== BY PP. GRAY MEEK. — Ink Slings, ~ Remember, itis very bad form to break that good resolution until tomorrow, at least. —Abous all there seems to be in Ohio up to this minute for brother CHARLES is snow-water. ~The Keystone Gazette came ous yes. terday looking quite spic and span in a dress of new type. —There were many new leaves turned over to-day that within a week will have that sear and yellow look. —1It looks like one of two things, either Pittishurg is too bad for Mayor GUTHRIE or Mayor GUTHRIE is too good for Pitts. burg. —A New Jersey lad bad an eye shot ont on Christmas. Fortunately it was a glass eye. The moral doesn’s follow that we should wear glass eyes, —Itis altogether probable that New York city could make a judicial saving on silk hose that wonld enable her to buy enongh of the good rubber article to make fire risks less bazardons over there. —Greater earthquakes occurred in Pekin and Autioch than that in Sicily, but they were an hundred years or more ago, con- sequently we can't fully realize what aw- fal calamities they must have been. —The mayor of Philadelphia bas signed the ordinance that will make a tunnel nnder the Delaware to New Jersey possible. What’a fine place it will be for the Sam SALTERS, JIM MCNICHOLS, ET AL, todo business, —ABE REUF, the San Francisco political boss and grafter, has finally been sentenced to fourteen years in the penitentiary. Pittsburg papers gave the item very little space ; probably for fear of unduly excit- ing some of the distinguished residents of that city. -~While Miss ETHEL ROOSEVELT is probably a very charming girl it is to be boped the country will be spared the ridio- ulous reporte of ber every act. The over- doing of ALICE was enough to prove die- tasteful and if Washington space writers are permitted to report each time ETHEL readjusts her rat or bas her naile cleaned we'll all be hoping that her dad totes her off to Alrioa with him in the spring. —Mr. SHEATZ may well appeal to the country to take sides with him in the sena- torial fight against Mr, OLIVER, of Pitts. burg. What did BEEATZ do for the coun- try Members when he was in with the Philadelphia crowd in the Legislature and was chairman of the appropriations com- mittee ? There is invariably a time for ohiokens to come home to roost and this may be the one in Mr. SHRATZ'S career. ~The earthquake and tidal wave tbat almost totally wreoked the island of Sicily and the lower part of Italy will probably stand as one of the greatest disasters of the world. So far a= is known now more than one hundred and fifty thousand lives have been lost, with a possibility of the number reaching muoh higher figures. Recent disasters such as the eruption of Ms Pelee were mere incidents when com. pared with this one. ~The Gazeite makes its New Year how in an entirely new dress. While its gen. eral makeup remains the same ite headings have been changed in a way that gives ita rather striking appearance. Brother HAR- TER bas a good paying proposition in his paper, and what, with four years more of the postoffice and all the county printing won't be be able to buy new dresses just as often as he likes. We congratulate him on this evidence of sucoess, ~The death of former State Treasurer WiLLram L. MATTHUES at his home in Media is a rather tragic ending for his part, at least, of the capitol graft trials. He contracted pneumonia at Harrishurg on December 13th, when he was sentenced to two years in the penitentiary and to pay a fine of $500. He was released on bail pending an appeal, bat the humiliation of his position is suppesed to have contributed to the advance of the disease. ~The spring elections are not two months off and, up to this writing we have beard of no aspirants for councilman. Messrs HAMILTON, SHUEY and WAGNER will retire. The first will not be an as- pirant again because he is after the tax oollestorship. As for SHUEY and WAGNER it is not known whether they care to be re- tarned. For burgess JouN J. Bower and James C. Furst, both young attorneys, are willing to represent their respective parties and indications are to the effect that neither will bave opposition for the nomination. —-Every year the action of the public school teachers while attending institute here attests a marked improvement in manuers and babits. There is somistakable and daily apparent evidence that the young women and men who are in charge of our public schools are dignified, gentle and thoroughly conscious of what they are here for. The institute of to-day is as different from that of twenty years ago as a meeting of a Peace Commission is from a Fourth of Jaly picnio. While we believe there has been and there is now in progress a general uplift to a higher plain of living among men the fact that better salaries and longer terms of school are offered teachers has re. sulted in attracting people to teaching as a profession rather than as a steppiog stone to something else. Since President ROOSEVELT bas seen proper to announce Senator PHILANDER C. KNOX as a member of his cabinet, that gentleman has blossomed out into a won- derful