MESSAGE. Vi» Senalt and Mow of Rep- ®f anprMedeajtod political trou w* hatn:uause ofgMt gnaitade to Ood ro ui You idjll not- bu'Krrprised to learn teat in thepecuHw exig«Bcie»of the times our Mtereoarse with foreign nations has been «t -with profound solicitude, chiefly turn ing updtrour own domestic affaire. A disloyal portion of the American people.have during the •hole year been engaged in an attempt to di vide and destroy the Union. A nation which 40Hvta factions domestic divisions is exposed to disrespect abroad, and one party, if not both is mute sooner or later to invoke foreign inter vention. Kations thus tempted to interfere are not always able to resist the counsels of seem ing expediency and ungenerous ambition, al though measures adopted under such influences seldom fail to be unfortunate and injurious to those adopting them. The disloyal eitixens of the United States, <ftho hate, offered the ruin of our country in re turn.for the aid and comfort which they hare invoked abroad, hare received less patronage and encouragement than they probably expec ted. If it were just to suppose, os the insur gent* have seemed to assume, that foreign na tions, in this ease, discarding all moral, soeial And treaty] obligations, would act solely and selfishly for the most speedy restoration of com merce, including especially the acquisition of cotton, - those nations appear, as yet, not to have seen their way to their object more direct ly or clearly through the destruction than through the preservation of the Union, If we could dare to believe that foreign nations are actuated by.no higher principle than this 1 am <jnite sure a sound argument could be made to •bow them that they ran reach (heir aim more readily and easily by aiding to crash this re bellion tbau by giving encouragement to it;— The principal lever relied on by the insurgents ftt exciting foreign nations to hostility against us, as already intimated, is the embarrassment of commerce. Those nations, however, not im probably, saw from the first that it was the Union which made as well our foreign as our domestic commerce. They can scarcely hove failed to perceive that the effort for disunion produces the existing difficulty, and that one strong nation promises more durable peace and a more extensive, valuable and reliable commerce than can the same nation' bro ken into hostile fragments. It is not my pur pose to review our discussions Vith foreign States, because whatever might betheir wishes or dispositions, the integrity of ear country and the stability of Government mainly depend, not upon them, bat ion the loyalty, virtue, patriot ism and intelligence of the American people The correspondence itself, with the usual res ervations, is herewith submitted. I venture to hope that it will appear that we have practiced prudence and liberality towards foreign pow ers, averting causes of irritation, and with firm ness maintaining our own rights and honor.— Since, however, it is apparent that here as in every other State, foreign dangers necessarily attend domestic difficulties 1 recommend that adequate and ample measures be adopted for maintaining the public defenses on every side. While under Ibis general recommendation pro vision for defending our sea coast line already occurs to the mind, 1 also in the same connec tion, a*k the attention of Congress to oar great lakes and rivers. It is believed that some for tifications and depots of anus and munitions, Vfith harbor and navigation improvements, all trt well selected points upon these, would be of great importance to the national defence and preservation. I ask attention to the views of the Secretary of War expressed in his report upon tab same genera! subject. I deem it of importance that die loyal regions of East Tennessee - and West ern North Carolina should be connected with Kentucky and other faithful parts of the Union by railroad. I therefore recommend, os a mil-. it*ry measure, that Congress provide for tbe Cbnstrnction of snch a road ns speedily as pos sible. Kentucky no donbt will co-operate, and through her Legislature make the most judi cious selection of a line. Tbe northern termi nus must connect with some existing railroad, and whether the route shall be from Lexington or Nicholasvilte to the Cumberland Gap, or from Lebanon to Ibe Tennessee line in the di nelion of Knoxville, or on some still different line, can easily be determined. Kentucky and the general governmeat co-operating, tbe work eon be completed inn very short time, and when done it will be not only of vast present usefulness, but also a valuable permanent im provement, worth its cost in all the temporary .future. Some treaties, designed chiefly for the inter ests of.commerce, and having no grave politi cal importance, have been negotiated and will "be submitted to the Senate for their considera tion. Although we“ Rave failed to induce some of the commercial Powers to adopt desirable melioration of the rigor of maratime war, we have removed all obstructions from the iway of this humane reform, except such os are laerely of an accidental occurrence. 1 invite your attention to the correspondence between'her Britinnic Majesty’s Minister, ac eredited to this Government, and the Secretary pf State, relative to the detention of the Brit ish Sh ip 'Perthshire, in June last, by the United States steamer Massachusetts, for a supposed breach of the blockade. As this detention was occasioned by an obvious misapprehension of * the foot* amiss justice requires that we should commit no belligerent act not founded onistrict right, as sanctioned by public law, I recomend that an appropriation be made to satisfy the. reasonable demand of the owners of the vessel for her detention. I repeat the recommendation of my predeces sor.in bis annual message to Congress in De cember last, in regard to the disposition of the surplus which will probably remain after satis fying the claims of American oirisens against China, pursuant to the awards of the commis sioners, under the Act of the 3rd of March. 1869. If, however, it should not be deemed advisable to carry that recommendation into ef fect, 1 would suggest that authority be given for investing the principal over the proceeds of thesnrptus referred to, in good securities, with a view to the satisfaction of such other just .claims of our citizens against Chinn as are not unlikely to arise hereafter in the course of our creative trade with that empire. - By the Act of the sth of August last. Congress aMborixed.the President to instruct the com manders of suitable'vessels to defend themselves against and to capture piratesi This authority bis been exercise i in a single instances only. For the more effectual protection of our exten sile and valuable commerce, in the Eastern especially, it’seems-to me that it would also 'be ad visable to authorize the commanders of sail jpg vessels to recapture any prizes which pi , pates may make of United States vessels and their en'tgpes. and-the Consular Courts now es tsffilisbed by law in Eastern countries to adju dicate the oases in event that this should not be objected to by the local authorities. .