VOL. 7.
u
PRESIDENTS MESSAGE.
ee Beets
The Annual Message of the President of the
Jaitsa fuses as Xe sin = Jentls & and
ves, Mo: ly me
Pn Bepresen: nday,
Fellaw-citizens of the Senate and House of
Representatives :
Since your last annual assembling, anoth-
er yeur of health and bountiful barvest has
passed ; and while it has not pleased the
Almightyto bless us with a return of peace
we can but press on, guided by the best light
He gives us, trusting that in His own Boo
time and wise way, all will yet be well.
“I'he correspondence touching forzign af-
fairs, which bas taken place during the last
year, is herewith submitted, in virtual com-
pliance’ with & request to that effect made by
the House of Representatives near the close
of the last session of Congress. If the con-
dition of our relations with other nations is
less gratifying than it has usually been at
former periods, it is certainly more satisfac-
tory than a nation so unhappily distracted
as we are might reasonably have apprehend-
In the month of June last there were
some grounds to expect that the maritime
Powers which at the beginning of our do-
mestic difficulties so unwisely and unneces-
sarily, as we think, ‘recognized the insur-
gents as a belligerent, would soon recede
from that position, which has proved only
less injurious to themselves than to our own
country.
But the temporary reverses which after-
ward befel the National arms, and which
were exaggerated by our own disloyal citi-
wens abroad, have hitherto delayed that act
of simple justice. The civil war, which has
#0 radically changed, for the moment, the
occupations and habits of the American
people, has necessarily disturbed the social
condition, and affected very deeply the pros-
perity of the nations with which we have
carried on a commérce that has been steadi-
ly increasing throughout a period of half a
century. It bas at the eame time excited
political ambitions and apprehensions,
which have produced a profound agitation
throughout the civilized world. In this un-
usual agitation we bave forborne from tak-
ing part in any controversy between for-
eign States and between parties or factions
in such States.
We have attempted no propagandism,
and acknowledged ne revolution; but we
have left to every nation the exclusive con-
duct and management of its own affairs.
Our ftroggle has been, of course, contem-
by foreign nations with reference
ess to its own merits that to its supposed
and often exaggerated effects and conse-
quences resulting to those nations them-
solves. Nevertheless, comy'a‘nt on the
part of this Goveranent, even if n were just
would certainly be unwise.
++ The treaty with “Great Brittain for the
suppression of the slave trade ins Leen put
duto operation with a good prosj.ct of com-
plete succéss, Itisan occasion of special
pleanurs to ackiowledge that : thie execution
‘of it, on the partofi ther Majesty’s Govern-
anent, has been marked with a jealous re-
spect for the authority of the United States
anid therights of their moral and loyal citi-
BOOM aid voi docu :
The convention with ITanover for the abo
lition of the State ‘dues. has ‘been carried
into full effect under the aet uf Congress for
that purpose. a
A blockade of three thousand miles of sea-
2oast could not be established aud. rigor-
sly enforced in a season of great commer-
«ial activity like the pregent without com-
witting occasional Eo and inflicting
waintentional injuries upon foreign nations
od their subjects. A civil war occurring
ua country where foreigners reside, and
arry on trade under treaty stimulations, is
«cesrarily fruitful of complaints of the vio-
tion of neutral rights.
All such collisions tend to excite misap-
rehensions and, possibly, to produce muta-
1 reclamations between nations which have
- common interest in preserving peace and
tendship. In clear cases of these kinds
+ bave, so far as Posalie, heard and redress-
-d complaints which have been presented
+ y friendly Powers,
‘There is still, however, a large and aug-
menting number of doubtful cases, upon
which the Government is unable to agree
with the Governments whose protection is
demanded by the claimants.
There are moreover, many cases in which
the United States, or their citizens, suffer
Aronge from the naval or military authori-
ties of foreign nations, which the Govern-
ments of these States are not at once pre-
pared to redress. I have proposed to some
of the foreign States thus interested, mu-
tual conventions to examine and adjust
Louch complaints. This proposition has been
made especially to Great Britain, to France
to and to Prussia. In each case it
has kindly received, but has net yet
been formally addopted.
