iAH
Terms 2.60 A Year,in Advance
Bellefonte, Pa., Feb. 24, 1893.
EpITOR
Democratic County Committee for
1893.
DISTRICTS. COMMITTEEMEN.
Bellefonte, N. W... ...L. A. Shaeffer.
“ S. W.
“ WwW. W
Centre Hall Boro ..R. D. Foreman.
Howard Boro.. Abe Weber.
Milesburg * ..
Si iliheiny Dr Ee
lipsbu oro. 1st W..
Pe TE 2nd W
Dr. F, K. White.
....Daniel Paul.
« “ 3rd W.. LaW. Howe
South Philipsburg... ohn Hoffman
Unionville Boro.... E. M. Greist.
Benner Township. aniel Heckman
Boggs " XN Geo. W. Brown |
“ sn I, .G. H. Leyman.
ee 8 WL Poiiiineeenssdseraseens Geo. Noli.
Burnside. * .. ...Oscar Holt
College 1 Daniel A. Grove.
Re OY. . F. Kennedy.
Curtin Res i ees oA. J MoClskey
> “iB .H. M. Kre
Forguacn Be A TP sss cecraamastopuruer J. i Miller.
No J. C. Rossman
Grogs er. David Sower
i _w. William Pealer.
Haines en, ohn J. Orndor;
Rise " “ W. 0. jjoges
Half Moon * J. P. Sebring.
Erie och .P. H Meyer.
Howard * Franklin Deitz
Huston ....0. H.'Nason. |
Liberty Henry Weaver.
Marion *' seein James Martin.
Miles * Jeremiah Brumgart.
oe ...Austin Gramley.
“ E “ D 30]
“" o
Poh we olo TY J. C. Stover
“ .
Fogger, wi Kr W. W. Royer.
Rush “«:"N, es Seigfiied
“" LO S.
Ghar. ..Joo. D. Brown.
oh Shoe W.P. rant Tardy.
« N.P.....eo.n...dohn Garbrick, Jr.
IEE John Mulfinger.
ic dW. ...A V. Hamilton.
Taylor a ee Vinton Beckwith.
“Union $e ....P. J. Loughrey.
Walker *¢ ielieeeer.S01. Peck.
Worth | t heiadsiisess sual J. Woodring.
W. G. RUNKLE, J. C. MEYER,
Chairman.
Secretary.
———————————————
— Scientists are getting up the
scare that paper money is dangerous
because it has been found to carry mi-
_orobes-of infectious diseases. If any of
our readers have any that they think
might be tainted we are willing to get
vaccinated every morning if they feel
disposed to shove it off on us.
ee —————
—A very sad story is being told
about ‘Bir McKINLEY now. They
say he never made any money out of
politics. Such an pesertion is indeed
startling, for only four months ago he
was junketing about the country telling
people of the glorious possibilities of
Republicanism.
—
business life could be lived and car
ried on with a vocabulary of one thou-
sand words. Of course they did not
suppose that women would, ever figure
prominently in any of the professions,
I EAS.
A MATTER OF IMPORTANCE TO OUR
Borouon Tax-Payers.—The follow:
.ing statement in reference to the
action of the Borough Council in
placing Ithe new loan that Bellefonte
is necessitated to make to refund the
old 7 per cent bonds, has been hand-
ed us for publication. Wekuow noth-
ing as to the facts stated, but they are
worthy the fullest investigation by the
citizens who are so deeply interested in
this matter. :1f Messrs Orvis, Bower
and. Orvis, can furnish parties who will
take the loan at 3 per cent thea the
Council has acted most unwisely, to
the mildest terms,
in npegofiating these bonds at 4.
per cent. It isa question for prompt
speak in
action, as our correspondent suggests,
on the part.of the people, and we hope
that immediate steps will be taken to
aspertain the facts, and if correci as
stated, that eome action will be had
preventing this palpable wrong upon
the tax-payere.of the borough by those
who have been. elected .te care for its
interests.
“It is reported, that the Council has
accepted a proposition from W. Fred
Reynalds, to loan the borough of
Bellefonte one hundred thousand
dollars at four per cent per annum.
This at first sight, appears to bea
flow rate of interest, but the borough
pays the Stale tax in addition.
