Brora —Let us make Judge Kunkel the nominee for Supreme court justice. —Why was all the money spent in rounding up the “Reds” if they were to be captured only to be released again. Tt seems to us that Centre county Republicans would vote Scott and Boal for district delegates with a great deal more self respect than by voting Scott and Gaffney. — General Wood is getting strong- er in the Republican presidential pos- sibility class, but we still stick to our January prediction that the General will not bring home the bacon. — Anyway Herbert Hoover said pleasanter things about Senator John- son’s victory over him in California than the Senator could find it in his heart to say about Mr. Hoover. — Looking over the seeding chro- nology of Centre county for the past forty years, as it appears on another page of this paper, there is not so much to be discouraged over by the backwardness of this season. __ What if Governor Sproul should come out in the open for Gen. Wood ? Would the Penrose satellites in Centre county then vote for Major Terry Boal for district delegate to their Na- tional convention or would they still blindly follow the big boss. __So Philander C. Knox is the man whom Senator Penrose thinks is “just such a man as Senator Harding.” Well, all the pro-Germans ought to be for Knox, for he certainly has left no doubt in well informed minds as to where he stands with regard to Ger- many. —1If al convention declares against kind of a League of Nations, as the stand-patiers in that party are now trying to force it to do, more certainly than ever will the next President of the Unitéd States be a Democrat. The country hasn't forgotten the sacri- fices it made during the war and the unrest and distress since is such as to convince most of it that anything striving to prevent wars in the future is worth a trial at least. —Just why the Highway Depart- ment won't make the new Bishop street. improvement of brick instead of conercte we are at a loss to know. The main street in State College, to be paved this summer, is to be of brick, and Bellefonte is told that brick are not to be used any more. It seems to us that council should insist on some uniformity. that will save our streets from taking on the appearance of a crazy quilt. There is mow red brick on the two High street bridges, buff brick on the sections of the #» streets approaching them and buff brick and asphalt macadam on Alle- gheny street. Add to this variety concrete on Bishop and our town will look like an experimental plat. — Those Democrats of Centre coun- ty who think that it is time to regis- ter a protest against the selfish lead- ership of Palmer and McCormick will have a chance to do so at the coming primary. They can write in some other name than that of Mr. Palmer for President and some other name than that of Joe Guffey for National committeeman. While Palmer will probably get the endorsement of Pennsylvania we can show him that he got it by default and not by an expression of a majority approval. The writer would suggest that all real Democrats unite on the names of either Mr. McAdoo or Governor Cox, of Ohio. Either one of these men would give the party a candidate be- hind whom it could rally with enthu- siasm and with hope of a victory at the polls. —The public health lessons that are supposed to be running in every newspaper in Pennsylvania now may be being read very generally, but those most interested in the benefits it is hoped parents of children will de- rive from them have little or no as- surance that their splendid work is bringing results. Up to this writing not a single person in Centre county has sent a card to the county health department informiing it that he or she is reading the lessons. While such an act would be entirely voluntary on your part, if you are interested in the lessons, it is only fair to bear in mind that the work of those who have pre- pared and are publishing the lessons is voluntary, also. It is a gratuitous labor for the public welfare on their | part and a post card informing them of your interest would at least encour- age the thought that their labor of love is not in vain. —Judges Kunkel and Sadler are both Republicans. There is no Dem- ocratic jurist or lawyer who is an as- pirant for the vacant seat on the Su- preme court bench. We Democrats can nominate and, possibly at the pri- maries, elect the Supreme court jus- tice if we concentrate on one of the two Republican aspirants. Judge Kunkel is the man to whom we should throw our strength. He is opposed by the Republican machine, but will poll many independent Republican votes nevertheless and these with all the Democratic votes in the State would give him fifty-one per cent. of the to- tal in the primaries and thereby elect him without opposition. Democrats should remember that it was Judge Kunkel who presided over the court that punished the capitol grafters after their public official, State Treas- urer Berry, had exposed the rotten- ness and if he had been a machine judge they would probably have gone without punishment. VOL. 65. Vote a Presidential Preference. In the third week of the Literary Digest’s poll