Bellefonte, Pa., Nov. 3, 1893.
e—
Notes From the World’s Columbian
Exposition.
Homes and Remains of the Cliff Dwellers.
A rugged mass of staff, building pa-
per, and sheet iron stands near the An-
thropological building at the World's
Fair, painted in imitation of red sand-
stone, and with beetling ledges and
strange surroundings. A sign ‘tells us
that this is the Cliff Dwellers’ ex-
hibit , and we learn, on inquiry, that it
stands where it does with the approval
of Prof. F. W. Putnam, chief the De-
partment of Ethnology. The structure
is designed to represent a Colorado
lJand-mark, known as ‘Battle Rock,”
but called “Spirit Rock” by the Utes
and Navajoes. Here dwelt cliff men,
whose singular habitations are found by
thousands, though long tenantless, not
only in Colorado, bu. also in Utah,
Arizona, and New Mexico. According
to Schwatka, similar abodes are still
occupied in Mexico ; but the more re-
cent researches of Lommholtz show
them to have belonged to a different
.and later style of architecture.
On meeting Mr. Frank Cushing, the
white Zuni chief, I asked his opinioa of
their cliff dwellers’ exhibit. His em-
;phatic reply was: “It is magnificent,
both in .conception and development ;
and its museum is unquestionable
gecuine and very representative.’
Probably there is no better judge of
such matters than he. More than one
hundred thousand persons have visited
this-qnaint exhibit ; some of them men
of science, but mostly people from the
common walks of life, who probably
took their first lessons in anthropology
and.archzology from the inteiligent and
obliging guides. ’
The structure now described is 200
feet long and 65 feet high. In inclosures
around it are kept domesticated wahpiti,
deer, mountain sheep, and otber animals
peculiar to the region. Precipitous
trails wind over the hill, and at all hours
of the day may be seen people climbing
afoot or riding on the sure-footed burros
kept for service. In the crevices of the
quasi rocks cacti, sage brush and yucca
plants maintain a struggle for existence.
On each side of the entrance are ruins
of estufas, through one of which we are
admitted on paying the small sum
requisite for maintaing the exhibit.
What an abrupt transition from the
brillant displays of modern art and
manufacture to these ancient forms of
human life.
At the.head of the canyon stands the
" Oliff Palace, reproduced on a scale of
one-tenth the actual size. The model is
43 feet long ; hence we infer the original
to be 480 feet in length. The village
(for such it is, rather than a palace) con-
tains on the ground floor 127 rooms ;
‘but it is thought that there must have
once been as many as 600 in all the
stories. Some of these are round and
others square, and they are of various
sizes. Some were doubtless temples,
others wateh towers and others granaries.
But most of them were plainly habita-
tions for separate families thus grouped
into a community numbering perhaps
1,200 souls. One cannot help wondering
what chance the boys and girls of such
a cliff city would have for playing
around its formidable ramparts, or what
opportunity lovers might have for
moonlight strolls. The theory is that
the walls were built up solid from the
floor of the shallow cave tothe over-
hanging ledge. The masonry, though
rude, is excellent. No tools of iron
were used, and the mortar was laid on
by hand, yet those walls have stood for
centuries.
As we advance we pass on our right the,
Square Tower House, four stories high,
though originally fromseven to ten. It
was built like all these structures, many
hundred feet above the foot of the cliff ;
and there its people lived as a peaceful
community ages before French flats or
Chicago tenement houses were thought
of, The Balcony House opposite shows
how the stories were separated by cedar
beams, whose projecting ends were used
to support porches overhanging the tre-
mendous gorge below. The houses had
doors and windows, and did not seem to
have adopted, generally at least, the
pueblo style of mounting by outside lad-
ders. We saw ladders, however, in the
collection. The stone doors were also
shown, and the wooden loops and sta-
ples by which they were hinged. There
are models of the High House and other
fortifications. These names, it should
be observed, were not used by the occu-
pants, but were given by the roving cow-
boys or wandering tourists. The neces-
sities of the exhibit bring the dwellings
intogproximity to each other, though
the guides are careful to say that in fact
they stand many miles apart. Some
were found in the Mancos canyon, oth-
ers in the McElme canyon, others again
scattered over the Mesa Verde, or up
and down the Montezuma valley. The
cliff dwellings that I visited in Arizona
were altogether of limestone ; but those
of this region were of red sandstone.
