pe ————
rr ————— =:
B tic Watt
Bellefonte, Pa., July 27, 1917.
e————
A PRISONER’S THANKS.
|
i
{
i
Would it increase property values?
No. 19 in Health and Happiness Series.
Would it benefit your farmers, your!
retail merchants and your traveling |
men? Of course it would.
PROSPERITY NECESSARY FOR VIC-
TORY.
The cost of the war in money will :
be enormous, and sooner or later the
Recently on a Sunday afternoon | tax payers of the country must foot
the boys’ choir of St. John’s Orphans’ | the bill. Americans, to pay this war
Asylum paid a visit to the Eeastern | cost, must have the utmost prosperi-
State Penitentiary and for an hour | t¥-
“Prosperity is needed in war time
1 : i 3
sang to the inmates, who, from their | far more than it ever is in peace.
unseen places, listened with delight to
the beautiful boyish voices. In thank-
ing the Sisters of St. Joseph for the
choir’s visit, one of the prisoners, B
8266, wrote the following verses:
AN APPRECIATION.
A child note, like a lark note,
Is ringing in my ears;
And like a magic carpet bears
Me back adown the years.
And lo! I am a boy again,
With face uplifted to the rain,
Knowing naught of sin or shame,
And naught of earthly cares.
O flute note! Like a lute note,
That stirs the blood like wine,
Recalling all the joys I had,
Of a vanished summer time.
I see the sun’s gold on the wheat,
I hear the organ down the street,
I feel the cool wave lap my feet,
O happy, happy lad!
O sad note, so sweet note,
That wrings the heart of me
Remembering all I might have been,
Can never hope to be.
Better than all the world holds dear,
Better than gold and better than year,
Better than fame is a conscience clear
Of offense toward all men.
O glad note and gay note,
There's a smile behind the tears,
There's the boy's heart still in the most ;
of us
Persisting through the years.
The dreams of our youth are with us still,
The shining goal is just over the hill;
Some day we'll reach it, if God so will,
And we be true to the best in us.
O golden lads and happy lads,
‘Whate’er the swift years bring,
God grant you never know such shame
As ours to whom you sing;
May you ne'er falter in the fight,
May you ne'er choose aught but the right;
Keep vour faces to the light
And—sing for us again.
By B 8266.
.
GREATER PROSPERITY AHEAD.
From the James Barn Magazine for June.
In business, prosperity awaits the
American nation—not business de-
pression or panic.
For two years we have had pros-
perity more universal than at any
time most of us can recollect.
Farmers have had good crops and
have made money. There is every
reason to believe that they will make
even larger profits this year.
The entrance of America into the
war means a tremendously increased
demand upon the farmers for the
products of their toil.
Even though the government may
find it necessary to establish maxi-
mum prices for the protection of the
consumer, nevertheless, it is certain
that this maximum price will be
large enough to leave the producer a
satisfactory profit—probably a larger
profit, so far as farm products are
concerned, than in ordinary times.
Labor in some way will be supplied
to the farms. Production of food is
so essential that the government may
be depended upon to fill the ranks of
farm labor just as itis certain the
government will fill the ranks of
fighting men.
Study carefully the financial histo-
ry of our great wars, and you will
find that business has invariably in-
creased during and for some years
after those wars.
The expenditure of the vast sums
of money—such as the seven billion
dollars ($7,000,000,000) recently ap-
propriated—even though it be for
war purposes, stimulates business in
every other line. All of this amount,
even the three billions loaned our al-
lies, will be spent here in the United
States.
All of us recall that two years or
so ago, many factories were not op-
erating, hundreds of thousands of la-
boring men were unemployed, and
we were in the midst of a real busi-
ness depression, even though all ba-
sic causes indicated business should
be prosperous.
When the allied governments spent
their first fifty million dollars in
America for war materials, business
started to boom. The orders placed
with the munition plants gradually
affected other lines of industry. La-
boring men had more money to spend
for clothing, food and furniture;
transportation lines had more busi-
ness; the manufacture of war goods
required clothing and clothing re-
quired wool and cotton; munitions re-
quired metals, and thus stimulated
mine production; the purchase of food
supplies reached clear back until it
was felt on the farm.
And when it was realized that in-
stead of only a $50,000,000 purchase,
$1,000,000,000 worth of our products
would be needed by foreign govern-
ments at war, the flow of prosperity
became a flood, and we still feel its
effect.
