» fEE—————
Belletonte, Pa., April 6, 1917.
some,
A GOOD MEMORY SYSTEM.
Forget each kindness that you do
As soon as you have done it;
Forget the praise that falls to you
The moment you have won it; *
Forget the slander that you hear
Before you can repeat it;
Forget each slight, each spite, each sneer,
Wherever you may meet it.
Remember every kindness done
To you, whate'er its measure ;
Remember praise by others won
And pass it on with pleasure:
Remember every promise made,
And Keep it to the letter;
Remember those who lend you aid
And be a grateful debtor
Remember all the happiness
That comes your way in living;
Forget each worry and distress,
Be hopeful and forgiving ;
Remember good remember truth,
Remember heaven's above you,
And you will find, through age and youth,
True joys and hearts to love you.
Exchange.
THE STORY OF SERVIA.
Poor Servia! This expression
comes naturally to one’s lips. Tens of
thousands of men, women, and chil-
dren have been driven from their
homes and are either housed in im-
provised dwellings or packed togeth-
er like cattle in a shed. Her fate has
been even worse than that of Belgium,
and the need of help is undoubtedly
great. What will be the ultimate out-
come for either people or country
none of us can foretell. But the Ser-
vians are worthy of our sympathetic
interest; for they are an ancient peo-
ple.
The country which is the home of
the Servian people is a fine and most
delightful region. It lies between the
Danube River on the north and the
Balkan Mountains on the south, and
is about as large as Vermont and New
Hampshire combined. Within these
confines dwell about three millions of
people. The greater part of this prin-
cipality is but sparsely settled, and
only a small portion of the soil is ac-
tually under cultivation. In the moun-
tains the scenery becomes magnifi-
cent, for many of those mountain-
sides are precipitous and wild. The
pasturage is scanty and poor, yet it is
to this bleak and sterile region that
the heart of every Servian turns with
the most reverent interest, for here it
is that the monuments of the ancient
glories of his race are most thickly
scattered. To these almost inaccessi-
ble places the early patriots had fled”
when oppression became too great,
and now they have once more sought
these retreats, so we are told.
The history of the Servians in both
medieval and modern times is full of
interest. It is the best example of ‘a
Slavonic people pursuing quietly the
natural course of its own develop-
ment. It is also the first example of
an ancient Christian people success-
fully revolting against Mohammedan
oppression. Deeply attached to free-
dom, the Servians have been remarka-
ble for the quiet and peaceful order
of their village life. They have pre-
served almost unadulturated the fla-
vor of the soil from which. they
sprang. They are in general quiet,
orderly, and industrious people, pos-
sessing in a high degree the poetic
temperament. The land abounds with
ballads and legends which recount the
glories and vicissitudes of their his-
tory, which even down to the present,
has been embodied in verse.
The “bond of brotherhood” is a pe-
culiar relation which has been com-
mon among the Servians from ancient
times. Two young men who have
been drawn together by interest of
affection take an oath of brotherhood
“in the name of God and Saint John,”
and become thereafter faithfully de-
voted to each other until death. ~This
bond has sometimes been entered in-
to between Moslems and Christians.
The entire social system is strikingly
patriarchal, and this explains the
communal form of the village life.
The father, as long as he lives, is the
head of the family in all its branches.
He generally rules his little communi-
ty or “clan” with quiet dignity and
firm authority. Woman still holds an
inferior and somewhat servile posi-
tion. :
The Servians have never been in-
clined to aggression and conquest, and
only on one or two occasions have |
they departed from this principle so
deeply imbedded within them. Their
fighting has been in defense of their
country and their religious faith.
These Slav people first came to what
is now Servia in the seventh century
upon the personal invitation of the
mperor Hereaclius. They brought
with them their Slavonic customs and
institutions, and were essentially in-
dependent, although acknowledging
some allegiance to Constantinople.
For several centuries this little State
pursued its course of natural, politic-
al and social development with more
or less steadiness.
It was during the reign of Stephen
Dushan, who came to the throne in
1333, that the culminating point in
the history of the Servians was reach-
ed. The designs of this ruler were
vast and far-reaching. The Byzan-
tine Empire was then crumbling, and
"Dushan decided to restore the old Ro-
man empire of the East. He assem-
bled a great parliament at which he
was solemnly crowned emperor of the
Romans. At this Sabor, or Parlia-
ment, a code of laws was enacted
which is one of the most interesting
and valuable remains of the old Ser.
vian institutions. From these laws
it is clear that the Servians were then
a free people. The feudal system
seems never to have gained a foot-
hold among these people. Dushan as-
sembled the forces of his empire and
began his march upon Constantino-
ple.