I deem it my duty to recommend and ap-
Fopration in behalf of the owners of the
orwegian bark Admiral P. Tordinskiold,
which vessel was, in May, 1861, prevented
u the commander of the blockading force
off Charleston from leaving that port with
® cargo, notwithstanding a similar privilege
bad, shortly before been granted to an Eng-
lish vessel, I have directed the Secretary
of State to cause the {pus in the case to
be communicated to the proper committees,
Applications bave becn made to me by
many free Americans of African decent to
favor their emigration, with a view to such
colonization as was contemplated in recent
aots of Congress. Other parties at home
and abroad—some from interested motives,
others upon patriotic considerations, and
still others influenced 2 philanthropic
sentimeuts—have suggested similar meas-
ures ; while, on the other hand, several of
the Spanish-American Republics have pro-
ed et the sending of sach colonies
to their respective territories. ;
Under these circumstances I have declin-
od to move any euch colony to any State,
thout first obtaining the consent of its
ment, with an agreement on its part
to receive and protect such emigrants in all
the rights of freemen ; and I have, at the
same time, offered to the several States
situated within the tropics, of having colo-
nies there, to negotiate with them, subject
to the advice and consent of the Senate, to
favor the voluntary emigration of persons
of that class to their respective territories
upon gonditions which shall be equal, just,
and humane, "
Liberia and Ifayti are as yet the only
. ¢ountries to which colonists of African de-
“©
em ————— a
being received and adopted as citizens, and | the secured ‘uniform national circulation,
I regret to say that such persons as con- | for the local and various circulation, secur-
template colonization do not seem sc willing | ed and unsecured, now issued by them,
to migrate to those countries as to some| The ressipts into the Treasury from all
others, nor so willing as, I think, their in- | sources, including loans, and balance from
terest demands. I believe however, the | the preceding , for the fiscal
opinionamongthemin this respect is improv- | ing on the 30th June, 1862, were x
ing, and that ere long there will be an aug- | 247 66, on which sum $49,056,397 62 were
‘mented and considerable emigration to both | derived from customs; $1,705,331 73 from
these countries from the United States. the direct tax; from public lands,
The new commercial treaty between the |$152,203 77; from miscellaneous sources,
United States and the Sultan of Turkey [$931,787 64 ; from loans in all forms, $529,
has been ‘carried into execution. A com- [602,460 50. The remainder, $2,257,06580,
mercial and consular treaty has been nego- | was the balance from Just Year,
tiated, subject to the Senate’s consent, with | The disbursements duribg the same pe-
Liberia, and a similar negotiation is now [riod were for Congressional, eXecutive and
pending with the republic of Hayti. A [judicial purposes, $5,039,099 39; for for
considerable improvement of the national | eign intercourse, $1,339,710, 35 ; for miscel-
commerce is expected to tesult from these |laneous expenses, including the
measures, post office deficiencies, collect
Our relations with Great Britain, France, | nues, abd other like charges, $14,129,771.
Spain, Portugal, Russia, Prussia, Denmark, | 50; fof expenses under the Interior Departs
Sweden, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy, | ment; $3,102,985 52; under the War De-
Rome, and the other European States, re- | partment, $394,368,407 36; under the Na.
main undisturbed. Very favorable rela- vy Department, $42,674,569 69 ; for the in-
tions also continue to be maintained with | terest on public debt, $13,190,324 45; and
Turkey, Morocco, China, and Japan. fir payment of public debt, including reim«
During the last year there bas not only | bursements of temporary loans, and tedemp-
been no change of our vreyious relations | tions, $96,096,922 09 ; making an aggregate
with the independent States of our own |of $570,841,700 25, and leaving a balance
Continent, but more friendly sentiments |in the treasury on the first day of July, 18-
than have heretofore existed are believed to | b2, of $13,043,546 81. ‘ }
be entertained by these neighbors, whose| It should be observed that the sum of $96,-
safety and progress are so intimately con-|096, 922, 09, expended for reimbursements
nected with our own, This statement es-|and redemption of public debt, being in-
pecially applies to Mexico, Nicaragus, | cluded also in the loans made, may be
Costa, Rica, Honduras, Peru, and Chili. erly deducted, both receipts and ex-
The commission under the convention | penditures, leaving the actual receipts for
with the republic of New .Grenada closed | the year $487.788,324 97, sud the expendi-
its session, without having audited and | tures, $474,744,778 10. :
passed upon, all the claims which were sub-| Other information on the subject of finan-
mitted to it. A proposition is pending to ces will be found in the report of the Secre-
revive the convention, that it may be able | tary of the Treasury, to whose statements
to do more complete justice. The joint com- | and views I invite your most candid and
mission between the United States and the | considerate attention.
republic of Costa Rica has completed its la-| The reports of the Secretaries of War,
tors and submitted its report. and of the navy, sre herewith transmitted.
I have favored the project for connecting | These reports, though lengthy, are scarcely
the United States with Europe by an Atlan- | more than brief of the very nue
tic telegraph, and a similar project to ex- | merous and extensive transactions
tend the telegraph to San Franclaco, to con- | rations conducted through those depart.
nect by a Pacific telegraph with the line ments. Nor could I give a summary of
which is being extended across the Russian | them here, upon any principle, which would
empire, admit of ite being much shorter than the
The Territories of the United States, with {reports themselves. 1 therefore content
unimportant exceptions, have remained un- | myself with laying the reports before you,
disturbed by the civil war; and they are and asking you? attention to them. -
exhibiting such evidence of plodpenty as| Ii gives me pleasure to report a decided
justifies an expectation that some of them | improvement in the financial condition of
will soon be in 8 condition to be organized | the Post Office Department, as compared
as States, and be Constituionally admitted | with several preceding years. The recei
into the Federal Union. for the fiscal yéar 1861 amounted to $8,349,
The immense mineral resources of some | 296 40, which émbraced the revenue from
of these Territories ought to be developed all the States of the Usion for three guar.