stateaman, according so the Repub- lican press of the State. While these jour- nals are going into ecstacies over Pennsyl- vania gettiog a member of the cabinet, and almost into hysterics over the alleged abil- ities and greatness of the appointee, they carefally refrain from referring to anything particular that he bas done to make him great, or anything he has suggested or advo- cated that would show him to be a man of the size they would have bim appear. To people who know Mr. Kxox, and know him olear through, there is no ele- phantine bigness about him either physie- ally, morally, socially or intellectually. If one were to ask, what has be done to make him great, or in what way has he shown the woundeiful abilities we are now told he possesses, it is doubtfal if an answer would be attempted. Before he was thrust into politics, through the kindly efforts of HENRY CLAY Frick, Epwarp H. HAnRIMAN and the late A. J. CAsSATT, be was known only as an ordinary corporation lawyer in Pitts. barg. When you come to think how many of these there are in the country yon will soon catch on to the fact that being a corporation lawyer don’s necessarily make a man great. Nor did is do this for Mr. KxoxX. What bas done it for him we are at a loss to know, just as bis glorifiers of today are at a loss to know what to point to as evidence of what be bas accomplish- ed, or wherein the people are better off or the government more justly administered, than would have been the case bad he never been brought to the front by the cor- porations. It's what men do that give them credis. Is is what they accomplish that meas- ures their worth as statesmen. And until Mr. KNOX does something, or ac- complishes something for the public good or to the credit of the country, it would be just as well for Pennsylvania papers to show a little modesty in their praises of his greatness, He bas bad opportunities galore. As Attorney-General, he talked and promised much about what he would do with the Trusts but these still flourish and every evil that sucked at the vitality of the gov- eromens, before he was appointed to the position, is still banging on and fatten- ing off the people. He bas been a United States Senator since 1904 and no where upon the statute hooks, or in the records of that body, can there be found tangible evidence of either an attempt or effort to do that which would prove him great or useful. He has not bothered abouts the little things, that have ocoupied the atten- tion of Senator PENROSE, bat ho~ much more, in the way of public good, or in the way of abolishing publio wrongs, has he accomplished thao the berated and abused senior Senator. Please get down tocold facts and show us some results, or be kind enough to give the pablic a rest from the ceaseless drivel that is going on about the statesmanship and greatness of Pennsylvania’s member of the incoming cabinet. The Question of Good Ronds, When the Legislature meets next week there will probably be a surplus in the state treasury approximatiog $12,000,000. The revenues under the most unfavorable conditions will be anout $25,000,000 a year, making cash resources from which to draw during the two years for which ap- propriations will be made of $62,000,000. The requirement of the schools will be in the neighborhood of $14,000,000 for the two years. The maintenance of the hos- pitals, penal iustitusions and corrective concerns, not ieoluding building operations, can hardly exceed $20,000,000. Allow say $10,000,000 for building and repairs and we bave an aggregate of $44,000,000, leav- ing a balance of $18,000,000. Assuming that there ought to be a treasury surpius of $3,000,000, we bave left a sum of $15, 000,000 to be dieposed of. Of course the average mind will drift to the conclusion that most of this available balance ought to he appropriated so road construction and maintenance. Except that used for edocational purposes, no money could be more wisely spent than thas appropriated to road boilding. Perfect highways are not only the best evidense of advanced civilization but they coutribate in greater ratio than any other public utilisy to popular advantage. They facili- tate the marketing of the products of she farm and dimioish the cost of living to the consumer. They are a source of enjoyment to the citizens who owns an aantomobile ond an agency of safety and comfort to those who bave no other vehicle than a farm wagon. In fact good roads are a source of universal advantage and comfort. They belp urban and saburban resident in equal proportions. Bat the Legislature should not sppropri- ate a dollar for the construction and main- STATE RIGHTS AND FEDERAL UNION. BELLEFONTE, PA., JANUARY 1, 1909. A —. —— tenance of roads until the party machine in control of the State Highway Depart- ment relinquishes its strangle hoid upon the throats of the people. That depart- ment was created for a political asylum and ever since its organization is has been conducted as a party asset. Most of she roads built wonder its direction have heen badly constructed, enormously expeoeive and practically