“The Couscil has been inconsiderate
as well as premature in accepting this
proposition, for the reason, that Qrvis,
Bower and ‘Orvis were ready to take
this loan at three per cent per annum
for Boston capitalists, They were.not
aware” that the present Council were
considering the matter—they expected
the loan to be accepted by the ensuing
Counteil.
This mistake will cost thie borough
a thousand dollars a year, probably for
twenty years. ;
The citizens of our town should call
a meeting to consider the matter, and
if possible, ask the Court to grant an
injunction to stay the proceedings and
compel the Council to secure the
money al the lowest possible rate of in
terest. ie
Prompt action may possibly save the
tax-payers of Bellefonte twenty thou-
sand dollare. A TAX PAYER,
| the history of the:College.
be. | seated in the spacious armory the on-
£1 courses had been gone through with
Linguists say that an ordinary
A Great Day in the History of The
Pennsylvania State College.
Crowds of People Brave the Chilling Blasts and
Blinding Snow to Hear the Addresses of Notable
Men at the Dedicatory Services.— The New En-
gineering Building the Finest of its Kind in
the Country— The Impressive Ceremonies— A
Brief History of the College and Its Leading
Departments of Study.
The all eventful day at the Penusyl-
vania State Collegeis a thing of the
past and now ouly the memories of a
well spent time linger in the minds of
| those who were fortunate enough to
have been there. For weeks, even for
months the trustees, faculty and stu-
dents of the great Penusylania iosti-
tution had been looking forward to the
anniversary of the birth of Washing
ton, for they knew that that day would
mark the beginning of a new epoch in
Though the day could scarcely have
been more blustery there was quite as
large a crowd on hand when the mar
{ tials formed the line for the collation as
they could handle and when all were
{looker in the gallery saw a veritable
{ sea of faces. The dinner was served at
noon and immediately alter the various
{ ex-Gov. Beaver, President of the Board
ot Trustees, rapped for order and intro-
duced several speakers among whom
were Governor Pattison, ‘Congressman
Lemuel Ammerman, of Lackawanna,
and Prof. Willetts, Assictant Secretary
of Agriculture.
The dioner over, all adjourned to
tbe college chapel where the formal
exercises dedicating the new Mechan-
ical Engineering building were to be
carried on. When the WATCHMAN re-
porter arrived he noticed the faces of
many prominent men ou the platform.
Amorg them perhaps the most fami:
liar were those of Hon. John W. No-
ble, Secretary of Interior; Governor
Robert E. Pattison, Ex Governor James
A. Beaver, General Francis A. Walker,
President Boston Institute of Technolo
gy and Supt. of the 10th Census;
Adjutant Gen, Greeniand, of Pennsyl
vania ; Hon, Jas. Kerr, chiet clerk Na-
tional House of Representatives;
Ex-Adj. Gen. D. H. Hastings, of Penn-
sylvania; ‘Congressman Charles Ww.
Stone, of Pennsylvania ; Hon. Johu A.
Woodward, Assistant Director Pa.
World’s Fair Commission; Congress:
man Reyburn, of Philadelphia; Con-
gressman Kribbs, of this district ; Con-
gressman Ammerman. The State
Senate was represented ‘by Messrs.
Lloyd, of Cumberland ; Brown of
Westmoreland and Meek of Centre.
Penna. Ex. Com, of the World's Fair
A. B. Farquahr, Col. T. H. Krumb-
haar, of Philadelphia, Col. T. H.
Hudson, Col. Edwards, Captain Booth
and Lieut. Paxton of the regular army,
Clarke Toner, Dep't Interior Washing:
ton, and many members of the lower
branch of the-Pennsylvania State Leg
islature.
When'the crowd had been seated
Dr. Geo. W... Atherton, president of the
College. oper ed the services with a
neat little address of welcome. He in-
troduced Gen, James. A. Beaver who
on behalf of the -building committee,
presented ‘the new structure to the’
Board of Trustees. In doing so he
brought in a very telling point in favor
of modern education. Herelered to the
University of old as having consumma-
ted its greatest work when the doctor
was graduated, but the demands of
the world will only now be met when
the engineer is produced. Dr. Ather-
tou received the building on behalf ot
the Board and in his usual happy way
delighted the audience with the picture
he painted of the future of the institu:
tion with its change from the collegiate.
to the university rank. His Excellen-
cy Robert E. Pattison followed with a
very interesting discourge on “the State
and Higher Education,” General
Francis A. Walker was the next speak-
introduced and his theme “the Educa-
tional Benefits of Scientific and Techni-
cal Training’ was exceedingly well
handled. The Secretary of the Interior,
Hon. John W. Noble, then delighted.
the people with his able talk on “Ed-
ucation in its Relation to our ‘Govern
ment.” Rev. Wm A. Houck’s prayer:
and benediction then concluded the in:
teresting program.
