emocratre @atchman. VOL. 6. BELLEFONTE, THURSDAY MORNING, DEC. 12, 1861. NO. 48. President: Lincoln’s Message. READ IN CONGRESS, TURSDAY DEC. 3rd "61 Fellow-citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: 3 In the midst of unprecedented political troubles, we have cause of great gratitude to God for unusual good health ri abundant harvests, You will not be surprised to learn, that in the peculiar exigencies of the times, our in- tercourse with foreign nations has been at- tended with profound solicitude, chiefly turning upon our domestic affairs. A dis- layal portion of the American people have, during the whole year been engaged in an at- t to divide ana destroy the Union. A pation which endures factious demestic divisign is exposed to disrespect abroad, and ene party, if not both, is sure, sooner or ia ser, to invoke foreign intervention. Nations shas tempted to interfere are not always able to resist the counsels of seeming expediency and ungenerous ambition, although measures adopted under such influences seldom fail to be unfortunate, and injurious to those adopt- 19g Hol. : The disloyal citizens of the United States who have offered the ruin of our country in return for the aid and comfort which they bave invoked abroad, have received less pa- tronage and en: ouragement than they pro- bably expected, If it were just to suppose, ws the insurgents have seemed to assume, that foreign nations, in this case, discarding all moral, social and treaty obligations, would act solely and selfishly for the most epeedy restoration of commerce including es- pecially the acquisition of cotton, these na- tions appear as yet not tc have seen their way to their objeet more directly or clearly shrough the destruction, than through the preservation of the Uniun. If we could dare believe that foreign va- tivne are actuated by ‘no higher principle than this, [ am quite sure a sound argument could be made to show them that they cap reach their aim more readily acd easily by aiding to crush this rebellion than by giving encouragement to it. The principle lever relied on by the insurgents for exciting for eign nations to hostility agaiost us, as al- ready intimated, is the embarrassment of commerce These nations, however, not im- probably saw from the first that it was the Union which made as well our foreign as our domestic commerce. They can scarcely have failed to pereieve that rhe effure for disunion produces the existing difficulty, and that one etrong nation promises more durable peace and a more extensive and reliable commerce than cao the same pation broken into hos- tile tragments, Itis not my purpose to re- view our discussions with foreign States, be- cause whatever might be their wishes or dis- . positions, the integrity of our country and the stability of our government mainly de- pend not apen them, but on the loyalty, vir- tue, patriotism and intelligence of the Amer- ican people. The correspondence itself, with the usual seaervatiozs, ie herewith eubmitted. I ven ture to hepe it will appear that we have practiced prudence and liberality towards foreign powers, averting causes of irritation and with firmness maintaing our rights and honor. Since, however, it is apparent that here, as in every other State, foreign danger necessarilly attend domestic difficulties ; I reccomend that adequate and ample meas- ures be adopted for maintainiog the public defences on every side. . While under this general recommendation provision for defending our seacoast line oc- curs to the ming, ¢ 1 also in ths same connection eek the at- tention of Congress to our grea. lakes and rivers. It is believed that some fortifications and depots of arms and munitions, with bar- bor and navigation improvements, at ail well selected points upon these, would be of great importance to the national defence and preservation, I ask attention to the views of the Secre- tary of War expressed in his report upon the same general subject, I deem it of im- portance that the loyal regicns of East Ten- nesses and Western North Carolina should de connected with Kencucky and other faith ful parts ot the Union, by railroad. I there fore reccommend, as a military measure, tha Congress provide for the construction of such road as speedily as possible. Kentucky ac do doubt, will co-operate, and through her Legislature, make the most judicious sa gection of a line.. The Northern terminus must connect with some existing railroad, end whether the route shall be from L xing- ton or Nicholusville to the Cumberland Gap, or from Lebanon to the Tennessee line in the direction ot Knoxville, or on some still different Lind can be readily determined.— Kentucky and the General Government co- operating. the work can be completed in a very snort time, and when done, it will not only be of vast present importance, but also @ valuable permanent improvement, com- mensurate with ite cost in all the future, Some treaties designated chiefly for the interests of commerce, and having no grave political importance, bave been negociated, and will be submittad to the Senate for their consideration. Although we have failed to induce some of the commercial powers to adopt a melior- ation of the rigor of maratime war, we have removed all obstructions. from the way of this humane reform, except such as are merely of temporarp and accidental occur- rence. I invite your attention to the correspond- ence vetween Her Brittanic Majesty's Miris- ter, a coredited to this Government, and the Secret ary of State, relative to the detention of the