ha
Demonic it
BY P. GRAY MEEK.
HATE
i
Ink Slings.
—Oh, gentle spring! Oh, lamb like spring *
We'd indite to thee a poem ;
It all delinquents in the land,
Would pay printers what they owe ‘em.
—Mr. MiLLs wants to seize Cuba.
Does he long to be a CAESAR?
—Did any one ever hear of a person
jumping from a train that was not go-
ing at least forty miles an hour ?
—Two Salvation armies in America
will be very apt to encourage a bass
drum and tambourine trust.
.—Whenever a person wants to
move about quietly he puts on a pair of
gums. The same result is not exge-
ri enced with a woman's tongue and her
gums. .
—The earth-quake shccks that were
felt in Maine, on Sunday evening, were
more than likely caused by the rush of
McKINLEY wind into the REED presie
dential vacuum.
—Pittsburg is all worked up over her
new free bridge, but it hasn’t haif the
sighs that the little one has that spans
the alley between the court house and
jail in that city.
--“MorToN and sound money” has
the right kind of a ring for a campaign
slogan. ' It is the cound of the chink in
Levy's bar'l that the Republican Jupas
is waiting to hear.
—A great many women will dis
cover by next week that their husbands
are just about the dearest creatures on
earth, at least they will palaver them in
that way until the Easter bonnet is
bought.
—The United States governraent Las
every reason to be discreet when it
comes to war talk. It isall right enough
to resent insults, but would the people
think it all right to give a second set of
feet to the pension octopus ?
—ALFRED AUSTIN, England’s poet
laureate, has disguised a spring poem
under the head ‘Is Life Worth Live
ing 7” He would have heen very apt
to have found out that it isn’t had he
tarried in his publisher’s office until tbe
effusion was read over.
—The happiest faculty QUAY seems
to poscess is that of settling the disputes
of his hench-men by confiscating all
bones of contention. He will effect a
happy (7) dencuement in tke ANDREWS-
Lec fight for the state chairmanship
by being made chairman himgelf—if no
more satisfactory thing can be done.
—The insignificant little whipper-
snappers who thought they were mak-
ing a name for themselves by voting
censure to such a man as ambassador
TroMAs F. BAYARD, will find thata
time will come when they will have to
tell the public who they are, while
BAYArD’s name will be known as one
of the greatest statesmen of bis lime.
—About the most ridiculous thing we
have heard of for some time is the an-
nouncement tbat pick-pockets did a land
office business during the recent ses-
sions of the Central Pennsylvania Meth-
odist conference in Williamsport. Why
you might as well try to tell us that
newspaper men would prove fat prey
for the slick fingered gentry.
— PATTISON would be a strong nomi-
nee for President for more reasons than
that of his stainless public and private
character. If be should head the Demo-
cratic ticket in the next national cam-
paign his strength in Pennsylvania
would be great enough to necessitate
the use of all the fat fried from the mil-
lionaire protection monopolists in this
State right here in Pennsylvania, leav-
ing the Republican national committee
short of the enormous amount of boodle
usually sent into other districts.
—TroMAs HuGHES, the author who
created the character of Tom BrowN
and told the story of his own life at
Oxford and Rugby, is dead. No work
even published for juveniles met with
greater success than bis and none are
freer from anything unfit for the youth-
ful mind. His books found favor be-
cause of the ridiculous escapades of the
school boy teeming with healthy, active
life, but from every dilemma the hero
emerged in a way that incites all read-
ers to manliness. For forty years “Tom
Browx at Rugby” bas kept the dead
author's name in the minds of the
world’s children and it will be more
lasting than any shaft that could be
erected to his memory.
—Because the Pittsburg Times has
had the energy to incorporate an even-
ing edition the other papers of the
Bmoky city are accused of trying to
‘squeeze’ it by preventing its sale at
the news stands. In other words they
are trying to raise a boycott on the new
evening paper. If the report be true,
and it is simply a fear of honest com-
petition that has prompted such un-
friendly action, the Evening News is as-
sured of a permanent place in the jour-
nalistic circles of Pittsburg. There is
only one way to mest competition and
that is to outstrip it in a fair race
for public favor. Had the other Pitts-
burg papers welcomed the Times’ new
venture it would have been evidence
that they did not fear it.
Gn”
EB
tiara
Vv
i Spawls from the Kaystone.