Once out of the chapel all that re.
mained was to visit the various build.‘
ings on theeampus. A deseription ot:
its beanty even when blanketed with
snow would be interesting but lack of’
space precludes and it would be an old !
story to our readers most of whom !
have seen this garden spot when be-
decked in all the glories of its June)
foliage. So we will give a short des- |
cription of the new building which bas
just been completed followed by a his-
tory of the rise of the leading depart
meats of study at the College.
THE DEDICATED BUILDING.
The new Engineering building of the
Pennsylvania State College occupies a
prominent site near the upper front en-
trance to the campus and immediately
beyond the railroad station. On the one
side it faces the main entrance and road-
way, and on the other the main street of
the village. It is built of red pressed
brick with brown stone trimmings. Its
massive, substantial appearance indicates
that is well adapted to its uses, which is
the first requirement in good design for
any purpose. Its only pretention to or-
namentation is the use of brown saud-
stone to accentuate certain features and
the finials and crockets which mark the
backbone and ribs of the structure.
These break the monotony of straight
Jines and give an added touch of color |
to the whole. The Saracenic, dome- |
like capping, which is being much used |
in modern architecture. is introduced |
here, giving variety and counteracting |
the somewhat severe outline of other
parts, The most striking feature of the
front is the great stone arched entrance,
| supported on short cylindrical columns
on either side and extended above into a
| projection from the rooms of the differ-
ent floors.
| The building is three stories high,
. with basement under the whole, having
in the rear a wing of one story and attic.
It faces the roadway a total length of
266 feet and extends 208 feet to the rear,
making a total of 50,824 square feet or
about one and one-seventb acres. In-
side it, one may tread over two and one-
third acres of floor space, surrounded by
four million brick. Or, having made a
complete tour of the building, he will
have been in 57 different rooms.
The new building adds another varie-
ty of material and style to the nineteen
buildings already on the campus. The
old main building, erected in 1857 of
the magnesian limestone taken from the
ground on which it stands, forms the
prominent and central firure. At its
left and rear, is the Chemical and Phys-
ical laboratory, built of light brick and
trimmed with light Ohio sandstone. Be-
yond, the main Experiment Station
building is of wood and stained shingles
In the other direction, the Botanical
laboratory, of cut magnesian limestone
and red brick, with its glass and iron con-
servatory, forms an agreeable contrast
with the Ladies Cottage of brick. On
the right of the main building, the steep
self-supporting roof and square tower
mark the position of the armory. The
Professor’s residences of brick, stone and
wood complete the variety of buildings.
Tke new Engineering building is the
only combination of red brick and
brown sandstone.
The arrangement of the interior
abundantly sustains the promise of the
exterior. Passing up the broad stone
steps and under the great stone arch,
one enters the main hallway from. which
stairways lead to the basement and up-
per floors. Going to the basement by
the left hand stairway, one is in the hy-
draulic laboratory.
In one corner is a stand pipe which,
by the use of compressed air ou top of
the water, can be made to assume a pow-
er equal to a pipe of the same diameter
100 feet high. In the different stories
attachments may be made to this pipe
for testing the sanitary value of the va-
rious systems of closets and drainage.
A wrought iron tank, six feet in diam-
eter and fifteen feet high, will afford op-
portunity for experiments in weir work,
gauging flow of streams, etc. Being
connected with the reservoir of the col-
lege, a sufficient head can be secured for
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE-
testing water pressure in all its variations.
The waste water runs into a deep, open
cistern below. the floor, where it may be’
used for different experiments and
pumped back into the tank. Work on
injectors and calorimeters will take the
remaining space of this room.
Passing into the next room one is in|
front of 150 horsepower triple compound
engine, so constructed -as to run in all
different ways, simple, compound, etc.
It will furnish practical work for the
students. At oneside are the testing
machine for strength of different mater-
ials and three engines of different types
for student practice. In an adjoining
room, all kinds of lubricant, combustion
and cement testing will be carried on.