British ship Perthshire, in June last, by the United States steamer Massachusetts, for a supposed breach of the blocade. As this detention wae opeasioned by an ohvious misaporehension of the facts, and as justice requires that we should commit no belliger- ent aot not founded in strict right as sanc- tioned by public law, I reccommend that an appropriation bp made to satisfy the reason- sb le demand of the owners of the vessel for “or detention. “pd repeat the recommendation of my pre- esessor, in his annus! message to Congress in December last. in regard to the disposis tion of the surplus which will probably re- main after satiefying the claims of American citizens against China, pursuant to the awards of the Commissioners under the act of the 3rd of March, 1859 If, however, it should oot be deemed ad« visable to carry that reccommendation nto effect, I would suggest that authority be giv- eo for investigating the principal of the pro ceeds ot the surplus referred to in good se: eurities, with a view to the satisfaction of such other claims of our citizens against China as are not unlikely to arise hereafter in the course of our extensive trade with that empire. By the act of the 5th of August last, Con- gress authorized the President to instruct the Commanders of the suitable vessels to defend themselves against and capture pirates. This authority has been exercised in a single in stance only For the more effectual protec- tien of our extensive and valuable commerce in the Eastern seas, especially. it seems to me that it would be advisable to authorize the commanders of sailing vessels to recapture any prizes which pirates may make of Uni ted States vessels and their cargoes, and the Consular Courts now established by law ia Eastern countries to adjudicate the cases, in the event that this shuuid not be objected to be the local authorities. If any good reason exists why we should persevere longer in withholding our recognition of the indepen- nence and sovereignty of Hayti, I am upa- ble to discover it. Unwilling, however, to inaugurate a revel policy in regard to them without the appro- bation of Congress I submit for your con- sideration the expediency of #1 appropria- tion for maintaining a char “affairs near each of thuse new States ; it dies not admit of a doubt that important commercial advan- tages m'ght be secured by favorable treaties with them. The operation of the Treasury during the period which has e'apsed since your adjourn- ment, hav: been conducted with signal suc cers. The patriotism of the people has plac- ed at the disposal (f the Government, the large means demanded by the publie exigen- cies. Much of the National Loan bas been taken by eitizens of the industrial classes, whose ccnfidence in their country’s faith,and zeal for their country’s deliverance frem the present peril, have induced them to contrib- ute to the support of the Government the whole of their limited ncquisitions. This fact impoees peculiar obligations upon us to economy in disbursement and energy in uc tion, The revenucs from all sources, ircluding loans for the financial year, ending on rhe 30th of June, 1861, was $86 835,900 27, and the expenditures for the sume reriod, inctu= ding payments on account of the public debr, were $84,578,834 47, leaving a balance in the Treasury, on the 1st of July, of $2,257 G65 - 80. For the first quarter of the financial year, ending on the 30tb of Septem ber, 1861, the receipts from all sources inc uding the balance of the lst of July, were $102,532 ~ 509 27, and the expenses $98 239.733 09 ; leaving a balance on the 1st of Octover, 1861. of $4.292.776 18. Estimates for the remaining three quar- tera of the year, and for the financial year of 1861, together with his views of ways and means for meeting the demands contempla- ted by them, w 11 be submitted to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury. It is gratifying to know that the expendi- tures made necessary by the rebellion are not beyond the resources of the loyal people, and to believe that the same patriot- ism which has thus far sustained the Guv- ernment will continue to sustain it till peace and union shall again bless the lanu. I respectfully refer to the report of the Secretary of War for information respecting the numerical strength of the army, and for recommendations having in view an increase of its efficacy and the well-being of the vari- ous branches of the service entrusted to bie care. Itis gratifying to know that the pa- triotism of the people has proved equal to the ocoasion, and that the number of troops ten dered great as'y exceeds the force which Con gress authorized me to call into the field. I refer with pleasure to those portions of his report wh.ch make allusion to the eredi table degree of discipline already attained hy our troops and to the excellent sanitary condition of the entire army. The reeommendation of the Secretary for an organization of the malitia upon a uni- form basis is a subject of vital importance to the future safety of the country, and is com- mer.ded to the serious attention of Congress. The large addition tJ the regular army in conneztion with the defection that has so considerably diminished the number of its officers, gives peculiar importance to his rec- ommendation for increasing the ccrps of Ca- dets to the greatest capacity in the Military Academy. By mere omission, I presume, Congress has failed to provide Chaplains for bospitals occupied by volunteers, This subject was brought to my notice, and I was induced to draw