated almost daily by
“Speak oftly but earry a big stick,”
that celebrated saying of Roosevelt
anent the Monroe Doctrine. A Fourth
of July oration of more than a dozen
years ago contained: “A man who is
good enough to shed his blood for his
country is good enough to be given a
square deal afterward;” while the
the workingman with glee preserves
against the corporations and wicked
rich those volcanic eruptions, “Male-
factors of great wealth,” and “Ana-
nias Club.”
No one will be likely to forget the
announcement of the Roosevelt presi-
dential aspirations back in 1912, by
the electrical “My hat is in the ring,”
nor the “pussyfooting” characteriza-
tion of Democratic tendencies during
the Hughes-Wilson campaign.
But one of the expressions often
quoted was originated not by a Pres-
ident at all but by a Presidential as-
pirant. It was that great southern
statesman, Henry Clay, who in 1850
delivered a speech against the com-
promise measures, and said: “I
youd rather be right than be Presi-
ent.
Constables to Get Election Fees.
All constables will hereafter re-
ceive compensation covering the cost
of advertising elections, according to
the Act of General Assembly, No. 216,
approved by Governor Pinchot May
23. Mileage and other expenses are
to be paid by the county.
The act states that “constables, su-
pervisors, or assessors, as the case
may be, of any ward, township, in-
corporated district, or borough, shall
be allowed and paid out of the coun-
ty treasury $3 for each polling place,
for advertising ward, township, dis-
trict and borough elections, but not
more than $15 for this pur-ose for
any one election; and six cents per
mile for each mile necessarily trav-
eled in the performance of said du-
ties. Said constables shall be allo ed
and paid twenty cents for delivering
to each township officer a certificate
of this election.”
——Betty and her little playmate
were having a bitter quarrel. “I don’t
love you!” cried the latter, turning
away. Betty, who is a minister's
child, returned: “Yo dot to love me!
You dot to!” “Why've I got to?
‘““Cause my papa says you dot to love
those who hate you—and I hate you,
doodness knows.”—Stray Stories.
“The |!
|
'
tariff message of 1886, criticising cer- | rejoicing.
front and very low in the back.
One of the strong notes of the sea-
5 is the tunic worn over a narrow
Shn.
often edged with fur.
and perfectly straight.
from the waist to knee.
Some are long
Others flare
Here also
The back
is plain and tight. |
The three-piece suit goes on its way
It has assumed the char-
) : that acteristics of the costume known as
unique term “innocuous desuetude.” | “the commuter’s delight.”
The "skirt
hem matches the coat and extends to
it. The lining of the coat matches the
blouse, which is rarely a blouse—more
often it is the upper part of the frock.
Women who like a variety of blous-
es in a winter suit deepen the hem of
the skirt and attach it to a pinafore
of matching silk. It’s a simple trick
that serves well.
The three-quarter coat is establish-
ed. It is straight and slender; it
flares at the knee-length hem; it has
tiers put on its sections. Jeanne Lan-
vin sends over a curious coat through
a manufacturer. Its cloth is, covered
with Spiderweb tracery, which looks
like footprints on the sand, as one ex-
pert said. The sleeves are arresting.
Lanvin must have been looking at the
fascinating elbow cushions of Chinese
ladies and wmandarins, which a few
canny tourists are bringing home
from Peking.
The lower part of the sleeves are
replicas of these cushions when they
are stuffed to look like ripe melons.
She doesn’t use stiff old brocade with
fantastic ribbon to form the sections. |
Pity she didn’t. Maybe some Ameri-
can dressmaker will.
It is said in Paris that beaded em-
broidery on frocks is finished, but ex-
perience inclines one to believe that
America will not let go of it without
the use of a wrench.
It is possible that the Russian influ-
ence has reached the vanishing point.
Even the horizontally banded sweat-
ers have given way to the checker-
board ones, with and without sleeves.
The latter fashion is another torment
to the eyes by reason of its endless
chain at summer resorts. Pity we
pound a style to death before it has
served its purpose.
Russia, however, lifting her finger
from garments has placed it on mil-
linery.
Those tiny turbans that threaten to
disfigure the large face and the mid-
dle-aged woman have become aston-
ishingly like Russian wedding bon-
nets, sometimes like tiaras. In the
former shape, when reasonably wide
of brim, they are apt to be a rival of
the helmet.
The best dressmakers in Paris make
immensely wide skirts of tulle cover-
ed with small ruffles.
Chanel continues her many-tiered
skirt, but Callot and Jean Patou have
the courage to offer instep-length
skirts six and eight yards wide.
It is probable that a sharp distine-
tion will be made between evening
and street clothes in the silhouette of
to skirt. The sleeveless bodices are
st’! worn in the sunlight, but France
will put in long sleeves as autumn
deepens.
It is quite possible that the circu-
lar skirt will vanish, leaving the field
to the cylinder skirt for the sunlight
and the Victo~ian one for the electric
lights. The tight, fitted bodice rises
above the wide ruffled skirt. It is
moderately long-waisted.
do not give profitable returns.