as rapidly as possible, Every step in that | ters of that year. Notwithstanding the ces-
direction would have a tendency to improve | sation of revenue from the so calle ed
the revenue of the government, and dimij: «| States during tbe last fiscal year, the in-
ish the burdens of the people. It is worthy | crease of the correspondence of the loyal
of your serious consideration whether some | States has been sufficient to produce a rev-
extraordinary measures to promote that end | enue during the same year of $8,209,820 90,
cannot be adopted. The means which sug- | being only $50,000 less, than was derived
gests itself as most likely to be effective, is | from all the States of the Union during the
a scientific exploration of the mineral re- | previous year. The expenditures show a
ions in those Territories, with a view to still more favorable result. The amou
Se publication of its results at home and
foreign countries—results which cannot | the last year the amount has been reduced
fail to be auspicious. to $11,125,364 13, showing a decrease of
The condition of the finances will olaim | about $2,481,000 in the expenditures as com=
your most diligent consideration. The
vast expenditures incident to the military $3; d
and puval operations required for the sup-|1860. The deficiency in the rtment for
pression of the rebellion, have hitherto been | the previous year was $4,551,966 98. For
met with a promptitude, and certainty, un- | the last fiscal year i$ was reduced to $2,112,
usual in circumstances ; and the public 814 £7.
credit has been fully maintained. The con- 0 1 re in 0
tinuance of the war, however, and the in-|to the cessation of mail service in the insar-
creased disbursements made necessary by | rectionary States, and in part to careful re-
the augmented forces now in the field, de- | view of all expenditures in that department
mand your best reflections as to the best |in the interest of economy. The efficiency
modes of providing the necessary revenue, ]
without injury to business, and with the | been much improved. The ter Gen-
least possible burdens upon labor. eral has also opened a correspondence,
The suspension of specie payments by the | through the Department of State, with for-
banks, soon after the commencement of your sign governments, proposing a convention
last session. made large issues of United | of postal representatives for the pu of
States notes unavoidable. In no other way simplifying the rates of postage, to exe
could the payment of the troops, and the | pedite the foreign mails.. This proposition,
satisfaction of other just demands, be so|equally important to our adopted citizens,
economically, or so well provided for. The |and to the commercial interests of this coun-
judicious legislation of Congress, securing |try, has been favorably entertained, and
the receivability of these notes for loans and | to, by’ all the governments from
internal duties, and making them a legal | whom replies have been received.
tender for other debts, has mace them uni-{ I ask the attention of Con, to the 8
versal currency; and bas satisfied, partially, | gestions of the Postmaster General in his
at least, and for the time, the long felt want | report respecting the further legislation re-
of an uniform circulating medium, saving | quired, in his opinion, for the benefit of the
thereby to the le, immense sums in dis- | postal service. § :
counts and oe : The Secretary of the Interior ‘reports as
A return to specie payments, however, at | follows in zegard to the public lands:
the earliest period compatible with duere-| * The public lands have ceased to bea
ard to all interests concerned, should ever | source of revenue. From the let of July
e kept in view. Fluctuations in the value | 1861, to the 30th of September, 1862, the
of currency are always injurious, and to re- | entire each recei
duce these fluctuations to the lowest possi- [ were $246,476 20—a sum much less than
ble point will always be a leading purpose | the expenses of our land system during the
in wiee legislation. Convertibility, prompt | same period. The homestead law, which
and certain convertability into coin, is gen- | will take effect on the let of January next,
erally acknowledged to be the best ani era such inducements to settlers thas sales
surest safeguard against them; and it is | for cash cannot be expected to an extent
extremely doubtful whether a circulation of | sufficient to meet the o of the Gen-
United States notes, payable in coin, and | eral Land Office, and the cost of surveying
sufficiently large for the wants of the peo- | and bringing the land into markes,”
ple, can be permanently, usefully and safe-| The discrepancy between the sum here
ly maintained. stated as arising from the sales of the pub-
Is there, then, any other mode in which |lic lands, and the sum derived from the
the necessary provision for the public wants | same source as ted from the Treasury.
can be made, and the great advantages of a | Department arises, as I understand, from
safe and uniform currency secured ? the fact that the periods of time, though ap-
I know of none which promises so certain | parently, were not really, coincident at the
results, and is at the same time, so unob- | beginning point—the Tony report in-
jectionable, as the organization of banking | cluding a considerable sum now, which had
associations, under a general act of Con- | previously reported from the Intarior—suffi-
gress, well guarded in its provisions. To |ciently large to greatly overreach the sum
anch associations the government might fur- | derived from the three months now report-
nish circulating notes, on the security of [ed upon by the Iuterior, aud mot by the
United States bonds deposited in the treas- | Treasury. 2
ury. These notes, prepared under thesa-| The Indian tribes upon our frontiers have,
pervision of proper officers, being uniform | during the pust year, manifested a spirit of
in appearance and security, and converti- | insubordination, and, at several points,
ble always into coin, would at once protect ave en in open hostilities against the
white s
labor against the evils of a vicious currency,
and facilitate commerce by cheap and safe | tribes occupying the Indian country south
of Kansas, renounced their allegiance to
the United States, and entered into treaties
with the insurgents. Those who remained
loyal to the United States were driven from
the country. The chief of the Cherokees
has visited this city for the purpose. of re-
storing the former relations of the tribe
750,000 as compared with the fiscal year
exc!