Mr. McAdoo has 18032 | votes and Mitchell Palmer 3449. The | ratio is nearly six to one in favor of | a man who has not announced his can- didacy or asked, directly or indirectly, a single man to vote for him against a candidate who has hunted votes like a ferret hunting rabbits. Mr. Palmer has invoked and employed every con- ceivable trick which the fertile minds of such political sharks as Charlie Donnelly could imagine to lure votes. But upon an appeal to the highest standard and best class of voters, he lands next to last in a field of eight, neither of the others having solicited a vote. This test clearly exposes the absurdity of his pretense. There is no question of State pride | The decent . in the premises, either. and self-respecting Democrats of Pennsylvania cannot be bound to the support of a candidate picked for them by Charlie Donnelly, of Phila- | Brennen, of Pitts- | delphia, or Bill burgh, because sordid and selfish im- pulses influenced them to select a man of their own type who was born in , | Pennsylvania. In his methods of cam- . . . 1 the coming Republican Nation- | any | paigning Palmer has dishonored the State and debased the office so that Pennsylvania is more honored in vot- ing against than for him. His can- didacy is a false pretense, an expedi- ent to remew his license as an office broker and provide capital for trading operations in delegates at the conven- tion. Every Democratic voter in Peni- sylvania who has love for the princi- the party will vote against Mitchell er on his ballot or indicating the choice of another by using stickers. This process will cost a little trouble buke to Palmer. traitor all his life. When President Wilson was pleading for a Congress | which would support his policies two years ago, Palmer was trying to de-' feat the Democratic nominee in the District in which he lives as well as in 4 the ning of a candidate in district. These are the men who ask Pennsyl- vania Democrats to be whenever their selfish interests are promoted by regularity. Charles P. Donnelly, William J. Brennen, A. Mitchell Palmer and Vance C. McCor- mick comprise a group of political guerrillas which has been plundering the Democratic party in Pennsylvania for ten years. Now they are begging contributions from federal officers and employees, in violation of law, to cre- ate a fund to debauch the Pri- mary ballot that their lease of looting may be prolonged for another period. Cast your vote to defeat this base pur- Dauphin Palmer for the nomination. — Out in Cambria county the printers are charging $34 a thousand for printing the official ballots for the May primaries and $15 a thousand for the sample ballots, or a total of ap- proximately $2100 for the job. It will cost Clearfield county $850 for the primary ballots for that county. Just what it will cost Centre county has not yet been divulged, but from the business for their health. — Senator Lodge ought to be National convention. sentiments of the party and his false pretense is an appropriate trimming. ———— — Don’t be too certain. hat and shabby shoes may represent pure niggardliness instead of a no- hats and shoes. tee ee ee le — Having exhausted the possi- bilities of promising lower prices as a medium of getting the front page Mitch Palmer has fallen back on the “red” alarm. er fA —__We have not seen any state- ment of where General Wood gets his campaign funds but evidently the source has been seriously interrupted. | ere ———e eee —— — Heavy frosts occurred on Sun- day and Monday mornings, but fortu- nately there is nothing far enough advanced to feel the effects thereof. ee etme ff — Tt is believed that a cigar store Indian could beat Tom Watson in Georgia and maybe it could but Mitch- ell Palmer couldn’t. —If our memory serves us right we had six fogs in January and already we have had six frosts in May. —Tt looks as if Casey has left the bat and gone to the barrel. ples and respect for the traditions of | Palmer by writing the name of anoth- | bat it will be worth tHe price as a re- He has been a party | that ‘represented ‘by Mr. Dewalt and ! “Vance McCormick prevented the run- “regular” pose. It may be done by expressing | a preference for any other man than ' above figures it is evident that the. Cambria county printers are not in: President of the coming Republican ! His opposition | to the peace treaty represents the An old ble protest against the high cost of STATE RIGHTS AND FEDERAL UNION. BELLEFONTE. On Thursday of last week Mitchell Palmer, our grotesque Attorney Gen- | portance of the Primary election this eral, sent out from his office in Wash- ington, an alarm of impending slaugh- | ter. He admonished the public that ! on the first day of May there: would be a sort of orgie of murder and pil- ‘lage and rapine which would run through the length and breadth of the land. On Friday he supplement- ed this statement with a public assur- ance that he had averted the calamity ' by the timely interposition of his vast power and the exercise of his great sagacity. Thus he kept the front | page of the leading newspapers of the country for two days in succession at a time when the uppermost