It is vain to speculate upon what
might have been the result in Europe
if the dream of this Servian ruler had
come true; but he had scarcely set
out upon his expedition when a fever
seized him and
the grave. The majestic fabric which
he had created rapidly crumbled
carried him quickly to | t
i original borders. The glories of this
| Servian hero are sung by day and by
night in every Servian market place,
land by every Servian hearthstone. It
!is difficult for us to understand the
| vividness with which the constant
| chanting of these old traditions has
! impressed the events of their early
t history upon the minds of the whole
| Servian race, but we know that it has
made a deep imprint.
! It was only a few years after the
! death of Dushan that the Turks gain-
| ed their foothold in Europe. Servia
was compelled to acknowledge her de-
| pendence upon Constantinople. One
| stronghold after another surrendered
to the Turks, until Servia was entire-
ly prostrate at the feet of the Sultan.
But the Turks won their final victory
at a terrible cost, for the Sultan him-
self was slain on the same battlefield
as the last of the Servian Tsars. The
{ Servians might have escaped the
i Turkish yoke by submitting to Hun-
gary, but they preferred the rule of
the Mohammedans to that of a sov-
ereign under the ecclesiastical rule of
the Pope. The fair promises of the
Turks were not kept, for the pashas
placed over them immediately began
to oppress the people. The fall of
this rising civilization of the Servian
people before the barbarian and un-
progressive Turk is something to be
regretted. Their future at that time
seemed bright with promise for them-
selves and for the world. The Turk-
ish rule, which lasted for several cen-
turies, served not so much to enslave
and degrade the great body of the
Servian people as to proddée a com-
plete suspension of their political life.
They sank into a condition of help-
lessness while their contemptuous
masters trampled upon them at their
pleasure.
The Turks were confined mostly to
the towns, while the Servians lived
by themselves in the retired villages
of the country. Many of the Servians
avoided the towns entirely in order
not to come into contact with the
Turks, and lived to old age without
even setting foot in the towns of their
own neighborhood. The Turks were
not allowed to roam over the country
at will, because of the deep feeling
against them. Most of the Servians
remained loyal to their church, but
there were thousands who forsook
their people and religion and became
Mohammedans. This was especially
true of the nobles, who did this to
save their property and retain their
position of power. As usual it was
the peasants who kept their old faith
alive.
Owing to the tyranny of the Turk-
ish administration officials, the moun-
tains became filled with bands of rob-
bers, who maintained a constant but
irregular warfare against their op-
pressors. These robber bands, how-
ever, became the nucleus of a revolu-
tionary force. Although not great in
numbers, they proved to be very effec-
tive soldiers when the contest came
with the Turkish power. Everywhere
leaders appeared as if by magic, and
the whole country rose in arms. The
movement rushed forward with the
speed and resistless power of confla-
gration. The hero of this revolution
was George Petrovitch, or, as he is
generally known, Kara George, which
means Black George. He was one of
those beings of impetuous courage,
original talent, and doubtful morals
which sometimes arise in times of
great emergency. Although a rude
and unlettered peasant, he was fired
with the deepest resentment of the
wrongs of his country and his people.
He had accumulated a fortune in the
occupation of a swineherd.
Servia at that time was covered
with immense forests of oak, upon the
acorns of which the swine were fat-
tened and formed an important part
of the wealth of the people, hence the
occupation of a dealer in swine was
both lucrative and honorable. Kara
George had just collected a herd of
swine, which he was about to drive
over the frontier into Austria for sale,
when news reached him of a threaten.
ed massacre by the Turks. Leaving
his herd to take care of itself, he fled
to the mountains and was at once
placed into the position of a leader
by his countrymen. His superior and
commanding ability soon gained him
a controlling influence, so that he was
formally elected commander of the
Servians. In the stirring events that
followed he proved himself worthy of
this title. Under his leadership the
fortresses of Servia were captured,
and the Turks were driven out of the
country in 1807.