Our present prosperity was start-
ed by that first $50,000,000 purchase.
How tremendous then, will be the in-
crease in business prosperity that will
follow the expenditure during the
next twelve months of the $7,000,000,-
000 recently appropriated for war
purposes ?
ave you any conception of how
much $7,000,000,000 is?
There are 6,362,000 farms in the
United States. If the seven billion
dollars were all spent for farm prod-
ucts, it would be the equivalent of
an $1100 order for each farm in the
country.
There .are approximately 3,000
counties in the United States. If the
Seven billion dollar order were divided
equally by counties, the average
would be two and a third millions.
In Wisconsin, with its 71 counties,
the total for the State would be
$165,000,000.
Would orders totaling $2,333,333
placed in your county this year for
farm and manufactured products of
all descriptions help your business?
|
Happy it is for our land and for
our people that conditions are right
for even greater prosperity than we
have heretofore experienced. How
foolish, then, at this time when hu-
man needs of all descriptions are
i overwhelming our factories, and the
demand for labor is greater than the
supply, to do those things which put
the brake on prosperity, disarrange
commercial activities and interfere
with the normal course of business.
Panics and business depressions
may easily be brought about, wholly
{ without any basic reason, simply by
a general pessimistic state of mind.
If retailers and business men, gener-
ally, get the idea that this is a time,
simply because war is on, to curtail
their purchases, to retrench rigidly
and cut down aggressive sales ef-
forts, the effect on business prosperi-
ty may be that of using the emergen-
cy brake when the car is running at
high speed. The shock may be ruin-
ous.
DON’T RETRENCH.
If folks generally, simply because
war is on, believe they should re-
trench rigidly in their personal ex-
penditures, wear their old clothes,
buy no new furniture for their
homes, hoard their cash, postpone
new buildings, stop the construction
of roads and other public work, they
are putting the emergency brake on
national prosperity at a time when
our nation’s future may depend on
national prosperity.
Warning along this line is timely,
because some folks, even high in of-
ficial circles, have given this subject
too little serious thought and are
making the mistake of advising cur-
tailment of all expenditures of what-
ever nature, stern retrenchment and
rigid economy.
Some States and municipalities are
stopping road building and other
publiz work.
Some folks are hoarding cash
when gilt-edged securities are avail-
able ir. any quantity. Some factories
even are closing. down in the pres-
ence of urgent demand for almost
everything that machinery and labor
can make; a tendency is shown to
withhold the purchase of anything
beyond the actual necessities of life.
BUSINESS AS USUAL.
There is, of course, the usual need
for the elimination of waste, all along
the line, and particularly prevention
of waste of food and other things
needed in war.
The time may come when certain
unnecessary expenditures should not
be made, and if they are for things re-
quiring labor which is needed else-
where for war purposes.
Thirft there should be, just as
there should always be thrift. Econ-
omy. there should be, for economy is
one phase of efficiency; but we
should not forget that economy is
best defined as the judicious expen-
diture of money.
In a certain town, because the
country is at war, twenty men
agreed to wear overalls and working
blouse, instead of their usual busi-
ness clothes.
By so doing they thought they
would be practicing a helpful, patri-
otic economy.
They did not realize that if folks
generally followed their example, the
retail clothiers would have “hard
sledding,” forcing them to discharge
clerks and curtail their purchases
from jobbers.
The jobbers in turn could buy less
from the clothing manufacturers,
and would nced to discharge help.
The manufacturers would have
less work for their office and factory
help, forcing them to discharge men
and buy less raw materials—wool
and cotton.
Wool and cotton prices will de-
crease, giving the farmer less income
and less purchasing power.
The railroads would be affected;
the coal and machinery men, in like
manner.
The men discharged from retail
clothing stores, from jobbing es-
tablishments and factories, would all
have far less money to spend.
Their purchases from retail merch-
ants of food and furniture and other
goods would be decreased, starting in
these other lines of trade the same
evil chain of influences.
It is unwise to unnecessarily and
abruptly check the normal eourse of
business.
We should all remember that our
success in the war may depend on our
national prosperity—that “Business
as Usual” is demanded of each and
every one of us from the stand point
of true patriotism.