—Charged with keeping a speak-easy in
; his furniture store, John B. Johnson was
' sent to Norristown jail.
—Frightat the upsetting of a lamp by a
—Williamsport pulpits were filled Sun-
day by the Methodist ministers, who were
/ attending the conference there.
7.
v 3
= - A i
. bet dog resulted in the sudden death of
J | James Price, of Pottsville.
—A joint railroad brotherhood conven”
y/ p “. , tion, representing several States, will be
y/ y/! » , held at Erie next Thursday.
STATE RIGHTS AND FEDERAL UNION.
—Joseph Whythes fell I50 feet down a
i chute at Burnside colliery, near Shamo-
VOL. 41
"BELLE
FONTE, PA., MARCH 27, 1896.
kin, and escaped with a few bruises.
, —While attending the funeral of Mrs,
NO. 13.
The Censure of Ambassador Bayard
Considering the evident motive and
the partisan character of the vote of
censure passed by the House of Repre-
sentatives on ambassador Bavarp
there is but little reason for him to
treat it with the respect that would be
due to an hooest and unmalicious ex-
pression of that body. Rank partisan
malice was the motive of that vote, itg
only object being revenge for his hav-
ing spokeu truthfully of the pet policy
of the Republican party.
The ambaesador’s expression that
drew forth this exhibition of partisan
spite was embraced in the following
passage in an address which be deliv-
ered befcre a public audience in Eng-
land : ;
“In my own country I have witnessed the
insatiable growth of that form of state social-
ism styled protection, which I believe has
done more to foster class legislation and create
inequality of fortune, to corrupt public life, to
banish men of indeperdent mind and charac-
ter from the public councils, to lower the tone
of national representation, blunt public con"
science, create false standards in the popular
mind, divorce ethics from politics, and place
politics upon the low level of a mercenary
scramble than any o{fgr single cause.”
This is a terrific arraignment of the
economic system that has been main.
tained in this country by the Republi-
can party, but 18 it not true in every
particular ? It may be questioned
whether the ambassador acted with the
best judgment in exposing, before a
foreign audience, the disgraceful details
of such a system of spoliation and de-
moralization practiced in his own
country, but there can be no question
that he drew a correct picture. Its
burning truth wae what excited the
rage of those who are responsible for
that system, and prompted their vote
of censure.
That “the form of state socialism
styled protection fosters class legisla
tion, as stated by ambassador Bayar,
is proven by the tariff legislation that
bas benefited the few at the expense of
the many, and by the class of benefi-
ciaries that have crowded the com.
mittee rooms of Congrese, successfully
urging the passage of tariff bills to
promote their special interests. That
it “creates inequality of fortune’ needs
noother proof than the colo: =al fortunes
of those whoee trusts and monopolies
are maintained by protection, while
the wages of workmen scarcely afford
a decest living.” That “it corrupts
public lite” is evidenced by Senators
interesting themselves in the profits of
sugar trusts enhanced by differential
duties ; by the presidential candidates
depending for their election upon the
corruption funds contributed by tariff
beneficiaries to debauch the ballot,
and by the influence which the wealth
that has grown up under this protec-
tion system is able to exert upon the
action of Congress. That it “*banishes
men of independent mind and character
from the public councils, and lowers
the tone of national representation,”
needs no other demonstration than the
Congress now in session, which by its
neglect of public business, its low par-
tisan aims, the inferiority of its mem-
bership, and its general good-for-noth-
ingness furnishes a sample of the kind
of ational representation that is swept
into the capitol by the tidal wave of a
tariff victory. That it “blunts public
conscience and places politics upor
the low level of a mercenary scramble”
has been fully demonstrated by the
action of campaign managers whose
consciences have been so blunted that
they could see nothing wrong in using
immense corruption funds ina presi-
dential campaign, such as the $400,000
which Wanamaker collected and
contributed as boodle to elect Haxrrr
80N in the interest of protection, and by
the disgraceful competition, with Mc-
Kinrey in te lead, that is now iu
progress in buying up the delegates to
the next Republican national conven-
tion,
Every word uttered by the ambas-
sador about the Republican tariff
system was true to the letter, and it
wae its truth that enraged the rascals,
who maiutain that system of robbery
and corruption, to vent their spite by a
vote of censure. But at the very time
they were making this exhibition of
malicious rage the truth of Bavarp's
charge, that the protection scheme is
replete with demoralization and de-
bauchery, is substantiated by the pub-
lic accusation of Republican Senator
CHANDLER that MoKINLEY has re
ceived a large fund from the manu-
facturers who want a restoration of his
OEY
kind of protection, which is being used
in buyiog up delegates to, the nomi-
nating convention, and no less promi-
nent a Republican leader than Tom
Pratt, charges McKiNLEY's traveling
agent Mark Hanna, with going
through the country with this boodle,
on a mission of corruption in MoKin-
LEY’s presidential interest.