Servia was now free, with Kara
George as her ruler. The seat of gov-
ernment was fixed at Belgrade, and
measures were taken to bring some
kind of order out of the confusion
which prevailed everywhere. = A
Skuptschine, or General Assembly, of
the leading men of the country was
held to devise measures for the good
of the country. A fairly good system
of public schools was founded. But
the new government did not work
smoothly. The old leaders were tur-
bulent and little. inclined to acknowl-
edge any superior authority. For six
years Servia remained free and inde-
pendent under her liberator.
In the days of his greatest success
Kara George was always. seen in his
old blue trousers and his well known
black cap. His daughter carried her
water vessel to the well just like the
daughters of the poorest peasant. If
there was any one thing this peasant
ruler despised more than another, it
was splendor and luxury. But with
the strength of an undisciplined child
of nature, such as Kara George was,
there was also the weakness, for his
mind was capricious and poorly bal-
anced. Hence it is that his fall was
as sudden and disastrous as the open-
ing of his career had been successful
and glorious. When the Turks ap-
peared upon the Servian borders with
a powerful army, Kara George join-
ed the currents of fugitives and igno-
miniously fled across the Danube
without striking one blow for the
country he had so gloriously won.
The success of the Turks did not
last long. In 1815 the exasperated
Servians began a new revolt under
Milosch Obrenovitch, which was
equally successful with the former,
Practical freedom was secured, al-
though the Turks still called the coun-
ry their own and an annual tribute
was paid to the Porte. Since that
time a number of rulers have occupied
| away, and Servia soon resumed her
Bowral i,
the throne of Servia. Blood has stain-
ed the throne at Belgrade on more
than one occasion. The royal palace
itself has been the scene of dissension
and bloodshed, which more befits me- |
dieval dynasty than a modern reign-
ing house of Europe. There has been
a continual struggle between the Ob-
renovitches and the Karageorgevitch-
es the ending “vitch” means son of.)
One ruler, was an illiterate peasant,
who was unable to read or write, and
knew nothing of any form of govern-
ment except that of a Turkish pasha.
Several were compelled to abdicate
the throne after ruling for a few
years. One of the best rulers was
Alexander, the son of Kara George,
who came to the throne about the
middle of the last century. His rule
proved to be mild, successful, and em-
inently beneficial to the country. He,
like some of his successors, however,
was finally deposed and compelled to
retire. It was not until 1862 that the
Turks entirely evacuated the Servian
fortresses. z
The
Peter. Before his accession, Peter
had been banished from Servia for a
number of years. He kept closely in
touch with political matters, however,
as a feeling of revolt was growing
against King Alexander and Queen
Draga fled for the time. The many
scandals which attached themselves
to the throne made a great many ene-
mies for Alexander and the Queen,
and a revolt arose on the 11th of June,
1903, at Belgrade. The guards at the
palace gate were overpowered, and an
entrance was secured. King Alexan-
der and Queen Draga fled to the roof
in their attempt to escape, but both
of them were slain by the pursuing
soldiers. As soon as the news reach.
ed Peter, who was then in Geneva,
Switzerland, he went to the station
and bought a ticket for Belgrade,
where he was crowned as King. It
was not until several years afterward
that Great Britain and other countries
consented to acknowledge him as hav-
ing a right to the place. He has
proved to be a rigorous ruler, how-
ever, and has been astute enough to
keep himself surrounded with good
advisers. In warfare he has shown
himself on many occasions to be a real
leader. Now his country is overrun
with enemy troops and King Peter
himself has been compelled to flee
across the Adriatic to Italy.—The
Classmate.
The Customs of the Flag.
The army hoists its flag at sunrise
and hauls it down at sunset. The
navy raises the flag at 8 o’clock in the
morning and hauls it down at sunset.
The flag is not flown at sea except for
the purpose of exchanging courtesies
with other vessels, but a vessel mak-
ing port keeps the flag flying until
she comes to anchor, whatever the
hour may be. The flag is hoisted on
board ship during church service, with
the church pennant flying above it.
The hoisting of a flag below another
flag is the token of surrender and
the only power to which our services
surrender is the power of the Church.
The regulations require that:
‘At every military post or station
the flag will be hoisted at the sound-
ing of the first note of the reveille,
or of the first note of a march, if a
march be played before reveille. The
flag will be lowered at the sounding of
the last note of the retreat, and while
the flag is being lowered the band will
play “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
The national flag shall be ‘displayed
at a seacoast or lake fort at the com-
mencement of an action and during a
battle in which the fort may be en-
gaged, whether by day or at night.
