janfo the fatiij&clijn 'for the injury reficitca,'
is aiwavs on the dejenfue. Then; are a great
many vnjuJl'dMs which may kindle a war, and
which- luwever are not the , war it felt"—as
the ill treatment of a prince's ambaiTadors,
the plundering of his fubje&s, &c."
" If therefore we take up arms to revenge
such an unjiiH aCI, we com.nence an off ' nfive
butajuft wai ; and the prince who has done
the injury, and will not give fatisfa&ion,
jnnke" a defenfive but an unjust war."
"We mult therefore affirm, in general,
that the firft who takes up arms, whether
jujily or uM/ufiiy, commences an ejfenjivc war,
and he who oppofas him, whether with or
without reason, begins a defunliye war."
France then being on the ojfcnfive in the war
in which she is engaged, and our alliance
with her being defenfrve only, it follows, that
the tafus foederis, or condition of our guaran
tee, cannot take place; and that the United
States are free to rcfufe -a peiformance of
that guarantee, if demardod
T''ofe who are dilpofed to juftify indiscri
minately every thing n the conduct of France,
may reply, that ih >ugh the war in point of
form may be ofFenlive on her part, yet in
point of princip'e, it is d*fenfive—was in each
instance a mere anticipation of attacks me
ditafed against her, and was jult fied by pre
vious a2,gieffions~of the oppoiite pa* ties.
It is b'-Heved, that it would be a ufiicient
anfwerto th s observation to lay, that hi de
termining the legal and po/iire obligations of
the United Sta s,the o ly point of inquiry is,
whether the war in fa I began by
or byher ene.nes—' hat aM beyond tfii w >uld
be too var-;u£, too liable 'o di'.pute, too uc 1
matter of opinio 1 ' i oe a f > oyer criterion o
rational to >dufr ; that when a war Breaks
out between two jation% all other nations, in
regard to the poutive rights of the p* ties,
and their p si ve duties toward; them, are
bou'd to coniitier it as equally jult on both
fid.' —that co' equentlv in a dejenfue alliance,
when war is mile upon one of t : i; aliier., the
other is bound to fulfil the conditions ftipu-
on its part, v t lout inquiry, whetner rhc
war is rightfully begun or not—as, on ?:he
o* .er hand, when war is begun by one of the
allies, tilt other is exempted f om the obliga
tio ef lfifting ; nowever jnit the commence
jnent of it m.iy have been.
The foundation of this doctrine is, the -uti
lity of certain rules for determining
the reciprocal duties pi «atioris-»-that as littie
»s polSSle be left to opinion, andto the
fu' terfugejof a refining or unfaithful cafuif
tly ; . - • .. .
Some writers indeed of great authority af
firm, rhjt ]t is a tacit condition of every
treat of aNiance, t >at 01 e ally is not bound
to afiilt the other in a war manifeftly unjust.
But this is queftio.ied on the ground which
has been stated by other refpeftable authori
ties And though the ina.iifeft: injnftice of
the war has been affirmed by lbinjy to be a
good cauf- for not executing the formai obli
gations of a treaty. I have no where found it
maintained, that the jultice ofa war is a con
fxderation which ran oblige a nation to do
wnat its formal obligat >ns d 3 not require ;
as in the cafe ofa dejcnjiiic alliance, to fu nifh
the luccours stipulated, though ti.e formal ob
ligation did notexift, by reason of the ally
having begun the war instead of being the
part-y attacked.
Bnt if t ! iis were not the true doftrrne, an
Impartial examination would "prove, that witl
refpeft to some of t ie powers, France is not
Wamelefs in the circumstances winch precedec
and led to the war with t'.iofe powers; thai
if flu eceived, lhe a!fo gave causes of of
fence, a d that the juftite of the war, on hei
fide, is in those caies not a littie problema
tical.
T iere are p u lential reaforls which difluade
from going largely into this examination, un
less it ihal! be rendered necelTary by the fu
tue tii' n of rhe dift ufiioii.
It will befn&cient here, to notice cursorily
tK following tufts.
Fiance co.nnitted an npon Hoi-
Jand in declaring fiee the navigation oi the
Sc'ieldt, and acting upon that declaration ;
contrary to Treaties in which she had expli
citly acknowledged and even guaranteed the
exclnfive right of Holland to the navigation
of that river, and contrary to the doitrines
of the best wrners, and the eftabliflied
of nations in such cases.
