BY P. GRAY MEEK.
INK SLINGS.
—Crude oil has been going down in
price during the last two weeks, but,
as yet, there are no signs of a recess
sion in the price of gasoline.
— “Road Hog” is just the name
for the fellow with the big car, who
because it is big, tries to scare. the
poor little Ford clear out into the
ditch when passing.
—The auto driver who doesn’t give
the other fellow his full half of the
road, when passing him, is the one
who will have to pay the damages
when an accident occurs because he
doesn’t.
—Candidate Hughes seems to have
a lot to say about the tearing down
process, but not a single suggestion
for building up. Hughes is really a
candidate with “the hammer” and
nothing more.
—Dr. Surface has finally decided to
detach himself from the State’s serv-
ice on next Tuesday. Nerve kept the
gentleman in the lime light a great
many years, but there comes the time
when even nerve wears out.
—The recent advance in the price
of wheat, due to the prevalence of
“rust” in the northwest and Canada,
has started many farmers to hoping
for a dollar and a half by the time
their fall crops are threshed.
—Lieut. Dr. David Dale writes
from Laredo, Texas, to the effect
that in the particular country in
which they are encamped ‘one can
see farther and see less than in any
other place I have ever seen.”
—What is Congressman Rowland
going to tell Mrs. Roessing when she
asks him whether he ravors woman’s
suffrage and whether he will vote to
submit an amendment granting it to
the several States for ratification.
—Again, Old Sol presents his com-
pliments to the wise man who pre-
dicted that farmers would be working
in their fields with ovércoats on this
summer. Sunday and Monday were
as hot as the place that is supposed
to be the superlative of heat.
—The heat that makes you wish
that you could emulate “September
Morn” is the heat that later fills the
cribs with corn. - So while you mop
your sweltering brow and swear be-
cause it is so hot to the many things
that need the heat you might do well
to give a thought. ~~ ~~
—Some of the Centre county oats
crop is harvested and some looks as
though it would not be fit to cut for
weeks. The ripening of the oats has
been most unusual this year and the
irregularity of it is going to make
very late wheat sowing for those far-
mers who expect to turn down their
oat stubbles.
—The Philadelphia Methodist min-
ister who told the men of his congre-
gation to take their coats off at the
Sunday morning service, remarked
that “the Lord looks at the hearts of
men, not at their coats.” That was
fine for a temperature of 92 degrees,
but we pity the poor parson should
he advise the women to take their
hats off at his next Easter service
and tell them the same thing. >
—In parallel columns some of the
city papers yesterday announced that
the State Treasury has now insuffi-
cient funds to pay the warrants that
have already been drawn upon it and
that licenses had been issued to 118
new boiler inspectors in the State.
Under the new code even the heating
plant, if it be steam, in your cellar,
must be inspected by a State em-
ployee, who is drawing so much per.
—While it is the sincere hope of
everyone that there will be no tie up
of the railroads of the country
through a general strike of the engi-
neers and conductors it is just as well
to be prepared for the worst and we
would advise both individuals and
merchants who are anticipating re-
ceiving or making fall shipments to
have as many of them as possible
made at once. The railroads are not
overtaxed now, but there is no telling
what their condition may be several
months hence.
—The price of paper is going up so
rapidly that a combination of pub-
lishers in New York city voted the
other day to reduce their combined
editions one hundred and eighteen
pages. Country publishers are be-
ginning to feel the increase and many
of them have already been forced to
resort to the use of even more infer-
ior news print than they have been
accustomed to using. The “Watch-
man” is one of the few that has not
yet been driven to a change, but we
can’t tell how long we will be able to
hold out and give our readers the
cleanest sheet of paper on which any
newspaper is printed. Incidentally,
will you look at the label on this pa-
per and if you are in arrears, or near-
ly so, kindly mail us at least a year’s
subscription. We need it very badly
and can save the postage if it is not
Jiecessary to write you a personal let-
er.
Demorwi iat
Dem
v
RE
STATE RIGHTS AND FEDERAL UNION.
AUGUST 11, 1916
NO. 3). -
3
o
sot
VOL. 61 el
General Funston Makes a Protest.