worthless. This being the case it is the plain duty of the Legislature to call a balt and inaugurate such reforms as will work a correction of the abuses. The quickest and best way to achieve this result is to reorganize the department and the new organization ought to be vis the plan of the present school department, giving the local authorities control of the disharsements. Sentence of the Labor Leaders. It is almost impossible to calmly review the sentence imposed upon SAMUEL GoMmp- ERS, president ; JoHN MITCHELL, vice president, and Mr. MORRISON, secretary of the American Federation of Labor, by Chiel Justice WRIGHT, of the Supreme Coart of the Distriot of Columbia. These reputable, conscientious and useful citizens were charged with contempt of the court in which the sentence was pronounced. A manufacturing concern which had black. listed a number of its employees had been denounced by these labor leaders and hoy- cotted by their followers and organized la- hor generally. Because of this the gentle. men named had been summoned into court to answer for the violation of the law against boycotting. They protested that the law was invalid but offered to raise the boycot if the blacklist was withdrawn. The offer was declined and the court ordered the boycot to be raised without cousidera- tion or concession. The American Federation of Labor at a subsequent weeting decided to pay no at- tention to the order of court and the Amer- ican Federationist, the official organ of the organization cordially endorsed this action. Mr. SAMUEL GOMPERS, editor of the Fed- erationist, editorially encouraged this pur- pose of the organization and at subsequent meetings of the organization at which Mr. MITCHELL and Mr. MORRISON were pres. ent, Mr. GOMPERS was as warmly endors- ed. In resentment of this contempt pro. ceedings were inaugurated against Messrs. GoMPERS, MITCHELL and MORRISON. They were snbpoenased to testily against them. selves which shey did with perfect frank. ness. The contempt was completely es- tablished and acknowledged and it was expected that they would be fined in a nomival sam. But they were as free from turpitude as the Chief Justice of the Su- preme court of the United States and as little deserving of a jail sentence. Bat during the recent campaign these gentlemen had severely offended President ROOSEVELT. They bad absolutely refused to be bribed, cajoled or dragooned into the eupport of the cavdidate for President whom he preferred and bad she surprising temerity to exercise the rights of American citizenship in the manly American way. Because of this fact, probably the Chief Justice of the court of the Distriot of Columbia, a creature of the presidential office, and probably with the view of gain- ing presidential favor in the future, put the mark of the criminal upon them by sentencing them to jail for various terms ronning from six months toa year. Of course the case will be reviewed by the higher courts and the chances are that the sentence will be revoked aud the judge fitly rebuked. But the possibility of the contrary result isa grave menace to the personal and political rights of citizens. Starting Early. One of the interesting revelations made at she annual banquet of the Centre connty Bar Association, at the Country club on the evening of December 19th, was that the association proclaimed itselt for Hexry CUTE QUIGLEY Esq.,for State Sen- ator. After they had ail immersed them- seives in the mellowing depths of a ponder- ous loving cup they acolaimed HENRY CUTE as Senator and it is related that he looked even more conscious and important than bad been his mein on the first Tues- day nigbts after the new moons of 1908. While the Bar Association is not a political organization many of its members are recognized leaders in their respective par: ties therefore this annouucement may be regarded as the launching of the QuiGLEY boom for Senatorial honors. Since his last try for the seat occupied by Senator GEORGE M. DIMELING it has been obsery- ed shat Mr. QUIGLEY has been most cir: cumspeot, building fences everywhere and playing the part of ‘‘Shifsy Sadie” in local politics; all this in preparation for she an- nomncement which the lawyers have made. Of course there could be no possibility of the public mind running contrary to the wishes of this scintillating loving-cup-ized conglomeration of law aod politios so it may be accepted that Henry Cure Quia- LEY E+q. will be the next Republican nomioee for State Senator, | Where the “Graft” Egg is Laid. If one were to look closely into the cause of the great ‘‘grafs’’ that characterizes the management of wost of our manicipalities, it would not be surprising if it were found to be lodged in the single fact that most of our cities give away that which is valua- ble, and in the scramble to get that which each community has to give, the corruption we are used to hearing so much about ie created. Certain it is that there would be much less temptation to ‘‘grals’’ in our municipal government if those things, which are of value to others, were retained for the use of the