- Jt any good reason exists why we should persevere longer in withholding buprecognition of the independence and sovereignty of Hayti asd'Liberia, l am unable to discern it—unwil ling. however, to tnaogiirato a novel policy in jrfpffd; ~|ft 'then without approbation of Con- consideration; the expedi an appropriation for maintaining a •harge-de-adein-oesr each of those new States. Jideeftnol admit of doubt that important oom 'SetawtUee*,ltt^ 10 b« eecnrod bj farora . . periodTtSich bos elapsed since your adjourn ment have been conducted with Signal success. The patriotism of the peopte has placed at the dispptul of the goveaument the large means de manded by the public exigencies. Much of the National Loan has been token by citizens of the industrial classes, whose confidence in their country’s faith end seal for their coun try’s deliverance from; present peril have indu ced them to contribute to the support of the government the whole, of their limited acquisi tions. This fact imposes peculiar obligations to economy in disbursement and energy in ac tion. r Tbe revenue from all sources far the financial year endiug on the 80th of June, 1861, was $80,835,900.27, and the expenditures for the' some period, including payments on account of tbe public debt, were $84,578,834,47, leaving a balance in tbe Treasury on the Ist of July, of $2,257,065.80. For the first quarter of tbe financial year, ending on the 30th of September, 1801, the receipts from all sources, including the balance of Ist of July, were $102,000,509.27, and the expenses $98,239,738 09, leaving a balance on the Ist of October, 1861, of $4,292,- 776 18. Estimates for the remaining | of the year, and far tbe financial year 1863, together with bis views of ways and means for meeting the de mands contemplated by them, will be submitted to Congress'hy the Secretary of the Treasury. It is gratifying to know that the expenditures made necessary by the rebellion are not be yond tbe resources of. the loyal people, knd to believe that the same patriotism which has thus far sustained the Government, will continue to sustain it til! peace and union shall again bless the laud. I respectfully refer to the report of the Secre tary of War for information respecting tbe nu merical strength of. the army, and for recom mendations having in view an increase’of its efficiency and the well being of the various branches of tbe service entrusted to bis care. It is gratifying to know that the patriotism of the people has proved equal to the occasion, and that the number qf troops tendered greatly exceeds the forck-which Congress authorized me to call into the field. I refer with pleasure to those portions of his report which make allu sion to the credible degree of discipline already attained by our troops, and to the excellent sanitary condition of the entire army. The recommendation of the Secretary for the organi zation of the militia upon a uniform basis is a subject of vital importance to the future safety of the country, and iecommended to the serious attention of Congtess. The large addition to the regular army, in connection with the defec tion that has so considerably diminished the number of its officers, gives peculiar importance to bis recommendation for increasing the corps of cadets to the greatest capacity of the mili tary academy. By mere omission. I presume, Congress has failed to provide Chaplains for hospitals occupied by volunteers.' This subject was brought to my notice and I was induced to draw up the form of a letter, one Copy of which, properly addressed, has been delivered to each of the persons, and at the dates respectively named, and stated in a schedule containing also the form of the letter marked A, and herewith transmitted. These gentlemen, :X understand, entered upon the duties designated, at the limes respectively stated in' the schedule, and have labored faithfully therein ever since, and I there fore recommend that they be compensated at the same rate os Chaplains in the army, and further suggest that general provision be made for Chap lains to serve at hospitals as well as with regi ments. The report of the Secretary of the Navy pre sents in detail the operations of that branch of the service, the activity and energy which have .characterised its administration, and the results of measures to increase its efficiency and power. Such have been tbe additions, by construction and purchase, that it may almost be said a navy has been created and brought into active service since our diffiulties commenced. Besides blocka ding our extensive coast, squadrons larger than evdr before assembled under our flag have been put afloat, and performed deeds which have in creased our naval renown. ■ I would iuvite special attention to the recom mendation of the Secretary for a more perfect organization of the navy, by introducing addi tronal grades in the service. The present or ganization is defective and unsatisfactory, and the suggestions submitted by the department will, it. is believed, if adopted, obviate the diffi culties alluded to, promote harmony, and in crease the efficiency of the navy. There arc three vacancies on the bench of the Supreme Court—two by the decease of Justices Daniel and McLean, mad. one by the. resignation of Justice Campbell. I- have so far forborne making nominations to fill these vacancies, for reasons which I will: now : state. Two of the outgoing Judges resided within the States now overrun by revolt, so that if successors were appointed in the same localities they could not now serve upon their circuits, and many of the most competent men there 'probably would not take the personal hazard of accepting to serve even here upon the Supreme Bench. I have been unwilling to throw all the appointments Northward, thus disabling myself from doing justice to the South on the return of peace, although I may remark, that to transfer to the North one. which has heretofore been in the South, wohld cot, with reference to territory and ; population, be nnjust. During the long MidJmUiant judicial career of Judge McLean, his circuit grew into an empire, although too large "for anyonejudge to give the coarts therein too re than a nominal attendance! arising in popu lation from 1,470.018 in the yearlB3oto6,lsi;- 405 in the year 18G0 Besides this the country generally has outgrown our present judiciary. If uniformity was at all intended, the system requires that all the - States shall be accommo dated with Circuit Courts, attended by Supreme Judges; while, in foot, Wisconsin,- Minnesota, lowa, Kansas, Florida, Texas, - California and Oregon have never had any 1 snch Courts. Nor can this well be remedied .without a change of the system, because the adding oif Judges to the Supreme Court, enough fori the accommodation of ail parts of; the country with Circuit Courts, would create a,Court altogether: too numerous for a judicial body of any sort—and the evil of it be one which wilt increase as new Statescomc into the Union. Circuit Courts, too, are useful or theyare hot useful. If useful, noStato should be denied them. If not useful, no State should have them. Let them bo provided for all, or abolished ns to all. Three modifications occur to me, either of which, I 'think, would bo an improvement upon our present system: Let the Supreme Court be of convenient number in every eveut; then, first, let the whole country be divided into Circuits of convenient size, the Supremo Judges to serve ina nuinberof them corresponding to their own number, and inde pendent Circuit Judges be provided for all the rest; or secondly, let the Supreme Judges be relieved from Circuit duties; and Circuit Judges provided for ail the Circuits; or, thirdly dis pense with Circuit Com ts altogether, leaving the judicial function' wholly to the District Courts and an independent Supreme Court. . 