General Funston is justly indignant
because certain
newspapers with the National Guards-
He threatens to drive ihem out of the
camps and accuses them of all sorts
of evils, for the reason, as he states
it, that their false reports indicate
that the young men of America are
mollycoddles incapable of being made
into soldiers. What the General says
is true and he might add that these
false reports are creating discontent
among the soldiers at the front and
intense suffering and anguish among
their relatives at home. These are
grave reasons for his objections.
It is hardly fair, however, to blame
the correspondents. As a rule they are
weak persons who are willing to com-
mit any crime rather than give up
their jobs and they are writing lies
about the troops under orders from
the owners or editors of the papers
they serve. One or twc of the Phila-
delphia papers are particularly out-
rageous in this respect. Their blind
bigotry justifies anything which will
contribute to prejudicing the public
mind ‘against President Wilson and
the Democratic party. That their of-
fences are treasonable, makes no dif-
ference to them. That they are -in-
citing mutiny in the ranks of the
army has no deterrent influence. They
are out to make trouble and stop at
nothing.
Of course the representatives of
such papers ought to be driven out of
the camps as the owners and editors
who require such base services from
their correspondents ought to be
ostracised in the communities in
which they live. But the weaklings
who do the work are less to blame
than the principals who order it to be
done. They need money and imagine
that if they lose the jobs they have
please their partisan employers and
make themselves criminals to secure
treasonable work. General Funston
was once a newspaper man himself
and imagines that they ought to have
self-respect enough to preserve man-
hood.
Wisest Act of Recent Years.
There is only one adequate punish-
ment for the traitor who strives to
create discontent among the citizen
soldiers now in the service of the
government on the Mexican border.
He ought to be horsewhipped. Under
the most favorable conditions the Na-
tional Guardsmen thus employed
meet hardships and suffer privations.
But what is the use in multiplying
their troubles? They are manfully
fulfilling their obligaticns as citizens.
They are uncomplainingly enduring
whatever evils confront them. But
the lying stories of distress which
come to their families, and in turn to
them, magnify their burdens. The
statement that they were sent to the
border and are kept there needlessly
is the worst lie of all.
If President Wilson had not mobil-
ized the National Guard of the sever-
al States and forwarded the force to
the Mexican border we would be in
actual war with Mexico today. It was
the obvious:intention 2f Carranza to
attack General Pershing’s punitive
expedition and with the force at his
command that gallant body of men
would probably have been anrihilat-
ed. But at the psychological moment
President Wilson ordered the mobil-
ization of the militia and the prompt
and manly response of the men di-
verted the Mexican Chief from his
purpose. What better service could
the National Guardsmen render to
the country as soldiers and heroes.
It was not the intention of the
President to send these brave and
willing men across the border in a
state of unpreparedness. The pur-
pose which he had in mind was fulfill-
ed the moment Carranza withdrew
his order tc attack the force under
General Pershing and the expense of
the enterprise, in money and hard-
ships to the men, was not a high
price for such a magnificent . service.
Meantime they have had the advan-
tage and the country the benefit of.a
training in the art of war which
would have been impossible if they
had remained in their local concentra-
tion camps. In fact, taking one con-
sideration with another, the mobiliza-
tion of the militia on the border was
the wisest act of recent years.
they will starve so they write lies to
the dirty dollars they are paid for!
BELLEFONTE, PA.
| Suggestion to Senator Penrose.
If Senator Penrose finds pleasure in
i
{ nobody will seriously object to his
‘enjoyment. He is a large man phys-
‘ically and hot westher is hard on hu-
| manity put up in big packages. If he
icould extract any enjoyment from
discussing affairs of his own party
he would probably turn his attentions
‘to such exercise of his mental equip-
' ment. But Brumbaugh and the Vares
are so constantly and successfully
; “pushing him off the plantation” that
'he gets no leisure or pleasure except
in abusing the President. The bosses
give him free rein in that.
But really the Senator ought to
give some time and attention to the
consideration of the faults and fail-
ures of his own party in his own
State. Last week we referred briefly
' to the bankruptcy of the State Treas-
ury but at that time there was some-
| thing like a million dollars available
and nothing due except school appro-
priations and the salary list. Of
course the school districts could wait.
Before the election of a Democrat to
the office of State Treasurer a few
years ago it was the custom to make
the schools wait for their money for
months. The salary account must be
met promptly because the beneficia-
ries do the party work. But with
the schools it is different. Vanderbilt
once said the public could go where
the Republicans inferentially consign
the schools all the time.
