Bemoraaiy atc.
Bellefonte, Pa., June 3, 1910.
—— EE ———
BIRTH OF A VOLCANO.
Though volcanoes are often spoken
of as burning mountains, they do not
burn at all, nor, in the proper sense of
the word, are they mountains at all.
A volcano is really a flaw in the crust
of the earth through which the fierce
glowing heat lying below the crust has |
managed to burst a hole. Through this
hole great foods of melted rock spout
up. Some volcanoes work at inter-
vals; some are in eruption all the time.
As the melted rock jets up into the
air and falls it naturally builds itself
into a mountain round the hole. The
nex! eruption has to burst its way
through the heart of that mountain.
The chimney it spouts through is usu-
ally called “the pipe.”
Sometimes an eruption is so fierce
that when the lava (another name for
melted rock) spouts out it is burst into
bits. When it falls it is sometimes as
fine as dast, sometimes the size of cin-
ders. Most volcanoes, indeed, are sim-
ply gigantic cinder heaps.
When the force is not so great the
lava in the pipe simply bubbles over
and flows down the sides of the moun-
tain, exactly as porridge boils over the
edge of a pot. As lava is liquid, the
slope of a lava volcano (or lava cone,
as it is usually called) is always very
gentle, Falling cinders, on the other
hand, pile themselves up quite steeply.
A lava cone, then, is always less steep |
than a cinder cone.
And a volcano wever burns. What
looks like flame is only the glow of
the white hot lava on the clouds of
steam. The more steam there is fore-
ing its way up the pipe the more the
lava bubbles, just as in the case of
the porridge. If the pressure of steam
is very great, then you have the lava
blown to bits and falling as cinders,
while the mighty clouds of steam rise
high above the mountain. It is this
steam that is mistaken for smoke.
Sometimes a cone sends out lava and
cinders alternately, so that you have
a great mountain of cinders bound to-
gether by layers and walls of lava,
These walls of lava are due to the
fact that sometimes more lava wants
to come up the pipe than the pipe will
hold, so the lava bursts its way out
through weak spots in the sides of the
mountain, Etna has no fewer than
700 of these cones on its slopes. One
of them, Monte Rossi, is a hill in
itself, being 450 feet high. Indeed, a
model of Etna looks as if it were cov-
ered with pimples,
When Elna is really roused it is far
more dangerous than Vesuvius. In
1169 it nearly destroyed the city of
Catania, killing 15.000 people. In 1669
it found its pipe so inconveniently
small that it had to crack one of its
sides, This crack was no less than
twelve miles long. At the bottom
white hot lava could dimly be seen
through the clouds of steam. In 1755
millions of gallons of boiling water
were shot out of the Val del Bove,
which is a great circular pit on the
slope of the wountaiv, four or five
miles in diameter, its sides being cliffs
nearly a mile high in places.
The greatest volcanic eruption ever
known took place in the East Indies
in 1883. The story makes almost in-
credible reading. The volcanic island
of Krakatoa commenced proceedings |
by blowing half of itself into thin air. |
From the opening no less than a cubic
mile of rock was shot out,
A column of steam and iava dust
rose into the air to n height six times
as greai as that of Mount Everest, It
spread and spread till for hundreds of
wiles around the air was black as mid-
night. Sounds as of distant cannonad-
ing were heard 2,000 miles off.
Sea waves fifty feet high killed 33,-
000 people and were felt as far off as
California. Instead of an island half
a mile high there was now a hole a
quarter of a mile deep. The shock of
the eruption sent air waves three and
a haif times around the earth. The
fine dust in the upper atmosphere add-
ed for months afterward a strange
glow to the sunsets in England and
did not vanish completely for three
years.
The exact cause of the eruptions is
not known for certain. A popular the-
ory is that they are caused by, water
getting in to the white hot mass which
is supposed to lie under the outer crust
of the earth. And it is certainly a fact
that practically all volcanoes are close
to the edge of the sea.
Some lava flows slowly, some quick-
ly. Vesuvius in 1805 sent out a lava
stream that in four minutes had reach-
ed a spot four miles off. The size of a
lava stream is sometimes gigantic. In
1783 Skaptar Jokull in Iceland emitted
two streams at one time. One was
forty miles long by seven miles broad.
the other fifty miles by fifteen. The
average depth of both was about a
hundred feet.