The Philadelphia “North American
says: “The surest way to lose the
war would be to permit the natural
processes of our economic existence
to become disorganized through de-
pression; the surest means of bring-
ing victory and early peace is to
stimuiate those processes by steady
concentration upon our ordinary af-
fairs and steady adherence to ra-
tional habits of life.”
Howard E. Coffin, chairman of the
National Council of Defense, pub-
licly urges: “We need prosperity in
war time more than when we are at
peace. Business depressions are al-
ways bad, but doubly so when we
have a fight on our hands. The dec-
laration of war can have no real
evil effect on business. We need more
business, not less. Indiscriminate
economy would be ruinous. Now is
the time to open the throttle. To the
billions which have been sent here by
foreign nations are now to be added
billions of our own. State activities,
road building, public works, private
industries, all must go on as before.
Business must be increased, labor em-
ployed, and the country kept going
strongly ahead as a successful eco-
nomic machine. We must have suc-
cessful industries if successful tax
levies are to be raised.”
The Chicago “Herald” says editori-
No healthy person need be too fat
or too thin. He has just as much
right to say what he shall weigh as
what church he shall attend or what
political ticket he shall vote.
To those folk who are wont to look
; on lankness as undesirable but inevit-
| able, who regard fat quite as much a
! family heritage as blue eyes or a pug
i nose, this statement may seem sur-
prising. But it really is true. Each of
us has an ideal weight which it is per-
fectly easy to attain and still easier
to retain.
| “I've tried but.I can’t reduce my
| weight,” is a statement scientifically
absurd. Go without food today and
you will lose a pound, probably much
more. Just as certainly will you lose,
though more slowly, if you eat a little
less than you need for a longer period
of time.
FAT DANGEROUS IN MIDDLE AGE.
Obesity is more common than un-
derweight and much more dangerous
as we march into middle age. 1t has
just two causes: The first is disease,
usually an affliction of the thyroid
gland; the second is nothing in the
world but overeating. Thyroid vic-
tims we need not consider here; they
are comparatively few and their con-
dition calls for special medical treat-
ment.
Overeating is not necessarily glut-
tony, or anything approaching it. A
small meal made up of certain foods
will furnish more fuel—and more fat
—to the body than one twice as large
and less discreetly chosen. Foods va-
ry vastly in fuel value; for instance,
one pound of olive oil will stand
sponsor for more surplus flesh than
forty-five pounds of the lettuce on
which we are likely to eat it.
The stcut person must learn that he
has both friends and enemies at the
table. His enemies are sugar, bread,
cereal, desserts, butter, cream, olive
oil, bacon, cocoa, and rich sauces.
Among his best friends are lean
meats, unsweetened fruits and green
foods. Yet, alas! most plump people
seem stricken with an ardent love for
their enemies. This may be good
Scripture but it is mighty poor die-
tetics.
The body has been compared to a
steam engine.
it is, if we note one important distinc-
tion: Surplus fuel in the engine is
burned and thrown off in waste heat;
surplus fuel in the body is burned and
stored up as fat. Give an engine less
fuel than its normal demand and it
loses power. Give a fat person less
fuel than his normal demand, and he
draws upon the reserve stored within
his body for that very purpose. And
usually in losing flesh he will gain
strength—that is, if his reduction diet
is properly balanced.
HOW TO TAKE OFF FLESH.
We eat—or, at least, we should eat--
to provide protein (tissue builder) to
replace the small amount that is worn
out each day, and to supply fats and
carbohydrates (the latter meaning
sugar and starches) to be converted
into heat and energy. They are our
coal. The normal diet has from one-
fourth to three-eighths protein. Fats
and carbohydrates, which are practic-
ally interchangeable, make up the
rest.
Proteins occur abundantly in meat,
eggs, milk, cheese and nuts. Fats are
found freely in cream, butter, olive oil,
chocolate, bacon, and fat meats. Car-
bohydrates are stored in fruits, grains
and vegetables.
These general classes of the ele-
ments in what we eat may be borne
in mind in reading these rules for
weight reduction:
A splendid comparison |
How To Regulate Your Weight.
BY ROBERT H. ROSE, M. D., in “American Magazine.”
1. For proteins take one-third of a
pound of meat and two eggs daily.
Most of your other foods will contain
a small amount of protein, which will
make up the balance of what you
need.