A moderate reservation from the interest
on the bonds would compensate the United
States for the preparation and distribution
of the notes, and a general supervision of
the system, and would lighten the burden
of that part of the public debt employed as
securities. The public credit, moreover, | with the Unsbed | He al that
would be greatly improved, and the nego- | they were constrained, by superior 4
tiation of new loans greatly facilitated by | enter into treaties with the ‘insurgents. and
the steady market, demand ‘for government | that the United States to furnish
bonds which the adoption of the proposed
system would create.
It is additional recommendation of the
measure, of considerable weight in my
judgment, thay it would reconcile, as far as
possible all existing interests, by the oppor-
tunity offered to existing institutions to re-
tious requ .
..In the month of August last the Sioux Io-
dians, in Mimnesota, attacked’ the settles
ments, in their vicinity with extreme feroe-
ity, killing ies men, women
soend from bere could go with certainty of
and children, This attack was wholly up-
ol
organize under the act, substituting only | expected, and therefore no means’ of de-
‘BELLEFONTE, FRIDAY MORNING, DEC. 12, 1862
ints, loans, | State
ope- | it.
nt
expended in 1861 was $13,606,759 11. For | of
ared with the preceding year, and wbout | day
These favoratis results are in part owing | ged
of the postal service, it is believed, has also | pat
UE | for two, or more. Its vast extent, and its
from the sale of lands | of the
ements in their vicinity. The | abla wall
. ; a Suppose to war,
the protaskion which thir rsa sipale- slays, and Phan, a i fos on both
J fay sed a little more than ony third of
persons | its are. rivers, etsy to be i
large | and populated. or soon ~ be popula o
amoubt of was destroyed. How | thickly upon both sides ; while nearly all
this outb was induced is not definitely | its remaining length, are merely surveyer's
known, and suspicions, which ah lines, over which people may walk back and
just, heed not to be stated, [ forth without any consciousness of their
was rédelved by the Indian bureau, from presence. No part of this line can bo made
different sources, about the time hostilities | any more difficalt to pass, by writing it
were commenced, that the simultaneous at- | down on paper or rhe, as a national
tack was to be made upon the white settle- | boundary. The fact of separation, if it
ments by all the tribes between the Mississ- | comes, gives up on the part of ‘the seceed-
ippi river and the ky mountains. The
ing section, the of the sl
of Minnesota has suffered gruat inju- : fast yrs
i along with all other constitutional obliga.
n from this Indian war, A Iatge portion | tions upon the section seceeded from, while
her territory has been depopulated, and | I should expect no treaty stipulation would
a severe loss has been sustained by the de- | ever be made to take its place.
struction of property, The people of that| But there is another difficulty. The
st much for. the remo- | great interior region, bounded east
f tribes beyond the limits of the | Alleghenies, north by the British domin-
ates a8 a guarantee sgalnet future hostil: | ions, west by the Rocky mountains, and
ities, The Commissioner of Indian Affairs | south by the line along which the eultare
will furnish full details. 1 submit, for your
especial consideration, whether our Indian
system shall not be remodelled.” Man
wise and men have impressed me with
the belief that this can be profitably done.
I submit a statement of the
of commissioners, which shows ¢
that has been made in the enterprise of dott
structing the Pacific railroad. And this
suggests the earliest completion of this | It contains more than one third of the coun-
, and also the favorable action of Con- | try owned by the United States—certain-
s tipon the projects now pending before | ly. more than one million of square
them for enlarging the capacities of the| miles. One half as populous as Massa-
eat canal in New York and Illinois, as | chusetts already is, it would have more
ing of vital and rapidly increasing im than seventy five millions of people. A
glance at the map shows that territorially
of cofth atid évtton meets, and which in-
cludes of Virginia, part of Tennessee,
all of ] sntucky, hio, Indianns, Michigan,
Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri; Kansas, Towa,
Minttesots, 8nd She Territories of Dakota,
Nebraska, and part of Colorado, alread
has above ten millions of Jeople, and will
have fifty millions within fy years, if not
ted by any Jofitienl folly or mistake.
t
ance to the whole nation, and especially to
the vast interior region herein to be | speaking, is is the great body of the repub-
noticed at some greater length, I purpose|lic. The other parts sre but ma: bor-
baying prepared and laid before you at an | ders to it, the magnificent opitig
early day some interesting and valuable sta-
tistical information upon this subject. The
military and commercial im: of en-
larging the Illinois and Michigan canal,
and improving the Illinois river, is nt-
ed in the report of Colonel Webster to the
Secretary of War, and now transmitted to
Congress. I respectfully ask attention to
west from the Rocky mountains to the Pa.
cific, being the deepest, as also the richest,
in undeveloped resources,
In the production of provisions, grains,
asses, and all which proceed from them,
Bia great interior region is naturally one
of the most important in the world, Ascer-
tain from the statistics the small propor-
tion of the region which has, as yet, been
brought into cultivation, and also the large
To carry out the provisions of the act of
and rapidly incveasing amount of its pro-
Congress of the 15th of May Inst, I have
caused the Department of Agriculture of the | ducts, and we shall be overwhelmed with
United States to be organized. the magnitude of the prospects presented.