But there is a new development in
this bankruptcy affair that demands
consideration. The Pennsylvania
guardsmen on the Texas border are
unable to get the money due them and
are suffering in consequence. Mr.
Penrose and his hysterical Republican
associates have been shedding “croco-
tions of the troops because
Pulman palace cars. But the first
real injustice to the soldiers, comes
‘from the government of the State of
! Pennsylvania the bad management of
which has left the State Treasury
without sufficient funds to pay their
wages due. Let Senator Penrose give
this matter some attention.
Following the few day’s relief
last week from the torrid wave which
weather scientists designated as the
“Bermuda High,” it grew hot again
on Saturday and Sunday was unusual-
ly warm. In fact it was impossible to
keep cool in any place or condition.
Monday, also, was exceedingly warm
until a heavy rain, with hail in some
portions of the county, cooled the at-
mospherc and made it more bearable
for all mankind.
—Reduced to the last analysis
Huerta is the only campaign issue the
Republicans can rely on. Hughes
would have endorsed that murderous
maniac and imagines the American
people are of the same mind. But he
will find out that he is mistaken be-
fore the election.
——1It is all well enough for the
several belligerents to say that “the
war will be continued until the enemy
has been crushed,” but how are we to
find out when the enemy is crushed?
It is easy to see that he is crazy but
being crushed is a different thing.
eT SMMH————
——When Hughes was a member
of the Supreme court he was looked
upon by all men of all parties as a
model of virtue and patriotism. Now
he is regarded by most men of most
parties as a scurvy pclitician. How
the mighty have fallen.
——The Progressive party may do
much good yet. It has uncovered the
vellow streak on Roosevelt’s back
and if it will now turn in and support
Wilson it will be an honorable memo-
ry in its retirement.
——Justice Hughes lost two caps
while orn a recent motoring jaunt
but he doesn’t really need caps. When
he resigned from the Supreme bench
he lost his head.
——Anyway the Indianapolis con-
ference has shown that Roosevelt is
-not the whole Progressive party, a
fact which was probably a great sur-
prise to Teddy.
— The Canadian sentries’ ‘who
searched the car occupied by Justice
Hughes on his Western trip, for ex-
plosives, were probably misled by his
whiskers.
dile tears” over imaginary depriva- |
not conveyed -to their destinations in
Why Hughes Doesn’t Tell.
| Justice Hughes has not informed
correspondents of falsely criticising President Wilson [the public as to what action he would
have taken, if he had been President
men on the Texas border, have been | silly tirades. They are as futile as at the time, for the sinking of the
lying about the treatment of the sol- | they are false and do no harm. Be- Lusitania. He freely criticises the
diers en route to and in the camps. ' sides the Senator is entitled to seme action of President Wilson, who
promptly protested against the out-
| rage and declared .that a repetition
,of the offence would be resented by
{ force, if necessary. The result of the
‘action was a complete cessation of
murderous operations by undersea
craft against merchant ships. But
that doesn’t satisfy Justice Hughes.
At least it doesn’t silence criticism
from that source. He said in his
speech of acceptance that: something
else ought to have been done without
indicating what.
But it is perfectly safe to assert
that he has taken Kaiser William and
Ambassador Bernsdorf into his con-
fidence on the subject. They know ex-
actly what Justice Hughes would have
done if he had been President of the
United States at the time of that
atrocity and for that reason immedi-
ately after the event got busy organ-
izing forces and crystalizing senti-
ment in favor of the nomination of
Hughes for President by the Repub-
lican convention. Captain Von Papen
and Boy-Ed divided their time be-
tween supporting Hughes and creat-
ing conspiracies to dynamite muni-
tion factories and finally succeeded in
perfecting plans which neither Roose-
velt nor Penrose could check.
Thus for the first time in the history
of the country we have a candidate
for President of the United States
chosen, not by one faction or the
other of the party to which he profes-
ses allegiance, but the head of a for-
eign government influenced by resent-
ment against a man who made it im-
possible to further pursue his murder-
ous plans against citizens of the
United States and non-combatants.
e German government using the
yg -
as Dr. “Heximer as its instruments
nominated Justice Hughes. Of course
in the circumstances he is unwilling to
tell what he would hive done if he
had been President when the Lusita-
nia was torpedoed.