In.cement testing, a lurge tank will be
used where the cement will be kept un-
der the water for different lengths of
time and a constant temperature.
The next room toward the north is
occupied by the ventilating apparatus.
This consists of a huge fan which draws
the air from the outside and forces it
either over a coil of steam pipes for heat,
or under the coil for cool air. A mix-
ing damper regulates the amount of
each so that air of any temperature may
be sent through the building. In addi-
tionto this, the air changes every ten
minutes in each room, thus making it
possible to have. perfect ventilation at
any temperature. The steam coils are
supplied from the exbauet of the many
engines throughout the basement, mak-
ing the heating very economical. The
farthest room, built without means of
“natural light, is used for testing the dif-
ferent instruments used in Civil Engin-
-eering.
Returning to thestairway at the south
end, the room beyond is the dynamo
room. Here are the three dynamos
which furnish the 1000 incandescent
lights to the different buildings and the
campus. The dynamos are turned by
two engines, all being interchangeable
so that in case of accident to one, the
light can be supplied by another.
On the right is the boiler ‘room, 45x90
feet, in which are located 6 boilers of 80
horsepower each. From this room, a
tunnel leads across the campus contain:
ing the pipes for conducting steam to
the various buildings, for heating pur-
poses and turning ventilating fans. Be-
yond the engine room, the coal room is
supplied directly from the cars which
the Bellefonte Central road runs over.
head into the building.
The entire basement is laid with gran-
olithic pavement, under which the heat
ducts pass to the flues in the wall.
Ou the first floor of the main building
are the uffices of the different professors
in charge ot the engineering departments
and their assistants. At the morth end
is the college architect’s room, and at the
south end the hydraulic laboratory ex-
tended up from the basement. Adjoin-
ing 1s the model room or museum, in
which are displayed the various illustra-
tions of mechanical devices.
Upon the second floor are ten large
recitation rooms and the different de-
partment librariee. The third floor is
occupied by six drawing rooms, lighted
from gbove. In one of them is a blue
print and photography room.
Going from the main building to the
wing on the first floor, the right hand
corner shows a lavatory and dressing
room fitted with a hundred lockers.
Here the embryo mechanics and smiths
cleanse themselves after their practical
labor. ‘
Beyond the lavatory, on the right of }
the wing hallway, is the machine shop |
where chipping and filing and machine |
tool work are taught. Klectric motors
will furnish power for all machines.
Krom this room & toolsupply room leads
off to the left, beyond which is the found-
ry. Here, on the earthen floor is built
an 18-inch cupola for iron founding and
a brass furnace, all the work in which is
done directly by the students.
Passing beyond the forge room. one |
comes through the iron supply room to
the carpenter shop, 36x35 feet, fitted
with 24 neat benches and tool cabinets.
Each cabinet contains saw, plane, chisel,
and in fact a complete kit of tools usea
in the ancient art of carpentry. The
student passes 1n his course from use and
care of tools to intricate joinery. Be-
neath this room is the pattern-making
| department, with its many turning lathes
' and benches.
Returning to the front of the wing, the
first room on the left is the forge room,
32x42 feet, with cement flcor. Twenty
forges and anvils give opportunity
for practical work. The forges are sup-
plied with blast from a iacge fan in an
adjoining room through pipes passing
| beneath the floor. The smoke is drawn
| off by another fan and forced into the
' smoke stack of the boilers. Hvery care
is taken for the comfort of the workers.
' The forges, with their tools carefully in
place and convenient for work, present
a pleasant appearance. The work con-
sists of the elements of blacksmithing,
tempering and preparation for machine
work.
The last room on the left hand side is
occupied by the wood working machines
with pattern making benches arranged
{ around the walls. Overhead in the at-
i tic will be placed the machinery neces-
! sary to preparing the stock for use. In
a basement, room beneath, bench mould-
ing will be taught, where the pupil will
determine how patterns must be con-
structed in order to be practicable. This
is preliminary to patiern making, The
basement room opposite is a pipe cutting
and supply room, for the use of the
steam beating plant of the college.
Crossing the siding of the railroad,
which extends into the building, the
wocd-turning room, 24x50 feet, presents
32 lathes for that delicate’ art. Begin
ning with very simple forms, the course
extends to interlocked figures in a varie-
ty of ornamentation. All the complica-
ted forms are turned by the use of chis-
el and gouge only.