up the form of a letter, one copy of which, properly addressed, has been deliver- ed to each of the persons, and at the dates respectively named, and stated in a schedule containing also the form of the letter (letter marked A), and herewith transmitted. The genlemen 1 duderstood entered upon the duties designated at the times respec tively stated in the schedule, and have labor- ed faitbfully there ever since. I therefore recommend that they be compensated at the same rates a8 Cbaplaing in the Army, furs ther suggesting that general provisions be made for Chaplains to serve at Hospitals as well as with regiments. The report of the Secretary of the Navy presents in detail the operations of that branch «f the service, the activity and ener- gy which have characterized its administras tioc and the results of the measures to ins crease its efficienny and power. Such have been the additions by construc tion and purshasc, that it may almost be said a Navy has been created and brought into servige singe vur difficulties commenced. Be- sides blockading our extensive coast, squid: rons larger than «ver bef re assembled under our flag, have been put afloat and perform-d deeds which have increased our Naval re- nown. I would invite special attention to the ree- omirendation of the Seeretary for a more per- fest organization or the Navy, by introducing «dditional grades in the servize. The pres- ent organization is defective and unsatisfac- tory, acd the suggestions submitted by the Department will, it is believed, if adopted, obviate the d'ffical ies alluded to, promote harmony, and increase the efficiency of the avy. There are three vacancies on the bench of the Supreme Court; two by the decease of Justices Daniels and McLean. and one by the resignation of Justice Campbell. I have 80 far forborne making nominations to fill these vancancies fyr reason which I will now state: I'w of the out-going Judges resided in the States now overrun hy revolt,so thas if their successors were appointed in the same localities, they couid not now serve upon their circuit, and many of the most ecompe- tent men there probably would nor take the personal hazard of accepting to serve, even here, upon the Supreme bench. I have been unwilling to throw all the appointments Northward, thus disabling myeelf from do- ing justice to the South, on return of peace, althcugh IT may remark that to transfer to the North one which has hitherto been in the South, would not, with reference to territory and population, be unjust. Daring the long and brilliant judicial ca-~ reer of Judge M’Lean, his circuit grew into an empire altogether too large for any one Judge to give the eourts therein more than a nominal artendance,rising in population from 1,470,018 in 1830, t» 6,151,405 in 1860. Be- sides this, the country generally has out- grown our present judicial system. If uni fcrmity was at all intended, the system re- qaires that all the States shall Le accommo- dated with Circuit courts attended by Su- preme Judges, while, in fact, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Florida, Texas, California and Oregon have never had any such Courts. Nor can this well be remedied, without a change of system, because the adding of Judges to the ‘Supreme Court, ensugh for the accommodation of all parts of the coun- try with Circuit Courts, which create a court altogether to numerous for a judicial body of any sort. And the evil if it be one, will in crease as new Statea come into the Union, — Circuit Courts are useful, or they are not useful. If useful. ny State should be denied them, If not useful, no State should bave thom. Let t: em be provided for all, or abol- ished to all. Three modijeations occur to me, either of which | think would be an improvement up- on our present system. Let the Supreme Court be of convevient number in every event Thew first, let the whole country be divided info circuits of convenient size, the Supreme Judges to serve in a number of them corre- sponding to their owo number, and the inde pendent Circuit adges be provided for all for all the rest ; or, sccondiy. lev the Supreme Judges he relieved from Curcuit duties, and Circuit Judges provided for atl the Circuits § or, thirdly, dispense with the Circuit Courts altogether leaving the Judicial functions wholly to the District Court and an indepen- dent Supreme Court. I respacttuliy reccommend to the consider- ation of Congress the preseut condition of the Siarate Laws, with the hope that Congress will be able to fi. d an easy remedy for many of the conveniences and evils which constant ly embarass those engaged in the practical administration of them. Since the organiza- ton of Government, Congress has enact d some five thoussud acts and joint resolutions which fill more than six thiusand closely printed pages, and are scattered through many volumes. Many of these acts have been drawn in haste aud without sufficient caution, so that their provisions are often obscure in them- selves, or ‘n conflict with each other; or at least, so doubtful as to recder it very difficult or even the best informed person to ascer- rain precisely whut-the statute law really is. It seems to me very important that the stat- ute laws should be made as plain and intelli- gible as possible, and be reduced tu as small a compass a8 my conform with the fullness and recision of the Legislature and the per- specuity of its language. This, well done, would, T think, greatly facilitate the labors of those whose duty 1t is to ass 8: in the ad- ministration of the