The national ensign on board a ship
of the navy at anchor shall be hoisted
at 8 o'clock in the morning and kept
flying until sunset, if the weather per-
mits. Whenever a ship comes to an-
chor or gets under way, if there is
sufficient light for the ensign to be
seen, it shall be hoisted, although
earlier or later than the time speci-
fied. Unless there are good reasons
to the contrary, the ensign shall be
displayed when falling in with other
ships of war, or when near the land,
and especially when passing or ap-
proaching forts, lighthouses or towns.
In some States the law requires
that an American flag on a staff shall
mark every public school as it does an
armory or an army camp.—Army and
Navy Journal.
eT —————
Never Cease to § Struggle.
“Running over the lives of the men
I had known in business, I discovered
this curious fact: Around thirty-five
their careers began unmistakably to
divide into two classes.
Most of them had given promise of
success: they had moved along about
as I had until they had reached an in-
come of four or five thousand dollars.
There, half of them had stopped; the
other half seemed to take a fresh
grip on themselves and force ahead
even more rapidly.
Why had the first group stopped ?
“It wasn’t lack of ability. So far as
I could see, the men in the two groups
didn’t differ greatly in talents; nor
was it lack of opportunity. It was
nothing more nor less than this—the
first group had become satisfied:
familiarity with their jobs had bred
contentment, and contempt.
They had settled down in suburbs,
just as I had; they were happy with
their children; their jobs were easy
for them; they were at peace with the
world; they had ceased to struggle,
which means that they had ceased to
grow.” American Magazine.
Peach and Apricot Seeds Used a;
. Fuel.
Hundreds of tons of peach and apri-
cot seeds, which . have been thrown
away every season heretofore by the
canning factories in the great fruit
districts of California, are now sold
as fuel and bring $2.50 a ton retail.
Formerly the seeds were considered
too hard for fuel, but recently it was
found that when heated in a stove
burning hard coal they soon pop open
and ignite, after which they burn with
an intense glow like that of anthracite,
and are practically smokeless, besides
holding a fire well.
——Before the war Germany was
the largest toy producer France ex-
celled in making some kinds of toys,
especially dolls.
present ruler of Servia is King |
SWEEPING GAINS IN 1917 SHOWN
| BY STATISTICIANS OF SUF-
FRAGISTS.
| The table showing the scope of suf-
{frage in the United States is said to
{ be the only one having detailed cor-
| rections to date. It gives in addition
{to other information the fact that
| measures granting constitutional,
| presidential and municipal or primary
i suffrage have been introduced in Leg-
| islatures of 18 States in the first 10
| weeks of 1917.
| _ Attention is called to the fact that
Pennsylvania is the only Eastern
State north of the Mason and Dixon
line, which has not granted suffrage
in any form to its women, except
in addition, that Maine this year has
authorized a referendum upon consti-
ition] woman suffrage next Septem-
er.
Notable recent victories in Canada
are also detailed.
| The table in full follows:
Legislatures Granting Presidential
rage.
North Dakota
Indiana
Legislatures Granting Primary Suffrage.
Arkansas
Legislatures Granting Referenda
Constitutional Suffrage.
New York (Election to be held in
November, 1917.)
Maine (Election to be held Septem-
ber 1917.)
South Dakota (Election to be held
1918.)
Suf-
Ohio
Upon
Other Legislatures in Which Constitution-
al, Presidential and Municipal or Prima-
ry Suffrage Bills Have Been Introduced
in 1917. :
Delaware North Dakota
Illinois (Constitutional
Iowa Oklahoma
Kentucky Pennsylvania
Minnesota Rhode Island
Missouri South Carolina
Nebraska Tennessee
New Hampshire Texas
North Carolina Vermont
Wisconsin
Note—In several of these States
bills have been passed by one branch,
and in some others the measure has
been defeated by both branches. In
the majority of the latter cases, how-
ever, suffrage polled a larger vote
than its opponents, but lost because a
two thirds vote was necessary to pass
amendments, or polled a larger vote
than at previous sessions.
States Having Full Suffrage.
Arizona (1912) Nevada (1914)
California (1911) Oregon, (1912)
Colorado (1893) Utah (1896)
Idaho (1896) Washington (1910)
Kansas (1912) Wyoming (1869)
Montana (1914)
Territory Having Full Suffrage.
Alaska (1913)
States Having Presidential Suffrage.