1 respectfully recommend to the considera tion of Congress the present condition of the statute laws, with the hope that Congress will be able to find an easy remedy for many of the inconveniences and evils which constantly em barrass those engaged; in the practical admiatra tion of them. Since the organization of the Government, Congress has enacted some five thousand acts and joint resolutions, which fill more than air thousand closely printed pages, and - are scattered through many volumes. Many of these' acts have been drawn in and without sufficient caption, so shat thegr provis ioas are often obscure in themselves or in oon- Jlet with; eaeh other, or at least so doubtful as to iender it very difficult for even tbs bestin formed persons to ascertain precisely wbat the I statute law really is. It seems tS6 me very im* i | portent that the statute laws should be made as ! plain and intelligible as possible, and be seduced | : to as small a compass' as may consist with the J l fullness and precision of the will of the Legis- j ! Istnrfe and the perspicuity of its language.— I This, weli done, would, I think, greatly facili j tate the labors of those whose duty it is to as* I sist in the administration of the laws, and would j 1 be a lasting benefit to the people, by placing j J before them in a more accessible and Intelligi ■ ble form, the laws which so deeply concern I j their interests and their duties. lam informed, j I by some whose opinions I respect, that all the • ; Acts of Congress now in force and of a perma- ! | oent and general nature, might be revised and | | re-written so as to be embraced in one volume, : j or at most, two volumes, of ordinary and couveni- \ ! ent size; and I respectfully recommend to Con* | gress to consider the subject, and if my sag- j gestion be approved, to devise such plan as in , their judgment shall seem proper for the attain* i ment of the end proposed. \ One of the unavoidable consequences of the j present insurrection is the entire suppression, I in many places, of all ordinary means of adotin. i istering civil justice by the officers and in the forms ; of existing law. This is the case, in whole or in part, in all the insurgent States; and as our or- j ■ mies advance upon and take possession of parts ! I of those States, the evil becomes more apparent. j There are no courts nor officers to whom citi- : zens of other States may apply for the enforce* j meat of their lawful claims against citizens of 1 j the insurgent States, and there is avastamount of debt constituting such claims. Some have estimated it as high ns $200,000,000 due in a large part from insurgents in open rebellion, to loyal citizens Who are even now making great sacrifice in the discharge o, their patriotic duty to support the Government. Under these circum - j stances I have beep urgently solicited ttrestab- ( Usb, by military power, courts to administer 1 summary justice iu such cases. I have thus far ) declined todo it; not because I had any doubt ! that the end proposed—the collection of the j debts—was just and right, but because I have * been unwilling to go beyond the pressure of ne- 1 ; ceasity in the unusual exercise of powers; but I j the powers, of Congress, I suppose, are equal to j the anomalous occasion; and therefore I refer* the whole matter to Congress, with a hope that a plan may be devised for the administration o£ justice in all such parts of the insurgent States and territories as may be under the control of this Government, whether by a voluntary return to allegiance and order, or by the power of our arms. This, however, jnot to be a permanent institution, bat a temporary substitute, and to cease as soon as the ordinary courts can bo ro establisbed in peace. It i« important that some more convenient means should be provided, if possible, for the adjustment of claims against the government, especially in view of the increased number by reason of the war. It is as much the duty of the government to render prompt justice against itself in favor of .citizens, as it U to administer the same between private individuals. The investigation and njudlcation of claims in their nature belong to thejudici.il department besides i* is apparent that t£»e attention of Congress will be more than usually engaged for some time to come with great National questions. It was intended by the organi zation of the Court of Claims mainly to remove this branch of business from the hailsof Congress, but while the Court has proved to bo an effective and valuable moans of inves tigation, it in a great degree foils to effect the object of its creation, fur want of power to make its judgments final.— Fully aware of the delicacy (not to say the danger) of the subject, I commend to your careful consideration, whether this power of making judgments final may not properly be given to the ,Court, reserving the right of appeal on questions of law, to the Supreme Court, with such other provisions as experience may have shown to be necessary. I oak attention to th** report of the Postmaster General, the following being a summary statement of the condition of the Department. The revenue from all sources, during iho fiscal year ending Juno 30, 1801, including the annual permanent appropriation of $700,000 for the transportation of free in ail mutter, was $9,049,206 40, belngabuut two per cent, less than the revenue for 1860. In the same time the expenditures: were $13,606,759 11, showing a decrease of more than eight per cent, os compared with those of the previous year, and leaving an excess of expenditures over the revenue for the last fiscal year of $4,557,462 71. The gross revenue for the year ending June 30th, 1863. U esti mated at on increase of four percent, on that of 1861, ma king $0,683,000, to which should bo added the earning of the department In carrying free matter, viz: s7uff,ooo, making $9,383,000. The total expenditures for 1863 are estimated at $12,528,000, leaving an estimated deficiency of $3,145,000, to bo supplied from the Treasury in addition to tin) permanent appropriation. The