Almost my only criticism on this exhib-
it is that while the cliffs are made to
represent red sandstone the dwellings
appear to be of limestone. Oa inquir-
ing of Mr. H. L. Paquin, the artist who
did the modeling, I was told that he
had intended to be as exact as possible,
but it seemed desirable for arustic effect
to show a contrast in color, Usually
the guides explain this fact.
Returning to the main canyon, we
next inspect excellent reproductions of
estufas of nearly the actual size of the
originals. These sacred edifices were for
tribal and ceremonial uses, sheltered the
sacred fires, were entered by T-shaped
doors, through which none but men were
admitted. The largest shown had six
recesses. The arrangements for heat
and ventilation were on most approved
scientific principles. A cold air duct
RE A TS RS ST I SO PE Ie
let in the pure outside air. The fire was
kindled nearly in the middle of the
room. A stone screen was so adjusted
as to compel the flame and smoke
to curlover itstop escape through the
flues in the wall behind it.
Full-sized models of the rock tombs
were next shown, where the mummies
were found among weapons, trinkets,
and garments, under thick layers of dust,
which, as it was said, was so poisonous
as to make it necessary for the diggers
to protect their nostrils with sponges
while excavating. The extraordinary
preservation of these remains and-other
contents both of the graves and estufas
is due to their sheltered location, where
for centuries, they were never wet by
rain, touched by frost, nor scorched by
the sun. The paths by which the old
inhabitants approached their dwellings,
perched from 500 to 900 feet above the
valley below, must always have been
steep and difficult, and they are now
worn away by the action of the elements.
Of course there were metates and roll-
ers for grinding corn, and mortars and
pestles for pounding acorns and grain.
There were axes with and without hand-
les, war clubs, hammars and mauls,
The arrow tips, spear heads and knives
were made of a great variety of mate-
rials, e. g., flint, chert, quartz, jasper.
slate, diorite, and petrified wood.
Wooden arrow heads were also noticed,
some of which were tipped with flint.
Some celts were rude and others polished
some sharp and slender, and others
blunt and clumsy. There were whet-
stones for sharpening dull tools. There
were bone knives, marrow scoops, dag-
gers, pickers, needles, and awls. Isaw
a large ceremonial dagger that must
bave come from California. There
were chalcedony scrapers for dressing
hides, and flint knives with wooden
handles. Numerous farming imple-
ments were shown, and also curious tur-
key crooks for catching the turkeys
which they had domesticated and
trained to come at their whistle. All
kinds of charms and toys were to be
seen, also elaborate ceremonial head-
dresses, necklaces of perforated snail
shells, bone beads, ete. I noticed shut-
tle cocks, buzz wheels, and other means
of amusement. Mr. Cushing read to
our satisfaction several hieroglyphic
tablets found among the relics, all being
prayers for rain,
Hundreds of sandals were displayed, |
and the slate forms or lasts on which
they were shaped—although it is a query
if these slates were not really tools for
moulding pottery. One sandal was of
raw hide; others of yucca leaves, whole
or split; and others again of fine cloth.
Some sandals were fitted with loops and
cords for lacing. Delicate patterns were
wrought on others, either in colors or in
raised figure of exquisite workmanship.