BavarD’s words are verified by Re-
publican testimony. :
——
The Pittsburg Bargain.
The Republican party in Penunsyl-
vania has long been recognized as be-
ing rus, if not actually owned by a few
bosses who control it for their own
political and personal advantage. This
fact is practically acknowledged by the
members of the party when they vote
for candidates furnished them by their
bosses through the manipulation of
nominating conventions. They delude
themselves with the idea that they ex-
ercise the free right of suffrage, but it
is a right that is limited to voting for
the nominees, selected for them by a
higher power. This system of bossism
used to be controlled by the CameroN
family, but it is now centered in Quay,
A condition of servitude so disgrace-
ful is an old fact with which everyhody
is familiar, and which the Republicans,
themselves, have become so used to
that they have ceased to be ashamed
of it, but an especially disgraceful illus.
tration of this political condition hav
ing recently presented itself in Alle-
gheny county in the fight between the
“two factions of that Republican strong:
bold, the question naturally arises
whether such a state of things can ex-
ist in a party that makes pretensions
to being free and intelligent.
In the ruction that is going on be-
tween the Quay and MAGEE factions it
is disclosed that there was a written
agreement between—the contracting
parties by which the Republican voters
were made mere “chips” in as dirty a
game of politics as was ever played
for official spoils. A aritten contract
was entered into, signed, sealed and
delivered, wherein the ownership of
the party voters was as coolly taken
for granted, and disposed of in the way
of bueiness, as if they were so many
cattle, the agreement being that Quay
should hand Pittsburg over to be
plundered by a ring of rapacious poli
ticiane in consideration of their helping
him to maintain his political control
over the State. In making such an
arrangement of course it was calcu-
lated that the party voters should be
used a8 mere chattels in carrying out
its provisions.
This treaty had been in force since
“1889, and it was renewed as late as
January of last year, but the fight over
the chairmanship last summer having
set the rascals by the ears, the bargain
was terminated, and one of the parties
has been indiscreet enough to divulge
the terms upon which this corrupt
alliance was maintained.
Protection and Free Silver.
A delegation of Philadelphia manu-
facturers have been on to Washington
where they made a log rolling arrange-
meat with the iree silver Republican
Senators to unite protection and free
silver in a combined campaign issue,
These’ manufacturers remember the
advantage they enjoyed when under
McKINLEY's protection they managed
to make a fortune every year without
being compelled to increase the wages
of their workmen. They want tha,
tariff bonanza restored to them, and
they are willing to enter into an ar-
rangement with the silver producers
to help each other in the mutual pro-
motion of their respective bonanzae,
The silver men may consider them-
selves justified in entering into such an
arrangement. They have seen the
long continued pmtection of the manu-
facturer’s interests. They have ob-
served how pig iron, and steel rail,
and other products of mill and-factory
were given the benefit of a high tariff
policy, and they have a right to con-
clude that if such favors are being
granted they ehould have a share of
by free coinage. Their joining in a log-
rolling arrangement to couple free sil-
ver and protection is justifiable from
their stand point, but what 18 to be
thought of Philadelphia Republican
manufacturers being willing to sacrifice
the gold standard for the sake of Mo-
KiNLEY tariff plunder ?
them by having their product favored’
Fat Frying Already Begun.