laws. and would be a last- irg benefit to the people by placing ielore them, in a more acceprabie and intelligible form, the laws which so deeply concern their interests and ‘heir duty. I am informed by some whore opinion I respect. thav all the acts Hf Congress now in force. and of a per- manent and general nature, might be revised and rewritten, so as to be embraced in one volume, or, at most, in *w) volumes, of ordi- nary and eowmereial size, and I respecttutly rea-mmend to Con.ress to consider onthe suhject, and if my suggestion be approved. to devise such plan as to their wisdom sball seem most proper for he attainment of the end proposed. One of the unavoidable consequences of tho insurrection is the entire suspension, in many places, of all the ordinary means of administering civil justice by the officers and the forms of existing law. This is the ease in whole, or in part, in the insurgent States, and &s our armies advance and tase possers~ ion of parts of those States, it becomes more apparent, There are na enurts or officers to which the citizens of other S'ares may apply for the en- forcement of their lawful claims against the citizens of the insurgemt States, and their vast amount of debt, constituting uch claims some have estimated at two bundred millions of dollars due, the large part from insu) gents in open rebellion, to 1)yal citizens who are even now making great sacrifices in the dis- charge of their patriotic duty to support the Government. Uuder these cirzumstances I have been vr gently solicited t» establish by military vow er Courts to administer summary justice in such cases. I have thus far declined to Jo it not because I bad any doubt that the eid proposed, the colieerion of the debts, wax just and right in itself, but because I have been unwilling t7 go beyond the pressure of ne- cessity, in the unusual exercise of power, — But the powers of Congress, I suppose, are equal 10 the anomalous oevasion, and I there- fore refer the whole matter to Congress with the hope that a plan may be devised for the administration of jusrice in all such parts of the insurgent States and territories as may be under the controi of this Governmen', wither by a voluntary return to allegiance and order, or by the power of sur arms.-— Tris, however, not to be a permanent insti- tution, but a temporary substitute, and to as 8001 ag the ordinary courts can be re-es- tablished in peace. It is important that some more convenient means should be pro- vided, if possible, for the adjustment of claims against the Government, especially ir view of their increased number by reason of the war It is as much the duty of Government to render prompt justice against itself in favor of citizens, ns it is to administer the same between private individuals—the investiga- tion and adjudication of claims in their hands belong to the judicial department. Besides, it is arparent that the attention of Congress will be more than usually engaced for some tie to come with great national questions, It wae intended by the organization of the Corre of Claims, mainly to remove this branch of the business from the Illalls of Congress But while the Court has proved 0 be an effective and valuable means of in vestigation, it fails in a great degree to effect the object of its creation for want of power to make its judgments final. Fully aware of the delicacy, not to eay the dauger, of this subjeet, I eommend to your careful consider- anos whether this power of making judg- ments final may not properly be given to the Court, reserving the right of appeal on ques- tions of law to the Supreme Court—with such other provisions as experience may have shown to be necessary. I ask attention to the report cf the Post- master General, the following being a saum- mary: statement of that Department :—The revenue from all sources during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1861, including the an- ual permanent appropriation of seven bun- dred thousand dollars for the trapsportatien of free mail matter, nine millions, forty-nine thousand two hundred and ninety-six and forty cents being about twe per cent. less than the revenue. For 1860. the expenditures were $43,600. 750 11, showing a deerease of more than eight per cent., as compared with those of the present year, and leaving an excess of expenditures over the revenue for the last fis eal vear, of $4.557 462 71. The gross rev. enue for the year ending June 30th, 1863, is estimated at un increase of four par cent, up- on that of 1861, making $8 683,000, tc which should be added the earnings of the Department in carrying free matter, viz: $700.000, making $9,383,000. The total ex- penditares for 1863 are estimated at $12,520, 000, leaving an estimated deficiency of three millions one bundred and forty five thous and dollars to be supplied from the Treasu ry, in addition to the permanent appropria ore The present insurrection shows, I think, that the extention of this district across the Potomac river at the time of establishing the Capital here was eminently wise, and conse- quently that the relinquishment of that por. tion of which lies within the State of Vir- ginia was unwise and dangerous. I submit for your consideration the expediency of re~ gaining that part of the district, and the restoration of the original boundaries there- of, through negotiations with the State of Virginia. The report of the Secretary of the Interior, with the accompanying documents, exhibits the condition of the several branches of the public service (P 2 and 3) pertaining