She give a general and just cause of alarm
to nation-?, by that decree of the 19th of No
vember f 1792, whereby tbe Convention, in
the name of the French nation, declare that
they will g ant Jraternity and ajjijlance to every
f topic who rvipi ro recover their liberty, and
charge the executive power to lend the necef-
A\ry orders to the generals to give aifiltance to
such people, and to defend thoje citizens who may
have been, or who may be vexed tor the caule
oflberty; which decree was 01 dered to be
printed in all languages.
• Whim a nation has a&ually come to a refo-
Intiou to thraw off a yoke, under which it may
Have groaned, and to all'ert its liberties, it is
juftifiahle and meritorious in another nation
to afford afliltance ro the one which has been
opprelTed, and is in sheaS of liberating itleJf,
but it i% not warrantable for any nation bejore
koud to hold out a general invitation to inlur
feetion and revolution, by promising to assist
ctery people who may xuijh to recover their li
berty, and to defend those cuizcjis oi every
country, who may have been i or who may be vexed
jor the cauje of liberty' It ill le Is to commit to
the Genkr als of its armies the discretionary
power of judging, when the citizens of a fo
reign country have been vexed for the caul' 6
oi liberty by their own government.
The iatrer part of t'le decree amounted
to what France herfelf had molt com
p'jined of-**an interference by one nation in
i*: -* iutevnal government of another.
• Vatel juillv o'.;fcrv«-,, as a conl«]uence of
li!»,-;tv and independence of nations—
-1 - does riot belong t) P.nV forv-ion quiver
to take cognizance of" the-adminiftratioYi -of
thejovereiga of another country, to ler-himfMf
up as a judge of bis cosdu&, : or to obiige iiun
to alter it." ' . '
Such a conduct as that indicated by this
decree, has a natural tendency to disturb the
tranquility of nations, to excite fermentation
and revolt every where; and thereforeju(li
fted neutral powers, who were in a lituation
to be aittrfted bv it, in taking me afu res to re
pre(s the Ipirit by which it had been dictated.
But the principle of this decrec received a
more particular application roGreat-Britain,
by some subsequent circumftarices,
Among the proofs of this are two answers,'
which were given by the President of the
National Convention, at a public fitting on
the 28th of to two clitivrent, ad
dre'Tes; one presented by a deputation from
" The Society for Constitutional Information
in London"—the other by a deputation of
EngJifh and Iridi citizens at Paris.
The following are extra&s from these an
swers:
" The (hades of Fenn, of Hambden and of
Sydney, hover over your head'-; and tht mo
ment, wvjtout do-iht, approaches, in xvhich the French
will bring congratulation 's to the National Conven
tion of (treat-Britain."
" Nature and principles draw towards us
England, Scotland and Ireland. Let the cries
of friend»h' p r-found through the two Repub
lics." 44 Principles are waging war agai'ift
tyranny, which will fall under the blows of
ohilftfbpliy. fto\a/f\ in Europe is eirh r dJlro\ed,
or on the point of perijh 'mg, on the ruins ot'fceo
dalit 1 ; and the declaration of rights phc db\ the
si le oj thrones, is a devouring fire which willco>J me
th m.— '/OR.THY REPUBLICANS, &C.
Declarations of this fort cannot but be con
sidered as a d eel application of the principle
of the decree to Great-Britain ; as an open
patronage of a revolution in that country ; a
ror.duct which proceeding from she head of the
body that governs France, in the pre r enee'
and on behalf of that body, was unquestiona
bly an orfence and injury to the nation to
which it related.
The dec ee of the 1 of November is
another cause of offence to all the govern
ments of Europe. Bv that decree 44 the French
nation declares, that it will treat as enemies the
penp/e, who re/nftng or renouncing liberty and
equality, are J /irons of preserving their prince
and privileged cajis—or of entering into an accom
modation with them y &zc." This dectte was
little /hort of a declaration of war a".ainft all
nations having princes and privileged chjfes.
The incorporation of the ten ",^ OJ ies, over
which the arms of France had temporarily
prevailed, with and as a part of herfelf, is mo
ther violation of the rights of nations, into
which the convention was betrayed by an in
temperate zeal, if not by a culpable ambition.
The laws of nations give to a power at war
nothing more than a u'ufrn&uary or pofleflo
rv right to the territories which it conquers ;
suspending the abfoHite property and $lpmi- 4
rtion til a treaty of peace or fometh'ng equi
valent shall cede or relinduifh the conquered
territory to the conqueror. This principle
is one of the greatest importance to the tran
quility and security of nations—facilitating
an adjuft.nent of their quarrels and the pre
servation of anc ent I'mits.