Charges made by Senator CHANDLER,
of New Hampshire, against the Mc-
KINLEY managers for their “fat-frying”
method of raising money to secure the
nomination of the high tarift cham-
pion, is creating considerable teeling in
the Republican ranks. CHANDLER is a
Republican himself, and being familiar
with the boodle methods of his party,
he might be supposed to have become
used to them ; but he cannot restrain
himself from openly declaring that
wken a quarter of a million is con-
tributed by the manufacturers to help
McKINLEY's boom it cannot be intend-
ed for an honest purpose and can have
no other object than to purchase the
votes of delegates to the nominating
convention,
Efforts are being made to keep
CHANDLER quiet by those who fear that
his exposure of the fat-frying that is
going on will injure the candidacy of
tbe tarift champion, and denials are
made that any contributions have been
received from the millionaire manu-
facturers, but the New Hampshire
Senator repeats the charge, in a com:
munication to the Washington Post,
and says that he can produce the proof
that a fund of $250,000 is being raised
from that source to corruptly secure
the nomination.
Since such boodle methods are cus-
tomary in Republican presidential
campaigns it might strike our readers
as singular that a Republican Senator
should object toit, but it would seem
that his objection is not on actount of
the immoral and corrupt character of
such practices, but, as he puts it: “For
manufacturers to contribute large sums
of money to be expended in nominating
Mr. McKINLEY over any other candi-
date hitherto named would be a most
unjust and uncalled for proceeding.”
The Senator does not appear to ob-
ject to the political immorality in-
volved in such a prcceeding—only to
its unfairness to the other candidates.
H&helving the Favorite Sons.
There is a lively time with the bat-
tle ot the booms in the Republican
party and one by one the favorite sons
are being knocked out of the way of
the leading candidates around whom
the fight will centre in the nominating
convention, i
MAaNDERSON has been laid oft the
shelf in Nebraska, the state convention
having concluded that although he
might be a favorite son’it preferred to
give the state delegation to McKINLEY.
Minnesota has géne back on Davis,
and to sympathiziog friends in Wash-
ington the Senator explains the loss of
his State’ by attributing it to the at-
tractive influence of MoKINLEY'S
boodle. CuLroy, of Illinois, finds that
his posing as her favorite son did not
secure the delegation of that State,
most of whom have yielded to McKin-
LEY’s peculiar method of persuasion.
ELkiNs’ boom in West Virginia hardly
amounted to as much asa boomlet,
and Quay, who is put forward as the
favorite son of Pennsylvania, never in-
tended bis candidacy to be anything
more than a movement by which he
would be enabled to handle the state
delegation for dickering purposes.
Thus, as the time for the St. Louis
convention approaches, ‘the favorite
sous are being thinned out, leaving the
fight to be fought between McKINLEY,
REED, ALLisoN and Morton, with the
chance of its being won by the candi-
date who will be able to buy up the
largest number of delegates to the
nominating convention.
|
——The attacks that are being made
on the man RuTHVEN, who is traveling
through the State giving lecture’s on
Catholicism, came to a climax at Dun-
wore, & mining town near Scranton, on
Monday, when the man was assaulted
on the street by a mob. He defended
himeelf with a revolver and was
promptly fired upon by the crowd with
the result that three men were shot.
When he was in this part of the State
the WaTcHMAN endeavored to dissuade
any of its readers from going to hear
him, -beexuse it felt that he was an im-
postor. We are siucerely sorry that
members of the church he preyed on
should bave been guilty of such a
breach of law and order. If they had
met his stories with contempt it would
have been far better. To resent his vile
imputations in such a way only en-
courages the bigots who would de-
fame a great christian church.
Barbara Stoneroad, at Lancaster, Joseph
Newgard dropped dead of heart disease.
--Rumors of a proposed reduction in
the working hours at the Altoona shops
were denied by Pennsylvania Railroad
officials.
—Dickey, Moore and Kelso of Brock.
ville, has given a contract for sawing
50,000,000 feet ot timber on a tract in Elk
county.
—Governor Hastings has signed the
death warrant of Frank Morris, of
Fayette County, May 26 being set for the
execution.
—When detected burglarizing a Wil-
liamsport bar.room, Benjamin Taylor
fought himself free with a club, but was
later captured.
—A large number of log drivers have al.
ready assembled at Penfield Elk county,
where they are awaiting a flood on which
to drive logs.
—With imposing ceremonies Tuesday
the Emaus high school boys hung Genera!
Weylerin effigy, riddled the dummy with
bullets and then cremated it.
—A Pittsburg trolley conductor refused
to accept a Columbian half dollar and
ejected the passenger, who got a verdict
for $100 against the company.