to that Department. The depressing influences of the insurrection have been especially felt in the operations of the Patent and General Land Offices. The cash receipts from the sales of public lands during the past year have exceeded the expenses of our land system only about two hundred thousand dolla 8. The sales Lave been entirely suspended in the Southern States, while the interruption to the business of the country and the diversion of large numbers of men from labor to military ser= vice, have obstructed settlements of the new States ard Territories of the Northwest. The receipts of the Patent Office have dex clined in nine months about $100.000, ren- dering a large deduction of the force em- ployed necessary to make it self sustaining. The demands upon the Pension Office will be largely increased by the insurrection. Numerous applications for pensions, based upon the casualities of the existing war, have already been made. There is reason to believe that many who are now upon the pension rolls, and in receipt of the bounty of the Government, are in the ranks of the io- surgent army, giving them aid and comfort. The Secretary of the Interior has directed a suspension of the payment of the pensions of such persons upos proof of their disloyalty. I recommend that Congress authorize that officer to cause the names of such persons to be stricken from the pension roll. The relations of the Government with the Indian tribes have been greatly disturbed by the insurrection, especially in the Southern Superintendy, and in that of New Mexico. The Indian country south of Kansas, is in the possession of insurgents from Texas and Arkansas The agents of the United States Govern ment appointed since the 4th of Marek for this superintendency, have been unable to reach their posts, while the most of those who were in the office before that time, have espoused the insurrectionary ceuse, and as sume to exercise thc powers of agents by virtue of commissions {row the insurrection- 18ts. It has been stated in the public press that a por ion of these Indians have been organ- ized as a military force, and are attached to army of t e insurgents. Although the Gov- ernment has no official information upon this subject, letters have been written to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs by several prominent Chiefs. giving assurance of their loyalty to the nited Sta es and expressing a wish for the presence of their troops to protect them. Tt is believed that upon the rep ssession of the country, by the Federal forces, the Indi~ns will readily cease al! hos- tile demonstrations and resume their former relations to the Government. Agriculture, confessedly the largest inter~ est of the nation, has not a Department or a buresu but a clerkship only assigned to it in the Government. While it is fortunate that this great interest is so independent in its nature as to not have demanded and ex- torted more from the Government, I respect- fully ask Congress to consider whether something more cannot be given voluntarily with general advantag-. Annual reports exhibiting the condition of our agriculture, commerce and manufacture, would present a fund of information of great practical value to the country. While I make no suggestion as to the details, I ven~ ture the opinion that an Agricultural and Statistical Bureau might profitably be or« ganized. The execution of the laws for the sup- pression of the African Slave Trade, has been confided to the Department of the Interior. — which have been made for the suppression of this inhuman traffic, have been recently at- tended with unusual success. Five vessels being fitted out for the slave trade have been seized and condemned, Two mates of ves- sels engaged in the trade, and one person engaged in equipping & slaver, have been convicted and subjected to the penalty of fine and imprisonment ; and one captain tak- en with a cargo of Africans on board his vessel, has been convicted of the highest grade of offence under our laws, the punish ment of which 1s death. The Territories of Colorado, Dacota and Nevada created by the last Congress, have been organized, and civil administration has been inaugurated therein under auspices especially gratifying, when itis considered that that the leaven of treason was found existing in some of these new countries when the Federal officers arrived there. The abundant native 1esources of these territo~ ries, with the security and protection offered by an organized Government, will doubtless invite to them a large immigration, when peace shall restore the business of the coun- try to its accustomed channels. I submit the resolutions of the Legisla- ture of Colorado, which evidence tha patiiot- ic spirit of the people of the Territory. So far the authority of the United States has been upheld in all the Territories, as it is hoped it will be in the future. 1 com- mend their interests and defence to the en lightened and generous care of Congress. I recommend to the favorable considera~ tion of Congress the interes s of the Distric of Columbia. ‘I'he insurrection has been the cause of much suffering and sacrifices to its inhabitants, and as they have norepresenta tive in Congress that body should not over look their just claims upon the Government. At your late session a joint resolution was adopted authorizing the President to take measures for facilitating a proper represen- tation of the industrial interests of the Unit- ed States. at the Exhibition of the Industry at all jana, ta ba Laldan at Tandas -