present insurrection shows, I think, that the extension of this District across the Potomac river at the time of establishing the Capitol here was eminently wise, and consequently that the relin quishment of that portion of it which lies within the State of Virginia was unwise and dangerous. I submit for your conslderatiori tho expediency of requiring that part of the District am! the restoration of tho original boundaries thereof, through negotiations with the State of Virginia. The reporter he Secretary of the Interior, with the ac companying documents, exhibits the condition of the sev eral branches of the public business pertaining to tho De partment. The depressing influences of tho insurrection have been especially felt in the operations of tho Patent and General Dand Offices. The cash receipts from the safe of public lands during the past year have exceeded the ex penses of our land system only about $200,000. The sales have suspended in the Southern States, while tho interruptions to the business of tbe country, and the diversion of large numbers of men from labor to military service have obstructed settlements in the new States and Territories of the Northwest. Tuo receipts of the Patent Office liavo declined in nine mouths about rendering a large reduction of the force employed necessary to make itself-snstaining. The demand upon the Pension Office will be largely increased hy the insurrection. Numerous applications for pensions, hosed upon the carnalities of the existing war have already been made. There is reason to believe that many who are now upon the pension rolls and in receipt of the bounty of the goreinoient are in the ranks of the iusurgcutarmv, or giving them old comfort. The Secretary or the Interior has directed a suspension of the payment of tho pensions of such persons open proof of their disloyalty. 1 recom mend that Congress authorize that officer to cause the names of such persons to be stricken from the pension rolls. The relation* of the government with the ludian tribes have been greatly disturbed by the insurrection, especially in the Southern shperintendency and in that of New Mex ico, The Indian country South of-Kaneas is in possession of insurgents from Texas and Arkansas. Agents of the United States, appointed since tho 4th of March for this snperintendency, have been unable to reach their posts, while the most of those who were In office before that time have espoused the insurrectionary cause and assume to exercise tho powers of agents, by virtue of commissions from the insurrectionists, Ifhas been stated in tho pub lic press that a portion of these Indians have been organ ized as a military force, and are attached to the army of the insurgents. Although tho government has no official information upon this subject, letters have been written to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, by several promi nent chiefs, giving assurance of their loyalty to the United States, and expressing a wish fer the presence of Federal troops to prefect them. It is believed that upon the re possession of the country by tho Federal forces; thelmlians will readily cease all hostile demonstrations and resume their former rulntkma - k o the government. Agriculture, confessedly the largest interest of tho na tion, has not a department nor a bureau, but a clerkship assigned to it in tho government. While it is fortunate that this great interest is so independent In its nature as not to have demanded and extorted more from the govern ment, 1 respectfully ask Congress to consider whether something more cannot be given voluntarily with' general advantage. Annual reports exhibiting the condition of oar agricul ture, commerce am! manufacture would present a fond of information of great practical value to tho country. While I make no suggestion os to details. I venture the opinion that an agricultural and statistical bureau might profitably be organized. Tho execution of tho laws fur the suppres sion of the African slave trade has been confined to tho Uepaitment of tho Interior. It is a subject of gratuation that the efforts whi :h have been made for the suppression of this inhuman traffic have been recently attended with unusual success. Five vessels being fitted out for the slave trade bate been seized and condemned. Two mates of ves sels engaged in the tiadc and one person in equipping a vessel as a slaver have been convicted and subjected to the penalty of fine and imprisonment, and onb captain taken with a cargo of Africans on board his vessel has been con victed of the .highest grade of offence nnder our laws, the punishment of which is death. The territories ef Colorado, Dekotah and Nevada, created by the last Congress, bare been organized.and civil administration has been Inaugura ted therein, under auspices especially gratifying, when it Is considered that the leaven of treason was found existing In some of these new cnnntries when the Federal officers ar rived there. The abundant natural resources of these Ter ritories, with the security and protection afforded by or ganized government, will doubtless invite to them a large immigratiun;wbeo peace shall restore tho business of the country to its accustom -d channels. . I submit the molntMns of the Legislature of Colorado, which evidence the patriotic spirit of the pt*oplo of the tor litory.- So far, the authority of the United States has been upheld hi all the territories, as it is hoped It will be In future. I commend their Interests and defence to the en lightened and generous care of Congress. I recommend to the favorable consideration of Congress the interests of the District of Columbia. The Insurrection has been the cause of much suffering and sacrifice to its inhabitants, and as they have no representative in Congress, that should not overlook their Jnst chums upon the Government. At your late session » Joint resolution was adopted, gutbor king the President to take measures for Gkcilliating a pro per representation of the industrial Interests of the United States at the exhibition of the industry of all nations, to be holden at London In the year 1862. I regret to say 1 have been unable to give personal at tention to this subject—-a subject at once so interesting in Itself and so extensively and Intimately connected with the toeterial prosperity of the world. Through the fiecrrtarlss of State pud of the Interior a plan or system has been de- Tined sad partly teat wed, and which will bo told before you. Under tad by vfttOe of the act of Cangreet entitled «in Act to confiscate property used for taeaiTectioaary pnt poteg”—approved Anguet 6,1861, the legal claims of eer> persona to the labor and service of certain oth er persons bare become forfeited and numbers of the Utter, thus liberated, am already dependent on the United States and most be provided for in some way. Be sides (his it Is not impossible that some of the States will pass enactments for their own benefits respectively, and by operation of which persons of the same class will