Southern yellow pine is usec through
out tho interior of the building. Over-
head the open timber work, finished in
hard oil, gives a massive effect, which
js increased by the height of the stories.
Instead of plastered walls, the brick
work of the side walls is painted a hight
buff with a lower panelling of brown.
Industrial education, scarcely known
a few years since, finds here a magni-
ficent building, especially designed and
erected for its purpose and supplied by
the great Commonwealth of Pennsylva-
nia for the proper education ot the
young men and women who are to con-
tinue the development of her resources.
Accommodating three hundred students
In the different undergraduate and pust
graduate Engineering courses, it is a
magnificent trust for which the college
inanagenient must give answer to the
people. With the system of free schol-
arships so handsomely provided by the
trustees and the equal facilities for those
of ampler means, there is no reason Why
any young man or woman should fail
to receive a training which will make
them useful members of society, ‘‘in
the several pursuits and = professions of
life.”
HISTORY IN BRIEF.
In the year 1854 the Legislature of
Penrsylvania passed an act to incerpo-
rate The Farmer's High School of Penn-
sylvania. Tbe scheme embodied in the
charter was, however, impracticable in
many ways, and no organization ever
occurred under it. This charter was re-
voked in 1855 and another granted dif-
fering from the first in the mode of se-
lecting the Board of Trustees. A num-
of sites in various parts of the State,
were offered fur the founding of the new
school, but the one given by Gen. Irvin,
of Bellefonte, was selected. Had the
first board of trustees foreseen the kind
of un institution their Farm School
would become, they undoubtedly would
have selected one of the sites offered near
Pittsburg or Philadelphia. ;
On February 16th, 1859, the school
was opened with one hundred and nine-
teen students, Mr. Evan Pugh being
its first president.
The plan on which the institution
was organized included a much higher
curri.ulum than any High School, go in
1862, the name was changed t» The Ag-
ricultural College of Pennsylvania, In
this snme year Congress passed an act
donating to the several States public
lands for the purpose of founding col-
leges in which agriculture and the mech-
anic arts wera to be leading departments,
without, however, excluding other cour
ses. The State of Pennsylvania accep-
ted the provisions of this net and used
ENGINEERING BUILDING.
the proceeds of the public land scrip is-
ET TT AT TE SA AEA LE ECT IE TI TTT
sued by Congress to endow the colleve,
which they had previously founded for
the same purpose which Congress had in
view.
In 1865 President Pugh resigned and
William II. Allen was appointed, who
served for two years. Mr. John Frazer
was then chosen, but only remained in |
the chair one year. Rev. James Calder |
was made president and served until
1880. In 1871 the college was declared
open to both sexes, thus beginning the
Ladies’ Department.
Ever since the foundation of the col-
| lege the agricultural department of the
{ institution bad contained but few stud-
ents, while the Classical, Scientific and
Technical departments, which were al-
lowed under the act of Congress received
patronage of the State. Fcr this reason
the name was changed to The Pennsyl-
vania State College.
In 1880 President Calder resigned
and Mr. Joseph Shortlidge was appoin-
ted. He atonce met with a great deal
of opposition on account of his evident
lack of ability to control the students.
He served but one year and resigaed.
under pressure. Prof. McKee acted as
president until 1882 when Dr. Geo. W.
Atherton was selected and has ably filled
the chair since that date.
When Dr. Atherton was appointed
the college had run down to a very low
ebb and had secured an unenviable re-
putation. Under his management. it
has rapidly and steadily improved both
in character and number of students and
in the standing of its courses. In 1885
the new mechanical building was com-
pleted, thus greatly enlarging its ability
to fulfil the law of Congress in this di-
rection. In 1887 a course in Electrical
Engineering was established. The Leg-
islature in this year appropriated $112.
000 to the college for buildings. This
money has been expended in erecting a
chemistry and physics building, botan-
ical laboratory, armory, dwelling houses,
and in beautitying the main building
and the campus. In 1890 the State
appropriated $127,000 for a new buil-
ding for the ladies, and other necessary
! improvements ; also for remodeling the
old building and equipping the new
laboratories. In giving this
amount the State promised to
give more money whenever it
was needed and the call for
more will doubtless be taken
up soon, for it is truly needed.