The Commissioner informs me that with | And yet this region has no sea coast, touch-
in the periodof ‘a fow months this depart-| ge no ocesn anywhere. As part of one na-
ment has established an extensive system of | tion, its people now find, and may forever
correspondence and exc anges, both at home | find their way to Europe by New York, to
and abroad, which promises to effect bighly | South America and Africa by New Orleans,
beveficial results in the development ofa {and to Asia by Ssn Francisco. Bat separ-
correct knowledge of recent improvements | ste our common country into two nations,
In agrigalturey in the iutiodlavtion y Jaw as designed VY The Tali rebellion, and
produets, in the collection of the Agti | very man of this great interior region is
cttfeiral statistics of the several States: thereby cut off from some one En of
Also that it will soon be to dis- | these outlets, not; perhaps, by s physical
tribute largely seeds, cereals, plants and | barrier, but by ertibarr?aetitig #nd orierous
cuttings, and has already established, and | trade regulations.
liberally diffused, much valuable informe] And “his is true; wherever a dividing of
tion, in anticipation of more ' efwborated re- | boundary ling tity be fixed. Place it be
port which ‘will in due time be furnished, tween the now free and slave country, or
embracing some valimble teste # chemical it south of Kentucky, or north of
science ov jp ei a the laboratory. Ohio, and still he truth remains, that nohs
creation of this SRA Suan wag for haouth of it, can trade to an; of
the more immediate benefit of & large class ['nosth of it, and none bed ll tfade to
any port or place south of it, except upon
terms dictated by a government foreign to
them. These outlets, east, west and south,
of our most valuable citizens ; and I trust
that the liberal basis upon which it has been
organized will not only meet your approba-
tion; bus that it will realize, at no distant | are indispensable to the well being of the
, all the fondest anticipations of its most | people inhabiting, and to inhabit, all this
sanguine friends, and become the fruitful | vast interior region. . Which of the three
source of advantage to all our people.
On the twenty-sesond day of September
last a proclamation was issued by the Ex-
ecutive, a copy of which is herewith submit
In accordance with the purpose expressed
in the second eT or that. paper, I
now respectfully recall your attention. to
may be the best, is no proper qligstion.-—,
All, are better than cither ; and al of right
belong to the people, and to their sucoessors,
in Te to o Siiedindy they gn aot
where a line of separation Ho
will vow rather, that there be aha b line.
Nor sre the marginal regions less interes-
ted in these communications to, and tarough
What ny be called ** compensated emanci- | them, to the great outside world. They too
pation.’ i .,. |end each of must have scoess. to. the
A vation may be aifH to consist of ite Egypt of the West, without paying tolls at
territory, its oid. its laws. The
territory is the only part which is of cortain
durability, * One general seth away
and another eration , bit the |
earth abideth forever.” It is of the fet im
portance to daily consider, and estimate,
Shia ever enduring part. That portion of
earth’s surface which is owned and in-
habitéa bY the people of the United States,
is well adapted to be the home of one wa-
tional family ; and it is not well adapted
the crossing of any national boundary.
Our national strife springs not from our
anent part; not from the land we in-
abit ;' not ‘our national homestésd =
There is no ble severing of this; but
would multiply, snd not mitigate, evils
among us, lo all i ions and apti-
tude, it demands union. and abhors sepera. |
tion. In fact; it would, eve long, foree re-
enor; however muck of blood and tredsdd
the separation might have cost.
Our strife pertains to ourselves, to the
passing generations of men, and it can with
out convulsions, be hushed forever with the
variety of climate and productions, are of
advantage, in this age, for one people, what-
over they might lave been in former ages. passing of ove generation.