Illinois (1913) Ohio (1917)
Indiana (1917) N. Dakota( 1917)
States Having Partial Suffrage.
Arkansas Nebraska
Connecticut New Hampshire
Delaware New Jersey
Iowa New Mexico
Kentucky New York
Louisiana, Oklahoma
Massachusetts South Dakota
Michigan Vermont
Mississippi Wisconsin
Minnesota
States Having No Woman Suffrage.
Alabama Pennsylvania
Florida Rhode Island
Georgia South Carolina
Maine Tennessee
Maryland Texas
Missouri Virginia
North Carolina West Virginia
Recapitulation.
States having full Suffrage. ..... 11
Territory having Full Suffrage.. 1
States having Presidential Suffrage 3
States having no Woman Suffrage 19
States having No Women Suffrage 14
48
Total States ........0.......
Xerritory................ 1
49
——
How a Submarine Net Works.
A submarine net is made of wire
rope about as thick as a lead pencil,
and the meshes are of great size—
about 10 or 15 feet square. The net
has floats on top that keep bobbing up
and down like the float on a fish line,
and on the bottom are weights that
keep the whole thing in a perpendicu-
lar position. The submarine cannot
submerge to very great depths on ac-
count of the pressure—200 feet being
about the limiting depth. It sails in-
nocently along, therefore, until it
pushes its nose into these meshes. The
net now trails along on both sides of
the submarine—its progress revealing
the fact that something below is sup-
plying the motive power. Perhaps
the net suddenly stops; that means
that the hidden submarine has
stopped, its navigators having made
the horrible discovery that they are
trapped—or perhaps the net has be-
come twisted in the propeller.
Under these conditions, says the
“World’s Work,” the wise submarine
rises to the surface. It surrenders,
becomes the property of the enemy,
and its crew are made prisoners. If
‘it does not take such action, one of
two things will happen. The enemy
will wait upon the surface until the
submersible comes up, or, if it starts
moving, the enemy will follow until
the inevitable uprising. But perhaps
the surface commander gets impa-
tient; in such a case he can let a
bomb down into the water, which will
explode when it touches the roof of
the submarine. Of course, the sub-
merged Germans know that this bomb
is likely to drop at any minute; the
“psychology” of such a situation
tends to persuade the imprisoned
crew to surrender.
Reducing the H. C. of L.
The Congressman had received ten
applications for pea-seed from one
constituent, and when the eleventh
came he wrote:
“I am sending you the seeds, but
what in heaven’s name are you doing
with so much pea-seed? “Are you
planting the whole State with peas?”
“No,” came back the answer, “we
are not planting them at all. We are
using them for soup.”—Harper’s
Magazine. .
Maine and Rhode Island. It points out !
. ed little cubes.
WHAT IS “THE NEW EDUCA-|
TION?”
|
The Chautauqua Reading Hour
WILLIAM BYRON FORBUSH, PH.D. EDITOR.
The most noteworthy difference be-
tween the putlic school as we know it
and the experimental school that is
going to be conducted by the Rocke-
feller Board is that the old school be-
lieved in mind-forming, but the new
school does not think we can form the
mind. All we can do is to inform it.
: The old school thought the mind was
like a candle that needed to be burn-
ished; the new school says it is like
2 candie that needs only to be light-
ed.
The school that you and I used to
g0 to attempted to store up with
knowledge. As one schoolman bright-
ly put the case: “Each day the pro-
fessor brought our meat into the
classroom cut up into neatly prepar-
: He then proceeded
to insert the proper number of these
,into the stomach of each one of us.
: Two days after he looked into our
| stomachs to see if we were retaining
them in the exact form in which he
had given them to us.” The trouble
with this storage-battery idea, says
. the new school men, is that the bat-
tery is not charged.
GIVE THEM REAL PROBLEMS.
The old idea was that there have
been found certain subjects capable
| of a skilled technique of teaching that
are exact, hard and capable of exam-
! ination, which give the mind drill. The
| new men say, these do not drill the
mind; they only stupify it.
| knowledge that does anything to the
jmind is that which causes friction
within it. Children don’t think unless
they get into trouble. The work of
the school should be to put them up
against “trouble” in the form of real
| problems, that will force them to
think. The work of the school is not
to teach a child to know, but only to
encourage him to find out. Knowledge
consists, not in learning statements
about things, but in using the things
themselves. Each child ought to re-
make his own knowledge, to reinvent
his own reasons, to prove afresh his
own conclusions.