be thrown open them for disposal. In such case 1 recom mend that Congress provide for accepting soch persona from snch States, according to tome mode of valuation is lien profc&nto of direct* taxes or open some other plan to be agreed on with each Stated respectively that snch persons* on such acceptance by the genera! government, be at once declared free, and that In auy event, steps be taken for col onizing both classes, or (he one first mentioned, if the other shall not he brought into existence, at some place or places in a climate congenial to (hem. it might be well to consider, too, whether the free colored people alrerdy in the United States could not, so for as individuals may desire, be included in such colonization. To carry out the plan of colonization may involve the acquiring of territory, and also the appropriation of money beyond that to be expen ded in the territorial acquisition, paring practiced the acquisition of territory fur nearly sixty years, the question of constitutional power to do so is no longer an open one. With us the power was questioned at first by Mr. Jefferson, who, however, In the purchase of Louisiana, yielded bis scruples on the plea of great expediency. If it be said that the only legitimate object of acquiring territory is to fur nish homes for white men, this measure effects that object, for the emigration of colored men leaves additional room for white men remaining or coming here. Air. Jefforson, however, placed the importance of procuring Louisiana more on political and commercial grounds than procuring room for population. 6a the whole proposition, including the appropriation of ] money, with the acquisition of territory, does not the ex pediency amount to absolute necessity that without which the government itself cannot be perpetuated! Thu war continues. In considering the policy to bo adop ted for suppic&siog the insurrection, 1 have been anxious and careful that the inevitable conflict fortbepurposeshall not degenerate into a violent and remorseless revolution-' ary struggle. 1 have, therefore, in every wase, thought U r proper to keep-tfau integrity of the Union prominent as the ; primary object of the contest on our part, leaving all qnes- j li-ma which are not of vital military importance to the j more deliberate action of tbe Legislature. In the exercise I of my best discretion 1 have Adhered to the blsckiideof tho j ports held by the insurgents Instead of putting in force by i proclamation the law of Congress, enacted at the late soe ston, for closing those ports. So also, obeying the dictates of prudeucc, os well as the obligations of lows, instead of transcending. 1 have adhered to the act of Congress to con fiscate property used for insurrectionary purposes. If a new law upon the same subject shall be pioposcd. its pro priety will be duly considered. The Union must be pre served, and hence, all iudispcnsiole means must be cm ploed. We should nut be in I taste to determine that rad ical and extreme measures, which may reach tbe loyal as well as the disloyal, are indhpeusiblo.. Tbe inaugural ad dress, at the beginning of the administration, m.d the mes sage to Congress at the late special session, were both main ly devoted to tbe domestic controversy ont of which tbe insurrection and consequent w»r have sprung. Nothing now occurs to add to or subtract fjvm the principles or general purposes stated and expressed in tliosedocumcnts. The last ray of hope for preserving tbe Uition peaceably expired with the assault upon Fort Sumpter, and a gener al review of what has occurred since may not be unprofit able What was painfully uncertain then is much better defined and mere distinct, aud the progress of events is plainly in tbe right diction. The in-urgent* claimed a strong support from North of Mahon's and Dixon's line, - and the friends of the Union were not free from apprehen sion on that point. This, however, was soon settled defi nitely, and on the right side. South of the line, noble lit tle Delaware led off right from the first, Maryland was made to seem against the Union, and our soldiers were as sailed, bridges were burned nud railroads were turn up within her limit*, and we were many days, at one time, without the ability to bring a single regiment over her soil to the capital. Nov her bridge*and railroads are repaired and open to the government. She already give* seven re giments to the cause of tho Union, and none. to‘he enemy, and her people, ut a regular election, huve sustained the cause of the Union by a larger majority and a larger ag gregate rote than they ever before gave to any cundkhltc o« any question. Kentucky, tou, for wme time in doubt, is now decidedly, and, 1 think, unchangeably ranged on the side of the Union. Missouri is comparatively quiet, and, 1 believe, cannot again be overrun by the insurrec tionists.' These three States, Maryland. Kentucky and Missouri, neither of which would premise a single soldier at first, have now an aggregate of not less than 40,000 iu the field for the Union, while of their certainly not more than a third of that number, and they of doubtful whereabout* and doubtful existence, are In arms against it. After a a mewlmt bloody struggle of mouths, winter closes on the Union people of Ve,-tern Virginia leaving them musters of their own country.' An Insurgent force of about 1.600 for months dominating the narrow peninsu lar region constituting the comities of Accomec and North ampton, and known as the Eat-tern Shore of Virginia, to gether with some contiguous parts of Maryland, have laid down their arms, aud the people there have renewed their allegience and accepted the protection of the old flag. This leaves no armed insurrectionists North of (ho J*oto mne, nor Erst of the Chesapeake. Also we have obtained a footing at each of the Isolated points on tbe Southern coast of Hatteras, Port Royal. Tybee Island, nev Savan nah, and Ship Island, and we likewise have some general accounts of popular movements in behalf of the Union in North Carolina and Tennessee. These things demonstrate that tho cause of tho Union is advancing steadily South ward. Since your lari adjournment Lieut Gen Scott hee retired from the hcau of tho army. During his long life the*oa tion has nut been unmindful of his merit, yet on calling to mind how’faithfully and brilliantly he has served thecoun try from a time fat back in our history, when few of the now living had been born, and thenceforward continually. I cannot but think w« are still his debtors. 