There were sand shoes to be worn in
deep shifting sand, after the fashion of
snow shoes. We saw baby boards for
carrying papooses ; fire sticks for kind-
ling fire by friction, and bags of tinder
for making the task more easy ; wicker
cylinders full of rock salt; purses of
in
cloth and buckskin ; knitted bags, socks
and needie-cases. It has sometimes
been doubted if these ancient people
had textile fabrics except those made
from the yucca flax, But I saw the cot-
ton seeds, the carded cotton, cotton on
the spindle, in the ball and skein, cot-
ton wicks in the lamps, and as many as
a hundred pieces of cotton cloth, some
tlain and others figured. Parts of
looms were shown. Wonderful fabrics
of feather cioth were numerous, made
by first weaving a coarse foundation of
yucca cord, and then intertwining ar-
tistically the feathers of turkeys and oth-
er birds. Fur cloth was also made in
the same way.
And then the pottery! Hundreds of
ollas, bowls, mugs, pitchers, ladles, ket-
tles with lids, vases of every pattern,
lamps single and double, large and
small, coarse and fine, plain and deco-
rated after classic and oriental style,
made one wonder if he were inspecting
American relics or those from India,
Greece, or Egypt. I saw one lovely
vase inlaid with squares of mother of
pearl. Others were painted red. There
were paint pots and glue pots and ves-
sels filled with pitch. Most of the pot-
tery showed signs of use ; but occasion-
ally vessels were found as fresh and
bright as if made yesterday. Some of
the embellishments were of rare beauty.
And it is essential for us to remember
that these people had no knowledge of
the potter’s wheel. These articles were
all shaped by hand or by slate tools.
There was much coil pottery, some spec-
imens being great jars holding from
five to ten gallons. These were built by
long strips of clay crinkled and coiled
one upon another. Many other vases
were ‘slip enameled’ both within and
without.
In some of the ollas and also in leath-
er pouches and cloth sacks, were found
quantities of corn, six different kinds
being noted ; also beans, pumpkin
seeds, grass-seed, and seed of the portu-
lacca. Experiments made by Mr. Wil-
marth and others failed to make these
grow. But Mr, Cushing told me that
he succeeded in sprouting corn from
more southern cliff dwellings, I was
also informed that Baron Nordenskiold,
of Norway, took specimens home with
him and succeeded in effecting their
germination by the aid of electricity.
The failure in other cases may have
been due to the fact that the germs had
been destroyed by beat, cold alkali, or
or by the attacks of insects.
But who were the people that culti-
vated these grains, ground the corn and
made it into bread ? Who wove and
wore these ancient garments, admired
these trinkets, handled these tools,
fought with thesé weapons and worship:
ed in these estufas ? Hundreds of mum-
mies made silent but impressive answer.
These were the cliff dwellers themselves.
And they were a noble race. The skulls
set in long rows behind the glass door |
were uniformly well shaped, except for
the slight flattening by the baby-board,
which was applied to the back of the
head instead of the forehead. The care
TB SAT WO TR IR PE TA CIA SF EST Rt,
with which the living were attended
- | ed too far, for there are other ways to
was proved by our finding several pad
ded crutches and surgical instruments
in the museums ; and the veneration
for the dead was shown by the pains
with which they were dressed for their
Each body was placed
with its arms crossed on the breast, and
the knees drawn up to the chest, then
wrapped in a large winding sheet of
next in & costly robe of
teather cloth, and finally in matting of
grass, reeds or willow twigs. The burial
was in a tomb, nlong with the treasures
How
strange it seems that tall warriors, ma-
trons, graceful youth, and even tiny in-
fants, after having been peacefully in-
} terred for ages, should now have been
y exhumed, freed from their cerements,
long repose.
cotton cloth,
that had been most prized in life.
and shelved for inspection at Chicago !
usually perfect.
like that of the Egyptain
——— ag
and occasionally to gray.
by ammonia or alkali.
motber’s own hair.
ended long ago!
embark on a sea of speculation.
and Los Muertes.
temporaries.
have seen in their relics.
and lived in cliff houses.
their military comrades
The framework of these people was
The flesh was dried,
mummies
they resemble, only being due to desic-
cation instead of embalming. I noticed
that the teeth were remarkably sound,
not more than five or six in the entire
collection showing any sign of decay.