THE LEADING DEPARTMENTS OF
STUDY.
To any one who. has ob-
served the growth of the insti-
tution within the last three
years, there will appear a de-
velopment almost phenomenal.
The facil.ties for instruction
have been broadened and the
corps of instructors increased
and strengthened in correspen-
dence. Especially marked has
been the improvement and ad-
vance in the Technical Depart-
ments. In this age of electrical
and scientific discovery, mech-
anical invention and gigantic
engineering enterprises, the val-
ue of a thorough, training for
the successful grappling with
these great problems of this age
cannot be overestimated... The
departments of instruction are
all based on the principles recog-
nizing the importance of practical ap-
plication, as well as the necessity of the-
oretical investigation ; .and. to, put into
practice this idea, each student, whether
Mechanical, Civil, or Electrical Engineer,
or Chemist, puts in a certain number of
hours of practicum each day, either in
the shop or laboratory. ;
In the equipment of these departments
the need of real practice with modern
appliances and instraments’ has been a
dominant idea throughout. And by
the judicious expenditure of money’s ap
propriated for the departments this
idea has been well carried out.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.
This department, headed by Prof.
Louis E. Reber, has been steadily build-
ing up until to-day it offers a course of
training for Mechanical Engineering
second to none in any similar depart-
ment of any other institution. in. the
State. This is a fact not nearly so. wide-
ly known us the circumstances justify.
The advantages presented in this de-
partment and the constant improvements
that are being made in it make this
course one of the most desirable in the
College. j
It bas been the aim of the head of this
department to build up a course that is
modern, practical and thorough. For
the theoretical part constant care is tak-
en that only the best and latest text-
books be used. For convenient refer-
ence a well stocked library is accessible
at all times to the student. Works
treating exhaustively of every branch
that can be included under Mechanical
Engineering may be found in this hbra-
ry. The class room is supplied with nu-
merous models, and new ones are being
added constantly. This gives the very
best facilities for the successful study of
the text-book. Drawing from books
and direct from machines i8 required.
Also much attention is given to work
and drawing in original design.
Every opportunity is given for the
practical appiication of tbe text book.
The different kinds of machinery with
which tho Mechanic Art Building will be
supplied affords the student ample op-
portunity not only to observe the run-
ning of the machine, but to run it “him-
self and to study its movements.
Besides the practicum in Wood-work-
ing, forging, chipping, filing and the
manipulation of the lathes, drill presses,
milling machines, and so forth, during
the senior year, time is given in the
Mechanical Laboratory tote:ting the va-
rious engineering materials and lubri-
cants. The laboratory is fitted up for steam
engineering work with condensers, calo-
rimeters, indicators and all the necessary
appliances for making complete efficien-
cv and other engine tests. An auto-,
matic cut-off engine of the Ide type, con- |
structed entirely by the students of the |
Mechanical Engineering Department, is |
a part of the equipment of the Laborato- |
ry, and is used for experimental work. |
Daring each year, at sucha time as is
most convenient for the purpose, a visit
is made to some of the large manufactur-
ing establisments throughout the State,
under the direction of the head of the
department.
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
The work of the Department of Civil
Engineering is carried on, on the one
hand by recitations and lectures, and on
the other, by practical work in the shop
the draughting room, the field, and ihe
laboratory.
In the former, those general prinei-
ples that form the theoretical basis ot
Civil Engineering, as an applied science, .
are developed, and familiarized by dwell-
ing upon their relations to practical
work. In the latter, the art of engineer-
ing has the important place.
Aside from the general training in
Drawing, Mathematics and Mechanicsy
the class-room work falls broadly under
the following topics, corresponding to
the several specialties in engineering
practice : Surveying, through all its
forms, from that of land with cow pass,
to geodetic, with delicate and precise in-
struments, Designing of Engineering
Structures, Sanitary Engineering, in-
cluding the designing ot water works and
systems, the Economics ot Railroads, the
Methods of Least Squares and enough of
The Elements of Mechanism of the
Steam Engine and Electric Light and
Power to enable the graduate of the
course to use the corresponding machina
ery understandingly, though not to de-
sign it. .
In the shop the use of tools, in work-
ing wood and iron, is obtained, and af-
terwards exercised in making a model of
some engineering structure, from work-
ing drawings.