The Microscope.
Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, LL. D., State
Commissioner of Health, in his week-
ly talks on health and hygiene, thus
discusses the microscope:
No single invention has made pos-
sible greater saving of human life
than the microscope. Its origin dates
back to antiquity. There is every rea-
son to believe that the ancients had
some knowledge of the use of the sin-
gle lens. The compound microscope
was probably invented shortly after
the middle ages. The Italians and
the Dutch both claim the discovery.
These ancient microscopes were
very crude instruments compared with
those of today. They were, however,
sufficiently powerful to reveal myriads
of living things in the clear atmos-
phere as well as in a clear tumbler of
water, but they left us to imagine a
great unseen living world beyond the
power of the new instrument, and that
is even so today without most im-
proved microscopes.
In the hands of scientists the micro-
scope has revealed from time to time
a teeming life of bacteria everywhere
present. Some of these minute or-
ganisms are the friends and some the
deadly foes of man. Vegetable, and
indirectly animal life, depends upon
their work.
Typhoid fever, tuberculosis, typhus
fever, tetanus, and other diseases are
the result of certain of these bacteria
which can only be seen by the aid of
the microscope. There is evidence, but
as yet no pesitive proof, that they are
responsible for many other diseases,
the aetiology of which is yet unknown.
An army’ of scientific workers is to-
day occupied in the study of bacteriol-
ogy for the purpose of discovering the
organisms that produce the different
diseases, and then to pusn on with the
idea of discovering that which would
produce immunity or cure. This work
is vital to the welfare of humanity—
indeed it is that which forms the foun-
dation of preparedness.
There is a constant warfare be-
tween these little single celled organ-
isms and man. The bacteria have the
advantage of reproducing themselves
in untold numbers and of adapting
themselves to different environments,
and when the conditions surrounding
them suit their existence they produce
great epidemics of diseases that man
is unable to resist. The fight is an in-
teresting one as man has already dis-
covered how to combat successfully
many diseases which for centuries
baffled the skill of science.
——Senator Penrose in a speech
delivered the other day most em-
phatically denounced extravagance in
government. There is a tradition
that Satan, now and then, reproves
sin.
a
4° What A this infantile
Fear, Foolishness and Quarantine,
From the Philadelphia Inquirer.
Someone has written to this journai
asking it to advocate a quarantine by
Atlantic City against children coming
from New York.
We refuse to enter into any such
brutal scheme.
The quaranting against New York
by all sorts of communities because a
few hundred children of that city
have been attacked by what the doc-
tors call infantile paralysis is the
product of ignorance, foolishness and
contemptible fear. There is no sense
in it. There is nothing in it but ab-
ject cowardice.
There are tens of thousands of
children in New York who are per-
fectly well. What would these panic-
i stricken save themselves at all price
town authorities do? Condemn every
.child of New York city to remain
| cooped up in a hot city? Prevent the
charities from giving their summer
outings to weary mothers and suffer-
(ing children? Shall there be no day
by the sea or a week in the country
for the little ones?
The senselessness of this quaran-
tine movement is beyond all intelli-
gent belief.
The word fear is without doubt the
most detestable one in language. Or
rather it defines a quality of the hu-
man mind that is responsible for
about every evil that exists. Petty
town officials and so-called boards of
health have succumbed to fear. Per-
haps it is not strange when we read
in the New York “Sun:”
“To the health authorities of New
York themselves these reflexes of
their own blundering conduct are di-
rectly attributable. They started the
panic; they filled the minds, first of
dwellers within ‘the city, and then of
the population outside, with fear;
they are responsible for the exagger-
ated idea of danger from infantile
paralysis that obtains today over so
wide a territory.”
We do not doubt it. The New York
authorities have but followed the
modern method of trying to build up
health by scaring everybody to death.
It is a happy individual indeed who
can escape from the clutches of this
scheme of preaching disease from the
cradle, through the schools and into
manhood. The New York authorities
have given an overdose of the new-
fangled remedy with the result de-
scribed by the “Sun.”
Nobody knows. Like every other ill
that afflicts mankind, its cause is said
to be some sort of a germ. But it is
such a tiny little germ as to escape
the doctors. Because they are not
acquainted with it they are at sea.