But France, by incorporating with herfelf,
in several instances, the territories she had
acquired, violated this important principle
and multiplied infinitely the oblfcacles of peace
and accommodation. The roftrine, that a
nation cannot consent to its own dfmember went, but
in a cafe of extreme necejjity y immediately at
tached itfeif to all the important territories :
while the progrefiive augmentation of the
dominions of the mod powerful nation in Eu
rope, on a principle not of temporary acqui
sition, but of permanent union, threatened
the independence of all other countries and
gave to neighboring neutral powers the juftelt
caufeof umbrage and alarm. It is a princi
ple well agreed and founded on the best rea
sons, that whenever a particular nation a
dopts maxims of conduct contrary to thofeV
generally established among nations, calcula
ted todiftm b their tranquility and to expose
their fafety, they may juitinabW make a com
mon cause to oppo.e and controul iuch na
tion.
Whatever partiality may be entertained
for the general object of the French revolu
tion, it is impofliole for any well informed or
fooer minded man not to condemn the pro
ceeding* which have been itated ; as repug
nant to the general rights of nations, to fl e
true principles of liberty, to the freedom of
opinion of mankind : and not to acknowledge
as a conlequence of this, that the justice oi
the war on the part of France, with regard
to some of the powers with which (he is en
gaged, is from those causes questionable
• iough to free the United States from all
emb.tn aflfineAts on that score ; if it be at all
incumbent upon them to go into the inquiry.
The policy of a defenfive alliance is so ei
fentially diftinft from that of an otfenfive one,
that it is every way important not to con
found their eifc-(sts. The fir ft kind has in
view toe prudent o'ojeft of mutual
when either of the allies is invo'untarijy for
ced into a w ,r by t ie attack «f Tome
power. The iatter kind fubje&s the peace
of each ally to the will of the other, and obli
ges each to pa' fake in the wars of policy and
interest, as well as in those of fafety and de
fence, of the other. To preserve their boun
daries diftinft, it is necellary that each kind
(hould be governed bv plain andobvi«>us rules.
This would not be the cafe, if instead of
taking the simple fart of who begtftlfe the war
asagoide, it was neteffary to travel into
metaphysical nicetics about the juitice or in
justice of the causes which led to it- Since
also the not furnilhing a stipulated succour,
when it is due, is itielf a cause of war, it is
very requifice, that there ihould be fome^>al-
455
J} -<-*e c! irerion f'»r nCcTtci'Tiirg tc'-fcH it h 'duf".
• his e rite; :ni:, a- before obfer'vett, in a ti.
' U !iv e pUkinc* is tlie e>t or Hot; of
t.'.e War by our aljy as a meie matter of inch
Other topics calculated tp ilh.itrate the p»>
litiorj that the United States are not bound
toexeeute the clause of guaranteej are re
served for another paper.
Philadelphia, 5.
To-morrow being the Annivrrfary of In.
dependence, the Day wilt be celebrated
the Union—
v .P/f paranons are making at Graf's Gardctu
-jfr re ' r ?fl*tn€f»w wtll be
'foaJnt'-in •hnndaricefor tHe numerous
which are cxptf&ed to aflVmbleat thole delight-'
fu! retreats.
By Cdpt. Ede?, in the fchoonrr Dion, who
arrived at Boston iaft week, in 22 days from
Demaraia, we learn, that when pafling iht island
of Maitinitn, he saw the white flying on one
of the heighths—but the Enwhlh iuei,which ap
peared round the island, would not peunit him
to land.
The Bank of North America has declar d a
dividend oi fix per cent, foi, the hdlf year ending
July 1 —to be paid atifjr. the 10th inlian'.
A letter from Carlisle Penn ylvania of 2.> d
nit- gives an account of a duel between Ma
jor James Lamberton and Mr. John Duncan 5
the dispute originated at an election of mill
tia officers, and terminated in the death of
Mr. Duncan who was shot through the head.
F.xtraß of a Utter from Bo(ion y June 23.