2. Select one highly carbohydrate
article, besides sugar, for each meal.
You may choose from bread, cereals,
soup, macaroni, potato, corn, custard,
ice cream, almonds, dried figs, dates
or raisins. Never let willful appetite
or mistaken courtesy lead you to take
a second helping of such starchy foods
as rice, tapioca, macaroni or potatoe.
3. Limit your sugar to three tea-
spoonfuls daily.
4. Fats should be cut down toa
minimum. From one and a half to
three balls of butter—which is entire-
ly fat—should be sufficient for this
division of your diet. Use no cream,
olive oil, bacon or fat meat.
eat cheese or nuts.
b. If you obey the foregoing in-
structions, you may appease your ap-
petite by eating unsweetened fruits,
salads without oil, and such vegeta- |
bles as carrots, squash and string
beans, without cream sauce. You will
miss some of your sweet, rich old ene-
mies for awhile, but you will be sur-
prised at the speed with which you
will come to feel just as fond toward
things which are good for you.
Here is a very simple table for
weight reduction:
EAT DAILY.
First.
three ounces of lean meat, two
slices of bread, one and a half
balls of butter, three teaspoonfuls
of sugar.
Second. Three articles of unsweeten-
ed fruit—such as an apple, a
pear, and an orange.
Third. The equivalent of two table-
spoonfuls of any two of the fol-
lowing:
Lettuce, carrots, tomatoes, celery,
lima beans, cauliflower, squash,
boiled onions, turnips, asparagus,
string beans, cabbage.
Take none of these baked, or with
cream sauce, butter or nourish-
ing dressing.
Fourth. One salad, excluding nuts,
cheese, potatoes or olive oil.
Add a littie real exercise and your
scales are likely to show a drop
of at least two pounds a week.
All the foregoing instructions have
been general. Since persons vary so
much, however, in build, age, and ac-
tivity, I feel that I ought to tell the.
reader a simple way to figure out ex-
actly the proper reduction diet for his
or her own individual case.
A short distance back the human
‘body was compared to a steam engine.
Let me add here that it is possible to
determine the number of calories, or
heat units, in a helping of food just as
accurately as one can figure it in a
given amount of coal. It is also pos-
sible to estimate very closely the num-
ber of calorites necessary to run any
human engine. If your diet has less
calories than that number, you will
lose weight; if it has more, you will
gain weight.
secret of weight control.
Suppose there comes to me a pa-
tient forty-two years old, five feet six
inches tall, and weighing 170 pounds.
By consulting my table of normal
weights for men of various heights
and ages I may fix the fact that he is
twenty pounds too heavy. This table
will enable any man to tell whether
he is under weight or over weight.
The figures are based on weight in
street clothing.
What Men Should Weigh.
"Ages: 25-29 30-34
35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-61
S2It. 0in, 125 128 131 133 134 134 134 131
ft. 1. 126 129 131 134 136 136 136 134
Sf. 2in, 128 131 133 136 138 138 138 137
Bt. 3, 131 134 136 139 141 141 141 140
Sift. 41n, 135 138 140 143 144 145 145 144
8 ft. 5in. 138 141 143 146 147 149 149 148
5 ft. Gin. 142 145 147 15 151 153 153 153
§ ft. Tin. 147 150 152 155 156 158 158 158
5 ft. Sin. 151 154 157 160 161 163 163 163
5 ft. 9 in. 155 159 162 165 166 167 168 168
5 ft. 10 in. 159 164 167 170 171 172 173 174
OS ft. 11 in. 164 169 173 175 177 17 178 180
9. ft. 0 in, 170 175 179 180 183 182 183 185
G2. 1 in. 177 181 185 186 189 188 189 189
gf, 2 in. 184 188 192 194 196 194 194 192
WHAT YOU SHOULD EAT.
It is really a rather simple mathe-
matical problem to determine the
proper caloric diet for any one. One
multiplies the normal weight for a
person of his age and height by .5, if
he does light work; 20 if he does mod-
erately hard work; 23, if he does very
hard work. This gives the number of
calories in a diet that would keep this
person at normal weight. A reduc-
tion: diet would have about two thirds
this number of calories; a diet for
weight increase would have about
four-thirds.
The selection of the proper figure
between 15 and 28 is, of course, some-
what a matter of judgment, but any-
one should be able to tell his approxi-
mate place. I have found that 16 is
the figure that fits the average city
office worker.