The purpose of the new school is
to give the education of power. Its
method is to keep wonder alive by
using the child’s own interests,
through original experiences, in terms
of his own vital needs.
KNOWLEDGE IS PRACTICE.
To give a child an idea, instead of
allowing him to find it out himself is,
{so the gentle Pestalozzi said, a sin
that ought not to be forgiven. Think-
ing, Plato taught, consists mostly in
asking questions of yourself and an-
swering them. So the new school is
really very old.
! The new school believes that teach-
ing is always practice. “Knowledge is
ja craft.” So in the new school they
| will not so much teach “subjects” as
{ life-experiences. They will not give
| the children formal definitnons of the
| sciences. They will tell them that
: chemistry is compounding, and that
| physics is pushing things about, that
| rhetoric is persuading and that litera-
ture is appreciating.
DON'T STUFF THE CHILD.
You have heard a good deal about
the rabid criticisms that the new
school makes of the old. The new
school objects to the lecture-method
because it is talking to children in-
stead of letting them find out for
themselves. It objects to the exami-
nation-method because it is a test not
of knowledge, but of self-control. It
objects to the emphasis upon arithme-
tic, because arithmetics teach old
fashioned methods that are not really
used, but does not teach how to read
the gas-meter. It objects to grammar
because it does not help written or
vocal speech. It objects to spelling,
because the words that are currently
used are not in the lists. It objects
to the teaching of German, because
nobody who learns it in the public
school does so in a way to be able
to talk it, or write it. It objects to
Latin and Greek, not because those
languages do not contain master-
pieces, but because they are not
taught so that the children appreciate
the masterpieces.
SCHOOLROOM A MANUFACTORY OF
IDEAS.
Just what does the new school pro-
pose to do?
It proposes to make a schoolroom a
place, not where children sit in soli-
tary and silent confinement, but a
talking place, where they find out
things together and tell each other
what they have found. It will spend
the time, not in learning what other
men have thought, but in doing their
own thinking. History will not be
the record of what men have done, but
a study of what, in view of their ex-
perience and our need we ought to
do now. The time is to be spent very
seldom in reading out of a book, but
mostly in observation, sense and
muscle-experiences, and practice, in
science, industry, aesthetics and civ-
ies.
The school will learn how to use
English from the business office and
by means of the typewriter and short-
hand. It will learn how to use tools
from the shop. It will promote each
child by what he can do, and each
child will advance, not in a lockstep
with a whole class, but just as far and
as fast as his own ability and indus-
try will carry him.
In fact the new school is to be a
school of life. Wouldnt you have
liked to attend such a school as this?
Papa’s Perfumery.
The late Dr. Hugo Muensterberg,
professor of psychology at Harvard,
was talking one day about his truth
telling machine, a device by which he
claimed to tell when a person was
lying.
“The machine,” he said, “notices
things, that is all. That is the secret
of its power. It has an uncanny gift
for noticing things. It’s like the
urchin.
from the nursery the other evening
to say good night. The mother, to
ward off a cold, had taken a spoonful
of brandy. The urchin, after kissing
her, wrinkled his nose:
“ ‘Oh, mamma, you’ve been using
papa’s perfumery, haven’t you?”
The only |
“An urchin came in to his mother
. FARM NOTES.
| —The acquisition through the gift
. of the municipality of Tokyo of bud-
| wood from the famous Arakawa col-
‘lection of flowering cherry trees and
their propagation on introduced Ja-
panese cherry stocks has put the De-
, partment in a position to give a wide
| trial in the near future to the hardi-
i ness of these superbly beautiful trees :
; as dooryard and park trees.
. __—Control Measures Perfected
| Which Greatly Reduce Losses Caused
{ by the Common Cabbage Worm.—The
‘common cabbage worm, the most de-
| structive insect enemy of cabbage and
| related crops in the United States, be-
| gins its depredations as soon as the
: young plants are set out in the spring.
| Steps to combat it should be taken at
an equally early date, therefore, it is
| pointed out in Farmers’ Bulletin 766
i of the United States Department of
| Agriculture, The Common Cabbage
| Worm, by F. H. Chittenden.
| . Although the insect caused the total
destruction of cabbage, cauliflower,
and other crops in large areas in the
{ years immediately after its first ap-
| pearance in this country in the sixties,
| control measures have now been per-
| fected to such a degree and adopted
| to such an extent that losses need not
| be great. Spraying with a solution of
| 2 pounds of powdered arsenate of
‘lead, 4 pounds of arsenate of lead in
| the paste form, or 1 pound of Paris
| green to 50 gallons of water should
i be begun as soon as the plants are set
| out and should be repeated as often
| as examination of the plants shows it
| to be necessary.
| The common cabbage “worm” is the
{larva of a white butterfly having
black-tipped wings. The butterflies
appear on warm spring days as early
as March, even in the northern States,
and continue about gardens and fields
until after several severe fall frosts.