In the draughting room, mechanical
drawing, topographical and’ railroad
maps, graphics, designing and lettering,
occupy the student’s time, to which is
added the making of tracings and blue
prints.
The equipment for field work is full,
and the instruments are thé best manu-
factured.
The scheme for field work includes
railroad and topographical surveying,
leveling, followed by determinations, of
time, latitude, longitude, azimuth, the
measurement of horizontal angles, the
gauging of streams and surveys for pipe
ines,
The demands of practical .work are
kept constantly in view. and it is the en:
deavor to so ‘train the student that he
will not only be able to start well in pro-
fessional work, but to step to its higher
grades as opportunity offers.
PHYSICS AND ELECTROTECHNICS.
Since the establishment of the De-
partment of Physics and Electrotechnics
no effort has been spared by Professor
Osmond to found a course of study
which will have no superior in this State.
The course furnishes an extended and
thorough training in all branches of
Physics, and provides an advanced
technical course for those desiring to be-
come electrical engineers. The best
text-books are used. The student also
has access to the library of the depart-
ment at all times. Practical work is
combined with theoretical knowledge,
certain hours being devoted to recitation,
while certain other hours are taken up
in putting into practice thuse ideas
which have been comprehended theoret-
ically. The department is now en-
sconced in their new building, which
has a front of eighty-five feet. and a
depth of sixty-five feet--a model of com-
modity, with ample room for all desira-
ble purposes. In a neatly fitted up
basement are established the dynamo
room, work shop, photometer rcom,
spectrometer room and three laboratories
tor research work. The second floor
comprises a lecture room, professor’s of-
tice, library, electro-statics room, two
apparatus and three research rooms.
The third floor contains the element ry.
laboratory, an apparatus room and the
assistant’s office. Conveniences of all
kinds abound. Prior to the erection of
this pew building, owing to the want of
space, the supply of apparatus was mea-
gre; since it has been occupied an al-
most entirely new equipment has been
collected, consisting of apparatus of the
most costly and delicate construction,
and fitted for the most accurate research.
The dynamo room contains one Ball en-
gine, twenty five horse-power; one
Shipman engine, two horse-power ; two
Brush dynamos, arc and incandescent ;.
one incandescent dynamo, Linneus
wound armature, constructed by stud-
ents some four years ago; one Brush
motor, two horse-power. Recently
the building was excellently wired
by the Senior class for both arc and in-
candescent systems. The plant has a
capacity of one hundred and fifty incan-
descent. and four arc lights. The stu-
dents from year to year have
been assigned certain pieces of im-
portant apparatus to construct. In this
manner the department has become pos-
sessed of eight galvanometers, eight vol-
ameters. one resistence box, two shunt
boxes, one earth inductor, and the dy-
namo which has been previously men-
tioned.
CHEMISTRY.
The department of Chemistry has oc-
cupied since April, 1890, the new labor-
atories constructed by the State appro-
priation ot 1887. The chemical build-
ing comprises three floors, each sixty by
eighty feet. On the ground floor is a
mineralogical laboratory supplied with
a good working collection of minerals,
which has been more than doubled dur-
ing the last year, also an assay room, in
which, by means of a plant of powerful
gas furnaces, all the ordinary assays can
be accomplished. There is also an or-
ganic Laboratory, in which the various
branches of organic work are carried on.
From it open & small weighing room
and a combustion room suitable to the
wants of the organic work. The re-
mainder of the ground floor is occupied
by fan roow, supply room and a small
supplementary laboratory designed to
be equipped soon for the requirements
of gas analysis.
On the second floor are two lecture
rooms, one large, for general work, with
seating capacity for a large class, and a
table fitted for every kind of lecture ex-
perimentation, one small, for smaller
classes or divisions. Unusually finecollec-
tions of specimen compounds, both or-
ganic and inorganic, neatly bottled and
uniformly labeled, are to be seen in
these rooms. A professor's office or
study, nicely furnished, and an assist-
ant’s room are found on this floor and
lying between the two lecture rooms,
opening into each, is a large supply room
in which lecture experiments are pre-
‘ pared and apparatus kept in readiness
for use. The third floor is the laborato-
ry floor proper, for there are located the
qualitative and quantitative laboratories.
The former accommodates sixty students,
and may be fitted for seventy two. The
latter will accommodate thirty, but may