Returning to my 170-pound patient,
whom we have found to be twenty
pounds over weight. Multiplying 150
by 16 gives me 2,400, two-thirds of
which is 1,600. So I have to arrange
ally: “The primary duty in this
country today is for every State, mu-
nicipality, corporation and individual
to go about business promptly, intelli-
the situation fully justifies. If there
built, go ahead and build them, just as
would be done in normal times. IF a
man has a certain standard of life,
there is certainly no reason for any
heroic effort to live in a fashion fun-
damentally different. Reasonable
economy, of course, there should be—
always should be. But that’s all the
situation calls for.
“There is, of course, need of cut-
ting out waste of food, for no matter
how much we may produce, there
will be an excess of demand, hence
it will be our imperative duty to the
nation holding the battle front for
us to spare every pound of food we
are roads and other public works to be '
| for him a well balanced diet that will
{ furnish him approximately 1,600 ca-
lories. I might do it thus:
Breakfast Amount Calorles
Bread 2 slices 140
Butter 1 ball 80
Eggs 2 160
Milk in coffee 1 ounce (liquid) 20
Sugar 1 teaspoonful 33
Luncheon Amount Calories
Bread 2 slices 140
Butter 1 ball 80
Meat 134 oz. 150
Potatoes. 1 (medium) 90
Sugar in tea 1 teaspoonful 33
Dinner Amount Calories
Bread 2 slices 140
Butter 1 ball 80
Meat (lean) 31% oz. 300
Peas 2 tablespoonfuls 80
Apple (one) 7
Clear coffee
1,601
This diet is well balanced in pro-
teins, carbohydrate and fats.
“What to Do if You are Too Thin” with
table “What Women Should, Weigh” in
next week’s “Watchman.”
can without weakening our econom-
ic capacity. But the public ‘should not
make a possible food shortage mean a
shortage of work or a reduction in
gently, and with the optimism which |
wages or a scarcity of money. On the
contrary, employment will be plenti-
ful, wages high, and money abun-
dant.”
A little thinking will convince any
of us that it is not business depres-
sion that awaits us just around the
corner, but business prosperity such
as the United States has never seen
before.
Don’t set the brakes. Open the
throttle and keep up “Business as
Usual.”
—
——The last year’s output of cop-
per in this country shows a marked
increase over any previous year’s out-
put. .
Never
One egg, one chop (lamb) |
This is really the whole:
FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN.
DAILY THOUGHT
All material questions are of little im-
portance in comparison with the sole ob-
ject of our life: to preserve love amongst
all men with whom we come in contact.—
! Tolstoy.
The most effectual way to prepare
all dried or evaporated fruit is: Kirst
pick over the fruit carefully after se-
lecting as good a quality as can be
afforded. Wash well in luke warm
water, as it removes any foreign sub-
stance much more quickly and effect-
ually than cold water. Let them soak
in water to entirely cover over night.
The time for soaking depends on hard-
ness of fruit, but sufficient water
should be absorbed to fill out the fruit
to its natural outline.
Set over a slow fire in a saucepan
to cook very slowly in the water in
which they were soaked. Bring to the
boiling point and set on the back of
cock in a double boiler, although the
small size is too small to allow the
prunes or other fruit to swell. The
fireless cooker is perfect for this kind
of cooking.
This fruit may be eaten much more
freely by children, elderly people or
i these having rheumatism or other ac-
"id diseases in their systems.
The sport coat has become a verita-
ble craze. One cannot have too many.
There is the sport coat for morning,
supposed to be worn over thin linger-
ie blouses that go with the gay sport
' skirts.
The morning sport coat is of wool
i jersey, or one of the cotton velours, or
\ is of knitted wool.
| Over the afternoon frilly frocks
| goes the knitted silk sport coat and
the silk or satin coat. These are dif-
| ferent from the morning sport coat
{ only by the finer material and a trim-
| ming of fancy borders.
| Sport coats are always out of place
{in the evening. A cape looks better
with frilly robes. Still one sees occa-
sional sport coats which are cut on
top coat lines and seem to be sports
in name only.