" Bv arrivals from the Welt India liiands
we find that t-he Teas iwarm with pi'ivateei ;
and that aim oft every American \ellel is
boarded, and on the least fu picion of their
having Fiencheffects on board arc carried in
to jort for investigation. A brig arrived to
day winch bad been carried into St. K'tts and
about hl'ds. r ugar, belonging to French
wete det ained,though I believe tney
are fiot yet condemned—and it is laid judg
ment will be fu r pended till further o.ders
from Europe—The Captain of this brig was
was obliged to pay / 5? charges, and loft iiis
freight, besides a detention of 2D days.—
'T s highly probable that this procedure of
the British will be painted in ftio'ng colours
by a certain class of*malcontents aiuon&tt us,
but to avoid a mileonftru&ion of their con
du& it ought to he known that the expenee
and trouble that the American Captain was
put to, arose from hi* prevarication, and
putting the captors to the utmoi); difficulty in
proving the property ; however I do no*t lup
pofe that it depends on the whim or geneiofi
ty of the captors whether we as a neutral
power are not entitled to the freight ot the
goods which has always been the custom of
nations—it lb, I fhouid think means would be
found to obtain it."
Aii extfali of a letter from Man
i? r/t tr -Wmlfnitn tr> Fhilsdei
phia, as published in Mr, Duftlapf's
paper of yesterday, fays—" '] his
[speaking of England] is nndoubt
edly the mop wretched country in
the universe; and from its (ituaiion
when you left it, though but four
months ago, you can form 110 idea
of its present diitreflcs. The war
has caused so great a lcarcity of mo
ney as was never before known,and
has so completely deltroyed that
confidence which is the life and
foul of trade, that there are bul a
very few mercantile houses in the
kingdom capable of supporting their
credit.
On the 25th April a debate took
place in tile Britilh House of Com
mons, 011 a motion made by Mr.
Sheridan, that the Houfe/houid pal's
a Vote of eenfure, preparatory 10an
impeachment against Lord Auck
land, British Miniftei at the Hrfgue,
for signing and prefeniing a ineino
rial to the Mates General, which
contains in fubrtance, a propofiilun
for delivering up to the fwoid ot
the law all members of the national
convention who voted for the king's
execution, which may fail into the
hands of the combined poweis—
This motion was finally negatived
211 to 36 —In thecouife of this de
bate the partition of Poland was
brought on the carpet, and tepio
bated both by the Minister, Mr.Piit
—and by the opposition.
Mr. Fen no,
/ ohferved tn your Ufl a paragraph purporting that
the iujtom liouje Revenues of the pott 0} London
had jullev fijty per cent, in the month oj April;
■ike Jolfduiing article is a flat contradiction 0) that
ajjeition ;
April 30.
REVENUE.
Comparative totals of the several branches
of public revenue, under the he; dsof cuftom<,
excise, stamps, and incidents* for th© weeks
ending April 27, 1792, and Apiil 26, 1793 :
'79-- 1 "93-
224. 1251. 7s. 11 jd.—270,1481. 18. 6d.
New Dutie;. »
if. 3291.05. 0d.—12,1611. Bs. 7d.
The above is given as a contradiction to
fnme recent aflertion in the opposition piints,
that the revenue fmce the commencement of
war, ha-» been so much on ti»e decline, as to
render tiie publication of any comparative
rtatemer.t of it and the last year a matter of
flism? to rV rn:: i
t:ie country.- So JWv f'i<
pears jt'roin the above
statement, tliat there i
more than 47,5331 in t
pa.ed with tlie cyrrefyu
Gold Coins of trance antt
iipain t und Dominions,
Spain.
Grains. Cen'v.
1 3
z 7
3 ii
4 14
5 18
6 21
7 25
8 £9
9 33
10 36
11 40
12 44
13 47
M
■5 sf.5 f .
16
17 o <
18 66
■9
so 73
21 76
£2 80
? 3 84
24 87
PACI FIG US.
*** TAPf.FS for receiving and pa\rnp Cold
Cnim calculated 'by the Officers oj the Bat ;c of the
United Strifes, agreeable to the new Law—from
which the Grain labia above aye extracted- ma) be
h<>d at Hen j vmin Johnson'j>, Huh Jtreet, near
Fourth-JlreJ.
The length oj 14 P»c finis" ozedfions x
pifitonement of the Utter from B/rmingham, and
yt trJavots till Ou* next.
ARJIIVh iratt/ie ioj lL \ DM. PHI A.
Biig Molly, 1. nfey, Cape-F'-incois
M • rv, Whartorij Cdcht
Srh'r K V t Bnntori, St. M I't ns
Sloop Poll), Dawfon, S: Bartholomew*
PRICE OF 6l UC
6 prr rc r.!?,
3 per C'tits,
Deterred,
Fall Ihdr s 3ank U. S
BANK oj the UNI Ti.D STATES.