people, or sold to she highest bidder for the benefit of the munio- ipality. It is the franchises and special privileges that are vsoally given away by couneil- men, that are chargeable with the “‘grafs”’ that debauches and disgraces so many of our municipalities. Were these worth nothing, there would be no one after them and consequently no corruption connected with them. Bat as they are usually valu- able, it is from the desire to possess them that all the worry springs on the one side, and on the other the temptation to make, what opportunity offers, is placed in the way of public officials. It these things are of value, then this value surely belongs to the municipality, and it should only be parted with in a way | go that would secure the greatest amount for the benefit of the people paying taxes so the municipal government. There are cities in this country that have sold their street railway, and other fran- ohises, on terms and conditions that will iusare their treasaries annual incomes 80 long as they are cities or their franchises exist. There are others that permitted their councilmen to trade theirs off, for what each individual member could secure for himself. It is from shis latter olass that *‘graft’’ has grown, and itis probable that no matter how careful a community may be, as to the character of its public servants, so long as opportunities exist, there will be those who will stoop to take advantage of them. The sale of all municipal franchises at public outery, would end much of this bus- iness. Is would be a simple method of re- de pp from the path of public and it wonld give something to] the citizens in retora for that which they had turned over to the company or corpora- tion seeking it. / Why nos try is? The Limit of Discourtesy. The other day President ROOSEVELT and some members of his tennis cabinet were horseback riding in one of the public parks adjacent to Washington. A party of ladies, members of Washington families, were en joying themselves by indulgence in the same exhilerating exercise, at the same time and in the same neighborhocd. The young women, either becanse they didn’t koow the President, or for the reason thas they didn’t know it was harmful, rode past the presidential party. Thereupon President RoosEVELT, inflamed with pas- sion, road ap to the ladies and severely rebuked them, for thas presuming to ride past the President of the United States. “How dare you,” be said rudely, ‘‘throw mud from your horse’s heels into the face of the President.” This is about the limit of impudent as. | jai surance. The German Emperor or the Czar of Russia wonld not ge so far because they are at least gifted with the manners of gentlemen and while the rules govern- ing social amenities between men and women in those conntries are less exacting than here, rule of politeness is universal among well bred men. Bat the insanely vain oreature, who, by the accident of national calamity, bas become President of the United States, appears to be amena- ableto none of the laws of courtesy or desenoy, and beoanse he imagined that his imperial rights were encroached upon, he bebaved like a drunken blackguard and insulted the ladies. It was an outrage beyond parallel in the history of the coun- try. Mr. Roo0SEVELT'S absurd idea of the delerence due him would be awusing if it were not bomiliating to every sell-respeot- ing American citizen. The fact that the Chief Magistrate of the greatest Republic of all time should so flagrantly violate the ethios of courtesy is amazing. The safety of American womanhood from insult or outrage has justly been a subject of pride to American wanhood from the heginning of our government. American women have felt that they might safely travel, unat- tended and secure against danger, in any part of the country. But it appears that they are not in the enjoyment of that price- less privilege in the neighborhood of the seat of our government while the present brain-storm rough rider occupies the White Hounse. * ——Alfred Stewart, colored, who two weeks ago went to Philadelpbia and had a small sliver of iron removed from his eye, returned home on Christmas, able to see though his eye is still a little sore. The Effect of High Pricos, From the Richmond Times-Dispatch. Is took $3623 lass year to pay for the necessaries of living shat conld be boughs for $2500 io. Jed. Sixty-nine Copy it years ago e Buying power t dollar of to-day. This is graphic way in which Professor Joseph French Johnson, of New York University, drives home the meaning of “‘increased cost of living.”” His two simple statements make it startlingly plain that there is a seamy side to modern Awerican prosperity, Oar Repablican Triends commonly point to the existing high scale of workmen's wages as evideuce of the exceeding bless. ings of the country under Republican poli- cies. It hardly need be pointed ont thas an advance of wages is of no advantage to a workman if everything that be buys has advanced in she same . The trae gauge of a laboring man’s isy is the purchasing power of his income, and even those workmen whose wages