thought in the public mind was the selection of delegates to a National convention to which he is appealing for favors. | According to Mr. Palmer’s “alarm bulletin” the anarchists, nihilists, 1 | W. W’s and all other lawlessly inclin- ed persons within the jurisdiction of this “land of the free and home of the brave,” were to break out everywhere and murder public officials on May Day. Of course he admonished the proposed victims of the slaughter to “take keer of theirselves” during the proposed eventful day. Bub he didn’t entirely trust their discretion and took steps on his own account to pro- tect them. Just how he proceeded is left to conjecture but according to his subsequent statement he obtained a list of those marked for destruction and warned them. Of course he did other things for their safety but has not revealed what. In any event no- body has been killed though some wouldn't have been missed, probably. An esteemed contemporary com- menting upon this curious episode of ‘ our public life expresses surprise that none of the miscreants concerned in this murderous conspiracy was placed under arrest. If Mr. Palmer was able ' to discover the names of the propos- ed victims he ought to have been able to lay the heavy hand of the law upon some of the conspirators. Plainly our contemporary doesn’t understand the | | processes of the Palmer mind. The arrest of a murderer either before or | after the event is a common occur- rence and though Palmer is an expert horn blower, the public officials and | prominent citizens might never have : known that their precious lives were " Palmer as Life Saver. men who will support treasonable bar- | | the future. PA., MAY 7, 1920. Paramount Duty of Democrats. | i We again call the attenton of the voters of Centre county to the im- year. Not only will the contest {0 the Supreme court be decided by the primary vote on the 18th of May, but all contests for party offices and for delegates to the National conventions will be determined. In view of the pending movement to alter or amend the constitution of the State, the of- fice of Justice of the Supreme court is unusually important. It would be a grave mistake to allow this decision to be made by the professional politi- cians who always vote at primaries for the reason that those who have real interest in the affairs of the Com- monwealth have neglected their du- ties. The delegates chosen at the Prima- ry election one week from next Tues- day will express the voice of Pennsyl- vania in the choice of a candidate for President. Every professional poli- tician in the party, every subsidized office holder, every selfish employe of | the office-trading machine will be at the polls dragooning and cajoling voters to renew their franchise as of- | fice brokers. But the real and earnest Democrats who vote for principle rather than profit are likely to forget their obligaticns of citizenship and al- low the traders to get away with an unearned and undeserved victory. We implore the real Democrats of Centre county to lay aside all other things that day and go to the polls. The rotten and perfidious machine of Palmer, McCormick, Donnelly and Brennen hopes to renew its control of the Democratic organization of Penn- sylvania through the neglect or cavre- lessness of the real Democratic voters of the State at the Primary election this year, by the election of Joe Guf- fey, of Pittsburgh, to membership in the Democratic National committee and the selection of State committee- gains with the enemy such as they | made in the last Gubernatorial con-. test. Every earnest Democrat in Cen- tre county should go to the polls on against such deals in the past and in 1t is the paramount duty of the time. elle It may be said that nobody en- ‘saved by the vigilance and efficiency | joyed Penrose’s declaration for Knox ' of the Attorney General. Now it’s | less than General Wood though it can | different. They owe gratitude and | hardly be said that Governor Sproul | know it. i eee lees tet { ——Mr. Taft says his attitude on . the peace treaty puts a proposal that ' he runs for President “out of the ! range of practical possibilities.” So | it does. So it does. He reverses him- "self so frequently that nobody can | tell what his attitude was. Democrats and Liquor. The Democrats of Pennsylvania must divorce themselves from the il- legal liquor traffic now said to be in progress under the sanction of the party leaders in Philadelphia, Pitts- burgh and the Anthracite coal re- gions. It is openly declared by some of the leading newspapers of the State that thousands of barrels of whiskey are being handled every “week in violation of law in Scranton “and that officials of the government, ‘ whose duty it is to prevent such traf- ‘accusations reflect upon President | Wilson’s administration of the gov- ‘ernment. They are grave aspersions upon the Democratic party. No po- litical exigency justifies such a pros- titution of power. : Last week we referred to state- ments published in the Philadelphia Record and to accusations made by | former Congressman Diffenderfer, of Montgomery county, a Democrat, on the subject. Since then the