Steam, telegraphs, and intelligence, have| [nq this view I recommend the adoption of
brought these, to be. an advantageous com-| the following resolution and articles amen-
on for one upited people. datory to the Constitwtior of the Waited
address I briefly poin-| States :
ted out the total inadequacy of disunion, as| + Resolved by the Senats and House of
a remedy for the differences of the people | Representatives of the United States & Amer-
the two sectiovs, I did so in language |ica in Congress assembled, (two thirds of
which I cannot improve, and which there-| both houses concurring. That the -follow-
repeat. ing articles be pro to the legisiatures
fore I beg to i :
* One section of our country believes sla- | (or conventions) of the several amendments
to the Constitution of the United States, all
is right, and ought to be extended,
while the other believes it to be wrong, and | or any of which articles when ratified by
three-fourths of the said legislatures (or con-
ought not to be extended. This is the only
substantial dispute. The fugitive slave ventions) to be valid as part or parts of the
said Constitution, viz :
House of the untiéstion, and the law for
Suppraen of the foreign slave trade,| « Armicre.—E State, wherein slave
It enforced perhaps as soy | now exists, Which, thal sholish the some
. ot any time or times, before the
first day of January, in the year of our Lord
one thousand and nine bundred, shall re-
ceive compensation from the United States
as follows to wit:
“The President of the United States
shall deliver to every State, bonds of the
Uaited States, bearing interest ot the rate
ofr pet = Br cant per annum, to ju ont
us! sggregate sum of or
ooh slave shows to have been therein, by
the eighth census of the United States, wid
bonds to be delivered to such State by in:
stallments, or in one parcel, at the comple-
tion of the abolishment, accordingly as the
same shall have been gradual, or at one
hae wills such State ; hy jilejest shall
rgin to run an
wife may be divorced, and go out of the a EY touch hand enly Feit
‘the. proper time of its delivery as aforesaid,
presence and beyond the reach of each eth.
Err ered brs of seh ob dS hv ds Brn od
cannot do this. They cannot but remain | therei abil refund to the U ited
] 5 ain | therein, to ni
Suis wo few, and inthicoutse vithee 8moa- | bonds ev received, or thie value thereof, and
ble or hostile, must. ogdtinue between them. all interest
Is is possible then; to that intercourse | .
more advantageous, of more satifactory,
- separation than before? Can aliens
make treaties be more faithfully enforced
betweenaliens, than laws canameng friends ?
cannot fight
t body
poopleabide by the dry | gal obligation in
cases, a fow break over in each.
i in ¢ ly cured ;and
foreign slave trade, now imperfectly su
preseed, would be ultimately revived with-
out 1 mn one section; while fugi-
slaves, now only Jyarialy surrendered,
would not be sueren at all by the oth-
er.
» ically speaking, we cannot separ-
ate. © cannot Pémove our respective seo-
tions from each otfter, for build an impass-
] between them: A busband and
tes the
enjoyed actual freedom by the eh
hie war at any time before the end of the
rebellion, be forever free, but all own-
ers.of such who shall not have been disloyal
rates ass provided for States adopting ahol-
of thavery, but in sued os that
no slave shall be twice accounted for.
=.* Armictwewy Congress m approps}-
ate money, 30 otherwise provide colo~
nising free oglored persons, with thel® own
consent, at any place or places withudy the
United States.
0s, 8 gain on either,you cease fight-
Td 158 ident old question, as to term:
of are again upon you.”
There is no line straight or crooked, sui-
table for.a national boundary, upon which
to divide. Trave through, east from
west, upon the fred and-slave country, and
-
the | Union
P86 [ i585 wot Be safe to say that the south has
thereof.
Jokuress pod All slaves who elall have
chances of
ehall be’ compensated for them as the same of i
I beg indulgence to. discuss these - -
sed articléd at some lehgth. Without sla-
vert the rebellion never could have existed,
without paves it could not comtinne.
Among the friends of the Union there is
great diversity of sentiment, and. of policy
n regard to slavery, and the African race
among us, B6iHE ate klavery,
scme would abolish it aildds i end with
compensation ; some would reifidte the freed
strength in struggles: among ourselves. —
By mutual concession we should harmonize
and act together. This would be compro-
mise ; but it would be compromise among
the friecds, and not with the enemies of the
+ “These articles are intended to em-
Joly a plan of such mutual : concessions.~
If the plan shall be adopted, it is assumed
that emancipation will follow, at least in
several of the States.
As to the first article, the main peints are,
The emancipation will be uneitisfactory
to the advocates of perpetual slavery; but
the length of time should greatly mitigate
their dissatisfaction. e time spares both
races from the evils of sudden derangentént
—in fact, from thE ay #hy Josie.
ment—whil thBet of thtas” whoad hitbithal
course of thought will be disturbed by the
measure, will have passed away before its
consumation. They will never see it.—
Another class will hail the prospect of em-
ancipation, but will deprecate the length of
time. They Th feel that it gives too little
to the hbw liviiig slaves. But it . really
gives them much. 1t saves them from the
vagrant destitution, whieh must largely at-
tend immediate emancipation in localities
The plan leaves to each State. choosing to
act under it, to abolish slavery now, or at
the end of the century, or at any interme-
diate time, or by degrees, extending over
the whale or any part of the period ; and it
obliges po two States to proceed alike. Jt
also provides for compensation, and gener-
ally the mode of making It. This, it would
seem, must further mitigate the dissatiafac-
tion of those who favor perpetual slavery,
and especially of those who sre to receive
the compensation. Doubtless some of those
who are to pay, snd not to receive, will ob-
ject. Yet the measure is both just and eco-
nomical. In a certain sence, the likeration
of slaves is tho dertruction of property—
property acquired by descent or by pur-
chase, the same as any other property.