—While walking on the Pennsylvania
railroad near Stewart's station, Alle-
gheny county, John Davis, of Summit,
near Scranton, was killed by a train.
—Owing to the sickness of two impor-
tant witnesses the Apna Dickinson suit,
at Scranton, was postponed until the
September term of the United States Cir-
cuit court.
—The enterprising women of Mt. Car.
mel on Saturday got ouu the edition of
the Ledger newspaper, making an excep-
tionally bright journal in the interests of
the Women's Christian Temperance
Union.
—The last body of the thirteen victims
Out of the Way of McKinley's Car of
Death.
From the Pittsburg Post.
Senator Cush. Davis, of Minnesota,
ie the first of the favorite sons to take
himeelf out of the way of the McKin-
ley juggernaut, which promises to
crush all who impede it at St. Louis,
The others will follow in due time, for
your favorite son desires to stand well
with the incoming administration, and
his friends especially desire that he
should stand well. and so have a voice
in distributing the rewards. Bradley,
of Kentucky, Cullom and the other fa-
vorite sonnies will disband their cor-
poral’'s guard in due time, and
we would not be surprised to
see Senator Quay take time by the
forelock and, before the convention
meets, make his peace with the Ohio
idol. It he does not, supposing Me-
Kinley nominated and elected, on the
principle of gratitude generally recog-
nized at such times the “old guard,”
led by the sagacious Magee, will sweep
the platter. Tt is sad to say it, but it
looks very much as it Magee and
Flino would cut more ice at St. Louis
than the Senator from Saint's Rest.
All On the Make.
From the Philadelphia Record.
By far the worst figure in the Quay-
Flinn negotiations for political owner-
ship of Allegheny county is cut by the
Republican manufacturers and work-
ingmen of that-great industrial centre.
As the correspondence reveals, they are
as much the objects of traffic and bar-
ter as the pig and bar iron, glass and
nails which they produce. While the
manufacturers of Pittsburg think they
re leaders of political thought and
opinion, they are merely pawns and
counters in the game that is played un-
der the table for control of a politi-
cal and municipal affairs. In fact,
these great manufacturers do not count
for so much politically with their bosses
as do the newly naturalized Hungarians
and Sclavonians in their mills. A$ the
iron and steel, nail and glass workers of
Allegheny county are not ~wanting in
self-respect and pride, they cammog but
deeply feel the humiliation of thei po-
sition as exposed in the negotiations for
their ownership. But will they have
sufficient publig spirit to resent the in-
sults and wrongs heaped upon them and
their community ? Or do they not care
how or by whom they are governed, so
that they get a little Boge tan
A Dangef Flag.
From the Montesano, Wash., Economist.
A state exchange, which is devoting
most of its editorial space to grooming
torial candidate, informs its
at it must select a man who “is
for honesty.”” The expression is
ortunate, says the West Coast Trade.
onest men are not so scarce in this
state that the people become noted for
this quality when possessed in proper
proportions. We have in mind the case
of an old farmer named Booker Doug-
las who started a store down in Bodain-
ham, Me. He was so conspicuously
horest that he became noted for it
among Portland wholesalers. He trad-
ed on it to the extent of $15,000 in-
ninety days; two weeks ago he was
overhauled within a few minutes ride
of Canada. Look out for the man who
becomes “noted for honesty.”
ered Tuesday. The mutilated condition
of the bodies show the unusual force of
the explosion which was caused by mine
dust. .
—Dan Allen an inmate of the Cambria
county almshouse, pried open the tran
som over the door of his room at an early
hour in the morhing last Tuesday and
escaped and unto this time his where:
abouts are unknown. n
—Charters were issued at Harrisburg
Tuesday for the Victor manufacturing
compamy ; capital stock, $1000. Lehigh
Granite company, of Luzerne county ;
capital stock, $200,000. Doylestown Trust
company, of Bucks county ; capital stocks
$250,000.
—Louis Rosenberger, convicted at Kit-
taning ot larceny, assault and battery and
breaking jail, was taken to the Riverside
penitentiary to serve a nine year and six
month's sentence. He makes the sixth
member of the family occupying "cells in
the penitentiary.