charges have been repeated and amplified by the Philadelphia North American and | Pittsburgh politicians are quoted as | saying that the authorities must “not be severe in handling liquor cases un- til after the State primaries, May 18th.” This is connecting the Demo- cratic party too closely with a law- | less traffic. Liquor cases of the kind | in question are exclusively within the jurisdiction of United States District courts which are officered mainly by Democrats. There can be no mistake in the inference. The liquor traffic is bad enough “when legally followed. A good many of the evils charged against it are justly and properly placed. But un- ‘der a license of the courts and the protection of the law it has rights that | must be recognized. When it is con- | ducted in violation of the law, how- | ever, and the officials of the govern- | ment are prostituted to its base serv- | ice, it becomes intolerable and every man responsible for the criminal pro- cedure deserves popular execration. | The name of Mitchell Palmer is asso- | ciated intimately with this nefarious traffic of the underworld and the evi- dence against him is so convincing that he ought to be held responsible until he vindicates himself. fic, are aiding and abetting it. These | wnet into ecstisies over it. Disturbing the Machinery. Senator Penrose appears to have thrown a monkey wrench into the ma- chinery of the Sproul-Wood combina- tion which was making such fine pro- gress in dispensing the vote of Penn- sylvania in the Republican National convention to be held in Chicago next month. After a prolonged and confi- dential conference with Mr. Will Hays, National chairman, the other day, Senator Penrose issued a state- ment favoring the nomination of Sen- ator Knox as the candidate for Pres- ident. As a favorite son movement such a shift of affections from Sproul to Knox would certainly have a dis- turbing influence upon any little ar- rangement like making General Wood the second choice of the delegation, for Wood belongs to the other side of the factional fence. Various reasons have been advanc- ed for this unexpected action of Sen- ator Penrose. When Governor Sproul took Gifford Pinchot into his official family we expressed a doubt as to the | P ber of the House or Senate who par- | ticipates in such a tour to be paid for | acquiescence of Penrose in such use of the official patronage. Pinchot is known as the bitterest and most vi- tuperative enemy of Penrose and the Senator has not been widely celebrat- ed for amiability toward enemies. The incident was interpreted, however, as a harmony deal and Penrose is strong on harmony, and the nine days’ won- der passed out of public view and was forgotten. The declaration for Knox gives the affair a new aspect, though, and indicates a break between the Governor and Senator that may great- ly alter the Republican political map of Pennsylvania. There are other suggestions which come from well-informed partisans of both the Senator and the Governor with respect to the matter that may be worthy of attention. The National Republican organization is not only against General Wood but has recent- ly shown signs of alarm at the grow- ing friendship between Governor Sproul and the General. On the day that Hays and Penrose were together in Philadelphia Sproul and Wood were in equally confidential association at Pittsburgh as guests of the Americus club, and it is possible that the Knox announcement was intended as a “keep off the grass” sign to Sproul. Meantime those of us who are not in the confidence of either can do no bet- ter than wait future developments. e—————— ee — — Possibly the extravagant hab- its adopted by the public during the war are responsible for the opposition to saving day light. t and. register a protest NO. 19. Candidate Knox. From the Philadelphia Record. There was a time when the Repub- lican party owned the German-Amer- ican vote. That was a good while ago. !In 1916 the Republicans tried to re- j cover it by putting up a candidate who . would not tell what he would do if he were elected, and for that reason he was not elected. The active pro-Ger- man elements were enthusiastic for Judge Hughes, but the greater part of ‘the citizens of German origin were ‘ thoroughly American, and divided be- ‘tween the parties, and Mr. Wilson | won. : it has now occurred to the saga- cious Senator Penrose that, the war being over, it is a good time to make | another effort to reclaim the lost Ger- -man-American Alliance. Mr. Knox is { almost the only public man who has | denounced the peace treaty on the | ground that it is burdensome to the | Germans. General opposition to the | peace treaty—a treaty which does not ‘meet with the approval of the Ger- | mans—naturally inclines the non- | Americanized German voters to sup- | post the party that has prevented the ratification of the treaty. It is hoped | by putting Senator Knox in the field to clinch this disposition and carry the | election by the help of those voters {who are more concerned in the inter- | ests of the country of their origin | than in those of the country of their adoption. The German-American