It is no lese true for having been often
said, that the people of ‘the south are not
more responsible for the uriginal introduc-
tion of this property, than are the people of
the North ; and when it is remembered how
ashesfiatingly we all use cotton and ?
snd share the profits of dealing in them, it
been more responsible than the north, for
its continuance. . If, then, for a common ob-
jeot, this property is to be sacrificed, ie it
not just that it be done ata gunn charge?
© aggregate sun ary for comp
jing emancipation of course gad Je
ary ut it would r 8 no y cash,
ne (Bo, bondd, | GU; By he
ter than the emancipation prog be. This
might not, and probabl:
ar ro oll pably, he h
AY thet (3s wo shall propably haze a. hun-
dred millions of people to share the burden,
instead of thirty one millions, as row. And
not only so,!but the increase of our popula-
tion may be expected oo eontinue for a long
time after that period, as rapidly as before,
because our territory will not have become
At the same ratio of increase which we
have maintsfived,'on an average, from our
first national censure, in 1790, until that of
1860; we ahoyld, in 1900, have a population
of 103,208,415.
beyond that period ?
De broad nations} MbEftigac
aviplé reibd¥ds. Were dur territory as lim-
ited as are the British Isles, very certain]
our p¢ pulation could not ex as stated.
Ins of receiving the foreign horn, as now
we should be compelled to send part of the
native born away. But such is not our
condition. We have two millions nine hun.
Tr al
Europe has three millions’ and eight hah
dred thousand, with a population averaging
seventy three and one third persons to the
square mile. Why may not our country at
some time average as many ? Is it less fer-
tile las it more waste surface by moun-
tains, rivers, lakes, deserts, or other ecausen.
Is it inferior to Europe, in any natural ad-
vantage? If then, we are €% sor jime; fo
be as populous ds’ Fitope Bow coon?
As to when this may be, we can judge
by the past, and the present ; as to when it
will be, if ever, depends muchjon whether
we maintain the Union. Several of our
States are uray above She Javitage of
urope—soventy three « third to t
lsquare mile. Massachisef(d ha¥ 5
Rhode Island, 133 ; Connecticut, 99; New
York and New Jersey, each 89:
other groat States, PenwisyT¥anin and Ohio,
are not far below—the former having 66,
and the latter 59. The States already
above the European average, except New
York, have increased in as rapid s ratio,
since passing that point, as ever before,
while no one of them is equal to some other
parts of our country, in natural capacity for
sustaining a dense population.
. Taking the nation in the aggregate, and
we find its population and ratio of increase,
for the several decennial periods to be as
follows :
1790 3,920,837
1800 5,305,937 35.02 per cent ratio of in.
1810 7,239,814 36.48 © “
1820 9,638,131 33.14 «
1830
T'his shows an average decennial increase
of 36.40 per cent. in our population through
the seventy years from cur first to our last
census yet taken, It is seen that the ratio
ncrease of no one of these eeven periods
is either two per cent. below or two per
cent. above the average ; thus showing how
the law of increase in our case is.
res:
870' 427323,
341
1880 : 58,967,216
the chalet;
folly and evil of dilinitn; iyi Jog and
eshausting war springing from th
great element of national disbotd duiong
us, While it cannot be foresedH-bknctly
how much one huge example of secession,
breeding lesser ones indefinately, would re-
tard population, civilization and prosperity,
no one can doubt that the ektens of is
would be very great and injuriotia, : -* -
ing ahythii
ench man
debt now, than each man owed upon it
then ; and this because our incréase of men
through the whole
than six per cent;
interest upon the duh:
relieves a debtor nalioii; 86
ulation increases faster than unpaid inger-
est actlimildtés on its debt.
by whi
number a hundred millions, J§b&t, by »
different policy, we would hs poy
now, when we number but wire i mil:
lions. In a word, it shows shat a
will be much barder to pay for, the war,
than will be a dollar for édi#iéipssion, on
the proposed plan.
will cost no blond;
will be a saving of bi :
the freed people.
merely suthorises, Congress to aid in eole-
niging such as may conseny:. This ought
not to be regarded as ohjpctionable, on the
one hand, or on thé other,’ in sg Tach ae 1
cotries to nothing, unless by the muf -
sent of the people to. be
American voters, through their represents-
tives in Congress,
white laborers.
ket—increase the demand for
crease tha price of it.
of black labor, by colonizing the bl
borer out of the country, and, by precisely,
80 much, you increase the demand for, &h’
wages of, white labor,
But Iu d pdt
willy forth,
Are rm
ory, in uny case, has there been
inflexible, and consequently how reliable, | tiun of colored
Assume: | the abolishment
ing thabit will continue, gives the follow- | last apri
- :
free colored persons to the whi
Bisttiot is fem the census of 180, haviag
NO. 48.
