-V A NATIONAL PAPER, PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 34, NOPTH FIFTH.STRBET, PHILADELPHIA [No. 152 of Vol. IV.] new go nstitution F R A N C E. DtcKUD i)the National ConV entioH. fftCLARATION of the RIGHTS of MAN ani of -4 the CITIZEJf. PREAMBLE THE French People, convinced that the neg lect and contempt of the Natural Rightsof Man are the sole causes of misery in the world, have resolved to set forth in a solemn declara tion thol'c sacred and unalienable rights, to ihe end'that, it being in the power of every Citizen to compare at all times the proceedings of go vrrnment, with the end Of every focal com. •past they may never fuller themselves to be op prelfed and debased by tyranny ; that the people m,y ever have before their eyes'thc bafts ol their liberty and happiness ; the magistrate, the ex lent Of his duty ; the legator, the object of his aopointment. . Wuh these vitws ihey proclaim in the pre. fence of the Supreme Being, the following de. elar'i'tion of the Rights of Man and ol the Cm Art. I. Ybr'end of all [rtclfXv ...v,-., !s the public haopm -isV Government is eftablilbed to secure v to Man the enjoyment of his natural and impre •fcrip'iblc rights. 11. These rights are equality, liberty, lecu rity, property. , . , 111. All men are equal by nature and in the eye of the law. IV The law isthefrefeand solemn expreflion bf the general will ; it operates equally on all, whether by piotedling or punishing; it can command only what is jiift and ufelul to Tociety, arid prohibit only what is hurtful. V All Citizens aie equally admiflible to pub lic employments. A free people know no other motive of prclerence in their clefiions than vir luc and talents. ' . 'VI. Libf.rty is the power which Man pol felTe* of doiiig whatever is not hurtful to the rights of others. It is founded in nature; its bounds are marked bv justice; law forms its proteflion, and its moral limits are dehned in this m.axiin— Do not V> others, what you would not wifti done to vourlelf. VII. The light of exprefiing thoughts and opinions either through the medium of the prers, or a,ny other manner ; the right of quietly alicm bllne ; the free exercise of relijnouf worlhip, cannot be prohibited. The neccffity of making mention of these rights, supposes the presence or tbf recent remembrance ot despotism. VIII. Security is the protc&ion afforded ' by society to'tach of its Members for the pre fervatibn of his person, rights, and property. IX.' The law (hould protcfl; public and indi vidual liberty against the oppression of thole Hvho govern- , X. No one can be accused, arretted or de tained, but in the cases laid down in the law, and agreeably to the forms prescribed. Every Citizen fumtoon'dor arretted under the autho rity of the law, (hould immediately obey, y refinance he renders himfelf XI. Every proceeding against a Citrzen out of the reach or without the forms prefer 1 bed by the law, is arbitrary and tyrannical ; the per on against whom it {hould be attempted to be exe cuted by force, has the right to repel it by force, XII. Those who folic.it, dispatch, fig", exe cute, orcaufe to be executed, arbitrary atts, are ; guHtv* and deftrve punilhment. XIII. Everyman being presumed innocent "until he has been declared guilty ; if it > s judged nece(Taryfo arrt-ft him, all unnecessary rigour in fccuHng Hitn, (hould be severely prohibited by the law. XIV. No one (hould be judged and punilh ed until he ha 6 been heard, or legally *ppea e , unless he conges nnder a law made public before the perpetration of the crime; the aw "ptfjirih'rng actions* performed before its exilUnce is tyrannical; the retrofpeftive effect of any law is criminal. XV. The law (hould only decree punish ment's ftrittly and evidently necessary : -the pu tiiftiment (hould be proportioned to the crime, and ufeful to society. XVI. The right of property belongs to every citizen ; it is the right of enjoying Sua dilpol ing at his will of his goods, revenues, or the fruits of his labour and indoftry. XVII. No species of labour, culture, or com merce, can be prohibited* XVIII. Every man may bargain for hit ler vices and his lime; but he can neither fel lm felf nor be fold. His person is not alienable property. The law acknowledges no fetvitude; there can be but an engagement to petform and to 'pay an equivalent, between the man who works and his employer. XIX. No one can be deprived of the lealt portion of his propeitv, without his consent, W5 the public necessities legally afcertaincd ' require it, and under condition ot an adequite and nrevious compeflfation. . XX. No contribution can be required except for the general benefit. All citizens have a to concur in fixing the contributions; to infpeft the expenditure of rhent, and to require accounts of that expenditure. XXI. Publit succours areafacred