have most advanced are lucky if they can live as well pow as they oonld ten years agu. With the professional classes and with clerks, saleamen and other middle. priced employes, the situation is wach less favor- able. Lacking onions to promote their interests and baving no organized class identity to enlist the attention of stump orators and legislators, they have had no advance in income to keep abreast of the advance in prices. For the most part, the position that paid $2500 in 1897 pays the same ealary in 1908. The ome evident financial difference that the decade has bronght to the man who holds it is that the $2500 of 1897 is worth only $1725 to- y. From the standpoint of the 7ast class which lies between the great captains of indastry and those who labor for them, is there not something of mockery in a high tariff ity ? Just what is shere in it for the bank clerk, say, who macried ten years ago on $25 a week ? Would not even the bigh-paid skilled workman prefes to be free to purchase his in the cheapest market and take his chance on being able to exact a good li wage for his labor ? 8 ving Knows What He is Talking About. From the Daily Iron and Steel Report. Mr. Carnegie was himself on Monday in hie tariff testimony before Ways and Meaus Committee at Wi a e never claimed to understand the minute details of steelmaking, but he did claim to understand and be proved thas be did in. fe y Demoozats or Republicans taking turns cording to the side the witness was on. Mr. Carvegie they did not badger, oliefly because he is a past master of dealing wit Washington folks. He showed by his manner and his testimony that he aunder- stood them, and he showed also that he understood the steel manufacturers who have aiready testified. He told she com- mittee just what it needed to kuow, that there was no sense in trying to get at costs of prodaction from parties who had a self- interest in the matter, and who talked in a language they did not understand. Treat All From the New York World. The World believes in one law for Gom- pers and Rockefeller ; in one law for Mitchell and Ryan ; in one iaw for Mor- rison and Harriman ; in one law for labor onions and Wall street. If isis “‘prac- tical” to obtain writs of injunction re- straining labor leaders from violating the Sherman law, it is equally ** ical” to obtain writs of injunction forbidding Trust managers from violating it. If itis “prac- tical’”’ to sentence labor leaders to jail for violating such Court orders, it is equally ‘‘practical’’ to sentence Trust managers to 1 for violating them. It is no more diffi- cult to find she ‘“‘one responsible man’ in one case than in the other. When the trades-unionists charge thas nobody hat labor leaders have ever been sentenced to imprisonment under the Sherman law they frame a damning indios- ment against Mr. Roosevelt and bis ad- ministration. How can gleie en ox. pected to respect a law w e ent of the United a Smeal dou not respect, and w persistently re- fused to enforce against any individual “malefactor of great wealth’ ? Will See Things in =a Light. From the Johnstown Democrat, It the Laird of Skibo Castle bad given his tremendously weighty tariff testimony before the election mavy thousands of men employed in the irov and steel mills of the country would have had their eyes opened as they have them open now since they have his assurance that those great industries do not need protection, either for themselves or their employes. What the result would have heen can be guessed. Bryan's vote in Pennsylvania alone would have been greatly increased. The iron and steel workers especially have been peculiar- ly devoted to protection, largely becanze their masters wanted is, but now that snoh leading lights in the steel world as Mr. Carnegie and Judge Gary ineist that pro- teotion is not needed and that it does not affect the wages of laboring men they will not be so loyal to it in the future as they have been in the past. The day of proteo- tion is about over. —— Mr. and Mre. W, A, Canfield aod family have decided to make Bellefonte their home and have leased the Orvis resi- dence on east Lion street. Mrs. Canfield, who has been at the Bush hoase the past few months, will leave within the next few days for Germantown to oversee the pack" ing and shipping of their honsehold goods to Bellefonte ; they expecting to have their home opeued up in two or threejweeks. Alike, Different Spawls from the Keystone, —J. A. Emerick reports thet while he was hauling prop timber near Rams Horn, Clin- ton county,last Wednesday he killed a black snake, four and one-half feet in length, that was along the roadside in the snow. —Through the generosity of P. B. Shaw, of Poco farm, near Williamsport, Captain Wilson, of the Salvation Army, was suthor* ized to purchase codl for everygaworthy poor family in the city, as a Christmas gift. —Rev. James E. Dunning, pastor of the Centre and Sandy Ridge Methodist Episcopa churches, Centre county, has been appointed to fill the pastorate of the Lumber city charge, Clearfield county, made vacant by the resignation of Rev. Hugh