July i<t, 1^93.
NOT ICE is hereby given ilidt ther- ui i be*
pi c) at the Bank a!;er ihc 10 h i> ft ;nt, to
Ihe S orkUnid' f* of iheir Rrpr« It* Itt 31 jvei ciu'y
( auih rized, FOURTEEN DOLLARS .»d
FIFTY CENTS so» ea.ch SHajc, being lUe divi*
dend declared for th last {\\ mon.n».
By order,
JOHN KEAN. Cafliicr.
q>Jw
INSURANCE company.
Phi l adllphi a, July ill. 1793.
NOTICE is hereby giv it to 'he mcmb is
•he I r.i. „|He Coniirauy 0} M-orih A nerl*
fa, that the D- t\ors have circlaml a d'viu< nd
(to (liiti day) ol hfc p'T ceo'- on the antiouiit of 'he
tilt instalment, and o! otic per cent p j monifr,
on the sums paid towards the ficond and ihucj
inftatntems, calculating horn the fiift day of
the month following: hat tn whi h theft- pay*
ments were marie. The D vtdenri will be paid
o the Stockholders or'h 11 Reprelcn at»ves,
tbe Company's Orficr, (\'o, 119. iouth F
Street) at any "me »?tri he 711 nit.
As th: member\ of this I onpahy are much
difberfrd throughout tt c United fates, the Prwttrf
in the J'everof state y are requejied tu 6we the übm c $
place in their utwjpater s.
To Ke observed in Irani-fling BLumf* wilh the-
Insurance Company
OF NORTH-AMERICA
ift. A LL or tit is lor I-ilurancc mull beg'ven
jTx. tn wr tmg, fignrd by the applicant ;
and as ta<nute a defenpt n of the vt If- j is ex
celled, at. the person ordering the infuranccu an
?ive, relpc£ting her age, buiit, how tound .ud
fitted, and whether double fingl aecKfd.
2d. Ail policies will be ready lor delivery in
twen'y-four hours after the order for irilurauce
i> accepted at the office, and the policy mull ue
lakrn up in ten day*.
3<l. Nous, wi han approved endorser, for all
premiums, mull he given in « n days, pa) able
as follows :
For American and Weft-India nfqucs, ip
three t» ontha after the date «>l the policy.
For European r«fqu s, in fix monihi,
F i India and China nfquts, in 12 months.
For rifquea by 'he year, m tight inQo'.h),
For nfques for fix months, in ionr months.
A-d !or rilqoes lor any IcfiVr lime, in thice
mon; hs.
4'h. LofTes will be paid in ten days after proof
and adjustment ; but if the note given for the
premium not have become dur w .thin that
time, the amount of it (hail, iieveuhcltfs, be de
duced from the loss to be paid.
The Ihfurance Company of North-America
hereby give notice to all w hoin il m y concern,
that, agrcrably to the above rules, they an ready
to receive ali ofdera tor inluiance, which may
be addrefTcd to ihem, accompanied with dnec
t:ons to some refponiVble house in Philadelphia
forihe payment ot the premiums within the
time limited.
In cafr the rifques offered fhal! hr approved,
the infuraitce ihall be immediately Ct t: ;
othciwiCe notice (hall be given, eit he i L>\ anlvtci:
to the- person applying, 01 to his «g<*nt, in Paiia*
deJphia, as mav be orderrd.
By of the
i. i>t \rZ«Mv H A2.AKU, wfcC*ry.
4W
J u! >' 3-
or cf grc.*t regre? f
can a ri ""Create, it ay
e, wbicii is a i'uithiul
is an actnr.l in create of
:he pftfent week, com
on«ing week lift yeafi
r •
'ftd-Coini'vf Great firi
lain and P^riu^al,
v -oTaips."
\ •" :j
3 i*
1 ' .1 ■ r ik
■• ' H -". 4»
.*.; 7
' ■. * \ .*!*'
9 " as
10 , 37
i» 4°
,8 • n
13 48
14 S x
'16' 65
>6 -
17 : ■ «>a
18
19 7o
*20 74-
«* 7®
2* 81
>3 . ' *5
24 "9
ft.
17 8
■ . fff't . .
• - ■ioji '- > "
'g,, pttecjiv*4*.
I Hf-M'.ZER HAZARD. Sec'ry.
Rule s