debt. The . focicty owes relief to unfortunate etnzens, either bv furni(hing them with work, or by securing • the means df fubftflence to thole who art unable to work. Wednesday, September 4, 1793. XXII. Iriftrnftion is necefTary to all: Society should favour as much as poflible the progress of public reason, and place tne means of inflec tion within the teach of every citizen. XXIII. The fpcial compact consists in the endeavours of all to assure to each the enjoy ment and preservation of his rights , this com. pa£t rcftsUpon the National sovereignty. XXIV. It cannot exist unless the powers of pubiie functionaries are clearly defined by the law. and their responsibility well iecurcd. XXV. The sovereignty of the nation rcfides in the people. It is indivisible, imptefcriptible and unalienable. XXVI. No portion of the people can exercise the powers of the whole people ; but each sec tion of the fovereigr. assembled shall enjoy the right of expreffiiig its will with entire liberty. XXVII. Let any individual who should at tempt to sovereignty. be .immediately put to death by freemen. XXVIII. The people bave always the right to revise, reform and etiange their constitution. One generation cannot bind by ils laws future generations. XXIX. Every citizen has an equal right to concui in making the law, and in appointing his representatives and agents. XXX. 'Public offices are essentially ternpo rarv ; they cannot be considered either is con ferring diftinftion, or as but as duties. XXXI The crimes of the repiefentativcs of the people, or their agents, should never go un punidled. No one has.a right to assume an in violability that does not belong to other cut zens. _ . . XXXII- The right of prehnhn* petitions to the dcpofitaries of public authority, can In no cafe be prohibited, fufper.ded or limited. XXXIII. -Refinance to opprrflion is a con sequence of the other righis of man. XXXIV. The social body is oppreiled, when one of its members is oppress d. Each indivi dual of the social body is oppressed, when the social body is oppressed. <. XXXV When ihe gfrvemment violates the rights of the people, inlurrcftton is to the peo. pie and each portion of the people, the molt la cted of rights and the moll indifpenfible ot du ties. CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC. Art. 1. The Rroublic is one and indivisible. Of the dijlrifottion of the People. 1.. The French people are divided, for the exercise of their sovereignty, into pumary al femblies of cantons. . . o. They are dif.ded, for 'the admimftration of justice, into departments, dtftrifts, municipa lities. ' . , , . . Of the political fitaatwn of citizens. A • Every pe.fon born and fettled in France, 21 year, ago ; every ilrangef of ai years of age, who fettled in France for one year, li*es by his labour, or acquires a property ;■ or * French woman, or adopts a child ; or supports an infirm person ; every stranger in fine who (hall be judged, by the legislative body, to have defcrved well in the cause oIF humanity, is a - mitted to the exercise of the rights of a French ; "r n Thc exercise of (he rights of i French, tj£ zen is forfeited by natur.laatmn .n fore'gn countries ; by the acceptance of " ' or favors from a government not te P ubl ' can ' by the condemnation to ignominious, or corpo ral punifhinent, until rehabilitation. 6. The exercise of the rights of cmMos » firfpended, while under accusation ; by a Icn tence of non-appearance, so long as the sentence is not retraftcd. . Of the Sovereignly of the People. y. The /overeign people, is the whole mass of French citizens. , • 8 They appoint immediately their d p • q They delegate to ekftor.s the choice of ad min,ftrato", of public atbi.ers, of criminal judges and those of'final appeal. 10. They deliberate upon the laws. Of firimar) ajjembhes. Primary affemblics consist of citizens re fidinc tor fix months in a canton. it. They are composed of 200 citizens lead and of 600 at most, entitled to vote. .3 They arc constituted by the nommanon of a president, secretaries, and inf.-eaorsot bal lo'i4. They regulate Iheir internal police, t' No one can appear at them, armed. ,6. The eleaions are either by ballot or viva M ? 7 a A h pnmaryaffemblycanin no cafe pre of cft'izTns who P , un able to write, with however W ; g 0t The quXon. on the law, are decided by yes and no primary assembly is pro i " T^hul—-The citizens assembled >o pri tTa Wof »number voter,, vote Hor or against] by a majority of Of the National Representation. 41 population is the only basis of'the Na a deputy for every 4 o tho usand y atTemblic,. competing « *'°°° "™oSoo r'quire." abfoluU ma countdown »<* 525 fen&4 s commiflioner for the general colle&ion of ,to the place fixed as most central. 