Strain, on ac. count of ill health. —Charles Johnson, eagineer ‘at the Dull works of the Pennsylvania Glass company, near McVeytown, has a most remarkable record as an employe of the sand works there in the fact that in twenty-one years of con- tinuous service he has not lost a single day on account of sickvess or from any other cause. —An increase of a million dollars in the assessed value of Williamsport property will be reporied by the city assessors, who will complete their work this week. The ad- vance is due largely to the fact that public improvements have been made in nearly every ward. The total valuation will ap- proach fifteen millions of dollars. —Alderman Batzle, of Williamsport, has disposed of the Trout Run cases, in which M. W. Bailey was arrested for selling and Hiram Speicher for buying deer hides in violation of the state game laws. The two men paid a fine of $100 each and all costs, thus ending the prosecution, which was brought by the state authorities. Three ladies who attended the service in the First United Brethern church, in Chambersburg, on Sunday evening, discovers ed on their return home that their gold watches were missing. A search made in the church afterwards was fruitless, and the belief is that in the large crowd which at- tended the service there were some thieves who stole the watches, ~Three suits, to recover a total of $65,000 damages, were entered in the Westmoreland county courts Monday against the American Reduction company, of West Newton. John 8. Long and William L. Sauers sue for $15,000 each, and William T. Gibb claims $35,000 for injuries sustained in a naptha ex. plosion at the plant of the defendant com- pany June 22nd, 1908. —John E. Washer, of the United States secret service, and chief of police Pennman, of Greenville, Mercer county, it is alleged, found a complete counterfeiting outfit, in- cluding moulds, metals and dies, for meking quarters, balf dollars and dollars, in a bad in the isolated shack of Matthew E. Ralston, . ten miles from Greenville. Ralston was ar- rested and the outfit was taken to Pittsburg. —Two years sgo William Stonesifer, of y REE wm ' 16 inches in circumfe actly one pound. i ~The two daughters of John H. Jones, the millionaire owner of Marianna mine, in which about 160 lives were recently lost, Misses Bertha and Jeanette, aged respective- ly 16 and 13 years, recently told their father that they would receive no fancy Christmas gifts but that they wanted all in money that he intended to expend on them. Then they went to work and provided a basket filled with a turkey, vegetables, fruits and toys for every home in which a father had lost his life, to cheer the bereft ones at Christ. mas, —Fire of unknown origin destroyed the Lewisburg opera house and several business places in that town on Sunday entailing a loss of $75,000. ‘The loss on the opera house, which was owned by H. E. Spyker, is given at $50,000, The Masonic hall, operas house restaurant, Oberdorf Plumbing Supply com- pany, W. R. Roland’s dental offices, and the offices of the H. E. Spyker Coal company were burned out. The flames threatened such wide aestruction that the assistance of the Milton fire department wus secured. The loss on all property is covered by insurance. —David J. Lewis, who lives near the Troy mine, just a little north of Philipsburg, where be keeps a small store, made the dis covery on Sunday that a tin box, containing $75.00 in cash aud two Moshannon bank de- posit certificates, one for $800 and the other for $200, had been stolen from him, probably on Saturday. The box containing these valuables had been secreted in his bed room, and the fact that two young neighbors sud- denly disappeared on Saturday night. oue of whom had been staying around his premises most of the time daring the past week, leads Mr. Lewis to suspact them as the guilty parties. —John Stormer, a blacksmith, of Johns+ town, on Sunday shot his wife, her brother, and the latter's wife, Mr. and Mrs. William Kartz, of McKeesport, Pa., and then blew oat his own brains in plain view of a crowd of horrified bystanders. Stormer had not been living with his wife for several years ad domestic trouble is assigned as the cause of the tragedy. The three wounded persons were removed to the hospital, where it was ascertained that the Kartz’s are both dan- gerously wounded. Mrs, Stormer was shot in hoth legs and sustained a scalp wound bat wilk recover. Stormer was dead when offi- cers arrived. —D. Arthur Midgley, state manager for Thomas L. Jeavon,at the auditorium theatre, Latrobe, was seated for dinner at the Parker house at the same table with Miss Ada C. Cox, of Jeanette, who under the stage name of Grace Davenport, had some to Latrobe to fill a vaudeville engagement at the Star theatre. A conversation was started, which soon ripened into friendship and the friend- ship into love so ardent that the two were married the next evening, less than thirty honrs after their first meeting. The bride left on Sunday to complete her engagement this week at Cambridge Springs, after which she will return to Latrobe.