—C. H. Reed, a well. known and pros
perous hardware merchant residing in
Orbisonia, Huntingdon county, died at 8
o'clock Monday morning of catarrh of
thestomach. He had been seriously ill
with that affection for three or four
weeks, and his death a fortnight ago
would not have been a surprise
—More than six hundred letter carriers
attached to the Philadelphia postoffice,
or men who have served as carriers in
previous years, were made happy Wed-
nesday by a participation in the distribu.
tion of nearly one hundred and fifty thou.
send dollars, which had been allowed by
the court of claime to Philadelphia letter-
carriers on account of overtime, and
which had been provided for in the gen-
eral deficiency bill which passed congress
two weeks ago. v
—David Sweeley and the other members
of his family narrowly escaped sufioca-
tion by coal gas generated from the cook
stove during the night. Mr. 8wceley wa?
the first of the family to awakeand it was
fortunate he awo ke when he did asa few
minutes more of inbalation of the gas
would have rendered him insensible. The
fresh air which came in through the
windows and doors, which were flung
open, soon revived the sufferérs and they
were all right again in a few minutes.
Did You See This, Mr. McKinley.
From the Somerset Democrat.
Another illustration of the damaging
effects of the Wilson tariff on American
manufactures is shown in the state-
ment that the Carnegie company has
jus ured a good paying contract for
10, tons of eteel rails for Japan.
They ‘successfully contended against
the competition of the world, and
came out ahead. And yet some so
called patriots are working for a res-
toration ot the McKinley bill, which
effectually prevented such contracts.
—
. One Way of Being Heard.
From the Greensburg Argus.
Neither ambassador Bayard nor sny
of his triends are losing any sleep over
the house resolutions. The little fel-
lows must bave their fun, and the am-
bassador is not the kind of man to in-
terfere with their pleasant pastime.
EE ———
The World’s Great Gaming Resort.
From the Clearfield Republican.
The Prince of Monaco has renewed
his concession of the Casino at Monte
Carlo for another fifty years on con-
dition that he receive $400,000 a year
rental instead of $300,000. 2
And He is Not the Only One.
From the Wilkesbarre Union Leadei®
Laureate Austin was once a Catholiz,
but is now an Agnostic. He is de-
scribed as tolerant, unobtrusive and al-
most indifferent to all questions of dog-
ma, and has not very much faith in his
own poetry.
ee ————————
Four New Battle Ships.
—John Moore, a wagonmaker of Wil.
liamsport, has been missing from home
for over three weeks. The Gazette and Bul-
letin says that any information regarding
the missing man will be gratefully re-
ceived by his wife at 575 East Third.
street. Moore is 53 years old weighed 125
paunds, and is 5 feet 3 or four inches
tall, gray hair and mustache, blue eyes,
light complexion. He was dressed in
gray trousers, long black overcoat, blue
flannel shirt, black necktie, black slouch
hat and felt boots.
a
—Three boys of Edward Evane, of Cam-
bria township, Cambria county aged 13, 9
and 7 years, were playing in their father's
barn last Saturday. They were startled
by hearing an unusual noise in a pile of
corn fodder, when a second later a big rat
scampered out of the fodder, followed
closely and rapidly by a huge blacksnake,
which evidently intended to make his
dinner of the rat, but the latter was too
swift and escaped, The boys, through.
fright and excitement, allowed the snake
1 toescapeintoa pile of straw. The boys
declare that the snake is fully seven feet
long.
—A tenant house at Huntingdon Fur.
nace, Huntingdon county, owned by the
Shoenberger estate and occupied by John
Fryer and wife, was burned last Tuesday
afternoon together with all its contents.
Mrs. Fryer, the aged wife of the tenant,
3 + was in the house and presumably was
be built on the Pacific coast, one torpedo asleep When the fire stared: u yas ines
h ississippi | fore with the utmost culty that she
on the Gulf, and one on the Mississippi re ny S ss Liiculny Thal ene
river. : | was she was terribl burned from the
Five of the torpedo boats are to have : waist ap. Dr. Holme, of Spruce Creek,
aspeed of at least twenty-five knots, ' was summoned, and gave her careful a
ini 3 tion, but after intense suffering, the
and the remaining ten,” the highest 13120 USD After fnionse suffering, the
speed possible. night. : :
WAsHINGTON, March 23.—The house
committee on naval affairs to-day com-
pleted the section of the naval appro-
priation bill providing new vessels for
the navy. It is provided that one of
the four battle ships recommended shall
in the Dubois mine explosion was recov--
1 iganar