26. If the firft trial does not give any one an absolute majority, a second election takes place, the votes being confined to the two .citizens highest i,n , (To bt continued.) [The fotlowing paper throws great light on the revolution of the 31ft of May.] Adirefs of the members of the National Convention, ordered to be put undet arrejiy to the French na- "WHEN the liberty of the national re presentation is no more, and truth is ftifled, the temple of the laws mutt be ftiut. Thus, unable to execute the trust reposed in us, it is our indifpepfable duty to inftrytt you. We (hall entirely confine ourselves to evident facts, and leave to you the care of drawing the neceflary consequences from them. w A law had been enacted, which prescrib ed the formation of committees in {he dif ferent fediions of Paris, destined to watch over foreigners and suspicious people. This law was eluded. Inllead of thpfe commit tees, others were formed in the most illegal manned contrary to the letter oifthe law as well as its intention. " Thtfe illegal revolutionary eonimitteea have created a central commit tee , of one member from every committee of each feiftion. This central committee, after some clandestine deliberations, has suspended the constituted, authorities : it has. affiimefj the title of the revolutionary council of the ■departmtnt of Paris, and has inverted itfelf with a power; or rather usurped it. ii An extraordiary committee had been de creed within the bosom of the Convention, to denounce the illegal and arbitrary a£fcs of the different constituted authorities of the Re public; to trace and discover the plots form ed against the liberty and security of the na tional representation, and to taufe all persons to be arretted who fliall be denounced as chiefs of conspiracies. Surrounded by an armed force, those revolutionary committees demanded, on the 27th of May, the suppres sion of this commiflion. Their requelt was decreed, but od the next,day, on a vote by nances, it,, deferred till the committee fhouW have made their report.—(They con stantly refufed to attend the report.) On the 30th the revolutionary council intimated to the Convention their order to suppress the extraordinary commission. Amidst armed petitioners, surrounded by cannon, under con tinual hidings and hootings from the galle ries, some members decreed the suppression of the commission. On the 3 general was again beat; and the tocsin founded,, and the alarm-gun fired. At thefV signals the ci tizens took \ip arms, and were ordered to as semble around the convention. Some depu tations demanded a decree of accusation a gainst 55 members of the convenfion. The afTembly, who had before unanimously reject - ed this petition, as calumnious, when in the month of April it was brought forward by fom6 Sections, supported by the municipality, now referred it to the committee of public fafety, and enjoined the members of that committee to give in their report within three days. On the Ift of June, at three in the afternoon, the revolutionary council marched thejr armed force to invert: the Hall; at night they appeared at the bar, and de manded a decree of accusation, against rhe denounced members. The convention paikd to the girder of the day, and ordered the pe titioners to deposit with the coQirmttee public fafety the proofs of the crimes imput ed to the accused deputies. « Since the 30th of Mat, the barriers had been shut, the adminiftratars of the polt im pended, the journals flopped, the mails search ed, the letters broken open and sealed again, either with a leal bearirg this iifcnption Revolution of the ft a y *793» / WI l another, inferibed—The Committee of pub- M Tba committee of public fafety were waiting for the nectary proofs to make their report, when 01 Sunday, June 2, the ft*- volutionary council appeared again at the bar, and demanded, for the I ast time, the decree of accusation Against the denounced members. The afTembly paffcd again to the order of the day. The petitioners now gave a signal to the fpertators to leave the Hall and run to arms, for the purpose of obtaining that by open force which justice would not grant. About noon the general was beat, the tocsin founded. The citizens were forced to take up arms and obey the orders of a com mander, whom the revolutionary council had placed at their bead : more than 100 cannon fu. rounded she National Hall ; grates to heat red hot balls were placed in the Chainp Ely fees. " The guard of the Convention, as well as all true citizens, were confined In different guard houses ; cannon were pointed towards the avenues; tlw gatei were shut, and the entries ordered to flap all the deputies who [Whole No. 454-] might attempt to pa ft them, and to fire a* every one who*'lhould attempt to peep acrois the bars. DniTaulx the venerable Duflaulx, was beaten in a most infamous manner » Roifly d'Anglas had his shirt torn! a great number of other