The bair was soft and abundant, varying
in color from a light brown to jet black,
Possibly
these lighter hues were due to bleaching
‘We noticed among these withered hu-
man remains one most pathetic sight—a
woman with ber babe in her arms.
Around the infant's neck was a tightly
drawn rope, evidently made of the.
The story thus sug-!
gested was that the woman having
died a natural death, her child was cere-
monially strangled to save it from star-
vation or else in order that the mother
and child might pass on to the spirit-
land in company. Those ancient peo-
ple had their tragedies and their festi-
vals, their joys and sorrows, much as we
‘do now ; but for them life’s banquet
How long ago? Who can tell?
When we ask after their age, we at once
They
do not seem to have had any knowledge
of the metals, except as they used the
ores for pigments ; and this may be re.
garded as an indication of high antiquity.
The stories told me as to the finding of
bronze bells among their ruins are tra-
ceable to discoveries in Casa Grande
Yet for my part]
cannot regard all clift dwellers as con-
They were men of enter-
prise and commerce, as we have tried to
show from the remarkable variety we
Mr. Cushing
told me that he had found living Zunis
whose great-grand-parents were born
Hence. doubt-
less, there were cliff men who witnessed
the Spanish conquest, and who may
even have been disciples of the apostolic
| Franciscans that bore the cross wherever
carried the
sword. The cross appears in the ancient
symbolism of the cliffs, not only in the
form of the mysterious suastica, but in
the form of the Grecian and the Maltese
cross. Yet this fact should not be press-
account for the presence af the sacred
emblem, which it is well known ante-
dated the Christian era.
Many points of resemblance are to be
seen between the cliff dwellers and the
modern Pueblo Indians, and the evi-
dence is strong thatthe latter are the
direct, though remote, descendants of the
former. The best authorities fix one
thousand yeersas the minimum and
three thousand years as the maximum
period that bas elapsed since the cliff
dwellers played their part as a distinct
race ; although their descendants have,
from time to time, under stress of Gan-
ger or other reasons, reverted for a sea-
son to the old habitation. Yet we can-
not deny that 1t is surprising—even
astounding—that such relics as have
been now described should have been
kept intact so long, and in such an ad-
mirable state of preservation. Regard-
ed from any point of view, the exhibit
and accompanying museums of the cliff
dwellers, at the World’s Fair are won-
derful.
Miss Garland Kills Herself.
The Daughter of the Ex-Attorney General Uses
a Revolver.
WasHINGTON, Oct. 27.—2:40 Pp. 1.
Miss Daisy Garland, aged 23 years,
daughter of ex-Attorney General Gar-
land, committed suicide at her home
bere this afternoon by shooting herself
through the heart with her father’s re-
i volver.
There was nothing in her condition
this morning to indicate mental disturb-
ance and she conversed with the family
in regard to the theatre party which
she was togive to-night. Afterwards
she went to her room and at the lunch-
eon time one of the family went to call
her. The young lady was lying on the’
floor dead. The body was still warm,
an indication that the shot had been
fired a short time previous, though no
one in the house heard the report.
Miss Garland is a young lady who
recently left home mysteriously and who
was found in Baltimore three days after-
ward.
Miss Garland’s friends say that she
has been subject to mental abberation
and lately has been suffering with relig-
ious melancholy.
——DMrs. John Armstrong Chandler
(Amelie Rives) is visiting at, her old
home in Virginia. She is recovering
slowly from an attack of sciatica. Mrs.
Chandler is now about 30 years old, and
her maturity is said to have heightened
the physical beauty for which she was
noted as a girl. Mr. Chandleris a
wealthy New York club and socie
man. He was one of the heirs of the
late Samuel J. Tilden, who left him a
superb mansion on the Hudson. His
wife still finds great pleasure in her lit-
erary and art work, in which latter she
is zealously seconded by her husband.
a —————— I —————————————————————— EE —————————————————LLL Ea
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