And because they are at sea and can-
not account for the growing number
of cases, they have talked of contagion
or infection or both. Yet one of their
number the other day reported that it
was rare that more than a single case
occurred in one family, which would
seem to knock the contagious theory
in the head, while the United States
Health Service has found that out of
2070 persons exposed by residence in
the same houses and in the same fam-
ilies with patients, only fourteen “de-
veloped the disease in frank paralytic
form.”
But because of the Campaign of
Frightfulness inaugurated by the
health authorities of New York, fear
has taken possession of the parents
of New York, of Brooklyn and of
cities and towns too numerous to re-
cord. These New York health people
have done far more harm than they
have done good. 3
It is to be hoped that none of this
cowardly foolishness will find its way
into Philadelphia. Sanity has pre-
vailed here thus far. Indeed, the best
i comment on the situation that we have
yet seen from a medical source was
that of this city’s Chief Medical Di-
rector, Dr. A. A. Cairns, who said:
“I can call to mind only three rules,
and they are applicable to the fight
against all other diseases as well as
infantile paralysis. They are: Clean-
liness, fresh air and good food.”
Excellent, worthy doctor, excellent.
And if you had added a word about the
eradication of fear, you would have
strengthened your good advice.
Protection, Prosperity, Preparedness.
Scott Nearing at Chautauqua.
The platform of one political party
advocates “Protection, Prosperity and
Preparedness.” 1 do not believe in
Protection, Prosperity and Prepared-
ness, yet I believe I am an American.
I believe in the principles upon which
this country was founded, if I read
history correctly; liberty, justice and
right. Insofar as protection, prosper-
ity and preparedness will bring about
liberty, justice and right, they may
stand, but when they fall, we must
resist. Protection, Prosperity and
Preparedness is the morality of the
pig-sty where you are fattening
vorkers for winter hams.
“Gasifer” Makes Autos Run on Plain
Coal Oil.
scranton, Pa., Aug. 6.—A device
for using kerosene instead of gasoline
for motor fuel has been invented by J.
Earnest Smith of this city. He calls it
a “gasifer.” It is attached to the en-
gine between the intake manifold and
the carburetor and utilizes the heat
from the exhaust to bring the fuel to
the exploding point. The construction
of the “gasifer” remains a secret
That it works successfully is testified
to by dozens of ‘motorists in this
city. : rs
“parilysis?
SPAWLS FROM THE KEYSTONE.
—Clinton county expects to reduce her
bonded indebtedness by $20,000 this year, hav-
ing all the money she needs for current ex-
penses and a surplus. :
—A. R. Rathmill, a retired druggist who
lives on a farm near Somerset, has a pet
hawk which keeps chickens and other unde-
sirables out of the owner’s garden.
—Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, secretary of the state
game commission, is responsible for the an-
nouncement that there will be an abundance
of quail in Pennsylvania this autumn.
—An intoxicated individual residing in
Lock Haven, who made his couch in the open,
discovered upon awakening that some needy
krother had appropriated his shoes while he
slumbered.
—C Citizens of Dowringtown have contribut-
ed sufficient funds to return to their homes
three young girls of Norfolk, who were found
in a freight car at the former place, “beat-~
ing” their way.
—Dead fish lying along the shores of McEl-
hattan run, in Clinton county, give color to
the impression that illegal fishing is going on
and are regarded as a menace to the health
of the people of Lock Haven.
—John Demisk, aged 19, an employe of the
Cambria company’s Bessemer steel works, was
caught under an elevator and crushed to death
while he lay on the floor of the mill throwing
mud balls at a fellow employe.
—Attorney Thomas J. Itell, of Cambria
county, who embezzled some money belonging
to a loan association was taken to the west-
ern penitentiary on Monday to serve a term
of from twenty-two to twenty-four months.
—A fawn wandered in the orchard at the
Noyes home, Westport, Clinton county, a few
days ago and remained there for several
Lours, seemingly well-contented. Many of the
village residents paid it the compliment of a
visit,
—Taxidermist Charles H. Eldon, of New
Bloomfield and Newport, found a pocket-book
and over $60 in money. It was discovered
later on that the money belonged to George
Page, whose home is near New Bloomfield,
and it was handed to him.