‘Lava cools very, very slowly, except
on the surface. which cools at once.
It is an extremely bad conductor of
feat. Twenty years after a stream of
fava wage sent out from Jorullo, in Mex-
fco, tourists could light their cigars
trough chinks in the surface, and the
surface had been cold for twenty years.
In 1828 a layer of snow many feet
thick was found under a layer of Vesu-
vian lava. It was still unmelted and
is probably there still. — Pearson's
Week!y
\ Classified.
The suggestion has been made that
goats’ meat prices should be taken
away from the provisions list and quot-
«ed in the butter market.—New York
Tribune.
The heart of man is never as bard
as his head.—Lamartine.
EE ——
What Causes It and What Would Hap-
pen Without It.
What is friction really caused by?
Why will two things in contact not
silp over each other easily? It is be-
cause every substance known to science
has teeth; microscopic, it is true, but
still teeth. Tbe result, then, is ob-
vious. If we shove a book across a
table the teeth of the book interlock
with the teeth of the table just as cog-
wheels do, and the push has to be
strong enough either to bend them
enough or to break them off for the
motion to continue.
i It has actually been observed in a
microscope that if the push is only a
slight one and moves the book only a
short distance, on the pressure of the
hand being removed the book actually
Jumps back to its former position.
j This action is a slight bending of the
i two sets of teeth, only not far enough
| for them to lose their relaitve posi-
| tions, and their elasticity on being re-
! teased makes the book fly back.
It has been shown that this friction
is not so much between different bod-
ox as between bodiex of the same ma-
terial. One industrial application of
i this is the bearings for steel axles.
| They are made of brass instead of
| steel.
{ In some things we want as much
i friction as possible and in others as
! little. ‘The former is illustrated in the
| friction between an engine wheel and
the track, sand sometimes being pour
ed on the track to increase the friction.
The latter case ix illustrated in all
bearings where rotating metal ix in
contact with stationary metal, some-
i thus lessening the friction.
{| Many peculiar things would happen
| if there was no friction. All screws in
| wood would immediately twist back
{ ward rapidly and shoot out into the
{ air; trains could not run save on cog-
(ged rails, which would probably be
times ball bearing< being substituted. |
i
legislation,
from the public its power
establish such laws as it desires,
either by emasculating an enactment
perverting the essence and pur-
of it” So writes Samuel Hop-
Adams In American Maguzine,
and he cites these instances of bow
the joker game Is worked:
“Sometimes It Ix in one word, as
where the sale of a piece of public
property to the lowest bidder was once
authorized. Sometimes it may inhere |
in that elusive character, the comma, |
as in the case of the aril clause of an
old schedule providing for the free en |
try of fruit planix, where somebody |
carelessly allowed » comm to creep!
in between ‘fruit’ aud ‘plants,’ thereby |
admitting millions of oranges and lem |
ons into the country duty free and
costing the treasury hundreds of thou. .
sands of dollars in los« of imports. |
Nobody ever found out whether this
was a printer's slip or a carefully de-
vised scheme. Certain It is that the
framers of the schedule never intend-
ed it |
“Again, the entire body of the pro
viso may constitute the joker by pur-
porting to carry one meaning when ft
In reality carries quite another. Con
gress still preserves the tradition of
the Irish representative from Massa. |
thusetts who proposed that March 17
be made a lega! holiday in celebration |
of the ‘Boston tea party. Several
New Englanders whose zeal exceeded
their erudition warmly supported the
measure until some one pointed out
that March 17 was much more closely |
associated with the supposed birth of |
the proposer's patron saint than with |
the destruction of the obnoxious tea,
which latter. indeed. was a midwinter
| necessary above as well as below, thus |
! having four rails instead of two: build
| ings would rumble down. and new ones |
i could not be built unless molded in
| place like Edison's or else riveted to-
| gether. People would have to wear
! shoes with long spikes in them and
then have to be careful, for dirt grains
would slip over one another easily and
| would act like deep sand. But one
| great thing would happen—machines
| would run at 100 per cent efficiency,
would give out as much energy as was
put into them.—Lawrence Hodges in
New York Tribune.
i
| 2 City That Does Not Live Up to Its
! High Sounding Title.