In the Gulf region they are present
throughout the season. Eggs are laid
on cabbage and related plants, where
they hatch in from four to eight days.
The caterpillar is velvety green,
about the color of the cabbage foliage.
It eats voraciously and grows rapid-
ly, becoming full grown in from 10 to
14 days after hatching. Three gener-
ations occur each season in the north-
east and probably six in the extreme
south. The first generation usually
develops on wild plants.
Hand picking may be practiced suc-
i cessfully in small gardens. Where
| sprays are employed they should be
| applied in a fine mist, since coarser
| applications tend to gather in drops
: on the leaves and run off.
Community action in combating the
cabbage worm is desirable wherever
cabbage and related crops are grown
extensively. Agreements should be
entered into by the truckers of the
community for each to spray through-
out the season and to clean carefully
the fields of the bulk of the old stalks
as soon as the crop is harvested. A
few stalks should be left at regular
intervals as traps on which the last
generation of female butterflies will
deposit eggs. Such stalks should be
poisoned freely with arsenicals so
that the worms of the last generation
will not develop.
—Treatment of the Soil for the
Home Garden.—“The first and most
important essential in good gardening
is plenty of organic matter in the
soal,” says Sheldon W. Funk, farm
adviser in market gardening for the
Pennsylvania Department of Agricul-
ture. “Organic matter causes the soil
to become loose and friable, it ena-
bles the soil to hold a much larger
amount of moisture and causes it to
warm up earlier in the spring. In
short, organic matter is the life of the
the larger and ‘better our vegetables
will be.
“Ordinarily stable manure is our
best material to furnish both organic
matter and fertility to the garden.
If possible, I prefer to apply it in the
fall or during the winter season. Ten
to thirty tons should be used to the
acre, depending upon the crops you
are growing. Where manure cannot
be secured leaves will answer the
purpose fairly well. If vegetables are
to be grown on the same soil year
after year, I do not like to depend on
manure entirely because there is more
danger of soil insects and diseases. In
such cases better results are secured
by lighter applications of manure,
supplemented by the use of commer-
cial fertilizers and cover crops.
“In the majority of home gardens
the results would be much better if
heavier applications of commercial
fertilizer were used. The cost is
trifling compared with the results
secured. For most vegetables use a
fertilizer carrying 4 to 5 per cent. of
ammonia and from 10 to 12 per cent.
of phosphoric acid. Apply it at the
rate of from 1,000 lbs. to 2,000 lbs. per
acre.
“If your garden soil is very clayey,
it can be ‘greatly improved by ‘a
liberal application of coal ashes. There
is no fertility in"coal ashes, but they
improve the physical condition of clay
soil and make it more productive.
“Cover crops should be used far
more generally in the home garden.
They take up and hold the available
fertility left over in the fall of the
year, increase the organic content and
improve the physical condition of the
soil. About the best cover crops for
this State are crimson clover and a
mixture of Rye'and Hairy Vetch. The
former should be seeded at the rate
of from 8 to 12 quarts per acre and
the latter mixture at the rate of about
fifteen pounds of Hairy Vetch and
one bushel of rye per acre. Sow the
seed so that it can be worked into the
soil. In spring it should be turned
under as quickly as the ground is in
condition to be worked. If allowed
to grow will frequently decrease the
yield of the vegetable crop which fol-
lows it. Another very important gar-
den essential is the thorough pulver-
izing of the soil. In the small home
garden where the soil cannot be plow-
ed this is usually neglected. If the
best results are to be secured the soil
must be thoroughly pulverized so that
the tiny root hairs can come in con-
tact with every particle of soil. Spad-
ing does not have the grinding effect
upon the soil that plowing has and
therefore more care should be exer-
cised in getting the soil in the finest
possible condition.
EE ———————
——Subsecribe for the “Watchman.”
soil. The more we have in the garden -
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