1 submit, therefore, for your consideration, what further mark of recognition la due to him and ourselves as a grateful peo ple. With tho retirement of Gen. Scott came the Kxecu tlve duty of api»ointing in his stead a general-in-chief of the army. It is a fortunate -drcumriance that neither in council or couulay was there, so fur as known, any'differ ence of opinion os to the proper person to be selected. The retiring chief repeatedly expressed his judgment in favor of Gen. McClelland for the position, anti in this the nation seemed to give a unanimous concurrence. Thcdes ignation of Gen. McClelland is, therefore, in a considera ble degree, the selection of the country, as well ns of the Executive, and hence there is letter reason to hope there will be him the confidence and cordial support thus by fair implication promised, and without which he cannot with so full efficiency serve the country. It is said one bad General is better than two good ones, and thesaying is true if taken to mean no more than that an army Is bet ter directed by a single mind, though inferior, than by two superior ones at variance and cross purposes with each other, and the same is true in all joint operations wherein those engaged can have none but a common end In view, and can differ only as ?■< the choice of moans. In a storm at sea, no one on board can wish the ship to sink, and yet, not nnfrequently all go down together, because toomanv will direct, and no single mind can be allowed to control it. Every day continues to develop© that the insurrection is largely, if not exclusively, a war upon tho first principles .of popular government, the rights of tho people. Conclu sive evidence of this is found in tho most grave and ma turely considered public documents, as well as in the gen eral tone of the insurgents. In those documents; we find the abridgement of tho existing right of suffrage and the denial to the people of all right to participate in theselec lion of public officer?, except the legislature, boldly advo cated with Inhered arguments to prove that large control of the people In the government is the source of all politi cal evil. Monarchy itself is sometimes hinted at as a pos sible refuge from the power of the people. In the present position, I could scarcely be justified were I to omit raising voice against thisapproach of returning despotism '♦lt is not needed, nor fitting here, that a general argu ment should be made in favor of popular institutions, but there is one point, with its connection, not so hackneyed as most others, to which I ask a brief attention. It Is the effort to place capital on an equal footing with. If not above labor, in the structure of government It is presumed that labor is available only In connection with capital; that nobody labors unless somebody else owinng capital, somehow, by the use of it, induces him to labor. This as sumed. it is next considered whether it is best that capital shall hire laborers, nnd thus induce them to workbythelr own consent, or buy them, and drive them to it without their consent. Having proceeded so fiir, it la naturally con cluded that ail laborers are either hired laborers or what we call slaves; and further, it Is assumed that whoever is once a hired laborer is fixed in that condition for life.— Now there is no sucli relation between capital and labor as assumed, nor Is there any such thing as a free man being fixed for life in the condition of a hired Wbcrer. Both these assumptions are false, and all inferences from them are groundless. Labor is prior to and independent of cap ital. Capital i* only tho fruits of labor, and could never hare existed if labor liad not first existed. Labor is supe rior to capital, and deserves much thebigherconaldoratlou. Capital has Its rights, which are as worthy of protection asany other rights; nor Is it denied that there Is, and probably always will be, a relation between tabor aful cap ital producing mutual benefits. The error is in assnming that the whole laboring community exists >rithin that re lation. A few men own capita! aud that feyr would labor themselves, and with their capital hire or buy another few to labor for them. A large majority belong to neither class; neither work for others nor have others working for them. In most of the Southern States a majority of tho people of all colors nro neither slaves nor masters, while in tho Northern States a largo majority are neither hirers or hired. Men. with their families, wives, suns and dangh tors, work for themselves on their farms, in their homes and in their shops, taking the whole product to themselves and asking no favors of capital on theonehnndnorofhlrcd laborers on tho ether. It is not forgotten that a conaWer able number of persona mingle their own labor with capi tal, that is they lal»or with their own hands and also buy or hire others to labor for them, but this is only a mixed and not n distinct class No principle stated is disturbed by the existence of this class. Again, as has already been sa»d, there is not. of necessity, any snch thing as the free hired laborer being fixed to that condition for life. Many independent mou everywhere in these Status, a few yetre back in their 1 Ives, were hired laborers. The prudent, nen cllcss beginner in-the world labors for wag“ 4 awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land for himself, then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires nnothea new beginner tn help him. TblsW thetust and generous and prosperous system, which opens the way to all. gives hope to all and consequently energy and pro ” a *‘- No men living are more worthy to be trusted than those who toil np from poverty, none less inclined to take or touch anght which they have not faooestlv earned. Let them bewrtre of surrendering a poheal 1 power which ‘ nd bordcß ’ *l°* thtm From the first taking of our National Census to the last. Jf" P'r*”’J' nd »* flßd ourpopoUtion it the end of the period elghttime. u greet uif was at the beginning. i “ r .'*“ or <•«>« thing, which men deeSux* <£ lirihle, ha. been neo g renter. tfe thm Hite itbobvicw Iwbot tlw popular pr’aclph applied throogh ■ the machinery of the State* aad tbe Union has i in a gins time, aad alto whet, if fimlr mttataiaed, It j promisee for tbe tatnre. Tbereare already among nethate ■ who, if tbe Unlos be pn-eemd, will IH« toeee It contain . 250.000,000. The struggle of to-day ie net altogether for 1 today—it t*tur« vest feture aleo» With a reliance on ! Providence all the more firm tad earnest, let a* proceed io the greatfoMk which event* beer devolved mum no. AttUIUMUNCOLN. : WauumMii Dee. 3d» 186 V OCR ARMY CORRESPONDENCE. Camp Hamilton, near Forint* Monroe, IV, \ November 23d, 1801. J Missus. Editom: —l suppose yimr readers, and particularly those having friends in the 76th | Regiment P. V., will be glad to hear of our I whereabouts. Well, on Sunday morning- last, we were notified at Camp Cameron, that on Mon day we would leave for Washington. All that day everything waa bustle aud excitement, and on Monday morning our tents were.struck,,the baggage was packed up, and at 4.30 P. M. ire bade farewell to Camp Cameron and our many . new-fonnd friends, and took up our march for : Harrisburg. Tbe Regiment marched directly to I the rear of tbe Capitol, where we found the 65th Pennsylvania drawn up in line, awaiting our arrival. The State Colors Were then pre seated to the two regiments, by the Governor, who. informed us that we would go to South i Carolina, and that he hoped we would be present [at the burning of Charleston. Rev. Agaew, Chaplain of our regiment, responded on behalf ;of Col. Power. The ceremony being ended ne marched to the P. R. B. depot, and at 9 P. M. we took seats in tbe oars for Baltimore. We reached that city at 8.30 A. M., and marched direct to the Camden street depot. Dinner was provided by the Relief Committee of Baltimore, when we were ordered to fall in and march.