1890 76,779,872
1900 1 y
1910 138,91€,526
1980 186,981,335
1930 251,680,914
These figures show that cur country may
be aa populous as Europe now is, at some
point between 1920 and 1930—say about
1926-s0ur territofy, at seventy-three sand »
third persohs to the sqnare mile, being of
people frum us and some would rétain them | capacity to ain 217,186,000.
with us ; and there are yet other diversitiés.| And we wi Teach this, too, if we do nos
Because of these diversities, we waste much | ourselves relingliihi thi ; . the
é only
The proposed emancipation would shorten
the Wai, “perbettnie peace, insure this in-
first, the emancipation, secondly the length | crease population; arid jiroportionately
of time for consumating it—thirty seyen | the wedlth of thé SUBS, With these, we
years; and thirdly the compensation. stotitd all the emancipation would
er with our other debt, easier
cng
than we should pay our other debt withons
it. If we had a
debt to run at six per cent. per annum,
simple interest, from the end of our revolu-
tiondry fag os until to-day, without pay.
wed our old national
oii sithe# pribcipal or interest,
us would owe léss upon that
has been greater
run faster than the
hils, time alone,
a8 its pop-
THis fact would be no excuse for delay-
where their numbers are very great; tnd itz Payment of what is justly due; but it
it gives the inspiring assurance that their | #ows the great importance of time in shis
posterity shall be free forever. ¢atilif8tipn; the grbint advantage of policy
we shall not have to pay until we
hay
ollar
And tho the latter
x ptéciotls life. Is
le 2p wets
As to the second article, I think it would
ba impracticable to return te bondage the
class of persons therein contemplated, some
of them, doubtless in the property sense,
belong to loyal owners ; and heace, provi:
sion is made in this article fur compensating
8ich, «
The third article relates to the fature of
It doep nnt oblige, bat
ed, and the
I eannot make it better known than it ¢'-
roudy ie, = I Argls favor colonisation .
And yet T wish to say there is an ot,jecsiop.
urged Rad shed. rlored peviata J Na
be |ing in th¥ sodnify,; which le Iargely imag:
inary, if not sometimes malicious.
Itis insisted that their presenco would
eaies. injure and displace white labor and white
would fieY; ¢lowo | laborers. If there ever could be a proper
seven, jegts.— | tira. for, mere catch arguments, that tifie if
‘surely not now.
men should utter nothing for which they
would not willingly be responsible through
time and in eternity. Is it true, then, that
colored people can displace any more white
labor by being free, than by remaining
slaves?
full. 1 do not state this inconsiderably.— | they Joule fo white borer; if they leave
their old places, they leave themy omen fw
Thgially, he
more nor less of it. Emancipation, even
without ‘deportation, would probably en-
. hance the wages of whifs lebor, and, very
* And why may we Tok Srisisin that parity Tsid¥dlF, Wonld not redies thew.
room
In times like the present
If they stay in their old places,
Thus, the customary amoun
LI
would still have to be per| mid od ;’ 09 freed
people would surely not 5 ord tHE (Heir
old proportion of it, and very probably, for
a time would do less, leaving an increased
part to white laborers, bringing their labor
into greater demand, and consequently, en-
bancing the wages of it. With de Ttation,
even to a limited ext
dred and sisty three thousand square miles- | hire Inbor is bs
other
4 ved wi
an ages to
ion y certain. La-
Symmodify.in the mar-
it and you in-
Redoce the supply
la-
2 in like dhy
reade iE (he HT puspre
2 and cover the whole and.
already jn. the land? Will
liberation make them any more numerous ?
Equally, distributed among the whites of
the whole country, and there would be but
one colored to seven whites, Could the
one, in any way, greatly disturb the seven ?
Ther Lompiimities now, havin
iro. a oy Ne entor p HoH: to rc
whites’; and this, without an
two eonacionsness of evil from it. e
of Columbia, and the States of Marylan
and D-aware, are all in this condition.
The D strict has more than one free colored
person to six whitlly;? #d yey; in ite fre
quent petitions to Congreérs, I believe it has
never [resented the presence of free solored
perso:s as one of its grievances: But why
should emancipation Susth, sis
people North ?
Soe run, unless there be sumething to run
Bret
the f
People, of any color, 'sel-
m “Tr
Heretofore colored peuple, to some extens,
have fled North from bondage; and sas;
perhaps, from both EE Mitug:
tion. But if gradual emrancip¥ion dnd de-
portation be
to flee
opted; they Will have neither
fron. Their ed i will give
866,020 33.49 © them wiges, at least until new oan
1840 17,069,453 32.67 “ - be procured, and the freed men, in turn,
1850 23,191,876 35.87 « “ will gladly give their labor for the
1860 31,443,790 35.58 “ till new es can be found for them, in
congenial climes, and with.people of their
own blood and race. This proposition car
be trusted on the mutual interests inyolved,
Aud, in an
cide for itself, whether to reveive them ¥
event, cannot the Nortly de-
Again, as practice proves more than the-
lo northward, Decause oF
slavery in the Distries
prin,
What th said of the proportion of
in the
sc PR li lia bmi,
RTI. ot
AR BS CR JA