To preserve the freshness of the
skin it is a good idea to use a good
massage or cleansing cream after a
day in the sun, wind or dust. Gently
rubbing in the cream will remove dust
and foreign substances from the sur-
face and will also feed the tissues,
healing the dry and stretched cuticle
and restoring the skin to its natural
resiliency.
The cream facial bath should pre-
cede the washing of the face. Wrap a
bit of soft, old linen around the fin-
gers and dip into the cream and free-
ly apply all over thc face, arms and
neck. The cream will remove the dust
and rest the tired skin, and the oils
not absorbed may be removed by
bathing with soap and water two or
three hours later. The face should
never be washed with water immedi-
ately after returning from a day’s
outing or exposure to the hot rays of
the sun or the biting wind.
The real face washing should take
place at night, just before going to
bed, and the application of the mas-
sage cream, if necessary, should be
made after the face has been washed
and carefully dried.
Almost every gown today has its
sash. Braid sashes are among the
novelties. The braid is decidedly new.
It is silk—soft, pliable, in Chinese col-
ors and printed in Oriental designs.
The ends are finished with tassels.
A new hat of red, white and blue
striped straw suggests the West Point
cadet’s cap.
The present substitute for the
bunch of purple violets is the patriot-
ic boutonniere in red, white and blue.
Satin ribbon forms the violets. Neck
ribbons also show the national colors.
Flag ribbon can now be bought by
the yard. It comes in different
widths.
The decoration of the long narrow
table, in the long narrow dining room,
has always been more or less prob:
lematical. It is fairly easy to arrange
flowers, of course, but, when one
wishes to use four candles, then comes
the difficulty. The usual square or
diamond shaped arrangement of the
candlesticks is not quite pleasing,
for one candlestick at least, at each
side, comes too near the cover to be
attractive. And then, when the serv-
ice is from the sideboard, there are
large blank spaces left before those
who sit at either end. One hostess
has solved such a problem in an inter-
esting way. In the center of the table
she placed a shallow bowl with nar-
cissus and plenty of greenery stand-
ing upright in one of those conven-
ient holders. On either side of this
she placed, in procession lengthwise
down the middle of the table, two
glass candlesticks with tall, white, un-
shaded candles. They were spaced so
well that the effect was most artistic.
Another hostess whose table and
room are wide enough to allow a dif-
ferent treatment arranges her candle-
sticks in diamond formation around a
bowl of roses, and adorns the empty
spaces at the ends with china baskets
of fruit.
Corn Dodgers.—Two cupfuls of
corn flour, one teaspoonful of salt, two
tablespoonfuls of molassas, one cup-
ful of cold water, eight tablespoon-
fuls of lard, which is put in the pan
for cooking.
The dodgers are a delicious South-
ern delicacy, and they can be used
with jelly or as a main dish.
Pineapple Toast.—From slices of
stale sponge cake cut out as many
rounds as there are persons to serve.
Have the rounds of the cake of the
same size and a little larger than the
slices of the pineapple to be used.
Butter the slices of cake, dredge with
sugar, and set them in the oven to
brown and glaze. Either canned or
fresh pineapple may be used; if the
former, cook the syrup with about
half a cupful of sugar and one table-
spoonful of lemon juice; add the
pieces of pineapple; let boil up once
and then keep hot until ready to
serve. Set a round of pineapple upon
each round of cake, pour the fruit
sauce over and serve immediately.
Garnish with a few marichino cher-
ries or candied cherries.
he stova : sbestos mat; or
the Stove or on on Ashestes uml; off pany of workers follow and attend to
FARM NOTES.
—The best roughage for breeding
ewes is alfalfa and clover hay, shred-
ded corn stalks and oat straw. Be
careful not to feed too much of the
shredded cornstalks to the breeding
ewes, for fear of their getting too fat
and causing trouble at lambing time.
It is poor practice to feed the breed-
ing ewes too much dry feed through
the winter months, as this seems to
hinder the milk flow at lambing time.
Well-matured, bright silage is good
feed for the breeding ewe if fed about
two pounds each day to the head.
PROFITS LARGE IN BEE KEEPING.
The study of bees is interesting,
and the profits in keeping them is
barge, considering the amount invest-
The worker bee hatches in 21 days
from fresh eggs, and a drone in 24
days. The queen does not go to the
fields in search of honey, but devotes
her time to depositing eggs. A com-
all the wants of the queen. She, there-
fore, does not have the hard struggle
the workers have when from home,
and she will live to the ripe old age
of two, three and sometimes four
years.