— Then we found .that our destination, was changed; that, instead of going to Washingtpn, we were to go direct to Portress Monroe. The boats “Georgiana” and “Louisiana” were provided for our use, and we - accordingly marched on board of tbe two steamers. It was fully dark when wo cast loose from the wharf and bade good-bye to friendly soil. After we'bad pro ceeded a few miles down tbe bay, the moon rose in all its glory—os it were, from tbe bosom of the deep—and a prettier sight it has never been my. privilege to behold. Tbe bay seemed tobe one vast sheet of silver, and 1 sat long gazing upon it, thinking of home and the many friends I bad left behind, and wandering whether I should ever have the privilege of meeting them once more. We passed several places of interest on the way. Among them tho most conspicuous are Sorts McHenry and Carroll. Fort McHenry was bombaftled by the British in the last war with England and is rendered memorable as furnishing tbe occasion for the composition of that glorious old song, “The S:nr Spangled Banner,” while the- engagement was going on. It is now in good condition for defence, having one of the most powerful water batteries in the United States. It is also well protected on the land side, and well garrisoned. Fort Carroll is placed in the middle of the bay, about six miles below Fort McHenry.- It was constructed by driving piles in tbe bed of the bay, so as to form a sort of pen or enclo sure, and then filfing op with stones, of large size It is yet in an incomplete state. A re markable feature in this Fort, is, Unit it contains an artesian well which penetrates Beneath the bottom of the bay and supplies large quanti ties of fresh water. About 5 A. M-, on Wednesday we arrived at Fortress Monroe, and fastened to the wharf. By noon we hud landed and marched out to withiu about a mile of tho village of Hampton, and within about four miles of (he enemy’s pickets. There were four regiments encamped in the vicinity of th« Fortress when we arrived; and since wc landed, the doth, 55th, and 97th Pennsylvania Regiments have arrived and en camped near us. Others are expected shortly. From our camp we can see Sewell’s Point, New port News, and, with the aid pf a glass. Craney Island and some of the batteries on the James River. , For the first time I sow, yesterday, the rebel flag. It was floating in the breeze on one side of the bay, and the Union ensign on the other. I will close this letter, already too lengthy, by giving you a list of the Field, Staff and Company Officers of thd 76th Regiment P. V.: Colonel, John M. Power, Johnstown, Pa, Lieut Colonel, D 11. Wallace, New Castle. Major. 0. M. Irwin, of Blair county. Quartermaster, Cbas. Garrelson, of York Co. Quartermaster Sergeant, W. King, Bedford. Commissary Sergeant, W. F. Rysinger, York. S.erg t Major, J. M Cormick, Iloliidaysburg, Surgeon, K. R. Soboll, Reading. * Assistant Surgeon, J. Siemens, "Easton. Chaplain, B. L. Agnew, Cambria county. Co. A, Captain J. C. Campbell, Lawrence Co. "o, “ Strawbridge, Mercer 41 “C, •• J. W. Hicks. Blair “ I>. “ C. Biller, Yor.k “E, “ Henry Rice, Bedford “ “V, *< Henry Wayne, Blair << “ G. “ J. J. Baird. Indiana •« " a, ** A. Hamilton, Luzerne lt “ L “ H. C., Mclntire, York “ “ Kj “ J. S. Littell, Beaver •• In my next I shall give you' a description of my first visit to tho burnt village of Hampton, together with any items of information regard ing daily events, which I may imagine will in terest your readers. ’ J. R, F. Soldier Killed.— Last Friday morning the body of a soldier wag found lying across the railroad track, in tho lower part of the town, and upon examination! it wait found to have beep run over by cars; the right arm was si most cut from the shoulder, and the wheel had evidently passed over the breist and the upper part of the abdomen. A corronerVinquestwaa held by Esquire Snare, and a verdict of death from injuries received by being run over by the cars, rendered. The name of I the deceased was Patrick McLaughlin, a private in the McClellan regiment, tbe same individual Who bad his thumb shot off in the fight in! this place a few weeks ngo. He had been lying around intoxi cated in this place for several days, and it is supposed was overcome by liquor, and unable to get off the track when run over. The body was placed in a hastily constructed box and sent. east. —Huntingdon Journal, Wbat a delightful place Id litre ia New must be! The leveed deserted—ships rotting py the riverside—storehouse abandoned to the rats—shops closed at noon en Canal and St. Ctmrles streets—the gross cropping from the chinks of the pavements i Nothing “doing” —no vessels coining in or gping pat—nobody bnvlßg any money—nobody paying his debts. *£!s * ve J7‘l>«ng so aristocratically dear! f or * per barrel; lard -45 cents per pound: bacon 86 and .40 eents per pound—and no po> tatoesm market, hi addition to this, crime rampant—drunkenness and licentiousness put *f n ? PjW*® decency to the blush—* hostile Heef a few hours distant,; threatening to destroy Oiopityi. 8o early and terribly h£e been the frafte of treason cipsnSd! / J - ;*r letter froth Xlaaoorj' [Through the kindeeea of Dr. J. jj. c I we are permitted towepy the I from a letter receivedby him, tifrwdly, ■ I from an old reeiderit'ef Alexandria, I cowty, bat more recently of Ebenabtto J raHietis Wwadi] • ***l Cbauiwi Co . \r„ I ■November 81st,- ’\ I D»- J. M. OcMlW—2>«oriSnr;—• ♦ , J I was seven yean, on the 11th of thi* 0 I since we left Ebensburg, end in that leagu I time I bare bad to pare through many M,r| some of which were rather severe, bat theless, I bare had some sweet with the bit I We hare all had goad health,' and enjoyed ] selves very much, part of the time. I h I worked hard in opening np and enclosing ninety acres of ground, and putting , p J necessary buildings, and was jnst about fiw as I thought, tp live comfortably; but thj how uncertain is everything in the of aome men, and I appear to be one of fated some. This unfortunate war has bluy all my hopes, so for es Missouri is You are, no doubt, informed that our Stste rebellion against the general Government, aa a necessary consequence, is at war withjj herself. -We stand, at present, pretty equaHy divided—loyal and rebel —and, as is the caati» all civil wars and rebellions, we ar* very bittj one against the other—so mnch so that inmuj places it is unsafe to go about alone. Doctor, you (who I trust are living in peaces 1 harmony in old Pennsylvania,) can fora N idea of bow bad it really is in this State, fh rebels, in some instances, have shot down tit sens while at their work. At one