The same manners and customs pre-
vail in the Bokhara of today that were
famillar to our uight prowling friend
| of Bagdad. A blindfolded horse still
. plods round and round beneath a beam,
| grinding the corn between an upper
| and nn nether millstone. ‘I'he cotton Is
| #till carded by the primitive agency of
In double bow, the smaller one affixed
{ to the ceiling and the lurger one at-
{ tached to it by a cord and struck by a
| waist,
| mallet so us to cause a sharp rebound. |
"The reis-i-shariai,
or censor of the |
| morals, still rides slowly through the |
towti, compelling the children to at-
| tend the schools and their parents the |
mosques, inspecting rie weights and
| measures and keeping n watch over
| the behavior of the community as a
| whole. When a tradesman Is found
| guilty of cheating he is stripped bare
| fo the street, forced to bis knees and |
| flogged with a stirrup leather by one
| of the censor's attendants
| The city gates still close with the set-
ting sun. After dark no one is allow-
ed abroad, the only sound at night be-
ing the melancholy beating of the
watchman’s drum as he patrols the
streets with a lantern in his quest, un-
like Diogenes, of a dishonest man.
With its filth, fanaticism. vice, cru-
eity and corruption, Bokhara the No-
ble. as its people insist on calling it,
comes nearer to being a hell on earth
than any place | know, and that is the
best that | can say about it.—E. Alex-
ander Powell in Everybody's.
——
Mark Twain In Parliament
After a visit to Englund once Mark
Twain said on his return to New York:
“Among other honors heaped upon me
by Englishmen was that of being pho-
tographed in parilament. 1 am not a
member of parlinment. But peither
am | a member of congress. Has any
fellow American suggested that I
should be photographed in congress?
No. 1 blush to say that they have not.
And yet here is an honor that might
without risk be bestowed on any great
man. And yet it was not bestowed
upon Washington, Jefferson or Lin-
coln. When | saw that photograph,
with the mother of parliaments in the
background, and realized my advanc-
ing years 1 said to myself, ‘Here are
two noble monuments of antiquity—
two shining examples of the survival
of the fittest!" ”
In No Hurry.
“Too many people” said a clergy
man, “regard their religion as did the
little boy in the jam closet. His moth-
er pounced on him suddenly. He stood
on tiptoe, ladling jam with both hands
from the jam pot to his wouth.
%“«Oh, Jacky! his mother cried.
‘And only last night you prayed to be
made a saint!
“His face, an expressionless mask of
jam, turned toward her.
“¢yes, but not till after I'm dead.’ he
explained.”
A Matter of Economy.
Mrs. Nocash—Mercy! You let your
girl off every afternoon?
Neighbor—Yes, indeed; it is such a
saving. The more she is away the
fewer dishes she breaks.—Illustrated
Bits.
Sloth never arrived at the attainment
of a good wish.—Cervantes.
The world moves slowly io Bokhara. |
i
|
|
festival.”
Women and Young Girls Who Are Ex- |
pert Swimmers.
The pear: divers of Jupan are the !
women. Along the coast of the bay |
of Ago and the bay of Gokasho the |
thirteen and fourteen year old girls, |
after they bave finished their primary |
school work, go to sea and learn to
dive. They are in the water and learn
to swim almoxt from babyhood, and
they spend most of their time in the |
water except in the coldest season, |
from the end of December to the be-
ginning of February.
Even during the most inclement of
seasons they sometimes dive for pearls. |
They wear au special dress, white un- |
derwear and the hair twisted up into |
1 bard knot. ‘The eyes are protected |
by glasses to prevent the entrance of
water. Tubs are suspended from the i
A bout in command of 4 man is as- |
signed to every tive to ten women |
divers to carry them to and from the
fishing grounds \Vhen the divers ar-
rive un the grounds they leap into the
between twenty-five and thirty-five
they are at their prime.—New York
Sun.
' The Court Always Tries to Settle
Them by Reconciliation.