For a few days after hatching the
worker bee devotes its time as a nurse
in the hive, either feeding the queen
or young brood, or maybe in helping
to build comb, on pleasant days tak--
ing exercise flights in front of the
hive to develop wing power and learn-
ing to make their home location.
When three or five days old, if the
bee was hatched during the honey
flow, it will begin its field labor of
gathering honey, making many trips
per day, working night and day as if
the destiny of the entire colony de-
pended upon her; so that the life or
age of such a wo “er bee is from
three to four weeks
THE QUEEN IS JEALOUS.
In normal conditions when a swarm
leaves the hive, the old queen goes
with a greater portion of the workers
to make for themselves a new home
in some distant tree. There is left in
the hive a small colony of worker
bees and an abundance of drone bees,
and all the way from two or three to
20 or 50 queen cells, and the most of
them nearly ready to hatch. If one
bee hatches a few moments before her
rival sisters she, with attendant
workers, at once begins to gnaw in the
side wall of the queen cells, and when
opened the outside queen can easily
send her death sting into her sister.
But often before all such queens are
killed there will be several hatched,
and when they meet there is a pitch-
ed battle, biting off each other’s legs
and wings, at the same time each one
thrusting their sting with all their
strength against their rivals until one
or both are dead.
Only one queen will stay in a hive,
so it often happens that there will be
two or three of these young queens,
who, rather than fight for life, will
take a portion of the bees in the hive
and go to the woods. Such second or
after swarms are seldom of any prof-
it unless returned where they came
from.
All queens when four to seven days
old will, if weather permits, take their
wedding flight, select the drone of her
choice, and while on the wing become
mated, once only and for life. When
several colonies of bees are near to-
gether, as in an apiary, it is not nec-
essary to allow but a few drones to
hatch in each colony. Better select the
colony and raise all in that one, as the
above mission is all the drone is good
for. The drone bee never gathers any
honey nor helps in the household du-
ties. He is simply an extravagant
eater and a loafing gentleman.
PREVENTING SWARMING TROUBLES.
The queen, when from eight to ten
days old, or three to five days after
mating, will begin to lay eggs, only a
few the first day, but rapidly increas-
ing the number until during the best
of the brood-rearing season 2000 to
3500 eggs are deposited daily.
Some bee men clip every queen as
soon as she is laying. It is no damage
to her. She will live as long and pro-
duce as much brood as if she had both
wings, ‘and it will prevent her from
going to the woods with a colony of
bees. They clip the feathery portion
of both wings of one side of her body.
To clip her they take her in their left
hand, holding her by the waist or
thoras with thumb and finger, leaving
the legs and wings free. Often she is
held by the left wing with thumb and
finger, letting her stand on the thumb
with right wing loose, and then with
small, round-pointed scissors clip the
feathery portion of both wings of
right side of body. It is as cruel to
cut the bony part of a queen bee's
wing as it would be to chop off the
whole wing of a barnyard fowl.
If several colonies of bees are ready
to swarm, it is a great convenience to
the owner on a bright morning when
swarms are coming out to take their
leisure time, to go to each hive where
a swarm has just issued, and in the
grass near the hive find a bunch of
bees and the queen with them. He has
no tall tree to climb to get the colony.
Simply return the queen after taking
out all the queen cells, and if neces-
sary remove one or two brocd combs
for empty ones. In short, he does
with the bees as he thinks best, and
he has ne bees going to the woods or
trouble in getting them hived.
All the precautions necessary to
keep my large stock of extracting
combs are to space them one less to
the hive than they are used in the
summer, and then leave them where
they will freeze during the winter,
writes an apiarist. The moths pass
the winter usually in the egg stage,
and a good, selid freezing will kill
them, so in the spring there are no
worms to eat the comb. There are
usually two broods during the season,
one in the spring, the other during the
fall. It takes about three weeks for
the larvae to mature. Another point
in the safe keeping of combs is the
presence of pollen or dead brood. The
larvae of the moth cannot live on wax
alone; they must have some other
food. Combs used for extracting sel-
dom have any pollen or other nitro-
genious food for the worm in them.
The combs which are in the hive
where the bees have died are the most
liable to-their attacks.
——Subscribe for the “Watchman.”
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