Al- | liance could not keep the country from | defending its rights when they were | assailed by Germany, but its member- | ship—the organization was dissolved during the war—hopes to do some- thing for the Fatherland by getting a friend into the White House. Mr. Knox is an excellent gentieman and an eminent lawyer, but we do not suppose that he has been proposed as sons. There are other excellent tlemen and eminent lawyers. Mr. Knox is not only opposed to the peace treaty, as most of the Republi- i can Senators are, but he is opposed on grounds that the others do not dare to set forth. He is opposed because the penalty imposed upon Germany for causing the world war is too severe for so moderate an offense. It is an ingenious play. It is de- signed to bring to the support of the ularly concerned in the comfort and enjoyment of Germany. A majority of the Republicans in the House sup- abrogated the rights of Americans upon the high seas, that would have waived our rights as Americans to help Germany win the war. The ef- fort to elect “Pussyfoot” Hughes, who could denounce what the President did, but could not be induced to tell what he would do, was a failure, and this minor effort in the same direc- $ion is not likely to be more success- ul. ree lee A Governmental Joy-Ride. From the DuBois Express. Early in June more than 100 Amer- ican Reperesentatives and Senators, with their wives, their children, their secretaries, their valets and other at- tendants, will sail from San Francis- co on the greatest official junket in the history of the nation. They will go to Honolulu, to Guam, to Manila, to Japan, to China, to Korea, and to Siberia. It will be a pleasant trip. It will be a tour of educational value and of many new and strange sights. Also it will broaden the outlook of many statesmen who have never seen be- yond their local horizon. No possible objection could be rais- ed to this pligrimage if the members of the party paid their own expenses; if they paid the expenses of their fam- ilies and their retinues. But the fact that the federal government is called upon to bear all of the cost but $75 er head is an outrage, and the mem- out of the Treasury of the nation will find himself under merited reproach for the remainder of his official ca- reer. To make such a trip as proposed would cost the average individual not less than $1,000 possibly $1,500. If 150 Representatives and Senators go, as is now the prospect, with an equal number of wives and others, some- body must put up the million or more dollars to pay the cost. And the gov- ernment must do the putting up. The $75 per junketer, which is the sole ex- pense involved under the present pro- tips going and coming. It may be too late to call this joy- ride off, but if it is not the far-seeing Legislator who had planned to make the trip would do well to consider the unpleasant possibilities involved in it. It is not enough for him to say that the government transport which will carry him and his family will make the voyage whether there is an official party aboard or not. The voyage would not be made in the expensive fashion that is now proposed. With the country still staggering under a heavy load of taxation, it will not look with favor or indifference upon such a junket. Has no Influence. ¥rom the Cleveland Plain Dealer. One notes that John D. Rockefeller, Jr., drives an electric. That is prob- ably his mute protest against the price of gasoline. ——The Overall Club seems to have lost its suspenders. | SPAWLS FROM THE KEYSTONE. —The school directors of Punxsutawney at a recent meeting voted to raise the school tax levy from 19 mills to 22 mills, and in addition impose a per capita tax of $5 on each male resident. taxation was found to be necessary on ac- count of the increased cost of maintain- ing the schools. —Peter Egger was shot and fatally wounded late Sunday night at a “home brewing’ party at Coal Run, a mining town near Indiana, Pa. Shortly before he died Egger, it is said, identified William M. Polksowicz, a miner of Coal Run, as the man who fired the shot. The alleged slayer was arrested. ; __Earl Eddy, of Powell, who pleaded guilty in court at Towanda on Monday to operating an automobile while intoxicat- ed, was sentenced to pay, a fine of $100 and spend one year in jail. He was arrested by state policemen. In sentencing Eddy, Judge Maxwell said that every offender of this sort would get the limit under the law. Adam Trotski, of Kulpmont, has sued H. 8. Evert in the Northumberland coun- ty courts, to recover $2000. Trotski alleg- es that in buying Evert’s saloon for $2000, there was an additional agreement to the effect that the money was to be returned in case of constitutional prohibition. He asserts that Everet refused repeated de- mands for the check. —Having been assured that he is sole heir to the immense estate left by his grand- father, General Patrick Sarsfield, in Ire- land, Thomas Sarsfield, a retired miner, of Westmoreland county, is preparing to sail for England to present his claim. General sSarsfield’s estate includes 1300 acres of Jand in Ireland, much real estate in Lon- don, Dublin and other cities