In one important respect the Swiss
surpass other nations in the manage-
ment of their divorces cases, says an
English correspondent,
In every town there is a kind of offi.
cial paper known as the Feuille d* Avis,
in which one may read daily the fol-
lowing announcement:
“M. and Mme, X., who are in io-
stance of divorce, are requesied to ap-
pear privately before the judge. aloue
or with their lwyers, In order to
come to n reconciliation if possible.”
Before the beginning of every di-
vorce case in Switzerland this notice
is published and sent out to the inter
ested parties, leaving the couple, of
course, free to attend before the judge
or not, as they wish. Often the couple
meet,
Although there are no statistics pub-
lished on the subject, 1 am told by =n
leading lawyer in Geneva whose spe.
cialty is divorce cases that at least 30
per cent of divorce cuses—"much to
my loss unfortuuately,” the lawyer
added. with a smile—are settled by
the paternal advice of the judge at
these meetings out of court,
In fact, Swiss inwyers will not defi.
nitely take up a divorce case until it
has passed through the reconcilintion
process.
If one of the couple does not attend
the rendezvous this means that the af-
; fair is to be fought out, but in any case
Swiss divorces are not expensive.
The average cost in a contested case
Is $200, often $100, and the lowest
when both parties are agreed $10 or
$15.—8an Francisco Chronicle.
Be a Real Power In the World.
It is a great thing to start out in
active life with the resolution that you
will not be a mere cipher in your com-
munity. but a real constructive force;
that you will stand for something more
than a rea. living getter or a dollar
gatherer: that you will not be merely
one more citizen, but a strong. robust,
vigorous force, a power respected. a
force that moves things. To be known
as a progressive man who stands for
everything that is for the betterment
ol his community, every one should be
ambitious to be something as a citizen
besides a specialist in his voeation.—
Succes: Magazine.
~—Subscribe for the WATCHMAN.
Groceries.
Groceries.
CETTE
Sechler &
Company
When
by m the
a,
buy the
more
18 cent grade.
20 cent
paper you saw this ad
goods advance on the market. the retail price
usually follows. But in regard to the recent advance in
Coffees we have not followed the
ice or reducing
goods and maintain the standard of our
De Sie Timintaln the Mani
If you are using a Coffee at 20 cents per pound fry our
If you are paying 25 cents for your Coffee try our
goods.
Or if you are buying at 30 cents try the high grade
goods we sell at 25 cents per pound.
This is a severe test but we are very confident we can
make good. Give us a trial,
vertisemen
rn is —
FEE
course, either
uality. We
He int
and please mention in which
t
Sechler &
Bush House Block, -
Company,
55-1 Bellefonte Pa.
The Pennsylvania
55-1
A Scientific Farmer
Or secure a Training that will fit you well for any honorable position in life.
TUITION IS FREE IN ALL COURSES.
State College
Offers Exceptional Advantages
IF YOU WISH TO BECOME
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YOUNG WOMEN are admitted to all courses on the same terms as Young Men.
TF ouTacs of Sead, expen, ce ad showiod vosions Bald by Gradua address.
THE REGISTRAR,
State College, Centre County, Pa.
ee
co i —- pe S————————
oe —
Yeagers Shoe Store
Johnnie's New Panis.
Johnnie told his mother that
his new pants were much
tighter than his skin. Why,
how could that be? Well, I
can sit down with the skin on
and I cannot with the pants on.
That is the trouble with the
average ladies shoes, they are
too tight that they cannot sit
down or stand up.
Come and be fitted with
a pair of Fitzezy Shoes, they
are made without linings and
can be worn tight with. com-
fort. They are just like a kid
glove, they give with every
movement of the foot.
Corns will vanish when you
wear them. Your bunions
will be relieved at once.
We rantee to give you
immediate comfort or refund
the money.
Ladies, if you have foot
trouble come to us.
TEER
SOLD ONLY AT
Yeager’s Shoe Store,
Bush Arcade Building, BELLEFONTE, PA.
LYON & CO.
CORSETS.—We are receiving
ond lot of new models in summer
:
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feazis
iit
{
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$
LYON & COMPANY,
Allegheny St. 47-12 Bellefonte, Pa.