time th t , Jlk two children tchile at their plays, and at nuothn time a young girl of seventeen was shot d on without eanse 1 I have been living in suspense since A up, last. For six weeks I watched every night [ have saved myself and horses thus far, mj u things look now, and have for some time p ast i expect to weather it through— at least uaiiii can dispose of what I haye, and then I B (U bij good-bye to Missouri. This State is financially ruined, and, in aj I opinion, will be a battle-ground for years u I come/ Indeed, I cannot see how it can be oii. I erwise. The people are of that material I know no such word as -surrender, and one »fj I Hot give up to the other. Nearly all the Uij, I slave-holders are Union men, while four-fifth I of the others—at least that portion in the rebel I nrmy—are men and boys who never did 1 never will be able to own a slave, in a neigh- I boring county it has been ascertained that thru I out of every four that are in the rebel arc; I can neither read nor write. This county [ I hove no doubt, shout like the one referred to, 1 The rebels arc largely in-the majority hen. I There are not more than two hundred loyal men I in this county, and more than half of thentn I in this township. Wo have about thirty men is I the United States service, among them my w I Marshal!. They are taking a great deal of cot I trnband property, breaking up rebel camps, uj I killing some of them as a matter of consequence, 1 The regiment is commanded by Col. John D, I Forster, a native of Missouri and a slave-ovate, I who has no mercy on the rebels with whom be | comes in contact. The rebels call him-as they I do all Union men—an Abolitionist The head-1 quarters of the regiment is at Macon City, abut twenty-five miles from this place, on the Ilanni bal & St- Joseph Bail Road, which, by the by, has suffered considerable loss from the depre dations of cowardly febels, who are afraid is go into the army and fight manfully. Amatj them is a certain old Jjmmy Vincent, a Presby terian preacher, whp was shot in the back while endeavoring to bum-the Thayer bridge. (Pit; it had not been in his-old head!) Just here I will remark that the preachers of the 51. E Church South are rebels, to a man. A ter I weeks since, when the Conference was in sessist * in Glasgow, a man camo to the door of tic t church and told the preachers that the I. tj I troops were codling. Immediately the preaches I left the stand and ail broke and ran; two d I them left town without their horses.' It vu 1 1 false alarm, bat shows that “the wicked fits'l when no man pursueth.” Such is secession - I these parts. { I'have beard of several secessionists, or fare I sympathizers, iu the North, but I trust you in I not of that number, and 1 therefore will nr I ture to make a few more remarks on tbj I ject of this unfortunate war, by way of opino.r I and first let me say that I am in no way ny-' I sible for assisting to bring on this trouble, larij I been n ward! supporter of Stephen A. Doojia I and I would to God that he had beca eiedfi I and lived. lam not the apologist of the pij I in power, bat lam the friend of what I beii* ll I to ho the best Government on earth, and thnr I believing, I must be allowed to snpponib present Administration in helping to save it- I must admit that in my opinion it is weak, id in some instances, I fear, reckless —at It* 3 manages badly. I fear it Jrill (but I ardently hope it won’t—no, never!) agree to a coop*- raise.* We must save the old Flag and Govtn meut, or let her be struck from the map of **■ tions. Let ns spend -the last dollar and give d* last man before wo submit to the latter, fit neither are worth saving if this Government ii either lost or divided. To divide it is to loo* it in subdivided fragments (see Mexico,) whieh will besoms an. easy prey to the vultures that are hovering around it. I fear the rebels ha* been underrated thus far, but for the future 1 look for better. I nm still unchanged in opinion Hk to the length of the struggle; it be long and dreadful, but cheap at any cost of life and treasure if the Government is only ssvrii as I firmly believe it will be. Onr old Legislature, that was decapitated W the Convention, has met again, near the South ern line of the State, and passed another secession,, and sent on an agent to be admiU® into the would-be Southern Confederacy. this matters not'; we have a Provisional Gotti*-- menf that is loyal tor the United States.- * * * •- *- * * * Your* truly, 5 ROBERT GARMON t* Our elroog old Colon fHend need hote no pneoeot idffllnWnrtwi compromising with the teW*,, wo thiok on thii, if he cut get the new* we h»« hJSj It moro thnn eeer eooTinced of the eocceM of li e oothorttieo. Thotnuutgetneot ofmfflrtre in Ml*** oo ’ h»i iwt been itetlt fimiH bo,hoe creeled ■Oludt of the China people ofttateieUoo, hot unaw™’ new Wgulotlooo wo hope ell win oo»» ont rlght.-»»i fkpoim: If ,'t / 3 i 'i :c ALTOON Thursday, dec: TkWPMtIMU* BBk V> P»J“ C “ potion*. It i< tl> BTfbtlioathf. Whfre »df«r »uikU*m«'«y. »J»etbff ono. gi.. tho »d«rti»*r Uif full It 8. SI. PETTI* DIUM itral, Booton, «t* I JViiiow, and th* Moit lofluo' yitqmtli lit tbe Onlml I# •r* ontlwriud to eoutr*et£»r ■Taw M*BBAO*.r Qtsi of James P• Bar burgh Morning Pott , ait early extra con tail coin’s Annual Mess to present our readen tk|ia mornipg. It h usual variety, but th message will induce i look our shortcoming Pott has our hearty th illo&RIBLE Ap (Wednesday) moruii hauling one of the U bptwecn.this place a np while standing on ton Hamilton station, ohgineer, Daniel FLs Benjamin Gushard. thrown about sevent engine and was horr fireman was also thro taneo and terribly ct ether persons about t have been able to let Fisher was brought t he resided, on the leaves a wife and twi was a single man a Patterson, to which j taken for interment. Sab Calamity.- tressing accidents w notice, occurred it County, on Wcdnesi appears that Mr. 1\ i a short time previou pounds of powder blasting a well. II damped be placed it :the stove, to dry, dent occurred, Mi something on the a portion of the pot the remainder on took a broom and the stove, by which became ignited, pre plosion, and burninj child ’■ in a most ho child died on the F • T Ing from the effects H. is now lying in i hopes of her rccovt -Her face, arms and ( burned and much s 1 a pi table sight to ic badly burned on thi they are not nccessa We were ini ting that J. Wells vis one of the tu« Body Guard. He I moot therein, if w« hat did not report neglected at the sd Max. Kephart, foi the.shops in this f The Guard passed 1 tbair way to Kent A finer looking and ( of men we have appointments are ii armed with a ei revolver and a bon log ia of the very trimmed neatly wi Thek half-hats h a small black pit The appearance ol it to the State, an denee that theirac ihe oiticcn soldtc HI- 0 " iriend| atairs, are oontin factions of thei W|| of ladies' ft are now opening of «hawla, cloaks, at bargains. Cal rf them even the wil tako p
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