and bank credits of £44,000,000. — That York people have fair private supplies of wet goods in these supposedly bone-dry times was indicated by the num- per of applications for permits to move intoxicating liquors received at the inter- nal revenue office at York during April. But few permits for removal of large sup- plies of liguor were issued. Applications were chiefly for small quantities, ranging from two to six quarts. When the automobile in which they were riding was struck by lightning, Wil- liam Dunlap, of Somerset, and james Dun- lap, his three year old brother, were ser- jously injured and the car was wrecked. So far as is known this is the first time a moving automobile has ever been struck by lightning. William Dunlap’s right eye was torn out and the younger brother suf- fered severe cuts and bruises. —One of the largest realty transfers in a Presidential candidate for those rea- ! gen- | But | | for a consideration said”to be over a mil- Republican party all the elements that. opposed our entrance into the w ro and all the elements that are partie- ported resolutions that would have | gram is just about enough to pay the Indiana county in some years was recent- ly consummated at Blairsville when the Columbia Plate Glass company’s plant was sold to the National Plate Glass company lion dollars. The deed has just been re- corded in Indiana. The revenue stamps | attached to the deed amounted to $833. One of the stamps is a $500 denomination. —_Emuse Nicora, 25 years old, of Mercer, pleaded guilty last Wednesday to murder- ing his wife, and was sentenced by Judge McLaughry to from 18 to 20 years in the western penitentiary. Nicora shot and killed his wife in Wheatland several months ago. She refused to leave herpar- ‘ents’ home when he started to work in Sharon. Returning one night he fired one shot through the window into her body, killing her instantly. ‘—The big woolen mills at Lewisburg were destroyed by fire at an early hour last Thursday morning. The loss will ex- ceed $150,000. The origin of the fire is not known. The firemen were hampered in their work by low water pressure, and the flames, which broke out about 2 o’clock, swept through the big three-story ‘strue- ture. Much available machinery and stocks were destroyed. Two former mills on the same site were destroyed by fire several years ago. Edward Wagner, 64 years of age, a Pennsylvania Railroad crossing watchman employed at Montgomery, Lycoming coun- ty, was virtually scared.to death. While on duty Sunday night Wagner narrowly escaped being run down by a freight train. After the train passed he was found lying on the ground near the crossing where he did his duty. He had suffered a nervous collapse. Wagner was carried home and his condition grew steadily worse until his death yesterday. : — Bratton VanZandt, thirty-three years old, of Lewistown, was arrested late on Saturday by an United States postoffice in- spector, charged with appropriating mon- eys to his own use that were given him by patrons with which they desired him to purchase and forward money orders to mail order houses in payment of purchas- es. VanZandt was a rural carrier for one year and is the second of the local post- office employees to be arrested in as many weeks, Frank Mateer having been arrest- ed for stealing the contents of parcels post packages. — Leo J. Russell, superintendent of Bradford county schools, was advised last Thursday by Dr. J. F. Marshman, of State College, who is directing the state-wide and county speaking contests in the pub- lic schools, that a thorough investigation will be made into Mr. Russell's charges that the twelve county contests held at Lock Haven two weeks ago were a vicious frame-up. The charges resulted when Miss Anna Holmes, of Towanda, was dropped from the list after she had been officially declared a winner in the first- class High school contest. Music was transmitted half a mile by radio at Pittsburgh on Sunday and was sufficiently loud at the receiving end for dancing, according to announcement from the University of Pittsburgh, which with Carnegie Institute of Technology conduct- ed the experiment. University of Pitts- burgh students danced to the music ren- dered by the Tech orchestra. The orches- tra sat in Central Hall of Tech and played a jazz tune with the Pittsburgh students gathered in Heinz house, half a mile away. Scores of radio students in the district re- ported having “listened in,” on the music. The Burton Clay Products company, according to officers of the concern, plan to expend in th& neighborhood of $600,000 on improvements to their brick and tile plant at Sidney, near Punxsutawney, Jef- ferson county. The company has acquired 437 acres of land on the Bellwood branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The total clay deposits, flint or hard clay, and Bur- ley, or soft clay, are estimated at 7,000,000 tons, and the veins average in thickness from four to twelve feet. In addition to the clay there are coal and sand and an abundant water supply. Tests show that the crude clay will stand 3300 degrees of heat, which insures a fine quality of brick. This increased