FARM NOTES.
—1It is not too late to sow a cover
crop in the orchard. Weeds are far
better than nothing, but a sowed cov-
er crop, especially a leguminous one
is to be preferred to a volunteer stand
of weeds.
—Hogging down rye is unprofitable
according to tests made in Ohio. The
tsets show that it is generally more
profitable to harvest the grain and
sell it, or feed the grain to hogs after
threshing.
—If American foul brood is in your
apiary use every precaution to pre-
vent spreading it. Remember that
one extracting comb from a diseased
colony placed on a healthy colony is
more than likely to give you another
diseased colony.
—The old canes should be removed
from the berry rows as soon as fruit-
ing is over. This assists in the elim-
ination of such diseases as cane blight
and also permits a better development
of the new canes which will produce
next season’s crop. At this time, un-
healthy looking plants should also be
fsmoved for fear they may be dis-
eased.
. —The beneficial effects of cultivat-
ing orchards instead of keeping them
in sod, as is so generally practiced in
some sections, are attributed to many
factors, among the most important of
which is said to be the saving in soil
moisture which would otherwise be
utilized by the sod, and the elimina-
tion of the competition between the
trees and the sod for the plant food
supply of the soil. Insect pests and
diseases may be more readily con-
trolled in cultivated orchards.
—OIld time farmers were opposed to
what they termed “book larnin’,” look-
ing upon writers as theorists, men
who never planted a seed nor hoed a
row in their life. They believed that
the only schooling in agriculture that
was of any worth was the hard
knocks received from personal exper-
ience.
The writer has lived through that
age, and he has, likewise, noted the
wonderful aid given farmers by sci-
ence. Agricultural colleges have
worked out, and are still working out,
better methods for doing farm work,
and the State experiment stations are
continually investigating matters that
a better understanding may be had.
Farming is a business, and, neces-
sarily, must be governed by business
rules. Science points out the way for
better profit, and shows that unprof-
itable farming is due to the man in
charge, rather than to the land.
Painstaking, seasonable operations,
and the application of practical knowl-
edge, gained by a study of the re-
quirements which are known, is what
brings zbout success.
Science, too, has pointed out that
lack of ambition will mean indifferent
work; and that taking full advantage
of the resources, and following intel-
ligent, up to date methods will in time
There are dozens of them, very | mean steady, and often very rapid,
improvement in yield of crops. In a
sense, the resources of a farm vary
with locality, but in general there are
many identical conditions on very
many farms.
The farmer who works to establish
a_well-set meadow, aims to get the
hilly, washable, waste lands set in
grass, untilizeg the rocky, rough lands
by setting out fruit trees, ditches the
low lands and reclaims the swamps,
improves the stony fields by picking
off the surface stones so that crops
will take the places the stones occu-
pied, are some of the ways of taking
advantage of the resources of a farm.
The farmer whose farm rarely ex-
ceeds 60 or 70 acres, has crops that
average better than the one who is
operating a big farm. The large far-
mer, with the usual help, is unable to
properly look after the entire farm’s
resources. Personal inspection, see-
ing that work is done in season, that
each operation is well attended to,
are factors in successful farming.
Hasty methods will result in indiffer-
ent work.
Intensive farming enables the far-
mer to husband his resources. Con-
centration of effort to a smaller num-
ber of acres means more thorough
preparation of the soil for all crops,
as well as more liberal fertilizing, and
more thorough timely tillage. All
these contribute to an increasse of
yield and an improvement of quality
of products.
By intensive methods soil fertility
is better maintained or increased.
The resources of a farm are not
fully taken advantage of where the
fields are permitted to go wild, even
for a season. Another setback is giv-
en if no successful effort is made to
prevent the waste incident to fields
being washed.
There is another lack if the barn-
yard is so located that the rains reach
and carry away the richest of the ma-
nurial elements.
Too many farmers do not follow
rotation of crops. The same crop is
annually raised on the same land,
with little if any variation, and the
land gets very little manurial food
which it is in need of. Eventually the
land becomes devoid of humus and
plant food avaliable for the continual
growing of one crop.
Rotation gives opposite results. It
increases the humus, makes plant
food for succeeding crops, and assists
to enrich the land.
Farmers should make their occupa-
tion one of study. Successful men in
all other callings studied to become
masters of their occupation, leaving
nothing to chance. By keeping care-
ful accounts they know which branch
is profitable and which is not, an by
cutting out the losers and giving more
time to the winners, expense is les-
sened and receipts increased.
The wise farmer works along the
gag line. He figures on the expense
of his crops, and eliminates those coal
t is
as one writer puts it: One of the
main reasons for a good deal of poor
farming isthe fact that nature is so
generous that “just a tickling of the
soil” will often bring seme kind of a
crop. There are so-called farmers
who appear to have but little ambi-
tion above the “tickling” process, and
never get beyond “just making a liv-
ing thank’ee” stage in farming.
Ambition and pride to attain the
topmost round in any occupation is al-
ways commendable, and farming need
not be an exception to this order.