deputies were insulted, by the vile satellites of Marat. The battalions which several days back ftaould have marched to La Vendee, arrived on a sudden, and seized upon the inner posts of the Hall. Ailignats and wine were among them. These troops were destined to aflaflinate jour Reprefen-tatives, and would have done it, be cause the National Guards were not able to prevent this (laughter. The aflailants were provided with the best arm?, while the tions complained of the want of them. In short, the National Hall was turned into a prison, where the Representatives of the peo ple were threated, disgraced, and insulted. It was demanded that the committee of pub lic fafety, to calm the rage of the seduced people who invested the -Hall, should make their Report. Barrere mounted the tribune, and.speak ing in the i}ame of the committee, proposed, t-l*e denounced members against whom no proof whatever of the crimes imputed to them had been produced, Ibould be invited to suspend tbemfelves from their functions. Some of them submitted to this measure. A detree pafled, that the commander ol the arm ed force (hould be orcje-red to the bar, to ac* count for his conduA, ai)d inform the Con vention from whom he had received his or ders. This decree was not executed. Two of the fa&ious invaders infu'ted a deputy, and were ordered to be taken to the bar. Vio lence and open force opposed also the execu tion of this fecopd decree. Then it was re queued, that the fitting ftoukl be ended, and the temple of the laws shut, jAn end was put to tbe fitting, tile President walked out of the hall at the head of the convention, and ordered the centries to withdraw. " The convention reached the middle of the court without meeting any rtftftapce, but being arrived there,; the copmiandcr ot the armed force ordered them to return. The President told him that the convention was not to be coated to : that it held its authority in dependent of any other power thato the French people, and that they alone had a right to commaud it. The:commander, Henriot,drew hisfwoid, ranged his cavalry in order of bat tle,and ordered the cannoneers to point their cannon. His soldiers were ready to. fire— The President turned back, the members fol lowed him, snd attempted every outlet in or der to escape, bnt every avenue was closed or defended by cannon. At length, the copveti tion, unable to retire, rt fumed their fitting. What do we fay ? they returned into their prison, and some members decreed, tha.6 Genfonne, Gander, Briflbt, Gorfas, Petion. Vergniaud, Salles, Barbaroux, Chambon, Buzot, Biroteau, Lidon, Rabaut, Lafource, Languinais, Grargenenve, le Sage,. Kervele gan, Gardien* Boileau, Bertrand, Vigee, Mo levant, Lariviere, Gomajre, and Bergoin, Ihould be put under arrest in their own houses. And why? We mnft not forget to mention, that on the proposal of Marat, Couthon de manded, that Valaze and Louvet should be added to that number, and that some mem bers gave their consent, for the greater part of them did not take any (hare in these hu miliating deliberations. After the decree was signed, a deputation made its appearance to teftify its approbation of the decree, and tendered an equal number of citizens toferve as hostages for the arretted members. « Frenchmen ! who would be free and Republicans, these are facts, which no one will dare to deny ; we represent them to you only in a mass, and forbear to enter into de tails still more attrocious. The National Representation imprisoned, disgraced, de liberating under the poignards of an audacious faction, is no more. Do notfuflfbr any longer the usurpation of your rights) do not leave in such hands the exercise of the sovereignty of the nation ; rescue the libei ty, the sacred equality, the unity and indivifibiHty of the Republic ; without them France it loft. Re ject with horror all proportions tending to any kind of federaliCm. Rally, unite, and be firmi you may still save the public caufr. This public cauTe resides in the whole of your country | it is not confined nor concentrated within the walls of Paris. Your deputies may there perilh, but they will die worthy of you, and worthy of themlelves too happy, if after their death their country Ihould be saved. When the moment of national revenge is come, then Frenchmen, do not forget that Paris is not guilty, that the citizens of Paris were ignorant of the plot, of which tbey have been made the blind tools. No ! it is not upon Paris that the dreadful and all pow eiful hand of the nation ought to bear down ; but on that horde of robbers and criminals, i who have made themselves matters of Paris, who are devouring Paris and France, who cannot, exist without crimes, an<| have »o other refuge left but in del'pair, the oflsjring of vice. Farewell." O
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