—Clearfield has asked the Public Service
Commission for permission to purchase the
water plant of the Clearfield Water Co., the
action coming after a petition from six hun-
dred citizens of that borough had been pre-
sented to the town council,
—Former Councilman James A. L. Minor,
of Williamsport, ate a late dinner . Saturday
afternoon and was spparently in his usual
health, when he was suddenly seized by an
attack of acute indigestion, dying in a few
minutes. He was aged 56 years.
—The thirtieth annual session of the Bigler
camp-meeting will begin next Friday and will
continue for t=n days. A strong force of min-
isters and other Christian workers will be
present, Dr. E. H. Yocum, of Bellefonte, to be
one of the preachers on Sunday.
—Leaning over a gas well
morninz and inhaling the fumes, Elton Bur-
ket, of Cool Springs, Jefferson county, was
asphyxiated. The boy accompanied a couple
of workmen to the well and these men found
his body at a later hour lying by the side of
the well.
—During the progress of a drunken brawl
in an Italian boarding house at Colver, Cam-
bria county, early Sunday morning, Alex
Graneski was shot through the left eye and
will probably die. Igantz Founchi was shot
through the back and lungs. Six suspects
last Sunday
—H. E. Bodine, secretary of the Clearfield
Chamber of Commerce, who was offered the
position of manager of the Altoona Chamber,
to succeed George H. Mosser, resigned, has
notified the Altoona body that he will not ae-
cept the place, having already decided to ac-
cept a similar position at Washington, Pa.
—During a heavy thunder shower, Elias
Snyder, a Perry county farmer who was on
Lis way to New Germantown, took shelter in
the red bridge near the latter place. A bolt
of lightning struck the metal roofing of the
bridge and knocked Snyder insensible. Later
on he recovered. The bridge was badly dam-
aged.
—Clarence W. Lanning,’ of Kane, when
turned down by the army officers because of
a physical defect, underwent an operation
that corrected it and spent three painful weeks
in a hospital, only to have his plans for re-
joining his company nipped by his grandmoth-
er who informed the recruiting officers that
he was only 16 years old.
—The Central Pennsylvania conference of
the United Evangelical church recently pur-
chased the former homestead of the late EM
Slifer, at Lewisburg, consisting of a mansion
and 190 acres of land. Last Friday the home,
which is intended for the benefit of aged peo-
ple and orphans of the Central Pennsylvania
conference, wus opened with appropriate serv-
ices.
—As the result of lightning striking the
Lome of Alex Anderson, of Brockwayville, Jef-
ferson county, Wallace Anderson, aged five
years, is dead and his brother Oscar, aged
sixteen, was badly nurt. The boys and their
ten-year-old sister, Annie, were standing at an
attic window when an electric bolt struck the
building, with the tragic result above stated.
The little girl was not badly injured.
—While working on the transmission line
running from Philipsburg to Clearfield, Ken-
reth C. Wills, an employee of the Penn Public
Service company, was electrocuted about
eleven o'clock Sunday night. The accident oc-
curred when one end of a chain with which
he was working, fell onto the high voltage
line, sending 2200 volts of electricity through
his body, causing his immediate death.
—John Thompson Park, aged 71 years, of
Marion Centre, Indiana county, a veteran of
the Civil war, was electrocuted at his home
early Monday evening. His house and barn
are lighted by electricity. Undertaking to
turn off the lights at the barn with a knife
which he held in his hand came in contact
with the switch, causing his almost instant
death. He is survived by his wife and sever-
al children.
—Sections of Somerset county were visited
by a very severe hail storm last Thursday
evening. Information from the Davidsville,
Soap Hollow and Woodstown regions say that
hail fell for more than half an hour and some
of the stones were as large as black walnuts.
Hale threshed out the oats as it stood in the
stalks; cabbage plants were cut off. Many
panes of glass were broken and the crops of
some gardeners and farmers were entirely
destroyed.
—John Lafferty, aged 13, was standing on
the porch of the cottage of his grandfather,
John P. Lafferty, at Mt. Etna, Pa, last
Thursday night when lightning struck a tree
nearby. The boy’s left shoe was knocked off,
his stockings set afire, his trousers torn to
ribbons and his abdomen seared. Splinters
from the tree lacerated his neck, shoulders
and back. He will recover, Mrs. John P.
Lafferty, his grandmother, was also lacerat-
ed about the face and chest by the splinters.
have been lodged in fail at Ebensburg: = ~~ sm